Difference between revisions of "M68 (105 mm)"
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| + | {{About | ||
| + | | about = American tank cannon '''{{PAGENAME}}''' | ||
| + | | and | ||
| + | | usage = other versions | ||
| + | | link-1 = M68A1 (105 mm) | ||
| + | | link-2 = M68A1E8 (105 mm) | ||
| + | }} | ||
| + | |||
| + | [[File:Weapon M68 (105 mm).png|thumb|right|x250px|The 105 mm M68 on the M60 gun mantlet.]] | ||
| + | |||
== Description == | == Description == | ||
| − | ''Write an introduction to the article in 2-3 small paragraphs. Briefly tell us about the history of the development and combat using the weaponry and also about its features. Compile a list of air, ground, or naval vehicles that feature this weapon system in the game.'' | + | <!--''Write an introduction to the article in 2-3 small paragraphs. Briefly tell us about the history of the development and combat using the weaponry and also about its features. Compile a list of air, ground, or naval vehicles that feature this weapon system in the game.''--> |
| + | The '''105 mm M68''' is an American tank cannon that saw widespread use among American armoured fighting vehicles during the Cold War. Based off the British [[Royal Ordnance L7A1 (105 mm)|105 mm L7 gun]], the 105 mm M68 shares many characteristics as the British counterpart such as the access to the HESH (High-Explosive Squash-Head) ammunition. | ||
| + | |||
| + | As the main armament of the many M60 variants and the early M1 Abrams tanks, players will become intimately familiar with the 105 mm M68 gun whether from the firing or receiving end of the tanks. | ||
=== Vehicles equipped with this weapon === | === Vehicles equipped with this weapon === | ||
<!-- ''List out vehicles that are equipped with the weapon.'' --> | <!-- ''List out vehicles that are equipped with the weapon.'' --> | ||
| − | + | {{Navigation-Start|Vehicles equipped with this weapon}} | |
| − | + | ||
| − | + | {{Navigation-First-Line|'''Medium tanks'''}}{{Specs-Link|il_tiran_4_sh}}{{-}}{{Specs-Link|il_centurion_shot_kal_alef}} | |
| − | + | ||
| − | + | {{Navigation-Line|M60}}{{Specs-Link|us_m60}}{{-}}{{Specs-Link|us_m60a1}}{{-}}{{Specs-Link|it_m60a1_ariete}}{{-}}{{Specs-Link|us_m60a1_rise_passive_era}}{{-}}{{Specs-Link|us_m60a3_tts}}{{-}}{{Specs-Link|cn_m60a3_tts|␗M60A3 TTS}} | |
| − | + | ||
| − | + | {{Navigation-Line|XM-1}}{{Specs-Link|us_xm1_chrysler}}{{-}}{{Specs-Link|us_xm1_gm}} | |
| − | + | ||
| − | + | {{Navigation-Line|Magach}}{{Specs-Link|il_magach_3_idf}}{{-}}{{Specs-Link|us_magach_3}}{{-}}{{Specs-Link|il_magach_3}}{{-}}{{Specs-Link|il_magach_6}}{{-}}{{Specs-Link|il_magach_6a}} | |
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| + | {{Navigation-End}} | ||
== General info == | == General info == | ||
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=== Available ammunition === | === Available ammunition === | ||
<!-- ''Describe the shells that are available for the weapon and their features and purpose. If it concerns autocannons or machine guns, write about different ammo belts and what is inside (which types of shells).'' --> | <!-- ''Describe the shells that are available for the weapon and their features and purpose. If it concerns autocannons or machine guns, write about different ammo belts and what is inside (which types of shells).'' --> | ||
| + | {{notice|Not all ammunition listed is available on all vehicles equipped with this weapon.}} | ||
| + | '''American ammunition''' | ||
| − | ''' | + | {{:{{PAGENAME}}/Ammunition|M456, M456A2, M393A2, M392A2, M416, M728, M735, M774}} |
| + | |||
| + | '''Israeli ammunition''' | ||
| − | { | + | {{:{{PAGENAME}}/Ammunition|M156, M152}} |
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=== Comparison with analogues === | === Comparison with analogues === | ||
| Line 158: | Line 54: | ||
'''Pros:''' | '''Pros:''' | ||
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* | * | ||
'''Cons:''' | '''Cons:''' | ||
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* | * | ||
== History == | == History == | ||
| − | ''Examine the history of the creation and combat usage of the weapon in more detail than in the introduction. If the historical reference turns out to be too long, take it to a separate article, taking a link to the article about the weapon and adding a block "/History" (example: <nowiki>https://wiki.warthunder.com/(Weapon-name)/History</nowiki>) and add a link to it here using the <code>main</code> template. Be sure to reference text and sources by using <code><nowiki><ref></ref></nowiki></code>, as well as adding them at the end of the article with <code><nowiki><references /></nowiki></code>.'' | + | <!--''Examine the history of the creation and combat usage of the weapon in more detail than in the introduction. If the historical reference turns out to be too long, take it to a separate article, taking a link to the article about the weapon and adding a block "/History" (example: <nowiki>https://wiki.warthunder.com/(Weapon-name)/History</nowiki>) and add a link to it here using the <code>main</code> template. Be sure to reference text and sources by using <code><nowiki><ref></ref></nowiki></code>, as well as adding them at the end of the article with <code><nowiki><references /></nowiki></code>.''--> |
| + | Following the development and experience with the [[M48A1|M48 Patton III]] tank, the United States recognized that the next step towards tank modernization included a greater firepower advantage than the [[M41 (90 mm)|90 mm]] calibre used so far since the [[M26|M26 Pershing]] tank. As such, when the Ordnance Tank Automotive Command (OTAC) developed the XM60 weapon system on 04 June 1958 to fulfill the US Army's desire for an interim tank prior to the fielding of their ideal main battle tank, a new tank gun was prioritized as one of the upgrades over the M48 tank.<ref name="Hunnicutt-1">Hunnicutt 1984, 152-155</ref> | ||
| + | |||
| + | [[File:M60A1_USMC_ArtilleryDemonstrationUnit.jpg|x250px|right|thumb|none|A USMC [[M60A1 (AOS)|M60A1]] with its 105 mm M68 cannon. The eccentric bore evacuator design can be distinguished, being slightly higher than the gun's bore axis.]] | ||
| + | Comparative evaluations for a new tank gun began in October 1958, with one highly favorable British 105 mm gun designated the ''X15E8'', which was also referred to as the "Ex [[20pdr OQF Mk.I (84 mm)|20 pounder]]" as it was derived from that gun design (and would later be more well known as the [[Royal Ordnance L7A1 (105 mm)|L7 gun]]). The American had developed a version of this gun designated the ''T254'', tested in the [[T95E1|T95E5 medium tank]], that used the same calibre and ammunition, but the gun tubes were not interchangeable with the X15E8. This was later developed into the ''T254E2'' which made the tube interchangeable with the British gun, though differed with a concentric bore evacuator compared to the British eccentric evacuator (slightly raised above the gun tube) which allowed greater gun depression over the rear engine deck. Another difference in the two guns was that the British breech block moved horizontally, while the American breech block moved vertically. During this development, Ordnance debated whether to move forward with the 105 mm or a lightened 120 mm T123E6 gun based on the [[M103]]'s [[M58 (120 mm)|120 mm M58 gun]]. However, the 105 mm was eventually chosen in accounting for the 120 mm's two-piece ammunition construction restricting the rate of fire. Ultimately, the American T254E2 with the British X15E8's gun tube and eccentric bore evacuator design was chosen as the basis of the XM60's gun. British-made gun tubes would be used until American-manufactured gun tubes could achieve similar accuracy specifications. This 105 mm gun would be standardized as the '''105 mm gun M68'''.<ref name="Hunnicutt-1">Hunnicutt 1984, 152-155</ref><ref name="Hunnicutt-2">Hunnicutt 1984, 453</ref> | ||
| + | |||
| + | The 105 mm M68 would see field service the same year the XM60 was adopted on 16 March 1959 as the [[M60|105 mm gun full-tracked combat tank M60]].<ref name="Hunnicutt-3">Hunnicutt 1984, 157-161</ref> It was mounted inside the tank via mount M116 in the M60 and mount M140 in subsequent [[M60A1 (AOS)|M60A1]] and [[M60A3 TTS|M60A3]].<ref name="AFVDB">Conners 2021</ref> When the [[M48A2 G A2|M48 tanks were upgraded]] to mount the 105 mm M68, it did so within a modified mount M87 originally for the [[M41 (90 mm)|90 mm M41 cannon]].<ref name="Hunnicutt-2"/> | ||
| + | |||
| + | Although only intended as an "alternative armament system" due to its immediate availability compared to the upcoming developed weaponry,<ref name="Hunnicutt-Abrams1">Hunnicutt 1990, 101</ref> the 105 mm M68 remained the primary American tank armament for the majority of the Cold War duration due to the technical difficulties and failures of the US Army's [[M162 (152 mm)|Shillelagh gun]]/[[XM150E5 (152 mm)|launcher systems]]. The 105 mm M68 stayed with gradual upgrades such as improving the gun tube wear life with additives in the 105 mm propellant charges.<ref name="Albright">Albright et al. 1975, 1</ref> The next version of the M68, the [[M68A1 (105 mm)|M68A1]] only differed in minor details and with a mirror for a muzzle reference system. Even when replaced by the [[M256 (120 mm)|120 mm M256]] as the primary tank armament, the M68 and its variants are still used mounted in vehicles in reserve and foreign service, or experimental versions such as the [[M68A1E8 (105 mm)|M68A1E8]] on the [[M1128|M1128 Mobile Gun System]]. | ||
== Media == | == Media == | ||
| − | '' | + | ''Excellent additions to the article would be video guides, screenshots from the game, and photos.'' |
== See also == | == See also == | ||
| − | ''Links to the articles on the War Thunder Wiki that you think will be useful for the reader, for example:'' | + | <!--''Links to the articles on the War Thunder Wiki that you think will be useful for the reader, for example:'' |
| + | * ''reference to the article about the variant of the cannon/machine gun;'' | ||
| + | * ''references to approximate analogues by other nations and research trees.''--> | ||
| − | * | + | * [[L7 (105 mm) (Family)]] |
| − | * | + | ** [[Royal Ordnance L7A1 (105 mm)]] - The original gun used as the basis of the American design. |
| + | ** [[M68A1 (105 mm)]] - An improved version of the M68 with additional features installed. | ||
== External links == | == External links == | ||
| − | ''Paste links to sources and external resources, such as:'' | + | <!--''Paste links to sources and external resources, such as:'' |
| + | * ''topic on the official game forum;'' | ||
| + | * ''other literature.''--> | ||
| − | * '' | + | ===References=== |
| − | * '' | + | ;Citations: |
| − | * '' | + | <references /> |
| + | |||
| + | ;Bibliography: | ||
| + | * Albright, Allan A. and Glenn S. Friar. 1975. ''ADAO15461: Analysis of Wear Data From 105mm M68 Gun Tubes in Field Service''. Springfield, VA: National Technical Information Service. | ||
| + | * Conners, Chris. 2021. "105mm Gun Tank M60." American Fighting Vehicle Database. Last modified October 19, 2021. [http://afvdb.50megs.com/usa/m60.html Webpage] ([https://web.archive.org/web/20211121212458/http://afvdb.50megs.com/usa/m60.html Archive]). | ||
| + | * Hunnicutt, Richard P. 1984. ''Patton: A History of the American Main Battle Tank: Volume I''. Novato, CA: Presidio Press. | ||
| + | * Hunnicutt, Richard P. 1990. ''Abrams: A History of the American Main Battle Tank: Volume 2''. Novato, CA: Presidio Press. | ||
{{USA tank cannons}} | {{USA tank cannons}} | ||
{{China tank cannons}} | {{China tank cannons}} | ||
{{Italy tank cannons}} | {{Italy tank cannons}} | ||
| + | {{Israel tank cannons}} | ||
[[Category:Tank cannons]] | [[Category:Tank cannons]] | ||
Latest revision as of 07:45, 16 April 2023
| This page is about the American tank cannon M68 (105 mm). For other versions, see M68A1 (105 mm) and M68A1E8 (105 mm). |
.png)
Contents
Description
The 105 mm M68 is an American tank cannon that saw widespread use among American armoured fighting vehicles during the Cold War. Based off the British 105 mm L7 gun, the 105 mm M68 shares many characteristics as the British counterpart such as the access to the HESH (High-Explosive Squash-Head) ammunition.
As the main armament of the many M60 variants and the early M1 Abrams tanks, players will become intimately familiar with the 105 mm M68 gun whether from the firing or receiving end of the tanks.
Vehicles equipped with this weapon
| Vehicles equipped with this weapon | |
|---|---|
| Medium tanks | Tiran 4S · Sho't Kal Alef |
| M60 | M60 · M60A1 (AOS) · M60A1 "D.C.Ariete" · M60A1 RISE (P) · M60A3 TTS · ␗M60A3 TTS |
| XM-1 | XM1 (Chrysler) · XM1 (GM) |
| Magach | Magach 3 · ▃Magach 3 (ERA) · Magach 3 (ERA) · Magach 6 · Magach 6A |
General info
Tell us about the tactical and technical characteristics of the cannon or machine gun.
Available ammunition
|
Not all ammunition listed is available on all vehicles equipped with this weapon. |
American ammunition
| Penetration statistics | |||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Ammunition | Type of warhead |
Penetration @ 0° Angle of Attack (mm) | |||||
| 10 m | 100 m | 500 m | 1,000 m | 1,500 m | 2,000 m | ||
| M456 | HEATFS | 400 | 400 | 400 | 400 | 400 | 400 |
| M456A2 | HEATFS | 400 | 400 | 400 | 400 | 400 | 400 |
| M393A2 | HESH | 127 | 127 | 127 | 127 | 127 | 127 |
| M392A2 | APDS | 350 | 347 | 333 | 317 | 302 | 287 |
| M728 | APDS | 265 | 263 | 252 | 240 | 228 | 216 |
| M735 | APFSDS | 292 | 291 | 284 | 275 | 266 | 257 |
| M774 | APFSDS | 372 | 370 | 365 | 358 | 351 | 343 |
| Shell details | ||||||||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Ammunition | Type of warhead |
Velocity (m/s) |
Projectile mass (kg) |
Fuse delay (m) |
Fuse sensitivity (mm) |
Explosive mass (TNT equivalent) (kg) |
Ricochet | |||||
| 0% | 50% | 100% | ||||||||||
| M456 | HEATFS | 1,174 | 10.5 | 0.05 | 0.1 | 1.27 | 65° | 72° | 77° | |||
| M456A2 | HEATFS | 1,174 | 10.5 | 0.05 | 0.1 | 1.27 | 65° | 72° | 77° | |||
| M393A2 | HESH | 732 | 11.2 | 0.1 | 4 | 4.31 | 73° | 77° | 80° | |||
| M392A2 | APDS | 1,478 | 4 | - | - | - | 75° | 78° | 80° | |||
| M728 | APDS | 1,426 | 4.53 | - | - | - | 75° | 78° | 80° | |||
| M735 | APFSDS | 1,501 | 3.72 | - | - | - | 78° | 80° | 81° | |||
| M774 | APFSDS | 1,509 | 3.4 | - | - | - | 78° | 80° | 81° | |||
| Smoke shell characteristics | ||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Ammunition | Velocity (m/s) |
Projectile mass (kg) |
Screen radius (m) |
Screen deploy time (s) |
Screen hold time (s) |
Explosive mass (TNT equivalent) (g) |
| M416 | 732 | 11.6 | 16 | 5 | 25 | 50 |
Israeli ammunition
| Penetration statistics | |||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Ammunition | Type of warhead |
Penetration @ 0° Angle of Attack (mm) | |||||
| 10 m | 100 m | 500 m | 1,000 m | 1,500 m | 2,000 m | ||
| M156 | HESH | 127 | 127 | 127 | 127 | 127 | 127 |
| M152 | HEATFS | 400 | 400 | 400 | 400 | 400 | 400 |
| Shell details | ||||||||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Ammunition | Type of warhead |
Velocity (m/s) |
Projectile mass (kg) |
Fuse delay (m) |
Fuse sensitivity (mm) |
Explosive mass (TNT equivalent) (kg) |
Ricochet | |||||
| 0% | 50% | 100% | ||||||||||
| M156 | HESH | 731 | 11.4 | 0.1 | 4 | 3.17 | 73° | 77° | 80° | |||
| M152 | HEATFS | 1,174 | 10.5 | 0.05 | 0.1 | 1.27 | 65° | 72° | 77° | |||
Comparison with analogues
Give a comparative description of cannons/machine guns that have firepower equal to this weapon.
Usage in battles
Describe the cannon/machine gun in the game - its distinctive features, tactics of usage against notable opponents. Please don't write a "guide" - do not impose a single point of view, but give the reader food for thought.
Pros and cons
Summarise and briefly evaluate the weaponry in terms of its characteristics and combat effectiveness. Mark pros and cons as a list.
Pros:
Cons:
History
Following the development and experience with the M48 Patton III tank, the United States recognized that the next step towards tank modernization included a greater firepower advantage than the 90 mm calibre used so far since the M26 Pershing tank. As such, when the Ordnance Tank Automotive Command (OTAC) developed the XM60 weapon system on 04 June 1958 to fulfill the US Army's desire for an interim tank prior to the fielding of their ideal main battle tank, a new tank gun was prioritized as one of the upgrades over the M48 tank.[1]
A USMC M60A1 with its 105 mm M68 cannon. The eccentric bore evacuator design can be distinguished, being slightly higher than the gun's bore axis.
Comparative evaluations for a new tank gun began in October 1958, with one highly favorable British 105 mm gun designated the X15E8, which was also referred to as the "Ex 20 pounder" as it was derived from that gun design (and would later be more well known as the L7 gun). The American had developed a version of this gun designated the T254, tested in the T95E5 medium tank, that used the same calibre and ammunition, but the gun tubes were not interchangeable with the X15E8. This was later developed into the T254E2 which made the tube interchangeable with the British gun, though differed with a concentric bore evacuator compared to the British eccentric evacuator (slightly raised above the gun tube) which allowed greater gun depression over the rear engine deck. Another difference in the two guns was that the British breech block moved horizontally, while the American breech block moved vertically. During this development, Ordnance debated whether to move forward with the 105 mm or a lightened 120 mm T123E6 gun based on the M103's 120 mm M58 gun. However, the 105 mm was eventually chosen in accounting for the 120 mm's two-piece ammunition construction restricting the rate of fire. Ultimately, the American T254E2 with the British X15E8's gun tube and eccentric bore evacuator design was chosen as the basis of the XM60's gun. British-made gun tubes would be used until American-manufactured gun tubes could achieve similar accuracy specifications. This 105 mm gun would be standardized as the 105 mm gun M68.[1][2]
The 105 mm M68 would see field service the same year the XM60 was adopted on 16 March 1959 as the 105 mm gun full-tracked combat tank M60.[3] It was mounted inside the tank via mount M116 in the M60 and mount M140 in subsequent M60A1 and M60A3.[4] When the M48 tanks were upgraded to mount the 105 mm M68, it did so within a modified mount M87 originally for the 90 mm M41 cannon.[2]
Although only intended as an "alternative armament system" due to its immediate availability compared to the upcoming developed weaponry,[5] the 105 mm M68 remained the primary American tank armament for the majority of the Cold War duration due to the technical difficulties and failures of the US Army's Shillelagh gun/launcher systems. The 105 mm M68 stayed with gradual upgrades such as improving the gun tube wear life with additives in the 105 mm propellant charges.[6] The next version of the M68, the M68A1 only differed in minor details and with a mirror for a muzzle reference system. Even when replaced by the 120 mm M256 as the primary tank armament, the M68 and its variants are still used mounted in vehicles in reserve and foreign service, or experimental versions such as the M68A1E8 on the M1128 Mobile Gun System.
Media
Excellent additions to the article would be video guides, screenshots from the game, and photos.
See also
- L7 (105 mm) (Family)
- Royal Ordnance L7A1 (105 mm) - The original gun used as the basis of the American design.
- M68A1 (105 mm) - An improved version of the M68 with additional features installed.
External links
References
- Citations
- Bibliography
- Albright, Allan A. and Glenn S. Friar. 1975. ADAO15461: Analysis of Wear Data From 105mm M68 Gun Tubes in Field Service. Springfield, VA: National Technical Information Service.
- Conners, Chris. 2021. "105mm Gun Tank M60." American Fighting Vehicle Database. Last modified October 19, 2021. Webpage (Archive).
- Hunnicutt, Richard P. 1984. Patton: A History of the American Main Battle Tank: Volume I. Novato, CA: Presidio Press.
- Hunnicutt, Richard P. 1990. Abrams: A History of the American Main Battle Tank: Volume 2. Novato, CA: Presidio Press.
| USA tank cannons | |
|---|---|
| 20 mm | M139 |
| 25 mm | LW25 · M242 |
| 37 mm | M3 · M5 · M6 |
| 57 mm | M1 |
| 75 mm | M2 · M2 Howitzer · M3 · M6 · M1897A4 · XM274 |
| 76 mm | M1 · M7 · M32 · T185E1 |
| 90 mm | M3 · M3A1 · M36 · M41 · M54 · T15E1 · T15E2 · T54 · T208E9 |
| 105 mm | M4 · M68 · M68A1 · M68A1E8 · T5E1 · T5E2 · T140E2 · T140E3 · XM35 |
| 106 mm | M40A1C |
| 120 mm | M58 · M256 · T53 |
| 152 mm | M81 · M162 · XM150E5 |
| 155 mm | M185 · T7 |
| 165 mm | M135 |
| Foreign: | |
| 20 mm | Rh202 (Germany) |
| 57 mm | 6pdr OQF Mk.III (Britain) · ZIS-2 (USSR) |
| 105 mm | Sharir (Israel) |
| 120 mm | IMI MG251 (Israel) |
| China tank cannons | |
|---|---|
| 30 mm | ZPL02 · ZPZ02 |
| 73 mm | Type 86 |
| 76 mm | M32K1 |
| 85 mm | Type 56 · Type 63 |
| 100 mm | PTP86 · Type 59 · Type 69 · Type 69-II · ZPL04 |
| 105 mm | 88B-105T · Type 83 · WMA301 · ZPL94 · ZPL98A |
| 120 mm | 122TM · PTZ89 |
| 125 mm | Type 88C · Type 99A · ZPT98 |
| 130 mm | PL59A Gai |
| 152 mm | PL66 Gai |
| Foreign: | |
| 20 mm | KwK30 (Germany) |
| 37 mm | M6 (USA) |
| 45 mm | 20-K (USSR) |
| 47 mm | Type 1 (Japan) |
| 57 mm | Type 97 (Japan) · ZIS-2 (USSR) |
| 75 mm | M2 Howitzer (USA) · M3 (USA) · M6 (USA) |
| 76 mm | D-56T (USSR) · F-34 (USSR) · M1 (USA) · M7 (USA) · ZIS-3 (USSR) |
| 85 mm | ZIS-S-53 (USSR) |
| 90 mm | M3 (USA) · M41 (USA) |
| 100 mm | D-10S (USSR) |
| 105 mm | M68 (USA) · M68A1 (USA) |
| 115 mm | U-5TS (USSR) |
| 122 mm | A-19 (USSR) · D-25T (USSR) |
| 152 mm | ML-20S (USSR) |
| Israel tank cannons | |
|---|---|
| 30 mm | Bushmaster 2 Mk.44 (USA) |
| 75 mm | SA50 L/57 (France) |
| 84 mm | 20pdr OQF Mk.I (UK) |
| 90 mm | DEFA F1 (France) · M41 (USA) |
| 100 mm | D-10T (USSR) |
| 105 mm | M-51 (France) · M68 (USA) · Sharir |
| 120 mm | IMI MG251 |
| 155 mm | M126 (USA) · M185 (USA) · Soltam M845 |
