N1K (Family)

Description

The Kawanishi N1K was a floatplane fighter and the Kawanishi N1K-J was a land-based re-purpose used by the Imperial Japanese Navy in World War II.

Nicknames being:

• ▅ N1K - Kyōfū (強風, Strong Wind)
• ▅ N1K-J - Shiden (紫電, Violet Lightning)
• ▃ N1K - Rex
• ▃ N1K-J - George

Vehicles

Rank II

• N1K1 - Kyōfū Model 11

Rank IV

• N1K1-Ja - Shiden Model 11A (甲, Kō)
• N1K2-J - Shiden-Kai Model 21
• N1K2-Ja - Shiden-Kai Model 21A (甲, Kō)

History

N1K Kyōfū

Development

With the start of the Sino-Japanese war, the navy required a new line of planes for the southern expansion. One of these required planes by the navy was a fighter seaplane. Before World War I, it was not uncommon for seaplanes to play a central role in combat missions, but closing into World War II seaplanes were usually only used for observation and reconnaissance missions.

This plane was thought to be needed as some islands simply didn't have enough place for an airfield and were too trivial to send aircraft carriers towards. Which at the time of the Japanese situation seemed like a proper investment.

In September of 1940 the Imperial Japanese Navy instructed Kawanishi, who were quite experienced in developing seaplanes, to make a prototype plane under the name of 15-Shi Seaplane Fighter, the specifications of the 15-Shi were as followed:

     Speed       ≥ 310 kn at 5,000 m
 Cuising range   ≥ 6 hours at cruising speed.
    Armament     = 2 x 20 mm & 2 x 7.7 mm OR 2 x 13.2 mm & 2 x 7.7 mm OR 4 x 7.7 mm
     Bombs       ≥ 2 x 30 kg

The chief design engineer appointed for this specification was Shizuo Kikuhara, who also worked on the H8K2. Kikuhara and his team were up to quite a task as comparing this specification to the A6M2 mod. 11 that was just put into service in China. The speed exceeded by 30 knots, cruising range was two-thirds, armament was equal.

Simply put, the team was required to make a seaplane with the same performance as of the new main fighter and particularly the speed requirement was almost unrealizable for a seaplane (in 1940) let alone a interceptor like the Raiden which its prototype (J2M1) barely had a top speed of 578 km/h.

The maximum speed of the first completed prototype N1K missed the requirement by nearly 100 km/h, but Shizuo Kikuhara and his team would put all their technical efforts to achieve the requirement.

Nakajima also made a seaplane fighter of their own as temporarily bridge for the N1K until it actually entered service. This seaplane was simply making use of the new A6M2 mod. 11, making it more waterproof and adding pontoons on it. The A6M2-N would be adopted as the Type 2 seaplane fighter on July 6, 1942.

After alot of development and trail time the N1K1 with a Kasei 13 engine would finally be adopted as the Kyōfū in December 21, 1943.

But during its adoption, the Americans already were waging a victory in the Solomon islands and the need for a seaplane fighter was no longer needed as Japan was on the defensive now.

Usage

Some Kyōfū's were based in Indonesia and were used as a interceptor of bombers with the use of aerial bombs that would detonate after a short time attempting to bomb American bombers such as B-24/PB4Y's and B-29's.

Other Kyōfū's were stationed in the mainland, primarly at Sasebo Air Group and the Otsu Air Group but have almost no record of battle.

In the end, the Kyōfū was little too late as its stopgap replacement, the A6M2-N, primarily filled its role. However this indirectly opened its way to evolve in the Shiden.

As the navy knew the Kyōfū would be simply too late for its order, they scrapped most of the orders on the N1K and with concerns of Kawanishi losing alot of money on developing a plane that wouldn't be used anymore promoted the repurposing of the N1K as a land based fighter instead which would result in the much stronger and fearsome Shiden which would see service till the very last bitter end.

N1K-J Shiden

Development

In late 1941, as the 15-shi was still in development, some engineers were already concerned and proposed it would also be the basis of a formidable land-based fighter and a land-based version was produced as a private venture by the company. This version flew on 27 December 1942 powered by a Nakajima NK9A Homare 11 18-cylinder radial engine, replacing the less powerful Mitsubishi MK4C Kasei 13 of the N1K1.

As the navy canceled its orders on the Kyōfū, Kawanishi was opted with 3 choices:

• Repurpose the H8K, Type 2 Flying Boat as a land-based bomber
• Create a new carrier based fighter
• Repurpose the 15-shi (N1K, Kyōfū) as a land-based fighter

Kawanishi decided to further promote development of the land-based fighter version. Even though some Navy engineers showed concern that Kawanishi wouldn't be a suited designer of land-based planes due the few experience they have on land, the plane still showed great potential and was quickly evaluated by the Navy. Aside from engine problems stemming from rushed engine development and some landing gear issues, the Navy was thoroughly impressed as its speed was far faster than the A6M and its maximum range was beyond that of the Raiden and ordered its production as the N1K1-J, Shiden.

Only four days after the Shiden's first test flight a complete redesign was begun. The N1K2-J addressed the N1K1-J's major defects, primarily the mid-mounted wing and long landing gear. The wings were moved to a low position, which permitted the use of shorter, conventional undercarriage. The fuselage was lengthened and the tail redesigned. The production of the entire aircraft was simplified, it was lighter by 250 kg, faster and more reliable than its predecessor. Although engine issues were still a problem, the Homare couldn't be replaced as there was simply no alternative. The first test flight of this new plane was flown on the 1st of January 1944, completed its Navy trials in April and was rushed into production as the N1K2-J, Shiden-Kai (Improved)

Usage

The N1K2-J Shiden-Kai offered a formidable if demanding aircraft in limited quantities. As a result, the planes were distributed to elite naval fighter units such as 343 Kōkūtai constituted on 25 December 1944 and commanded by Minoru Genda. The new Kōkūtai included some of Japan's finest fighter pilots, such as Muto and Genda. The unit was issued the best available equipment and new Nakajima C6N Saiun.

In every encounter with enemy fighters the Shiden, especially the Kai version, proved to be a capable dogfighter with a potent combination of firepower, agility, and rugged structure. The premier unit flying the Shiden, 343rd Kōkūtai, remained operational until overwhelming unit losses obliged the group to stand down. The 343rd was disbanded on 14 August 1945 when the Emperor ordered surrender.

Kawanishi Aircraft Company (川西航空機)
Fighters	J6K1
N1K	N1K1-Ja · N1K2-J · N1K2-Ja
Bombers	H6K4 · H8K2 · H8K3
Hydroplane	N1K1 · E7K2