I-16 Chung 28 (China) - Revision history

U44629479: /* Media */ Added skins

2024-04-28T12:26:22Z

‎Media: Added skins

U17577377: IJA/IJNAF => IJA/IJNAS (Air Service - Not "Air Force")

2024-04-12T10:17:00Z

IJA/IJNAF => IJA/IJNAS (Air Service - Not "Air Force")

U38088265: /* Description */

2023-09-10T13:12:42Z

‎Description

U4656018: Updated description

2023-09-08T13:41:16Z

Updated description

U44629479: Edits

2022-12-01T22:38:32Z

Edits

U44629479: Edits

2022-05-17T16:25:49Z

Edits

U44629479: Edits

2022-05-17T16:24:07Z

Edits

U38088265: /* Details */

2022-02-23T18:17:58Z

‎Details

U38088265: /* History */ Edits

2021-08-09T18:53:10Z

‎History: Edits

U4656018: brief history of Chung 28

2021-08-09T17:28:16Z

brief history of Chung 28

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 ;Skins
+* [https://live.warthunder.com/feed/camouflages/?vehicle=i-16_chung_28 Skins and camouflages for the {{PAGENAME}} from live.warthunder.com.]
 * Skins and camouflages for the [[I-16 type 28#Media|I-16 type 28]] can be used for the {{PAGENAME}}.

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 The Chung 28 (忠28) is an unlicensed I-16 built from the spare parts of I-16s provided to ROCAF. There are few documents mentioning its existence; but most of the remaining documents still give some insight of this aircraft.
-After the outbreak of the Sino-Japanese War, the Nanchang Central Aircraft Factory (now AVIC Hongdu) moved to caves in Nanchuan, Chongqing. Earlier in the war, the Soviets had provided parts of I-16s to ROCAF for further assembly. In the caves, an I-16 was put together using the remaining spare parts from the Soviets and mounted with an American piston engine and Soviet PV-1 machine guns, while some rumour that a pair of M2 machine guns could also be mounted. Originally built as a fighter, the I-16 had already proved useless against the IJAAF and IJNAF roaming across the Chinese skies, and thus only 3 of the fighter version were built and the remaining airframes were converted into trainers.
+After the outbreak of the Sino-Japanese War, the Nanchang Central Aircraft Factory (now AVIC Hongdu) moved to caves in Nanchuan, Chongqing. Earlier in the war, the Soviets had provided parts of I-16s to ROCAF for further assembly. In the caves, an I-16 was put together using the remaining spare parts from the Soviets and mounted with an American piston engine and Soviet PV-1 machine guns, while some rumour that a pair of M2 machine guns could also be mounted. Originally built as a fighter, the I-16 had already proved useless against the IJAAS and IJNAS roaming across the Chinese skies, and thus only 3 of the fighter version were built and the remaining airframes were converted into trainers.
 == Media ==

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 == Description ==
 <!-- ''In the description, the first part should be about the history of and the creation and combat usage of the aircraft, as well as its key features. In the second part, tell the reader about the aircraft in the game. Insert a screenshot of the vehicle, so that if the novice player does not remember the vehicle by name, he will immediately understand what kind of vehicle the article is talking about.'' -->
-The '''{{Specs|name}}''' (忠28甲) was the attempt of NRAF to built fighters domestically. After the outbreak of Sino-Japanese War and the retreat of military factories to safer provinces, Nanchang Central Aircraft Factory built some I-16 from the spare parts provided from Soviet Union and hybrid with an US piston engine in the caves at Chongqing. As the ongoing war proved the uselessness of earlier Soviet fighters with inferior performance in all aspects, these aircrafts were soon used as trainer aircrafts of NRAF for their new pilots and no further evidence could record their fates, likely been dismantled by the end of war.
+The '''{{Specs|name}}''' (忠28甲) was an attempt by the NRAF to built fighters domestically. After the outbreak of Sino-Japanese War and the retreat of military factories to safer provinces, Nanchang Central Aircraft Factory built some I-16 from spare parts provided from the Soviet Union and mated them with US piston engines in the caves of Chongqing. As the ongoing war proved the uselessness of earlier Soviet fighters with inferior performance in all aspects, these aircraft were soon used as trainer aircraft for their new pilots and they were likely dismantled by the end of war.
-Introduced in [[Update 1.91 "Night Vision"]] as an unique variant of I-16, unlike its Soviet cousins with full-Soviet equipment, Chinese aircraft engineers put together Chung 28 with Soviet airframes, machine guns with US-built piston engine. While the overall firepower is vastly decreased to only two 7.62 mm machine guns, the overall performance could keep on-par with the late series of I-16 and conserving ammo for close targets could still earn some unexpected victories even against more modern fighters.
+Introduced in [[Update 1.91 "Night Vision"]] as an unique variant of the I-16, unlike its Soviet cousins with full-Soviet equipment, Chinese aircraft engineers put together Chung 28 with Soviet airframes and machine guns, and a US-built piston engine. While the overall firepower is vastly decreased to only two 7.62 mm machine guns, the overall performance is on-par with the late series of I-16 and conserving ammo for close targets could still earn some unexpected victories even against more modern fighters.
 == General info ==

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 == Description ==
 <!-- ''In the description, the first part should be about the history of and the creation and combat usage of the aircraft, as well as its key features. In the second part, tell the reader about the aircraft in the game. Insert a screenshot of the vehicle, so that if the novice player does not remember the vehicle by name, he will immediately understand what kind of vehicle the article is talking about.'' -->
-The '''{{Specs|name}}''' is a rank {{Specs|rank}} Chinese fighter {{Battle-rating}}. It was introduced in [[Update 1.91 "Night Vision"]].
+The '''{{Specs|name}}''' (忠28甲) was the attempt of NRAF to built fighters domestically. After the outbreak of Sino-Japanese War and the retreat of military factories to safer provinces, Nanchang Central Aircraft Factory built some I-16 from the spare parts provided from Soviet Union and hybrid with an US piston engine in the caves at Chongqing. As the ongoing war proved the uselessness of earlier Soviet fighters with inferior performance in all aspects, these aircrafts were soon used as trainer aircrafts of NRAF for their new pilots and no further evidence could record their fates, likely been dismantled by the end of war.
 == General info ==
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 ;Skins
 * Skins and camouflages for the [[I-16 type 28#Media|I-16 type 28]] can be used for the {{PAGENAME}}.
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 ;[[I-16 (Family)|Related development]]
 * [[I-16 type 28]]

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 As your I-16 roars down the runway, you will notice that it shifts severely to the side, and the nose will tip down. If you don't correct it it will eventually strike the ground, causing a failed takeoff. Thus you must put rudder input as opposed to the side it's shifting towards, and apply positive pitch to keep the propeller off the ground. You do not want to use flaps anywhere except takeoff and landing, since they are very weak and will rip at more than 260 km/h, while the average speed during a battle tends to be around 300 km/h. Once one or both flaps are gone it creates an imbalance in the roll axis, making spins more common. It also makes landing harder.
-Before engaging a fight, it is better to have an altitude advantage first. When approaching the fight try to figure out which is your teammate and which is the enemy, to avoid going for a second pass, as the energy retention of the I-16 is rather slow. Also pick your target carefully. For easier aiming, you want to go for those unmanoeuvrable twin engine aircraft like [[Ju 88 (Family)|Ju 88]] or [[Ki-45 (Family)|Ki-45]], or bombers if there are any. Given the bad forward visibility of the I-16, these are the best options as they are quite slow and sluggish, and are a bigger target to hit. However getting hits on them tend to do nothing, as your MG has very bad damage. When dealing with fighters, it is way harder to aim. The elevator control of the I-16 is extremely sensitive, giving it good manoeuvrability, but at the same time, bad handling. The I-16 will respond in a very fast turn upon moving your stick/mouse by a little bit, which makes tracking nimble planes quite hard. But once you get used to it, try to lure every enemy into a turnfight, as that is where the I-16 shines. It requires lots of bullets to effectively damage even a fighter, so you have to be patient with this aircraft. If you find an enemy at your 6, utilise your great roll rate to do defensive manoeuvres like scissors to make them overshoot. Or you can simply do tight turns, most monoplanes won't be able to cut inside your turn and they might disengage. Important note: DO NOT put too much rolling and pitching input at once, as aforementioned the I-16 tend to enter spins easily.
+Before engaging a fight, it is better to have an altitude advantage first. When approaching the fight try to figure out which is your teammate and which is the enemy, to avoid going for a second pass, as the energy retention of the I-16 is rather slow. Also pick your target carefully. For easier aiming, you want to go for those unmanoeuvrable twin engine aircraft like [[Ju 88 (Family)|Ju 88]] or [[Ki-45 (Family)|Ki-45]], or bombers if there are any. Given the bad forward visibility of the I-16, these are the best options as they are quite slow and sluggish, and are a bigger target to hit. However getting hits on them tend to do nothing, as your MG has very bad damage. When dealing with fighters, it is way harder to aim. The elevator control of the I-16 is extremely sensitive, giving it good manoeuvrability, but at the same time, bad handling. The I-16 will respond in a very fast turn upon moving your stick/mouse by a little bit, which makes tracking nimble planes quite hard. But once you get used to it, try to lure every enemy into a turnfight, as that is where the I-16 shines. It requires lots of bullets to effectively damage even a fighter, so you have to be patient with this aircraft. If you find an enemy at your 6, utilise your great roll rate to do defensive manoeuvres like scissors to make them overshoot. Or you can simply do tight turns, most monoplanes won't be able to cut inside your turn and they might disengage. Do not put too much rolling and pitching input at once, as the I-16 tend to enter spins easily.
 Just like the [[SB 2M (Family)|SB 2M]], the I-16 can still fly when it's extremely slow, causing it to bounce up during landing which can lead to a fatal crash. The trick is similar: slow it down more than other aircraft. Make sure you are around 1 km from the start of the runway and is no more than 300 m high. When the runway fills up your gunsight, drop speed to around 210 km/h and deploy landing flaps. The good thing is, the I-16 will not pitch up drastically upon using its flaps so you don't need to counter the extra lift. Make sure that you extend landing gears early as they move very slow (takes around 15 seconds to deploy). When you are about to touch down you should be flying at around 140 km/h. You must control your rate of descent (I-16's gears are fragile) and make sure that you are slightly pitching upwards with the nose obstructing the horizon. This way the I-16 should land gently without having to brake for too long. Once you are sliding on the ground, fully deflect your elevators upwards to counter the momentum that can push the nose into the ground. You must release brakes once every 4 seconds, because if you only release them as the nose dips down, it's too late.
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 == See also ==
-''Links to the articles on the War Thunder Wiki that you think will be useful for the reader, for example:''
+<!-- ''Links to the articles on the War Thunder Wiki that you think will be useful for the reader, for example:''
-* ''reference to the series of the aircraft;''
+;[[I-16 (Family)|Related development]]
-* ''links to approximate analogues of other nations and research trees.''
+* [[I-16 type 28]]
 == External links ==

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 '''Simulator:'''
-This model of I-16 can only be used in turnfighting. Its characteristics appear to be quite conflicting. It is excellent in turning tightly and continuously, yet when manoeuvring it easily gets into uncontrollable spins which isn't beginner friendly. Also the rather big nose blocks the visibility a lot, offering very poor over-the-nose visibility which is a disadvantage in a turn fight, because when leading a shot the enemy will always get obstructed by the engine, making you guess the shot. Plus, it has an awful telescope-like gunsight, so when zoomed in the I-16's nimbleness is magnified, making the aim super wobbly. You cannot see anything around which greatly reduces you situational awareness. More ever, there is no trim control available in a sim battle and the I-16 always pitch up and down. Although not a lot, it is still annoying when trying to get a precise aim.
+This model of I-16 can only be used in turnfighting. Its characteristics appear to be quite conflicting. It is excellent in turning tightly and continuously, yet when manoeuvring it easily gets into uncontrollable spins which isn't beginner friendly. Also the rather big nose blocks the visibility a lot, offering very poor over-the-nose visibility which is a disadvantage in a turnfight, because when leading a shot the enemy will always get obstructed by the engine, making you guess the shot. Plus, it has an awful telescope-like gunsight, so when zoomed in the I-16's nimbleness is magnified, making the aim super wobbly. You cannot see anything around which greatly reduces you situational awareness. More ever, there is no trim control available in a sim battle and the I-16 always pitch up and down. Although not a lot, it is still annoying when trying to get a precise aim.
 It is recommended to set the convergence within 300 m, with vertical convergence on, because the majority of turnfights happen at that range or closer. Also, in a turnfight you must get used to shooting without zooming in, as you really can't see anything with its awkward scope when zoomed it. However when tailing a straight-flying plane that scope doesn't seem that bad.
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 '''Enemies worth noting:'''
-[[Ki-27 otsu|Ki-27]], [[N1K1]], [[He 51 (Family)|He 51]], [[Gladiator (Family)|Gladiator]], etc;
+[[Ki-27 otsu|Ki-27]], [[N1K1]], [[He 51 (Family)|He 51]], [[Gladiator (Family)|Gladiator]], etc. - Those commonly seen planes are equally good at turnfights and will be a hard target to down since they are very small and agile. To deal with them you need to practice leading and deflection shots, plus manoeuvres like barrel rolls and scissors. They still need plenty of bullets to get damaged, so these kind of targets are the hardest to kill and requires great skills from the player.
-Those commonly seen planes are equally good at turnfights and will be a hard target to down since they are very small and agile. To deal with them you need to practice leading and deflection shots, plus manoeuvres like barrel rolls and scissors. They still need plenty of bullets to get damaged, so these kind of targets are the hardest to kill and requires great skills from the player.
+[[Sunderland Mk IIIa]] - This flying boat's huge fuselage is very spacious and can absorb lots of bullets and shells. It also has lethal defensive firepower: two 7.7 mm in the nose, four forward-facing, two on the top and four at the tail, so attacking from behind, in front or above aren't the best options. If you must attack it, dive under it and suddenly pull up to shoot its defenseless underpart. Aim at the large wings and engines, avoid shooting the fuselage. What will generally happen is that your bullets sprinkle sparks all over it bu they barely do anything.
 === Manual Engine Control ===
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 '''Pros:'''
-* Excellent turning ability- with combat flaps deployed it can out-turn [[He 112 (Family)|He 112]], [[He 100 D-1|He-100]] and even turn fighters like the early [[Spitfire (Family)|Spitfire]]
+* Excellent turning ability- with combat flaps deployed it can out-turn [[He 112 (Family)|He 112]], [[He 100 D-1|He-100]] and even turnfighters like the early [[Spitfire (Family)|Spitfire]]
 * Extreme roll rate allows it to do offensive / defensive scissors easily, which is an advantage over the He 112 and He 100 as their roll rate aren't as good
 * 2 x PV-1 machine guns have good fire rate, adequate velocity and accuracy, and plenty of ammo (900 RPG) for longer fights

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 * 2 x 7.62 mm PV-1 machine guns, wing-mounted (900 rpg = 1,800 total)
-While it is not uncommon to see only two machine guns at this rank, the I-16 Chung 28 still has weak armament compared to other aircraft it faces, many of which have four 7.62 mm (or similar) machine guns, or even 12.7 mms in some cases. That said, the I-16 Chung 28 does have a lot of ammo for its two machine guns, however they are wing-mounted, so you will need to consider convergence.
+While it is not uncommon to see only two machine guns at this rank, the I-16 Chung 28 still has weak armament compared to other aircraft it faces, many of which have four 7.62 mm (or similar) machine guns, or even 12.7 mm MGs in some cases. That said, the I-16 Chung 28 does have a lot of ammo for its two machine guns, however they are wing-mounted, so you will need to consider convergence.
 == Usage in battles ==
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 This model of I-16 can only be used in turnfighting. Its characteristics appear to be quite conflicting. It is excellent in turning tightly and continuously, yet when manoeuvring it easily gets into uncontrollable spins which isn't beginner friendly. Also the rather big nose blocks the visibility a lot, offering very poor over-the-nose visibility which is a disadvantage in a turn fight, because when leading a shot the enemy will always get obstructed by the engine, making you guess the shot. Plus, it has an awful telescope-like gunsight, so when zoomed in the I-16's nimbleness is magnified, making the aim super wobbly. You cannot see anything around which greatly reduces you situational awareness. More ever, there is no trim control available in a sim battle and the I-16 always pitch up and down. Although not a lot, it is still annoying when trying to get a precise aim.
-It is recommended to set the convergence within 300m, with vertical convergence on, because the majority of turnfights happen at that range or closer. Also, in a turnfight you must get used to shooting without zooming in, as you really can't see anything with its awkward scope when zoomed it. However when tailing a straight-flying plane that scope doesn't seem that bad.
+It is recommended to set the convergence within 300 m, with vertical convergence on, because the majority of turnfights happen at that range or closer. Also, in a turnfight you must get used to shooting without zooming in, as you really can't see anything with its awkward scope when zoomed it. However when tailing a straight-flying plane that scope doesn't seem that bad.
 Sim is different from realistic, so discard the habit of bringing the least fuel. Bring at least 30 minutes of fuel, although it decreases the plane's performance a bit, it prevents constant refueling which saves time for patrolling and fighting.
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 Before engaging a fight, it is better to have an altitude advantage first. When approaching the fight try to figure out which is your teammate and which is the enemy, to avoid going for a second pass, as the energy retention of the I-16 is rather slow. Also pick your target carefully. For easier aiming, you want to go for those unmanoeuvrable twin engine aircraft like [[Ju 88 (Family)|Ju 88]] or [[Ki-45 (Family)|Ki-45]], or bombers if there are any. Given the bad forward visibility of the I-16, these are the best options as they are quite slow and sluggish, and are a bigger target to hit. However getting hits on them tend to do nothing, as your MG has very bad damage. When dealing with fighters, it is way harder to aim. The elevator control of the I-16 is extremely sensitive, giving it good manoeuvrability, but at the same time, bad handling. The I-16 will respond in a very fast turn upon moving your stick/mouse by a little bit, which makes tracking nimble planes quite hard. But once you get used to it, try to lure every enemy into a turnfight, as that is where the I-16 shines. It requires lots of bullets to effectively damage even a fighter, so you have to be patient with this aircraft. If you find an enemy at your 6, utilise your great roll rate to do defensive manoeuvres like scissors to make them overshoot. Or you can simply do tight turns, most monoplanes won't be able to cut inside your turn and they might disengage. Important note: DO NOT put too much rolling and pitching input at once, as aforementioned the I-16 tend to enter spins easily.
-Just like the [[SB 2M (Family)|SB 2M]], the I-16 can still fly when it's extremely slow, causing it to bounce up during landing which can lead to a fatal crash. The trick is similar: slow it down more than other aircraft. Make sure you are around 1 km from the start of the runway and is no more than 300m high. When the runway fills up your gunsight, drop speed to around 210 kph and deploy landing flaps. The good thing is, the I-16 will not pitch up drastically upon using its flaps so you don't need to counter the extra lift. Make sure that you extend landing gears early as they move very slow (takes around 15 seconds to deploy). When you are about to touch down you should be flying at around 140 kph. You must control your rate of descent (I-16's gears are fragile) and make sure that you are slightly pitching upwards with the nose obstructing the horizon. This way the I-16 should land gently without having to brake for too long. Once you are sliding on the ground, fully deflect your elevators upwards to counter the momentum that can push the nose into the ground. You must release brakes once every 4 seconds, because if you only release them as the nose dips down, it's too late.
+Just like the [[SB 2M (Family)|SB 2M]], the I-16 can still fly when it's extremely slow, causing it to bounce up during landing which can lead to a fatal crash. The trick is similar: slow it down more than other aircraft. Make sure you are around 1 km from the start of the runway and is no more than 300 m high. When the runway fills up your gunsight, drop speed to around 210 km/h and deploy landing flaps. The good thing is, the I-16 will not pitch up drastically upon using its flaps so you don't need to counter the extra lift. Make sure that you extend landing gears early as they move very slow (takes around 15 seconds to deploy). When you are about to touch down you should be flying at around 140 km/h. You must control your rate of descent (I-16's gears are fragile) and make sure that you are slightly pitching upwards with the nose obstructing the horizon. This way the I-16 should land gently without having to brake for too long. Once you are sliding on the ground, fully deflect your elevators upwards to counter the momentum that can push the nose into the ground. You must release brakes once every 4 seconds, because if you only release them as the nose dips down, it's too late.
 '''Enemies worth noting:'''
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 [[Sunderland Mk IIIa|Sunderland]]:
-This flying boat is like a low-tier [[Be-6]]. Its huge fuselage is very spacious and can absorb lots of bullets and shells. It also has lethal defensive firepower: two 7.7mm in the nose, four forward-facing, two on the top and four at the tail, so attacking from behind, in front or above aren't the best options. If you must attack it, dive under it and suddenly pull up to shoot its defenseless underpart. Aim at the large wings and engines, avoid shooting the fuselage. What will generally happen is that your bullets sprinkle sparks all over it bu they barely do anything.
+This flying boat is like a low-tier [[Be-6]]. Its huge fuselage is very spacious and can absorb lots of bullets and shells. It also has lethal defensive firepower: two 7.7 mm in the nose, four forward-facing, two on the top and four at the tail, so attacking from behind, in front or above aren't the best options. If you must attack it, dive under it and suddenly pull up to shoot its defenseless underpart. Aim at the large wings and engines, avoid shooting the fuselage. What will generally happen is that your bullets sprinkle sparks all over it bu they barely do anything.
 === Manual Engine Control ===
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 '''Pros:'''
-* Excellent turning ability- with combat flaps deployed it can out-turn [[He 112 (Family)|He-112]], [[He 100 D-1|He-100]] and even turn fighters like the early [[Spitfire (Family)|Spitfire]]
+* Excellent turning ability- with combat flaps deployed it can out-turn [[He 112 (Family)|He 112]], [[He 100 D-1|He-100]] and even turn fighters like the early [[Spitfire (Family)|Spitfire]]
-* Extreme roll rate allows it to do offensive / defensive scissors easily, which is an advantage over the He-112 / 100 as their roll rate aren't as good
+* Extreme roll rate allows it to do offensive / defensive scissors easily, which is an advantage over the He 112 and He 100 as their roll rate aren't as good
 * 2 x PV-1 machine guns have good fire rate, adequate velocity and accuracy, and plenty of ammo (900 RPG) for longer fights
 * Suspended armament provides rockets and bombs which, to an extent, allows some ground attack ability
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 * No manual trim controls in Simulator which makes it hard to handle
 * Although manoeuvrable, it can still get out-turned by biplanes like [[Ki-10-I|Ki-10]] or [[He 51 (Family)|He-51]]
-* Hard to fly in SB -- very unstable in pitch, poor over-the-nose visibility and is prone to enter flat spins
+* Hard to fly in SB: very unstable in pitch, poor over-the-nose visibility and is prone to enter flat spins
 == History ==
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 ;Skins
 * Skins and camouflages for the [[I-16 type 28#Media|I-16 type 28]] can be used for the {{PAGENAME}}.

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 === Flight performance ===
 {{Specs-Avia-Flight}}
-<!--''Describe how the aircraft behaves in the air. Speed, manoeuvrability, acceleration and allowable loads - these are the most important characteristics of the vehicle.''-->
+<!-- ''Describe how the aircraft behaves in the air. Speed, manoeuvrability, acceleration and allowable loads - these are the most important characteristics of the vehicle.'' -->
 {| class="wikitable" style="text-align:center" width="70%"
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 ! Combat !! Take-off !! Landing !! + !! -
 |-
-| {{Specs|destruction|body}} || {{Specs|destruction|gear}} || 700 || 700 || 700 || ~12 || ~6
+| 660 <!-- {{Specs|destruction|body}} --> || {{Specs|destruction|gear}} || 700 || 700 || 700 || ~12 || ~6
 |-
 |}
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 |-
 | < 200 || < 240 || < 280 || > 250
 |-
 |}

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 == History ==
-The I-16 Chuang 28 Chia (忠28甲; literally "Loyalty 28A") is a Chinese copy of the I-16UTI trainer.<ref name=cwlam>[https://web.archive.org/web/20050223005437/http://cwlam2000.0catch.com/caf37.htm 抗戰時期俄援戰機之波利卡I-16式戰鬥機、UTI-4及仿製之忠－28甲教練機] (bad encoding; manually choose Big5 or Chinese Traditional in browser)</ref> The WINGS PALETTE archive cites E. R. Hooton on this matter, the latter claiming that a total of 30 units were built from 1941 to 1944.<ref>[http://wp.scn.ru/en/ww2/b/317/10/1#16 Nationalist Chinese I-16], Wings Palette Database</ref>
+The Chung 28 (忠28), a unlicensed built from the spare parts of I-16s provided to ROCAF, has few documents mentioned about its existence; but most of the remaining documents still give some insight of this aircraft.
-The original plan was to produce 120 proper copies of the I-16, but lack of cooperation from the Soviet Union meant that reverse-engineering from downed I-16 was required. The original plan was to use a 751hp Wright Whirlwind with American Colt .50 cal or Danish 20mm guns. Three prototypes were built in 1940 with positive reception, but American-made materials for 60 I-16 clones was not delivered to the Second Aircraft Factory in Nanchuan, Sichuan until August 1941. By this time the original design was already outdated, leading to a conversion to twin-seat trainers following the UTI-4 design. Production ceased in 1944 due to American aid rendering the planes obsolete. In 1944 they were sent to universities as trainers.<ref name=cwlam/>
+After the outbreak of the Sino-Japanese War, the Nanchang Central Aircraft Factory (Now AVIC Hongdu) moved to caves in Nanchuan, Chongqing for continuing assemble aircrafts in the harsh environment; earlier in the war Soviets provided parts of I-16s to ROCAF which was then transported from Xinjiang back into the Mainland for further assemble. In the caves they put together a I-16 with the remaining spare parts from the Soviets and mounted with an American piston engine and Soviet PV-1 machine guns, while some rumored a pair of M2 machine gun could also be mounted; originally built as a fighter, as the IJAAF and IJNAF was roaming across the Chinese skies, I-16 has already prove useless against the Japanese forces and thus only 3 of the fighter version were built and the remaining airframes were converted as trainers.
 == Media ==
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 ;Skins
 * Skins and camouflages for the [[I-16 type 28#Media|I-16 type 28]] can be used for the {{PAGENAME}}.