Difference between pages "ZTZ59D1" and "XM35 (105 mm)"

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{{About
 
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| about = Chinese medium tank '''{{PAGENAME}}'''
 
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| usage = other versions
 
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| link = ZTZ59 (Family)
 
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}}
 
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{{Specs-Card
 
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|code=cn_type_59d
 
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|images={{Specs-Card-Image|GarageImage_{{PAGENAME}}.jpg}}
 
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}}
 
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== Description ==
 
== Description ==
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<!-- ''In the description, the first part should be about the history of the creation and combat usage of the vehicle, as well as its key features. In the second part, tell the reader about the ground vehicle in the game. Insert a screenshot of the vehicle, so that if the novice player does not remember the vehicle by name, he will immediately understand what kind of vehicle the article is talking about.'' -->
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<!-- ''Write an introduction to the article in 2-3 small paragraphs. Briefly tell us about the history of the development and combat using the weaponry and also about its features. Compile a list of air, ground, or naval vehicles that feature this weapon system in the game.'' -->
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The '''{{Specs|name}}''' is a rank {{Specs|rank}} Chinese medium tank {{Battle-rating}}. It was introduced in [[Update 1.91 "Night Vision"]].
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The '''105 mm Gun XM35''', originally designated as the '''105 mm Gun''' '''EX35''' and later type-classified as the '''105 mm Gun M35''', was a rifled low recoil tank gun developed in the 1980's by the Watervliet Arsenal's Benet Laboratory for the US Army. It was a low recoil variant of the tried and true M68 series, used on American tanks since its first testing by the US in 1958 and production in 1959. It was designed to be used on light armoured vehicles rather than full size tanks.
  
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The ZTZ59D1 is a comprehensive upgrade of the venerable [[Type 59]]. It includes a large number of modern features on a old chassis, rather like an AK-47 decked out with modern furniture and accessories. The most noticeable difference at a first glance are the ERA arrays on the hull and turret cheeks. The original 100 mm Type 59 cannon has been replaced with a licensed copy of the ubiquitous Royal Ordnance L7 105 mm cannon, and the installation of thermal sights and a laser rangefinder give the tank impressive firepower. Unfortunately it still suffers from many of the Type 59's weaknesses, namely subpar mobility and gun handling. While it is not very suited to the high-speed combat common at its rank, a skilled and careful tanker can still enjoy it as a formidable sniper.
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=== Vehicles equipped with this weapon ===
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<!-- ''List out vehicles that are equipped with the weapon.'' -->
  
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The ZTZ59D1 is succeeded by the [[ZTZ96]], a significantly more modern design with better firepower, mobility, and protection.
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* {{Specs-Link|us_xm_8}}
  
 
== General info ==
 
== General info ==
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=== Survivability and armour ===
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''Tell us about the tactical and technical characteristics of the cannon or machine gun.''
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{{Specs-Tank-Armour}}
 
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<!-- ''Describe armour protection. Note the most well protected and key weak areas. Appreciate the layout of modules as well as the number and location of crew members. Is the level of armour protection sufficient, is the placement of modules helpful for survival in combat? If necessary use a visual template to indicate the most secure and weak zones of the armour.'' -->
 
  
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'''Armour type:'''
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=== Available ammunition ===
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<!-- ''Describe the shells that are available for the weapon and their features and purpose. If it concerns autocannons or machine guns, write about different ammo belts and what is inside (which types of shells).'' -->
  
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* Rolled homogeneous armour (Hull, Turret roof)
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{{:{{PAGENAME}}/Ammunition|M456A2, M416, M393A2, C76A1, M735}}
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* Cast homogeneous armour (Turret, Gun mantlet)
 
  
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{| class="wikitable"
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=== Comparison with analogues ===
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|-
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''Give a comparative description of cannons/machine guns that have firepower equal to this weapon.''
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! Armour !! Front (Slope angle) !! Sides !! Rear !! Roof
 
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|-
 
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| Hull || 100 mm (60°) ''Front glacis'' <br>100 mm (54°) ''Lower glacis'' || 80 mm || 45 mm (16°) ''Upper'' <br> 30 mm (72°) ''Lower'' || 30 mm ''Front'' <br> 20 mm ''Back''
 
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|-
 
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| Turret || 160 mm (14-39°) ''Turret front'' <br> 200 mm (4-78°) ''Gun mantlet'' || 115 mm (45-50°) ''Upper'' <br> 155 mm (10-30°) ''Lower'' || 65 mm (9-35°) || 30 mm
 
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|-
 
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|}
 
  
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'''Notes:'''
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== Usage in battles ==
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''Describe the cannon/machine gun in the game - its distinctive features, tactics of usage against notable opponents. Please don't write a "guide" - do not impose a single point of view, but give the reader food for thought.''
  
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* Suspension wheels and tracks are 20 mm thick
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=== Pros and cons ===
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''Summarise and briefly evaluate the weaponry in terms of its characteristics and combat effectiveness. Mark pros and cons as a list.''
  
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The base armour of the ZTZ59D1 is exactly the same as the [[Type 59]]. The hull and turret armour are quite thick, but the original T-54 armour was designed to counter WWII-era German cannons, and at the ZTZ's rank it will not hold up against sabot or HEAT rounds. It is capable of stopping all autocannon fire from the front and resisting most autocannon fire from the sides, which is helpful. The ERA arrays on the turret use ERA comparable to the Soviet Kontakt-1 and have good protection against chemical rounds; unfortunately they do not have very good coverage, and the area around the gun mantlet is heavily exposed.
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'''Pros:'''
  
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The ERA arrays on the upper glacis have an interesting setup: two layers of ERA separated by an air gap. While the hull coverage is spotty due to the tow cable attachment points, the ERA setup boasts 120 mm of kinetic protection. This is not quite enough against the common 105 mm DM23 APFSDS considering that the ZTZ59D1 lacks composite armour to back the ERA up, but it will stop all 105 mm APDS rounds. Certain APFSDS rounds with especially poor angled penetration like the [[T-55A]]'s 3BM25 and the [[T95E1]]'s T320 will fail to penetrate even at point-blank range. Even the [[T-62]]'s sizeable 115 mm APFSDS rounds can be stopped. The US 105 mm M735 and 152 mm XM578E1 will occasionally be blocked given some distance and angling. The hull ERA's chemical protection is not as strong as the turret ERA due to the less drastic sloping from the front profile and 120 mm HEAT-FS as fired by the [[Leopard A1A1 (L/44)]] will be able to penetrate.
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*
  
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Post-penetration survivability is not ideal. There is an ammo rack behind the fuel tank next to the driver, but unlike the comparable [[T-55AM-1]], it is not "wet" and can be easily detonated by penetrating hits. Loose ammunition is stowed in various corners of the crew compartment. It is a good idea to minimize the number of rounds carried.
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'''Cons:'''
  
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Sometimes, if you are lucky, you will survive a penetrating shot that knocked out your gunner / driver, and your fate depends on whether if you can fight back / retreat before the enemy loads the second shell. If your crew cannot replace the dead gunner / driver on time, a split second late and you will certainly get destroyed by the next shell. Therefore it is recommended to max out the "Agility" skill on every crew, it might save your life one day.
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*
  
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=== Mobility ===
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== History ==
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{{Specs-Tank-Mobility}}
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<!-- ''Examine the history of the creation and combat usage of the weapon in more detail than in the introduction. If the historical reference turns out to be too long, take it to a separate article, taking a link to the article about the weapon and adding a block "/History" (example: <nowiki>https://wiki.warthunder.com/(Weapon-name)/History</nowiki>) and add a link to it here using the <code>main</code> template. Be sure to reference text and sources by using <code><nowiki><ref></ref></nowiki></code>, as well as adding them at the end of the article with <code><nowiki><references /></nowiki></code>.'' -->
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<!-- ''Write about the mobility of the ground vehicle. Estimate the specific power and manoeuvrability, as well as the maximum speed forwards and backwards.'' -->
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'''Development'''
  
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{{tankMobility|abMinHp= 806|rbMinHp= 460}}
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The EX35 began development at the Watervliet Arsenal's Benet Laboratories in 1983 to meet a United States Army requirement for a low recoil 105 mm rifled gun. The requirements were for a gun that had a lower weight and lower recoil, allow for compatibility with an automatic loading system and all current 105 mm ammunition, and finally it had to maintain the accuracy of the M68.<ref>https://www.army.mil/article/193706/arsenal_digs_into_its_history_finding_shovel_ready_program_to_enhance_soldier_readiness_lethality</ref>
  
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Speed is definitely not a strength for the {{PAGENAME}}. The original [[Type 59]] was not a speedster to begin with and the upgrades on this tank add an extra ton of weight without any increase in engine power. It is also incapable of turning in place and has a poor reverse speed of only -7 km/h.
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The first prototype of the new gun, based on the 105 mm Gun M68, was completed and test fired after only eleven months of development. The new gun type, designated first as the 105 mm Gun EX35 and later the 105 mm Gun XM35, was fitted in both the General Motors and Cadillac Gage LAV-105 fire support vehicle as well as the Food Machinery Corporation (FMC) 105 mm Armored Gun System XM8 light tank. The gun was type-classified as the 105 mm Gun M35 but neither the LAV-105 nor XM8 AGS entered production and neither did the M35. The M35 though has been used in more modern variants of the XM8 such as that delivered to the US Army in 2020 for testing as part of the Mobile Protected Firepower (MPF) competition.<ref>Sheridan: A History of the American Light Tank, Volume 2 - R.P. Hunnicutt</ref><ref name=":0">http://www.army-guide.com/eng/product3639.html</ref>
  
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=== Modifications and economy ===
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'''Design'''
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{{Specs-Economy}}
 
  
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== Armaments ==
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Though based on the 105 mm M68 gun, the XM35 was significantly different. It retained a barrel length of 5.46 meters (L/52) as on the M68 but featured a newly designed and reinforced breech which allowed it to fire modern APFSDS rounds like the M68A1 could (see ammunition section below). The breech was a multi lug type which supposedly allowed for weight reduction. It used recoil and recuperator cylinders of a small diameter, each recuperator cylinder with a bayonet fitting to allow for easy replacement in the field. An integrated muzzle break with thirty-five percent efficiency was included.
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{{Specs-Tank-Armaments}}
 
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=== Main armament ===
 
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{{Specs-Tank-Weapon|1}}
 
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<!-- ''Give the reader information about the characteristics of the main gun. Assess its effectiveness in a battle based on the reloading speed, ballistics and the power of shells. Do not forget about the flexibility of the fire, that is how quickly the cannon can be aimed at the target, open fire on it and aim at another enemy. Add a link to the main article on the gun: <code><nowiki>{{main|Name of the weapon}}</nowiki></code>. Describe in general terms the ammunition available for the main gun. Give advice on how to use them and how to fill the ammunition storage.'' The text within these arrows are not to be deleted -->
 
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{{main|Type 83 (105 mm)}}
 
  
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The Type 83 cannon is a Chinese produced version of the tried-and-true Royal Ordnance L7 gun used by numerous contemporary tanks. Unfortunately, since it's mounted in the cramped confines of the Type 59 chassis, the reload speed is about 2 seconds slower than average. The ZTZ59D1 also does not have an upgraded turret drive and the turret rotation speed of at most 10 degrees per second is exceptionally bad for the battle rating. It at least has a two-plane stabilizer, which is a step up from the Type 59's vertical stabilizer.
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During testing of the first prototype XM35, it was proven that it reduced recoil impulse by twenty-two percent compared to the M68. It weighed only 1,270 kg.
  
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The -4° gun depression might look too poor, but due to the low height of the vehicle it is actually enough for quite some not-so-hilly terrains. On gentle hills the ZTZ59D1 can peek over safely, exposing only the turret for hull down, for example in certain spots on Jungle and Frozen Pass. However, this gun depression is still not great in very hilly maps like Karelia, forcing the player to ditch the hull down tactic.
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The XM35 guns mounted in the LAV-105 all featured a downward opening breech mechanism for use with an automatic loading system designed by the UK-based Fairey Hydraulics Limited (FHL). This automatic loading system had a nominal loading time of 7.5 seconds. When fitted in the LAV-105 the gun had a 559 mm recoil length.
  
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{| class="wikitable" style="text-align:center" width="100%"
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When mounted in the XM8 AGS the XM35 had a horizontal opening breech mechanism and also featured an automatic loading system but it was one developed by the American company United Defense, Armament Systems Division. This automatic loading system could maintain a nominal 5-second reloading time. When fitted in the XM8 the gun had a 762 mm recoil length.<ref name=":0" />
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|-
 
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! colspan="5" | [[Type 83 (105 mm)|105 mm Type 83]] || colspan="5" | Turret rotation speed (°/s) || colspan="4" | Reloading rate (seconds)
 
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|-
 
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! Mode !! Capacity !! Vertical !! Horizontal !! Stabilizer
 
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! Stock !! Upgraded !! Full !! Expert !! Aced
 
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! Stock !! Full !! Expert !! Aced
 
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|-
 
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! ''Arcade''
 
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| rowspan="2" | 37 || rowspan="2" | -4°/+18° || rowspan="2" | ±180° || rowspan="2" | Two-plane || 9.5 || 13.2 || 16.0 || 17.7 || 18.8 || rowspan="2" | 11.18 || rowspan="2" | 9.89 || rowspan="2" | 9.12 || rowspan="2" | 8.60
 
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|-
 
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! ''Realistic''
 
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| 5.9 || 7.0 || 8.5 || 9.4 || 10.0
 
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|-
 
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|}
 
  
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==== Ammunition ====
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'''Ammunition'''
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The ZTZ59D1's ammunition consists of the typical set for 105 mm guns. The stock Type 83-HEAT is a HEAT-FS round with 400 mm of penetration at any distance that struggles against enemies with ERA or composite armour but is adequate against steel or spaced armor. It is a slight improvement over the Type 1973 HEAT-FS used by the previous [[Type 69]] but still functions much the same. Use it as an interim round until APFSDS is unlocked. It is a good idea to still bring a few HEAT-FS afterwards since it can trigger overpressure damage against light tanks and SPAAs on occasion and has better ballistics than the HESH round.
 
  
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The Type-83 HESH round causes a wide but shallow cone of damage and practically ignores slopes, but only works against thinner plates of conventional armour and has poor ballistics. It may be helpful once in a while to finish off targets that only have a slight portion of their tank exposed, such as splashing the turret roof of an enemy hiding behind cover, but for the most part it should be ignored.  
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The 105 mm XM35 was designed to have the capability to fire all the then available 105 mm ammunition types, including those limited to the M68A1 and not capable of being fired out of the original M68. Nine types of ammunition were evaluated on the XM8 AGS. These included two training munitions, M490A1 TP-T and M724A1 TPDS-T. Special purpose rounds included M393A1 HEP-T, M393A2 HEP-T, M416 WP-T, and M456A2 APERS-T. Primary anti-tank ammunition included M456A2 HEAT-T, M833 APFSDS-T, and M900 APFSDS-T. It was stated that the gun was compatible with all NATO standard 105 mm ammunition but the above list is all the ammunition stated to have been tested on the XM8 AGS platform.
  
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The Type-83 APDS is, despite its name, an APFSDS round with identical performance to the common 105 mm DM23 used by the [[Leopard A1A1]] for example. The flat penetration is nothing special but the angled penetration is good, which can be helpful for side-shots or penetrating certain tanks with composite armor. It is easy to aim due to its high muzzle velocity, has consistent post-penetration damage, and should be the round of choice once unlocked. Exercise some caution when fighting Soviet MBTs from the [[T-72A]] onwards because the APFSDS does not have enough angled penetration to casually penetrate the hull armor of a spaded T-72A. In a frontal engagement it is best to aim for the driver's viewport or lower glacis, which are weak spots on all Soviet T-64/72/80 series tanks. Other opponents worth noting are the British [[Chieftain Mk 10]] and [[Challenger Mk.2]]/[[Challenger Mk.3|Mk.3]] with strong turrets but weak hulls.
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One thing worthy of note is that the M900 APFSDS-T round was incapable of being fired out of the M68 and could only be fired from the M68A1 which had a reinforced breech. Despite being based on the M68 the XM35 did have a reinforced breech and could and did fire the M900 round as listed above.<ref>Armor, January-February 1996 Edition</ref>
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{| class="wikitable sortable" style="text-align:center" width="100%"
 
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! colspan="8" | Penetration statistics
 
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|-
 
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! rowspan="2" data-sort-type="text" | Ammunition
 
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! rowspan="2" | Type of<br>warhead
 
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! colspan="6" | Penetration @ 0° Angle of Attack (mm)
 
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|-
 
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! 10 m !! 100 m !! 500 m !! 1,000 m !! 1,500 m !! 2,000 m
 
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|-
 
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| Type-83 HEAT || HEATFS || 400 || 400 || 400 || 400 || 400 || 400
 
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|-
 
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| Type-83 HESH || HESH || 127 || 127 || 127 || 127 || 127 || 127
 
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|-
 
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| Type-83 APDS || APFSDS || 337 || 335 || 330 || 322 || 314 || 306
 
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|-
 
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|}
 
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{| class="wikitable sortable" style="text-align:center" width="100%"
 
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! colspan="10" | Shell details
 
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|-
 
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! rowspan="2" data-sort-type="text" | Ammunition
 
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! rowspan="2" | Type of<br>warhead
 
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! rowspan="2" | Velocity<br>(m/s)
 
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! rowspan="2" | Projectile<br>mass (kg)
 
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! rowspan="2" | Fuse delay<br>(m)
 
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! rowspan="2" | Fuse sensitivity<br>(mm)
 
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! rowspan="2" | Explosive mass<br>(TNT equivalent) (g)
 
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! colspan="3" | Ricochet
 
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|-
 
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! 0% !! 50% !! 100%
 
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|-
 
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| Type-83 HEAT || HEATFS || 1,174 || 11 || 0.05 || 0.1 || 1,270 || 65° || 72° || 77°
 
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|-
 
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| Type-83 HESH || HESH || 732 || 11.2 || 0.1 || 4 || 4,310 || 73° || 77° || 80°
 
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|-
 
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| Type-83 APDS || APFSDS || 1,455 || 4.2 || N/A || N/A || N/A || 78° || 80° || 81°
 
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|-
 
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|}
 
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==== [[Ammo racks]] ====
 
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[[File:Ammoracks_{{PAGENAME}}.png|right|thumb|x250px|[[Ammo racks]] of the {{PAGENAME}}]]
 
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<!-- '''Last updated: 2.5.1.99''' -->
 
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{| class="wikitable" style="text-align:center"
 
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|-
 
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! Full<br>ammo
 
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! 1st<br>rack empty
 
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! 2nd<br>rack empty
 
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! 3rd<br>rack empty
 
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! 4th<br>rack empty
 
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! 5th<br>rack empty
 
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! 6th<br>rack empty
 
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! 7th*<br>rack empty
 
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! Visual<br>discrepancy
 
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|-
 
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| '''37''' || 36&nbsp;''(+1)'' || 31&nbsp;''(+6)'' || 30&nbsp;''(+7)'' || 26&nbsp;''(+11)'' || 23&nbsp;''(+14)'' || 21&nbsp;''(+16)'' || 1&nbsp;''(+36)'' || No
 
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|-
 
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|}
 
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Notes:
 
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* The 7th rack serves as first-stage ammo stowage.
 
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* It is recommended to carry at most 31&nbsp;''(+6)'' rounds as to empty the turret's ammo racks.
 
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=== Machine guns ===
 
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{{Specs-Tank-Weapon|2}}
 
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{{Specs-Tank-Weapon|3}}
 
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<!-- ''Offensive and anti-aircraft machine guns not only allow you to fight some aircraft but also are effective against lightly armoured vehicles. Evaluate machine guns and give recommendations on its use.'' -->
 
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{{main|DShK (12.7 mm)|SGMT (7.62 mm)}}
 
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The ZTZ59D1 features two MGs: one roof-mounted 12.7 mm heavy MG, and a 7.62 mm coaxial MG. The 12.7 mm MG, with its maximum penetration of around 30 mm, can do quite well against lightly armoured vehicles such as the [[R3 T20 FA-HS|R3 T20]] / [[R3 T106 FA|T106]] and the [[AUBL/74]]. It can also damage or even destroy the opponent's gun barrel or track with around 5 seconds of continuous fire. Against low-flying aircraft it can easily get you some critical hits with the correct lead. However its magazine empties very quickly and it does not carry enough ammo for prolonged MG fire comparing to the infamous M2HB.
 
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The 7.62 mm, on the other hand, can only damage fully exposed crew which are not commonly seen at this BR, or clear up light obstacles. Its low penetration greatly limits its usage in battles.
 
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{| class="wikitable" style="text-align:center" width="50%"
 
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|-
 
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! colspan="5" | [[DShK (12.7 mm)|12.7 mm DShK]]
 
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|-
 
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! Mount !! Capacity (Belt) !! Fire rate !! Vertical !! Horizontal
 
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|-
 
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| Pintle || 250 (50) || 600 || -10°/+60° || ±180°
 
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|-
 
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|}
 
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{| class="wikitable" style="text-align:center" width="50%"
 
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|-
 
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! colspan="5" | [[SGMT (7.62 mm)|7.62 mm SGMT]]
 
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|-
 
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! Mount !! Capacity (Belt) !! Fire rate !! Vertical !! Horizontal
 
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|-
 
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| Coaxial || 3,500 (250) || 600 || N/A || N/A
 
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|-
 
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|}
 
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== Usage in battles ==
 
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<!-- ''Describe the tactics of playing in the vehicle, the features of using vehicles in the team and advice on tactics. Refrain from creating a "guide" - do not impose a single point of view but instead give the reader food for thought. Describe the most dangerous enemies and give recommendations on fighting them. If necessary, note the specifics of the game in different modes (AB, RB, SB).'' -->
 
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The ZTZ59D1 might have a lot of modern features, but there is really no disguising the fact that it is a Type 59 at heart. The Type 59 at 8.0 already struggled with its poor gun handling and the ZTZ59D1's upgraded two-plane stabilizer is not much of a consolation considering that it will almost entirely face enemies with two-plane stabilizers and superior mobility. The ZTZ59D1 is best used as a support tank or sniper to take advantage of its good firepower, low profile, and decent protection while minimizing the effects of its poor gun handling and mobility. Ideally one can stay behind the front lines, moving up when prudent, and allow other teammates to push forwards. Enemies that appear or reveal themselves can then be dispatched at a safe distance. However one must be on the lookout for flanking enemies, as the gun handling is not adequate for responding quickly to unexpected threats. For this reason close range brawling should also be avoided. The mobility is also quite poor for its rank and it pays to be vigilant when moving up to sniping positions - enemies may be already present.
 
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A nice feature of the ZTZ59D1 is its access to thermal vision for the gunner. While not of high resolution, it helps with spotting targets significantly in both day and night battles and aids its sniping capabilities. However it is not the only tank with thermal vision at its rank, so this is not an absolute advantage. Situational awareness is very important on the ZTZ59D1 to compensate for its poor gun handling and reload. The ZTZ59D1 retains the zoom settings of the original Type 59's optics and it has a 3.5x zoom setting with a 21 degree field of view, so tunnel vision is less of an issue at close to medium range compared to other tanks. Make good use of the laser rangefinder at long distances, missed shots are a major hassle on the ZTZ59D1 because of its slow reload.
 
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The ZTZ59D1 has better protection than the average 8.7 MBT, but it is by no means immune or even consistently resistant to enemy fire. Poorly aimed 105 mm HEAT-FS can be resisted by the hull and turret ERA and very poorly aimed 105 mm APDS or weak APFSDS can be resisted by the hull ERA. The turret is vulnerable to any kind of kinetic round, though turret penetrations are less likely to knock out the tank in one hit. Count yourself lucky if you survive a hit from any tank cannon and treat it as a second chance.
 
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Helicopters are a major threat to the ZTZ59D1. ATGMs will typically go right through its ERA and even helicopters with unguided rockets, which typically need to fly closer to the battlefield, are difficult to destroy given the ZTZ59D1's bad gun handling. Stay out of sight if possible and take advantage of the smoke grenades if caught in the open. Lightly armoured helicopters can be harassed with the heavy machine gun at closer distances.
 
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=== Pros and cons ===
 
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<!-- ''Summarise and briefly evaluate the vehicle in terms of its characteristics and combat effectiveness. Mark its pros and cons in a bulleted list. Try not to use more than 6 points for each of the characteristics. Avoid using categorical definitions such as "bad", "good" and the like - use substitutions with softer forms such as "inadequate" and "effective".'' -->
 
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'''Pros:'''
 
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* Powerful 105 mm gun with a solid APFSDS round is a major step up from the [[Type 69]]'s cannon
 
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* Equipped with ERA on the turret and upper glacis, resistant to chemical munitions
 
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* Hull ERA setup offers some kinetic protection
 
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* Has a two-plane stabilizer
 
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* Access to smoke grenades, thermal sights, and laser rangefinder
 
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* Top mounted DShK heavy machine gun is helpful against light targets and aircraft
 
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* Low profile
 
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'''Cons:'''
 
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* Mobility is slightly worse than the original [[Type 59]], quite inadequate at its match-making position
 
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* Turret traverse and base armour are the same as the Type 59, gun handling is painful in close quarters and APFSDS will go straight through much of the tank
 
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* ERA coverage is sparse, significant gaps around the gun and on the upper glacis
 
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* Turret ERA will get destroyed in large patches, not piece by piece, upon getting hit by chemical rounds
 
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* Not particularly mobile; reverse speed in particular is quite slow
 
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* Poor gun depression greatly limits its capacity in hilly terrain
 
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* Slow reload compared to Western MBTs
 
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* No wet ammo storage
 
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== History ==
 
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<!-- ''Describe the history of the creation and combat usage of the vehicle in more detail than in the introduction. If the historical reference turns out to be too long, take it to a separate article, taking a link to the article about the vehicle and adding a block "/History" (example: <nowiki>https://wiki.warthunder.com/(Vehicle-name)/History</nowiki>) and add a link to it here using the <code>main</code> template. Be sure to reference text and sources by using <code><nowiki><ref></ref></nowiki></code>, as well as adding them at the end of the article with <code><nowiki><references /></nowiki></code>. This section may also include the vehicle's dev blog entry (if applicable) and the in-game encyclopedia description (under <code><nowiki>=== In-game description ===</nowiki></code>, also if applicable).'' -->
 
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The [[Type 59]] tank was the primary tank of the People's Liberation Army in the Cold War era. While reliable, easy to manufacture, and available in large numbers, the design began to show its age as time went on. Improved derivatives like the [[Type 69]] were not used extensively by the PLA. In the 1980s the large inventory of old Type 59s was in need of modernization, but defrosting relations with the Western world around that time allowed the purchase, use, and study of foreign technology, greatly aiding in the improvement of existing vehicles and development of future models. The first Type 59 model to benefit from these upgrades was the Type-59-II, which boasted a 105mm rifled gun based on the ubiquitous Royal Ordnance L7 and improved vision systems. The '''Type 59D1''' variant was a further development, adding on modern computerized fire-control systems, passive night vision devices, an improved gun with thermal sleeve, and explosive reactive armour. Other variants of note include the similar Type 59D, which has a longer gun and support for gun-launched ATGMs, the Type 59G, an export overhaul featuring a welded turret and 125mm gun similar to the modern [[ZTZ96|Type 96]], and the Jaguar, a joint Sino-American project with a heavily modified turret, hull, and powertrain.
 
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Later Type 59 variants are still present in the inventory of the PLA at present, though they have been replaced over time by the [[ZTZ99|Type 99]] and [[ZTZ96|Type 96]] tanks. While outdated, they are still useful for reserve or training purposes.
 
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The designation/acronym "ZTZ" is used at times by the Chinese military for its main battle tanks. In Mandarin, the first Z stands for "armoured vehicle" or "armour", the T stands for "tank", and second Z stands for "main battle". This term is generally used to describe modern Chinese MBTs, but for the most part it can be interchanged freely with "Type".
 
  
 
== Media ==
 
== Media ==
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{{Youtube-gallery|B6ZsuPjSuNo|'''T-54/T-55 family''' discusses the {{PAGENAME}} at 6:24 - ''War Thunder Official Channel''|6eIntBnVnso|'''{{PAGENAME}} its Painful!''' - ''Pinhead_Plays''}}
 
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[[Category:Tank cannons]]

Latest revision as of 20:58, 9 February 2023

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Use Wiki 3.0

Description

The 105 mm Gun XM35, originally designated as the 105 mm Gun EX35 and later type-classified as the 105 mm Gun M35, was a rifled low recoil tank gun developed in the 1980's by the Watervliet Arsenal's Benet Laboratory for the US Army. It was a low recoil variant of the tried and true M68 series, used on American tanks since its first testing by the US in 1958 and production in 1959. It was designed to be used on light armoured vehicles rather than full size tanks.

Vehicles equipped with this weapon

General info

Tell us about the tactical and technical characteristics of the cannon or machine gun.

Available ammunition

Penetration statistics
Ammunition Type of
warhead 		Penetration @ 0° Angle of Attack (mm)
10 m 100 m 500 m 1,000 m 1,500 m 2,000 m
M456A2 HEATFS 400 400 400 400 400 400
M393A2 HESH 127 127 127 127 127 127
M774 APFSDS 372 370 365 358 351 343
M735 APFSDS 292 291 284 275 266 257
Shell details
Ammunition Type of
warhead 		Velocity
(m/s) 		Projectile
mass (kg) 		Fuse delay
(m) 		Fuse sensitivity
(mm) 		Explosive mass
(TNT equivalent) (kg) 		Ricochet
0% 50% 100%
M456A2 HEATFS 1,174 10.5 0.05 0.1 1.27 65° 72° 77°
M393A2 HESH 732 11.2 0.1 4 4.31 73° 77° 80°
M774 APFSDS 1,509 3.4 - - - 78° 80° 81°
M735 APFSDS 1,501 3.72 - - - 78° 80° 81°
Smoke shell characteristics
Ammunition Velocity
(m/s) 		Projectile
mass (kg) 		Screen radius
(m) 		Screen deploy
time (s) 		Screen hold
time (s) 		Explosive mass
(TNT equivalent) (g)
M416 732 11.6 16 5 25 50

Comparison with analogues

Give a comparative description of cannons/machine guns that have firepower equal to this weapon.

Usage in battles

Describe the cannon/machine gun in the game - its distinctive features, tactics of usage against notable opponents. Please don't write a "guide" - do not impose a single point of view, but give the reader food for thought.

Pros and cons

Summarise and briefly evaluate the weaponry in terms of its characteristics and combat effectiveness. Mark pros and cons as a list.

Pros:

Cons:

History

Development

The EX35 began development at the Watervliet Arsenal's Benet Laboratories in 1983 to meet a United States Army requirement for a low recoil 105 mm rifled gun. The requirements were for a gun that had a lower weight and lower recoil, allow for compatibility with an automatic loading system and all current 105 mm ammunition, and finally it had to maintain the accuracy of the M68.[1]

The first prototype of the new gun, based on the 105 mm Gun M68, was completed and test fired after only eleven months of development. The new gun type, designated first as the 105 mm Gun EX35 and later the 105 mm Gun XM35, was fitted in both the General Motors and Cadillac Gage LAV-105 fire support vehicle as well as the Food Machinery Corporation (FMC) 105 mm Armored Gun System XM8 light tank. The gun was type-classified as the 105 mm Gun M35 but neither the LAV-105 nor XM8 AGS entered production and neither did the M35. The M35 though has been used in more modern variants of the XM8 such as that delivered to the US Army in 2020 for testing as part of the Mobile Protected Firepower (MPF) competition.[2][3]

Design

Though based on the 105 mm M68 gun, the XM35 was significantly different. It retained a barrel length of 5.46 meters (L/52) as on the M68 but featured a newly designed and reinforced breech which allowed it to fire modern APFSDS rounds like the M68A1 could (see ammunition section below). The breech was a multi lug type which supposedly allowed for weight reduction. It used recoil and recuperator cylinders of a small diameter, each recuperator cylinder with a bayonet fitting to allow for easy replacement in the field. An integrated muzzle break with thirty-five percent efficiency was included.

During testing of the first prototype XM35, it was proven that it reduced recoil impulse by twenty-two percent compared to the M68. It weighed only 1,270 kg.

The XM35 guns mounted in the LAV-105 all featured a downward opening breech mechanism for use with an automatic loading system designed by the UK-based Fairey Hydraulics Limited (FHL). This automatic loading system had a nominal loading time of 7.5 seconds. When fitted in the LAV-105 the gun had a 559 mm recoil length.

When mounted in the XM8 AGS the XM35 had a horizontal opening breech mechanism and also featured an automatic loading system but it was one developed by the American company United Defense, Armament Systems Division. This automatic loading system could maintain a nominal 5-second reloading time. When fitted in the XM8 the gun had a 762 mm recoil length.[3]

Ammunition

The 105 mm XM35 was designed to have the capability to fire all the then available 105 mm ammunition types, including those limited to the M68A1 and not capable of being fired out of the original M68. Nine types of ammunition were evaluated on the XM8 AGS. These included two training munitions, M490A1 TP-T and M724A1 TPDS-T. Special purpose rounds included M393A1 HEP-T, M393A2 HEP-T, M416 WP-T, and M456A2 APERS-T. Primary anti-tank ammunition included M456A2 HEAT-T, M833 APFSDS-T, and M900 APFSDS-T. It was stated that the gun was compatible with all NATO standard 105 mm ammunition but the above list is all the ammunition stated to have been tested on the XM8 AGS platform.

One thing worthy of note is that the M900 APFSDS-T round was incapable of being fired out of the M68 and could only be fired from the M68A1 which had a reinforced breech. Despite being based on the M68 the XM35 did have a reinforced breech and could and did fire the M900 round as listed above.[4]

Media

Excellent additions to the article would be video guides, screenshots from the game, and photos.

See also

External links

References

  1. ↑ https://www.army.mil/article/193706/arsenal_digs_into_its_history_finding_shovel_ready_program_to_enhance_soldier_readiness_lethality
  2. ↑ Sheridan: A History of the American Light Tank, Volume 2 - R.P. Hunnicutt
  3. ↑ 3.0 3.1 http://www.army-guide.com/eng/product3639.html
  4. ↑ Armor, January-February 1996 Edition


USA tank cannons
20 mm  M139
25 mm  LW25 · M242
37 mm  M3 · M5 · M6
57 mm  M1
75 mm  M2 · M2 Howitzer · M3 · M6 · M1897A4 · XM274
76 mm  M1 · M7 · M32 · T185E1
90 mm  M3 · M3A1 · M36 · M41 · M54 · T15E1 · T15E2 · T54 · T208E9
105 mm  M4 · M68 · M68A1 · M68A1E8 · T5E1 · T5E2 · T140E2 · T140E3 · XM35
106 mm  M40A1C
120 mm  M58 · M256 · T53
152 mm  M81 · M162 · XM150E5
155 mm  M185 · T7
165 mm  M135
  Foreign:
20 mm  Rh202 (Germany)
57 mm  6pdr OQF Mk.III (Britain) · ZIS-2 (USSR)
105 mm  Sharir (Israel)
120 mm  IMI MG251 (Israel)

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