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Sea Hawk Mk.50 (France)

2024-10-14T01:52:44Z

U80255841:

{{About
| about = French premium jet fighter '''{{PAGENAME}}'''
| usage = the standard British version
| link = Sea Hawk FGA.6
}}
{{Specs-Card
|code=sea_hawk_fga50_netherlands
|images={{Specs-Card-Image|GarageImage_{{PAGENAME}}.jpg}}
}}

== Description ==

The Netherlands placed an order in the mid-1950s for 30 aircraft, as the Sea Hawk Mk 50, a ground-attack variant for the Royal Netherlands Navy, which was financed by NATO funding. The Mk 50 was externally similar to the Royal Navy aircraft, differing in its use of a Philips-built ultra high frequency (UHF) radio; Dutch Sea Hawks were later equipped to each carry a pair of AIM-9 Sidewinder infrared-guided air-to-air missiles. Between 1957 and 1964, the Dutch Navy operated 22 aircraft.

Introduced as Golden Eagles {{ge}} purchase in [[Update "Dance of Dragons"]], the '''{{Specs|name}}'' is a premium rank {{Specs|rank}} French jet fighter at {{Battle-rating}}. It's a sturdy ground attacker, but also a capable air-to-air fighter. Though not as fast and sleek as other conventional fighters, in the hands of the right pilot, this aircraft can be critical to turning the tide in a match. Though hindered by the straight wings and Rolls-Royce Nene engine, compared to other contemporary aircraft, especially the swept-wing MiGs, the Mk.100 can hold its own in air combat. Though attempting to dogfight with rockets and bombs suspended from the aircraft is unwise, going for the more streamlined approach of just adding two AIM-9B Sidewinder missiles will bring the Mk.50 into contender status. Care is a must when firing a Sidewinder as there is potential for it to latch its targeting system onto friendly aircraft or even the sun. The four autocannons can make short work of other fighters and even bombers when targeting critical components such as engines, cockpit and fuel tanks.

== General info ==
=== Flight performance ===
{{Specs-Avia-Flight}}

The '''{{Specs|name}}'' is a carrier-based fighter. Its powerplant is the Rolls-Royce Nene Mk.103 engine, which gives it quite decent thrust to weight ratio of 0.40 with full fuel tanks. The plane is not that fast, at sea level it can reach only up to 933 km/h and can struggle to keep up with some planes like the F9F-5 or the Yak-30 that can reach 1025 km/h at that altitude. If the plane carries missiles it gets even lower, decreasing to 899 km/h.
The level acceleration is at most mediocre: getting past 850 km/h can be a challenge in most situations, and it will struggle when the enemy decides to just run away. The energy retention can be considered good, but planes like the F2H-2 or La-15 will easily outperform it in this aspect.
The other downside to its overall performance is the subpar climb rate; reaching only 32 m/s at sea level with minimum fuel taken.
Flying at full power is limited to 15 minutes, after that time will start overheating. Reducing the power to 95% will cool it down instantly if reduced early enough.

The Sea Hawk does not have swept wings, so its high speed performance suffers a lot, but also makes it a very capable dogfighter at low and medium speeds with its main strength being the instantaneous turn rate. However, the energy retention and poor acceleration make it worse in any prolonged fight than a F2H, Yak-30 or MiG-15; after one or two full circles, it will start struggling a lot.
When it has some energy to spare the plane can pull even 13G, more than most of its competitors, making it a very dangerous enemy to any plane with swept wings, although it will significantly reduce its speed. The roll rate is quite good at low and medium speeds, it can reach over 125°/s at 500 km/h IAS, but once the plane gains some more speed it decreases to 65°/s at 850 km/h IAS.
The plane is equipped with two huge airbrakes in its wings that can help with reducing speed after reaching the low structural limit value or during the landing. The flaps have very high limits, both positions can be used during the combat to further increase its instantaneous turn rate. Overall the plane is a very stable platform, aiming is very easy and it is pleasant to fly.

{| class="wikitable" style="text-align:center" width="70%"
! rowspan="2" | Characteristics
! colspan="2" | Max speed (km/h at _,___ m)
! rowspan="2" | Max altitude (metres)
! colspan="2" | Turn time (seconds)
! colspan="2" | Rate of climb (metres/second)
! rowspan="2" | Take-off run (metres)
|-
! AB !! RB !! AB !! RB !! AB !! RB
|-
! Stock
| 919 || 898 || rowspan="2" | {{Specs|ceiling}} || 27.0 || 27.8 || 25.9 || 24.4 || rowspan="2" | 650
|-
! Upgraded
| 943 || 933 || 25.4 || 26.0 || 38.8 || 32.0
|-
|}

==== Details ====
{| class="wikitable" style="text-align:center" width="50%"
|-
! colspan="6" | Features
|-
! Combat flaps !! Take-off flaps !! Landing flaps !! Air brakes !! Arrestor gear !! Drogue chute
|-
| X || ✓ || ✓ || ✓ || ✓ || X 
|-
|}

{| class="wikitable" style="text-align:center" width="50%"
|-
! colspan="7" | Limits
|-
! rowspan="2" | Wings (km/h)
! rowspan="2" | Gear (km/h)
! colspan="3" | Flaps (km/h)
! colspan="2" | Max Static G
|-
! Combat !! Take-off !! Landing !! + !! -
|-
| {{Specs|destruction|body}} || {{Specs|destruction|gear}} || N/A || 836 || 796 || ~13 || ~6
|-
|}

{| class="wikitable" style="text-align:center"
|-
! colspan="4" | Optimal velocities (km/h)
|-
! Ailerons !! Rudder !! Elevators !! Radiator
|-
| < 461 || < 600 || < 550 || N/A
|-
|}

==== Engine performance ====
{| class="wikitable" style="text-align:center"
|-
! colspan="3" | Engine
! colspan="4" | Aircraft mass
|-
! colspan="2" | Engine name || Number
! colspan="2" | {{Annotation|Basic mass|Mass of the aircraft with pilot and engine oil, but no fuel or weapons load}} || colspan="2" | Wing loading (full fuel)
|-
| colspan="2" | Rolls-Royce Nene-Mk.103 || 1
| colspan="2" | 4,450 kg || colspan="3" | 232 kg/m2
|-
! colspan="3" | Engine characteristics
! colspan="3" | Mass with fuel (no weapons load) || rowspan="2" | {{Annotation|Max Gross Weight|Mass of the fully equipped aircraft with heaviest weapons load}}
|-
! Weight (each) || colspan="2" | Type
! 10m fuel || 20m fuel || 30m fuel || 35m fuel
|-
| 1,000 kg || colspan="2" | Centrifugal-flow turbojet
| 4,866 kg || 5,278 kg || 5,789 kg || 5,995 kg || 7,170 kg
|-
! colspan="3" | {{Annotation|Maximum engine thrust @ 0 m (RB/SB)|The maximum thrust produced by each engine, while mounted in the aircraft. NOTE: Thrust varies significantly depending on speed & altitude.}}
! colspan="4" | Thrust to weight ratio @ 0 m (100%/WEP)
|-
! Condition || 100% || 100%/WEP
! 10m fuel || 20m fuel || 30m fuel || 35m fuel || MGW
|-
| ''Stationary'' || 2,376 kgf || N/A
| 0.49 || 0.45 || 0.41 || 0.40 || 0.33
|-
| ''Optimal'' || 2,376 kgf (0 km/h) || N/A
| 0.49 || 0.45 || 0.41 || 0.40 || 0.33
|-
|}

=== Survivability and armour ===
{{Specs-Avia-Armour}}


* 64 mm bulletproof glass - Armoured windscreen
* All fuel tanks and engine in the middle of the fuselage

=== Modifications and economy ===
{{Specs-Economy}}

== Armaments ==
{{Specs-Avia-Armaments}}
=== Offensive armament ===
{{Specs-Avia-Offensive}}

{{main|Hispano Mk.V (20 mm)}}

The '''''{{PAGENAME}}''''' is armed with:

* 4 x 20 mm Hispano Mk.V cannons, chin-mounted (200 rpg = 800 total)

=== Suspended armament ===
{{Specs-Avia-Suspended}}

''Describe the aircraft's suspended armament: additional cannons under the wings, bombs, rockets and torpedoes. This section is especially important for bombers and attackers. If there is no suspended weaponry remove this subsection.''

{{Navigation-Start|Default weapon presets}}
{{Navigation-First-Simple-Line}}
* Without load
* 2 x AIM-9B Sidewinder missiles
* 10 x AP Mk II rockets
* 30 x AP Mk II rockets
* 8 x RP-3 rockets
* 16 x RP-3 rockets
* 2 x 500 lb G.P. Mk.IV bombs (1,000 lb total)
* 4 x 500 lb G.P. Mk.IV bombs (2,000 lb total)
* 2 x 1,000 lb M.C. Mk.I bombs (2,000 lb total)
{{Navigation-End}}

== Usage in battles ==

''Describe the tactics of playing in the aircraft, the features of using aircraft in a team and advice on tactics. Refrain from creating a "guide" - do not impose a single point of view, but instead, give the reader food for thought. Examine the most dangerous enemies and give recommendations on fighting them. If necessary, note the specifics of the game in different modes (AB, RB, SB).''

=== Pros and cons ===

In ground battles, this naval jet aircraft truly shines thanks to the high number of rockets it can carry, plus bombs.

In air battles, this naval jet aircraft is still very deadly thanks to its speed, manoeuvrability and access to the Sidewinder air-to-air missiles, but don't get too confident since other nations have some fighters which get early air spawn and some of them have more powerful engine than the Sea Hawk, so if you want to survive, you need to be aware of your surroundings. This is especially important in uptiers when everything you face will be either faster than you, able to turn better than you, or can climb better than you. Or, potentially, all three.

Be careful when using Sidewinder air-to-air missiles as they can also lock on to unintended targets such as the sun or your own teammates.

The best use of the Sidewinders is in a hunter-killer role, wait for your enemy to be at a slower speed (500-600 km/h) before launching. This means that the missile will be incredibly fast relative to your target, and give a much smaller window for them to dodge it at closer ranges. By climbing to ~3000km after gaining speed at the start of the game, you can often pick off enemies as they exit the furball or engage your allies, then track them and wait for them to bleed their speed before hitting them with a missile.

In a down tier, maintain energy dominance over lower battle rating enemies and don't over-commit; any jet can dodge your missile.

'''Pros:'''
* Extremely high flap breakage speed (850 km/h for take-off, 796 km/h for landing).
* Good selection of suspended armament options.
* Gets air-to-air missiles, unlike the British equivalent [[Sea Hawk FGA.6|Sea Hawk FGA.6.]]
* Very good for destroying ground vehicles.
* 4 x 20 mm cannons, high rate of fire and good amount of ammunition.
* Maintains effectiveness even at lower speeds (500 km/h).
* Smaller size makes it harder to hit.
* Very stable

'''Cons:'''
* Subpar turning energy retention.
* Not so fast in level flight.
* The missile cannot track manoeuvring and fast targets so well.
* The bomb holders greatly decrease plane manoeuvrability.
* Mk II AP rockets are ineffective.
* Completely helpless against faster jets (MiG-15, F-86, F-84G, F-89, etc).
* Engine loses performance at altitudes exceeding 2,500 m.
* Severely punished by radar SPAA.
* Incredibly weak air frame with cramped modules.

== History ==

Towards the middle of the 1950s, the Royal Netherlands Navy was awarethat its Sea Furies were becoming increasingly obsolete, and a search was started for a successor. After a number of US and British naval fighters were evaluated, preference went out towards the Hawker Sea Hawk, which was at the time entering service with Britain's Royal Navy and could be operated from the Hr. Ms. Karel Doorman, Netherland's Colossus-Class aircraft carrier.

Even though the Royal Netherlands Navy's preference towards the type became known as early as December 1955, budget and permission issues delayed the size and timing of the purchase. Originally an order of 30 aircraft was considered, but it wasn't until September of 1956 that a financial agreement was struck with the United States under the Mutual Defence Assistance Program for order of 22 Sea Hawks built by Armstrong Whitworth at their Coventry factory. These aircraft, known as the FGA.Mk.50 variant, would be based on the Royal Navy's own FGA.Mk.6 variant, but equipped with an American UHF radio system, built under license by Philips at Eindhoven.

Deliveries of the Sea Hawks, registered 6-50 to 6-71, started in July of 1957 and continued until February of 1958, with aircraft being delivered to the Royal Netherlands Navy's Nos. 3 (conversion) and 860 Squadron at Valkenburg. As the Dutch carrier Hr. Ms. Karel Doorman was still being converted to an angled deck configuration, the first year saw the Dutch Sea Hawks mainly being flown from the Valkenburg air base, with occasional deployments to British aircraft carriers for deck landing practices. During this time, one Sea Hawk (6-53) was written off in an accident on November 6th 1957.

Following a conversion which had lasted nearly three years, the Hr. Ms. Karel Doorman was handed back to the Dutch Navy on May 28th 1958. Following a number of shake-down and flying trials in September which involved Sea Hawks and Sea Venoms of the Royal Navy as well as Avengers of the Royal Netherlands Navy, the first deck landing of a Dutch Sea Hawk of 860 Squadron was made aboard the Karel Doorman on October 11th. Around the same time, a display team, "The Sea Lords", was formed on the type.

From January to May of 1959, the Karel Doorman was deployed to the Dutch West Indies, with enroute visits to the Azores, Jacksonville, Fort Lauderdale, Curaçao, Guantanamo and the Bermudas; during this trip, 860 Squadron's Sea Hawks were the first jet-powered aircraft to land at Curaçao. On their return in the Netherlands, 860 Squadron's Sea Hawks received an important upgrade: they were fitted with Philco-Ford GAR-6 Sidewinder 1A (AIM-9B) air-to-air missiles, the first fighter aircraft within the NATO's air forces to receive this weapon.

1959 also saw the Karel Doorman and its Sea Hawks involved in a number of NATO exercises, these being 'Fairwind IV' (a May-June 1959 deployment and joint exercise with the Royal Navy Home Fleet); 'Shoptalk' (September 1959, involving a cruise to Hamburg and back); and 'Sharp Squall 4' (October-November 1959, involving several calls in Norwegian ports). During 'Shoptalk', on September 30th 1959, the Royal Netherlands Navy suffered its second Sea Hawk loss when 6-61 was lost overboard during a failed catapult launch, unfortunately killing its pilot.

During 1960, rising tensions between the Netherlands and Indonesia over the Dutch New Guineas saw the Karel Doorman and its Sea Hawks deployed both as a show of force, and to deliver a dozen of Hawker Hunter F.4s to bolster the local air defences. Following its departure from the Netherlands in May of 1960, the carrier travelled via the Canary Islands; Mauritius and Fremantle, Australia to the Dutch New Guineas, arriving at Hollandia early in August 1960. During the journey between Mauritius and Fremantle, on July 8th, Seahawk 126 (ex 6-66) was lost overboard during a failed landing. Following the delivery of the Hunters at Biak, the Karel Doorman remained in the Dutch New Guineas until the end of September 1960 before returning to the Netherlands. Following visits to French Noumea; Sydney, Australia; Auckland, New Zealand; Easter Island; the Juan Fernandez archipelago; Val Paraíso, Chile; and Rio de Janeiro, Brazil; the Karel Doorman and its Sea Hawks arrived back at Rotterdam towards the end of December, 1960.

A change of priorities within NATO saw the role of the Hr. Ms. Karel Doorman substantially changed, and with it that of its Sea Hawks: given the increased obsolescence of the Hawker Sea Hawk as a naval fighter-bomber, and the Colossus-class relative small size which made it unsuitable for more modern, supersonic naval aircraft, a decision was made to redesignate the Karel Doorman as an Anti-Submarine Warfare carrier, and replace its air wing with types more suited to ASW warfare (Grumman S2F-1 Trackers patrol aircraft and Sikorsky HSS-1 Seabat helicopters). This reform saw the Royal Netherlands Navy's Sea Hawks relocated to the Valkenburg naval air base in early 1961, where most aircraft were put into storage. For the next three years the Dutch Sea Hawks would see increasingly fewer flights, with the fourth and last Sea Hawk accident in Dutch service occuring on March 9th 1962 (Sea Hawk 125/ex 6-65); in October 1963 a first batch of 6 Sea Hawks was struck of charge and reduced to spares for the remaining fleet. Following a last display of the "Sea Lords" display team at the Eelde Air Show in July of 1964, the last Sea Hawks were withdrawn from Dutch naval service on October 24th 1964.

Following the withdrawal of the Sea Hawk from Dutch naval service, the surviving 12 aircraft were sold for scrap. Currently, two Sea Hawks are on display in the Netherlands, however these are former Royal Navy aircraft which were acquired for display purposes in the 1980s; former Royal Navy Sea Hawk FGA.6 WV828 is on display at the De Kooy naval air base's museum in the colours of Royal Netherlands Navy aircraft 118 (ex 6-58 - real one parted out for spares in October 1963); while the Nationaal Militair Museum at Soesterberg has an aircraft in the colours of Royal Netherlands Navy aircraft 131 (ex 6-71 - real one withdrawn from use and scrapped in October 1964); it is a composite of two different airframes, consisting of the front fuselage of Sea Hawk FB.5 WM983, with the tail of Sea Hawk FB.5 XE489.

== Media ==

''Excellent additions to the article would be video guides, screenshots from the game, and photos.''

== See also ==

''Links to the articles on the War Thunder Wiki that you think will be useful for the reader, for example:''
* ''reference to the series of the aircraft;''
* ''links to approximate analogues of other nations and research trees.''

== External links ==

''Paste links to sources and external resources, such as:''
* ''topic on the official game forum;''
* ''other literature.''

{{AirManufacturer Hawker}}
{{France jet aircraft}}
{{France premium aircraft}}

Spitfire FR Mk XIVe (France)

2024-09-24T18:01:19Z

U80255841: /* History */

{{Specs-Card
|code=spitfire_fr_mk14e_belgium
|images={{Specs-Card-Image|GarageImage_{{PAGENAME}}.jpg|ArtImage_{{PAGENAME}}.jpg}}
}}

== Description ==

The '''{{Specs|name}}''' is a rank {{Specs|rank}} French fighter {{Battle-rating}}. It was introduced in [[Update "Seek & Destroy"]]. After WWII, Belgium's air force was able to be rebuilt, with Spitfires being selected to fill the role of general fighter. This aircraft's camoflage is of Spitfire FR Mk XIVe 'SG108' of the Belgian Air Force.

The Spitfire FR Mk. XIVe was a purpose-built low-altitude Reconnaissance airframe. This plane is an example of the 1945 "e" equipped with a clipped "e" type wing, allowing it to mount the respectable armament of 2 cannons and two .50 calibre machine guns. It has a camera for reconnaissance and the "bubble" canopy. The short wing tips vastly increase the roll rate of the aircraft but sacrifice some horizontal and vertical manoeuvrability. The powerful Griffon Mk.65 allowed it to climb better than the majority of enemy fighters at nearly all attitudes; however, the performance drop at altitudes compared to full winged XIVe's is noticeable.

== General info ==
=== Flight performance ===
{{Specs-Avia-Flight}}

''Describe how the aircraft behaves in the air. Speed, manoeuvrability, acceleration and allowable loads - these are the most important characteristics of the vehicle.''

{| class="wikitable" style="text-align:center" width="70%"
! rowspan="2" | Characteristics
! colspan="2" | Max speed (km/h at 8,077 m)
! rowspan="2" | Max altitude (metres)
! colspan="2" | Turn time (seconds)
! colspan="2" | Rate of climb (metres/second)
! rowspan="2" | Take-off run (metres)
|-
! AB !! RB !! AB !! RB !! AB !! RB
|-
! Stock
| 698 || 676 || rowspan="2" | {{Specs|ceiling}} || 21.5 || 22.4 || 18.1 || 18.1 || rowspan="2" | 400
|-
! Upgraded
| 776 || 730 || 18.8 || 20.1 || 32.0 || 23.7
|-
|}

==== Details ====
{| class="wikitable" style="text-align:center" width="50%"
|-
! colspan="5" | Features
|-
! Combat flaps !! Take-off flaps !! Landing flaps !! Air brakes !! Arrestor gear
|-
| X || X || ✓ || X || X 
|-
|}

{| class="wikitable" style="text-align:center" width="50%"
|-
! colspan="7" | Limits
|-
! rowspan="2" | Wings (km/h)
! rowspan="2" | Gear (km/h)
! colspan="3" | Flaps (km/h)
! colspan="2" | Max Static G
|-
! Combat !! Take-off !! Landing !! + !! -
|-
| 794 || 260 || N/A || N/A || 260 || ~10 || ~6
|-
|}

{| class="wikitable" style="text-align:center"
|-
! colspan="4" | Optimal velocities (km/h)
|-
! Ailerons !! Rudder !! Elevators !! Radiator
|-
| < 321 || < 400 || < 350 || > 500
|-
|}

=== Survivability and armour ===
{{Specs-Avia-Armour}}

* 38 mm Bulletproof glass - Armoured windscreen
* 4 mm Steel plates in pilot's seat
* 7 mm Steel plate behind the pilot
* 12.7 mm Steel plate between the fuselage fuel tank and oil cooling system
* 6 mm Steel plate in front of liquid cooling system
* 3 mm Steel boxes around wing ammunition

=== Modifications and economy ===
{{Specs-Economy}}

== Armaments ==
{{Specs-Avia-Armaments}}
=== Offensive armament ===
{{Specs-Avia-Offensive}}

{{main|Hispano Mk.II (20 mm)|M2 Browning (12.7 mm)}}

The '''''{{PAGENAME}}''''' is armed with:

* 2 x 20 mm Hispano Mk.II cannons, wing-mounted (135 rpg = 270 total)
* 2 x 12.7 mm M2 Browning machine guns, wing-mounted (260 rpg = 520 total)

=== Suspended armament ===
{{Specs-Avia-Suspended}}

{{main|G.P. Mk.IV (500 lb)}}

The '''''{{PAGENAME}}''''' can be outfitted with the following ordnance:

* Without load
* 1 x 500 lb G.P. Mk.IV bomb (500 lb total)

== Usage in battles ==

''Describe the tactics of playing in the aircraft, the features of using aircraft in a team and advice on tactics. Refrain from creating a "guide" - do not impose a single point of view, but instead, give the reader food for thought. Examine the most dangerous enemies and give recommendations on fighting them. If necessary, note the specifics of the game in different modes (AB, RB, SB).''

=== Pros and cons ===

''Summarise and briefly evaluate the vehicle in terms of its characteristics and combat effectiveness. Mark its pros and cons in the bulleted list. Try not to use more than 6 points for each of the characteristics. Avoid using categorical definitions such as "bad", "good" and the like - use substitutions with softer forms such as "inadequate" and "effective".''

'''Pros:'''

*

'''Cons:'''

*

== History ==
Following the end of World War II, like many formerly occupied European countries, Belgium started rebuilding its Air Force and turned towards the British government who agreed to supply aircraft. The original plans called for the establishment of two day-fighter wings, "A-Wing" and "B-Wing", each of which would consist of two squadrons, each numbering 16 aircraft.

As part of the reconstruction of the Belgian Air Force, two fully Belgian-manned squadrons of the Royal Air Force, nos. 349 and 350 Squadron, were transferred from British to Belgian command on October 15th 1946. Under RAF command, 349 Squadron had been standardised on the Spitfire LF Mk.XVIe variant, while 350 Squadron flew a mix of both the Mk.XIV and LF Mk.XVIe. However, while the RAF was prepared to hand over both squadrons to Belgium, one condition was the return of the Mk.XVI Spitfires. To replace these, the Belgian Government placed an order for 100 Griffon-engined Spitfire Mk.XIVs, all of which would receive a Belgian serial with an SG-prefix ('''S'''pitfire-'''G'''riffon; serving alongside Merlin-engined Spitfires with an SM-prefix standing for '''S'''pitfire-'''M'''erlin).

Deliveries of the original order for Spitfire Mk.XIVs started in April of 1947 and ran until July of 1949, with aircraft from Royal Air Force stocks being overhauled in the UK before being delivered to Belgium. The aircraft delivered were a mixed bag: some were Mk.XIVs with the classic Malcolm Hood while others had the low-cut fuselage and bubble canopy; and a handful were FR.XIVs with provisions for reconnaissance cameras in their rear fuselage. As deliveries progressed, the aircraft were initially delivered to 349 and 350 Squadron which had been organised into the 1st Wing at Beauvechain Air Base, where they replaced the Spitfire LF.XVIe, with additional aircraft being used to establish the 2nd Wing at Florennes Air Base from early 1948 onwards. Two aircraft (RM769, June 19th 1947; and MV360, March 9th 1949) were written off in accidents during test or delivery flights, while a third (MV256/SG-39) was refused on delivery by the Belgian Air Force due to corrosion damage in the cockpit; as a result two additional Spitfires were delivered as replacements. In addition, three non-airworthy Spitfires (NH694, RM712 and RM862) were delivered as instructional airframes to train ground crew.

The delivery of a considerably higher number of Spitfires than originally envisaged (the original plans called for 4 squadrons for a total of 64 Spitfires) allowed for the establishment of two extra Belgian Spitfire units: the 1st Wing at Beauvechain saw the establishment of an "Auxiliary Squadron"; while the 2nd Wing at Florennes saw the establishment of its 3rd Squadron in addition to the already existing 1st and 2nd squadron. On top of that, a number of Mk.XIVs were attached to the Day Fighter School at the Koksijde Air Base, an operational conversion unit which had already been established on the Spitfire Mk.IX.

In April of 1949, the 1st Wing at Beauvechain started receiving the Gloster Meteor F.4, with 349 and 350 Squadron converting to the new jet while its Auxiliary Squadron initially retained its Spitfires before being disbanded. At the same time, under the Western Union Defence Pact to which Belgium had subscribed tobether with the UK, the Netherlands, Luxembourg and France, the Belgian Air Force committed itself to an expansion which would see the establishment of at least 12 day-fighter squadrons. This planned expansion, together with a relatively high accident rate in squadron service, saw Belgium ordering an additional 30 Spitfire Mk.XIVs, all of which were delivered between August 1950 and March 1951. These new deliveries, together with Nos 349 and 350 Squadron exchanging their Spitfires for Meteors, allowed for the establishment of the 10th Wing, consisting of nos. 23, 27 and 31 squadron at Chièvres Air Base, a temporary stationing pending the construction of their permanent base at Kleine Brogel.

The increased obsolescence of the Supermarine Spitfire, as well as deliveries of the Republic F-84E/G Thunderjet under the Mutual Defence Assistance Program from April 1951 onwards heralded the end of the Spitfire Mk.XIV in frontline service. Starting in April 1951, the 2nd Wing at Florennes started converting from their Spitfires to the F-84E Thunderjet; the 10th Wing at Chièvres followed in 1952, with its no. 31 'Tiger' Squadron being the last to cede their Spitfires in November of 1952. Following the withdrawal of the Spitfire from Belgian frontline service, the 47 surviving aircraft were pooled in the Day Fighter School at Koksijde.

This was merely a stay of execution for the Spitfire, as even in its conversion role it was increasingly being replaced by jet aircraft. The Day Fighter School received its first Meteor T.7 trainers towards the end of 1952, followed by its first Meteor F.4s in early 1953 as they were starting being replaced in squadron service by the newer Meteor F.8. On May 31st 1954, the 125th Promotion of the Belgian Air Force graduated, being the last class to have received conversion on the Spitfire Mk.14; two months later the last flights of a Spitfire Mk.XIV in Belgian Air Force service were flown at Koksijde, at which point the surviving aircraft were sold in batches to scrap dealers, with airframe SG-49 (ex-RAF TX995) being the last to be struck off charge in December of 1954.

Being a difficult type to transition onto due to its powerful engine torque, narrow landing gear and limited forward sight, take-off and landing accidents were frequent, accounting for a majority of airframe write-offs of Spitfire Mk.XIVs in Belgian Air Force service. Between the first accident on May 21st 1947 and the last accident on August 5th 1954 in Belgian service, no less than 86 Spitfire Mk.XIVs were written off. The brunt of the survivors were struck off charge between March and December of 1954 and sold for scrap, with only three aircraft being retained by the Belgian Air Force purposes for museum purposes: SG-55 (MV246) at the Royal Army Museum in Brussels (in fact, a composite of the wreckage of three individual aircraft); SG-31 (RN201), originally retained at a gate guardian at Beauvechain (following a restoration in the UK in the 1980s, nowadays airworthy as G-BSKP); and SG-57 (RM921), originally retained as a gate guardian at Florennes (nowadays on display at the Florennes base museum). Two of the Spitfires disposed in the mass scrappings at the Day Fighter School also survived: out of a batch of Spitfires sold to an Ostend scrap dealer in 1957, SG-25 (RM927) and SG-108 (NH904) were retained as eyecatchers, before being sold on in 1967 and 1965 respectively; SG-108 was restored to airworthiness in 1981 as G-FIRE before eventually ending up with Palm Springs Air Museum as N1148P; while SG-25 was only restored to airworthiness as recently as 2022, being registered as F-AYXX to W Air Collection at La Ferté-Alais in France. A sixth ex-Belgian Mk.14, SG-38 (RM764, lost in a 1952 fatal accident), is rumoured to be under rebuild as OO-XIV at FAST Aero in Brasschaat near Antwerp, Belgium.

== Media ==

''Excellent additions to the article would be video guides, screenshots from the game, and photos.''

== See also ==


;Related development

* [[Spitfire (Family)]]
** [[Prendergast's Spitfire FR Mk XIVe]]
** [[Spitfire F Mk XIVe]]

== External links ==


* [[wt:en/news/8919-development-dutch-and-belgian-aircraft-are-joining-the-french-tree-en|[Devblog] Dutch and Belgian Aircraft are Joining the French Tree!]]

{{AirManufacturer Supermarine}}
{{France fighters}}

Sea Hawk Mk.50 (France)

2024-09-24T13:11:02Z

U80255841:

{{About
| about = French premium jet fighter '''{{PAGENAME}}'''
| usage = the standard British version
| link = Sea Hawk FGA.6
}}
{{Specs-Card
|code=sea_hawk_fga50_netherlands
|images={{Specs-Card-Image|GarageImage_{{PAGENAME}}.jpg}}
}}

== Description ==

The Netherlands placed an order in the mid-1950s for 30 aircraft, as the Sea Hawk Mk 50, a ground-attack variant for the Royal Netherlands Navy, which was financed by NATO funding. The Mk 50 was externally similar to the Royal Navy aircraft, differing in its use of a Philips-built ultra high frequency (UHF) radio; Dutch Sea Hawks were later equipped to each carry a pair of AIM-9 Sidewinder infrared-guided air-to-air missiles. Between 1957 and 1964, the Dutch Navy operated 22 aircraft.

Introduced as Golden Eagles {{ge}} purchase in [[Update "Dance of Dragons"]], the '''{{Specs|name}}'' is a premium rank {{Specs|rank}} French jet fighter at {{Battle-rating}}. It's a sturdy ground attacker, but also a capable air-to-air fighter. Though not as fast and sleek as other conventional fighters, in the hands of the right pilot, this aircraft can be critical to turning the tide in a match. Though hindered by the straight wings and Rolls-Royce Nene engine, compared to other contemporary aircraft, especially the swept-wing MiGs, the Mk.100 can hold its own in air combat. Though attempting to dogfight with rockets and bombs suspended from the aircraft is unwise, going for the more streamlined approach of just adding two AIM-9B Sidewinder missiles will bring the Mk.50 into contender status. Care is a must when firing a Sidewinder as there is potential for it to latch its targeting system onto friendly aircraft or even the sun. The four autocannons can make short work of other fighters and even bombers when targeting critical components such as engines, cockpit and fuel tanks.

== General info ==
=== Flight performance ===
{{Specs-Avia-Flight}}

The '''{{Specs|name}}'' is a carrier-based fighter. Its powerplant is the Rolls-Royce Nene Mk.103 engine, which gives it quite decent thrust to weight ratio of 0.40 with full fuel tanks. The plane is not that fast, at sea level it can reach only up to 933 km/h and can struggle to keep up with some planes like the F9F-5 or the Yak-30 that can reach 1025 km/h at that altitude. If the plane carries missiles it gets even lower, decreasing to 899 km/h.
The level acceleration is at most mediocre: getting past 850 km/h can be a challenge in most situations, and it will struggle when the enemy decides to just run away. The energy retention can be considered good, but planes like the F2H-2 or La-15 will easily outperform it in this aspect.
The other downside to its overall performance is the subpar climb rate; reaching only 32 m/s at sea level with minimum fuel taken.
Flying at full power is limited to 15 minutes, after that time will start overheating. Reducing the power to 95% will cool it down instantly if reduced early enough.

The Sea Hawk does not have swept wings, so its high speed performance suffers a lot, but also makes it a very capable dogfighter at low and medium speeds with its main strength being the instantaneous turn rate. However, the energy retention and poor acceleration make it worse in any prolonged fight than a F2H, Yak-30 or MiG-15; after one or two full circles, it will start struggling a lot.
When it has some energy to spare the plane can pull even 13G, more than most of its competitors, making it a very dangerous enemy to any plane with swept wings, although it will significantly reduce its speed. The roll rate is quite good at low and medium speeds, it can reach over 125°/s at 500 km/h IAS, but once the plane gains some more speed it decreases to 65°/s at 850 km/h IAS.
The plane is equipped with two huge airbrakes in its wings that can help with reducing speed after reaching the low structural limit value or during the landing. The flaps have very high limits, both positions can be used during the combat to further increase its instantaneous turn rate. Overall the plane is a very stable platform, aiming is very easy and it is pleasant to fly.

{| class="wikitable" style="text-align:center" width="70%"
! rowspan="2" | Characteristics
! colspan="2" | Max speed (km/h at _,___ m)
! rowspan="2" | Max altitude (metres)
! colspan="2" | Turn time (seconds)
! colspan="2" | Rate of climb (metres/second)
! rowspan="2" | Take-off run (metres)
|-
! AB !! RB !! AB !! RB !! AB !! RB
|-
! Stock
| 919 || 898 || rowspan="2" | {{Specs|ceiling}} || 27.0 || 27.8 || 25.9 || 24.4 || rowspan="2" | 650
|-
! Upgraded
| 943 || 933 || 25.4 || 26.0 || 38.8 || 32.0
|-
|}

==== Details ====
{| class="wikitable" style="text-align:center" width="50%"
|-
! colspan="6" | Features
|-
! Combat flaps !! Take-off flaps !! Landing flaps !! Air brakes !! Arrestor gear !! Drogue chute
|-
| X || ✓ || ✓ || ✓ || ✓ || X 
|-
|}

{| class="wikitable" style="text-align:center" width="50%"
|-
! colspan="7" | Limits
|-
! rowspan="2" | Wings (km/h)
! rowspan="2" | Gear (km/h)
! colspan="3" | Flaps (km/h)
! colspan="2" | Max Static G
|-
! Combat !! Take-off !! Landing !! + !! -
|-
| {{Specs|destruction|body}} || {{Specs|destruction|gear}} || N/A || 836 || 796 || ~13 || ~6
|-
|}

{| class="wikitable" style="text-align:center"
|-
! colspan="4" | Optimal velocities (km/h)
|-
! Ailerons !! Rudder !! Elevators !! Radiator
|-
| < 461 || < 600 || < 550 || N/A
|-
|}

==== Engine performance ====
{| class="wikitable" style="text-align:center"
|-
! colspan="3" | Engine
! colspan="4" | Aircraft mass
|-
! colspan="2" | Engine name || Number
! colspan="2" | {{Annotation|Basic mass|Mass of the aircraft with pilot and engine oil, but no fuel or weapons load}} || colspan="2" | Wing loading (full fuel)
|-
| colspan="2" | Rolls-Royce Nene-Mk.103 || 1
| colspan="2" | 4,450 kg || colspan="3" | 232 kg/m2
|-
! colspan="3" | Engine characteristics
! colspan="3" | Mass with fuel (no weapons load) || rowspan="2" | {{Annotation|Max Gross Weight|Mass of the fully equipped aircraft with heaviest weapons load}}
|-
! Weight (each) || colspan="2" | Type
! 10m fuel || 20m fuel || 30m fuel || 35m fuel
|-
| 1,000 kg || colspan="2" | Centrifugal-flow turbojet
| 4,866 kg || 5,278 kg || 5,789 kg || 5,995 kg || 7,170 kg
|-
! colspan="3" | {{Annotation|Maximum engine thrust @ 0 m (RB/SB)|The maximum thrust produced by each engine, while mounted in the aircraft. NOTE: Thrust varies significantly depending on speed & altitude.}}
! colspan="4" | Thrust to weight ratio @ 0 m (100%/WEP)
|-
! Condition || 100% || 100%/WEP
! 10m fuel || 20m fuel || 30m fuel || 35m fuel || MGW
|-
| ''Stationary'' || 2,376 kgf || N/A
| 0.49 || 0.45 || 0.41 || 0.40 || 0.33
|-
| ''Optimal'' || 2,376 kgf (0 km/h) || N/A
| 0.49 || 0.45 || 0.41 || 0.40 || 0.33
|-
|}

=== Survivability and armour ===
{{Specs-Avia-Armour}}


* 64 mm bulletproof glass - Armoured windscreen
* All fuel tanks and engine in the middle of the fuselage

=== Modifications and economy ===
{{Specs-Economy}}

== Armaments ==
{{Specs-Avia-Armaments}}
=== Offensive armament ===
{{Specs-Avia-Offensive}}

{{main|Hispano Mk.V (20 mm)}}

The '''''{{PAGENAME}}''''' is armed with:

* 4 x 20 mm Hispano Mk.V cannons, chin-mounted (200 rpg = 800 total)

=== Suspended armament ===
{{Specs-Avia-Suspended}}

''Describe the aircraft's suspended armament: additional cannons under the wings, bombs, rockets and torpedoes. This section is especially important for bombers and attackers. If there is no suspended weaponry remove this subsection.''

{{Navigation-Start|Default weapon presets}}
{{Navigation-First-Simple-Line}}
* Without load
* 2 x AIM-9B Sidewinder missiles
* 10 x AP Mk II rockets
* 30 x AP Mk II rockets
* 8 x RP-3 rockets
* 16 x RP-3 rockets
* 2 x 500 lb G.P. Mk.IV bombs (1,000 lb total)
* 4 x 500 lb G.P. Mk.IV bombs (2,000 lb total)
* 2 x 1,000 lb M.C. Mk.I bombs (2,000 lb total)
{{Navigation-End}}

== Usage in battles ==

''Describe the tactics of playing in the aircraft, the features of using aircraft in a team and advice on tactics. Refrain from creating a "guide" - do not impose a single point of view, but instead, give the reader food for thought. Examine the most dangerous enemies and give recommendations on fighting them. If necessary, note the specifics of the game in different modes (AB, RB, SB).''

=== Pros and cons ===

In ground battles, this naval jet aircraft truly shines thanks to the high number of rockets it can carry, plus bombs.

In air battles, this naval jet aircraft is still very deadly thanks to its speed, manoeuvrability and access to the Sidewinder air-to-air missiles, but don't get too confident since other nations have some fighters which get early air spawn and some of them have more powerful engine than the Sea Hawk, so if you want to survive, you need to be aware of your surroundings. This is especially important in uptiers when everything you face will be either faster than you, able to turn better than you, or can climb better than you. Or, potentially, all three.

Be careful when using Sidewinder air-to-air missiles as they can also lock on to unintended targets such as the sun or your own teammates.

The best use of the Sidewinders is in a hunter-killer role, wait for your enemy to be at a slower speed (500-600 km/h) before launching. This means that the missile will be incredibly fast relative to your target, and give a much smaller window for them to dodge it at closer ranges. By climbing to ~3000km after gaining speed at the start of the game, you can often pick off enemies as they exit the furball or engage your allies, then track them and wait for them to bleed their speed before hitting them with a missile.

In a down tier, maintain energy dominance over lower battle rating enemies and don't over-commit; any jet can dodge your missile.

'''Pros:'''
* Extremely high flap breakage speed (850 km/h for take-off, 796 km/h for landing).
* Good selection of suspended armament options.
* Gets air-to-air missiles, unlike the British equivalent [[Sea Hawk FGA.6|Sea Hawk FGA.6.]]
* Very good for destroying ground vehicles.
* 4 x 20 mm cannons, high rate of fire and good amount of ammunition.
* Maintains effectiveness even at lower speeds (500 km/h).
* Smaller size makes it harder to hit.
* Very stable

'''Cons:'''
* Subpar turning energy retention.
* Not so fast in level flight.
* The missile cannot track manoeuvring and fast targets so well.
* The bomb holders greatly decrease plane manoeuvrability.
* Mk II AP rockets are ineffective.
* Completely helpless against faster jets (MiG-15, F-86, F-84G, F-89, etc).
* Engine loses performance at altitudes exceeding 2,500 m.
* Severely punished by radar SPAA.
* Incredibly weak air frame with cramped modules.

== History ==

Following the latest developments in foreign naval aviation, the Royal Netherlands Navy became well aware towards the middle of the 1950s that its Sea Furies were becoming increasingly obsolete, and a search was started for a successor. Following evaluations of a number of US and British naval fighters, the Royal Netherlands Navy's preference went out towards the Hawker Sea Hawk, which was entering service with the Royal Navy and could be operated from its Colossus-Class aircraft carrier, the Hr. Ms. Karel Doorman.

Even though the Royal Netherlands Navy's preference towards the type became known as early as December 1955, budget and permission issues delayed the final decision. Originally an order of 30 aircraft was considered, but it wasn't until September of 1956 that a financial agreement was struck: using funds made available under a US Off Shore Procurement program, an order of 22 Sea Hawks would be made, to be built by Armstrong Whitworth at their Coventry factory. These aircraft, to be known as the FGA.Mk.50 variant, would be based on the Royal Navy's own FGA.Mk.6 variant, but equipped with an American UHF radio system, built under license by Philips at Eindhoven.

Deliveries of the Sea Hawks, registered 6-50 to 6-71, started in July of 1957 and continued until February of 1958, with aircraft being delivered to the Royal Netherlands Navy's Nos. 3 (conversion) and 860 Squadron at Valkenburg. As the Dutch carrier Hr. Ms. Karel Doorman was still being converted to an angled deck configuration, the first year saw the Dutch Sea Hawks mainly being flown from the Valkenburg air base, with occasional deployments to British aircraft carriers for deck landing practices. During this time, one Sea Hawk (6-53) was written off in an accident on November 6th 1957.

Following a conversion which had lasted nearly three years, the Hr. Ms. Karel Doorman was handed back to the Dutch Navy on May 28th 1958. Following a number of shake-down and flying trials in September which involved Sea Hawks and Sea Venoms of the Royal Navy as well as Avengers of the Royal Netherlands Navy, the first deck landing of a Dutch Sea Hawk of 860 Squadron was made aboard the Karel Doorman on October 11th. Around the same time, a display team, "The Sea Lords", was formed on the type.

From January to May of 1959, the Karel Doorman was deployed to the Dutch West Indies, with enroute visits to the Azores, Jacksonville, Fort Lauderdale, Curaçao, Guantanamo and the Bermudas; during this trip, 860 Squadron's Sea Hawks were the first jet-powered aircraft to land at Curaçao. On their return in the Netherlands, 860 Squadron's Sea Hawks received an important upgrade: they were fitted with Philco-Ford GAR-6 Sidewinder 1A (AIM-9B) air-to-air missiles, the first fighter aircraft within the NATO's air forces to receive this weapon.

1959 also saw the Karel Doorman and its Sea Hawks involved in a number of NATO exercises, these being 'Fairwind IV' (a May-June 1959 deployment and joint exercise with the Royal Navy Home Fleet); 'Shoptalk' (September 1959, involving a cruise to Hamburg and back); and 'Sharp Squall 4' (October-November 1959, involving several calls in Norwegian ports). During 'Shoptalk', on September 30th 1959, the Royal Netherlands Navy suffered its second Sea Hawk loss when 6-61 was lost overboard during a failed catapult launch, unfortunately killing its pilot.

During 1960, rising tensions between the Netherlands and Indonesia over the Dutch New Guineas saw the Karel Doorman and its Sea Hawks deployed both as a show of force, and to deliver a dozen of Hawker Hunter F.4s to bolster the local air defences. Following its departure from the Netherlands in May of 1960, the carrier travelled via the Canary Islands; Mauritius and Fremantle, Australia to the Dutch New Guineas, arriving at Hollandia early in August 1960. During the journey between Mauritius and Fremantle, on July 8th, Seahawk 126 (ex 6-66) was lost overboard during a failed landing. Following the delivery of the Hunters at Biak, the Karel Doorman remained in the Dutch New Guineas until the end of September 1960 before returning to the Netherlands. Following visits to French Noumea; Sydney, Australia; Auckland, New Zealand; Easter Island; the Juan Fernandez archipelago; Val Paraíso, Chile; and Rio de Janeiro, Brazil; the Karel Doorman and its Sea Hawks arrived back at Rotterdam towards the end of December, 1960.

A change of priorities within NATO saw the role of the Hr. Ms. Karel Doorman substantially changed, and with it that of its Sea Hawks: given the increased obsolescence of the Hawker Sea Hawk as a naval fighter-bomber, and the Colossus-class relative small size which made it unsuitable for more modern, supersonic naval aircraft, a decision was made to redesignate the Karel Doorman as an Anti-Submarine Warfare carrier, and replace its air wing with types more suited to ASW warfare (Grumman S2F-1 Trackers patrol aircraft and Sikorsky HSS-1 Seabat helicopters). This reform saw the Royal Netherlands Navy's Sea Hawks relocated to the Valkenburg naval air base in early 1961, where most aircraft were put into storage. For the next three years the Dutch Sea Hawks would see increasingly fewer flights, with the fourth and last Sea Hawk accident in Dutch service occuring on March 9th 1962 (Sea Hawk 125/ex 6-65); in October 1963 a first batch of 6 Sea Hawks was struck of charge and reduced to spares for the remaining fleet. Following a last display of the "Sea Lords" display team at the Eelde Air Show in July of 1964, the last Sea Hawks were withdrawn from Dutch naval service on October 24th 1964.

Following the withdrawal of the Sea Hawk from Dutch naval service, the surviving 12 aircraft were sold for scrap. Currently, two Sea Hawks are on display in the Netherlands, however these are former Royal Navy aircraft which were acquired for display purposes in the 1980s; former Royal Navy Sea Hawk FGA.6 WV828 is on display at the De Kooy naval air base's museum in the colours of Royal Netherlands Navy aircraft 118 (ex 6-58 - real one parted out for spares in October 1963); while the Nationaal Militair Museum at Soesterberg has an aircraft in the colours of Royal Netherlands Navy aircraft 131 (ex 6-71 - real one withdrawn from use and scrapped in October 1964); it is a composite of two different airframes, consisting of the front fuselage of Sea Hawk FB.5 WM983, with the tail of Sea Hawk FB.5 XE489.

== Media ==

''Excellent additions to the article would be video guides, screenshots from the game, and photos.''

== See also ==

''Links to the articles on the War Thunder Wiki that you think will be useful for the reader, for example:''
* ''reference to the series of the aircraft;''
* ''links to approximate analogues of other nations and research trees.''

== External links ==

''Paste links to sources and external resources, such as:''
* ''topic on the official game forum;''
* ''other literature.''

{{AirManufacturer Hawker}}
{{France jet aircraft}}
{{France premium aircraft}}

Sea Fury FB 51 (France)

2024-09-24T00:39:41Z

U80255841:

{{Specs-Card
|code=sea_fury_fb51
|images={{Specs-Card-Image|GarageImage_{{PAGENAME}}.jpg}}
}}

== Description ==

The '''{{Specs|name}}''' is a rank {{Specs|rank}} French fighter {{Battle-rating}}. It was introduced in [[Update "Dance of Dragons"]].

== General info ==
=== Flight performance ===
{{Specs-Avia-Flight}}

''Describe how the aircraft behaves in the air. Speed, manoeuvrability, acceleration and allowable loads - these are the most important characteristics of the vehicle.''

{| class="wikitable" style="text-align:center" width="70%"
! rowspan="2" | Characteristics
! colspan="2" | Max speed (km/h at _,___ m)
! rowspan="2" | Max altitude (metres)
! colspan="2" | Turn time (seconds)
! colspan="2" | Rate of climb (metres/second)
! rowspan="2" | Take-off run (metres)
|-
! AB !! RB !! AB !! RB !! AB !! RB
|-
! Stock
| ___ || ___ || rowspan="2" | {{Specs|ceiling}} || __._ || __._ || __._ || __._ || rowspan="2" | ___
|-
! Upgraded
| ___ || ___ || __._ || __._ || __._ || __._
|-
|}

==== Details ====
{| class="wikitable" style="text-align:center" width="50%"
|-
! colspan="5" | Features
|-
! Combat flaps !! Take-off flaps !! Landing flaps !! Air brakes !! Arrestor gear
|-
| _ || _ || _ || _ || _ 
|-
|}

{| class="wikitable" style="text-align:center" width="50%"
|-
! colspan="7" | Limits
|-
! rowspan="2" | Wings (km/h)
! rowspan="2" | Gear (km/h)
! colspan="3" | Flaps (km/h)
! colspan="2" | Max Static G
|-
! Combat !! Take-off !! Landing !! + !! -
|-
| {{Specs|destruction|body}} || {{Specs|destruction|gear}} || ___ || ___ || ___ || ~__ || ~__
|-
|}

{| class="wikitable" style="text-align:center"
|-
! colspan="4" | Optimal velocities (km/h)
|-
! Ailerons !! Rudder !! Elevators !! Radiator
|-
| < ___ || < ___ || < ___ || > ___
|-
|}

=== Survivability and armour ===
{{Specs-Avia-Armour}}

''Examine the survivability of the aircraft. Note how vulnerable the structure is and how secure the pilot is, whether the fuel tanks are armoured, etc. Describe the armour, if there is any, and also mention the vulnerability of other critical aircraft systems.''

=== Modifications and economy ===
{{Specs-Economy}}

== Armaments ==
{{Specs-Avia-Armaments}}
=== Offensive armament ===
{{Specs-Avia-Offensive}}

{{main|Hispano Mk.V (20 mm)}}

The '''''{{PAGENAME}}''''' is armed with:

* 4 x 20 mm Hispano Mk.V cannons, wing-mounted (137 rpg outer + 153 rpg inner = 580 total)

=== Suspended armament ===
{{Specs-Avia-Suspended}}

''Describe the aircraft's suspended armament: additional cannons under the wings, bombs, rockets and torpedoes. This section is especially important for bombers and attackers. If there is no suspended weaponry remove this subsection.''

{{Navigation-Start|Default weapon presets}}
{{Navigation-First-Simple-Line}}
* Without load
* 6 x RP-3 rockets
* 12 x RP-3 rockets
* 4 x Triplex R.P. rockets
* 2 x 250 lb G.P. Mk.IV bombs (500 lb total)
* 2 x 500 lb G.P. Mk.IV bombs (1,000 lb total)
* 2 x 1,000 lb M.C. Mk.I bombs (2,000 lb total)
* 2 x 500 lb S.A.P. Mk.II bombs (1,000 lb total)
{{Navigation-End}}

== Usage in battles ==

''Describe the tactics of playing in the aircraft, the features of using aircraft in a team and advice on tactics. Refrain from creating a "guide" - do not impose a single point of view, but instead, give the reader food for thought. Examine the most dangerous enemies and give recommendations on fighting them. If necessary, note the specifics of the game in different modes (AB, RB, SB).''

=== Pros and cons ===

''Summarise and briefly evaluate the vehicle in terms of its characteristics and combat effectiveness. Mark its pros and cons in the bulleted list. Try not to use more than 6 points for each of the characteristics. Avoid using categorical definitions such as "bad", "good" and the like - use substitutions with softer forms such as "inadequate" and "effective".''

'''Pros:'''
*

'''Cons:'''
*

== History ==

Following the end of World War II, the Royal Netherlands Navy established plans to rebuild its fleet. Having drawn lessons from the conflict, the establishment of a naval air service with an aircraft carrier of its own was high on the list of priorities, and pending the acquisition of a large fleet carrier, a smaller escort carrier (HMS Nairana, baptised Hr.Ms. Karel Doorman) was borrowed from the Royal Navy, while Fairey Firefly Mk.I fighter-bombers were acquired to serve aboard the ship.

With the acquisition of a Colossus-Class aircraft carrier in mind, the Royal Netherlands Navy preferred a more modern naval fighter, and following evaluation of both the Hawker Sea Fury and Supermarine Seafang, in October of 1946 an order was placed for 10 Hawker Sea Fury F.Mk.50s, an export version of the F.Mk.10. These aircraft were delivered to the Netherlands in April and May of 1948. The lack of pilots that were carrier-qualified to operate the type meant that these Sea Furies were originally assigned to a shore-based conversion unit; it would not be until 1950 when enough pilots had been qualified to finally operate the type from the Royal Netherlands Navy newer Colossus-Class carrier (ex-HMS Venerable, taking over the name of Hr.Ms. Karel Doorman from the HMS Nairana that was returned to the Royal Navy).

Meanwhile, a dedicated fighter-bomber variant of the Sea Fury, the FB.Mk.11, had entered service with the Royal Navy, and the Royal Netherlands Navy soon placed an order for this as well, with 12 FB.Mk.60s being delivered between May and July of 1950; in 1951 the 8 surviving FB.50s were sent back to Hawker for conversion to FB.60 status. In 1951, an additional order of 25 aircraft was placed, but unlike the earlier F.50s/FB.60s that had been built by Hawker, these aircraft, the FB.Mk.51 variant, would be built under license by Fokker at Schiphol. These aircraft were built at Fokker alongside Meteor F.8s destined for the Royal Netherlands Air Force, with the first finished aircraft being delivered to the Dutch Navy in July of 1951, and deliveries concluding in February of 1952.

In Dutch service, these aircraft were assigned to VSQ 3, a conversion unit which was based at the Valkenburg Naval Air Base near Leiden; and VSQ 860, an operational unit based on the Hr.Ms. Karel Doorman; between 1953 and 1954, the type also saw service with the Dutch Navy's display team, the "Aerobats".

In August of 1955, the Hr.Ms. Karel Doorman was taken out of service pending its conversion to a jet-capable, angled-deck aircraft carrier, with its Sea Furies being transferred to Valkenburg. One year later, in 1956, the decision was taken to replace the Sea Furies by more modern Hawker Sea Hawks. In April of 1957, VSQ 860 was disbanded and its last Sea Furies were withdrawn from service; in July of 1957 VSQ 860 would be reformed with the arrival of the first Sea Hawks.

Out of 47 Sea Furies delivered to the Royal Netherlands Navy, some 17 aircraft were written off in various accidents; most of the surviving aircraft were scrapped following the type's retirement in 1957, with only a handful being retained for museum and training purposes. Of these, Fokker-built FB.51 6-43 was given as an instructional airframe to the Technical University of Delft in 1959, where it was retained until 1971 when it was donated to the Aviodome Museum, before being transferred to the Militair Luchtvaart Museum at Soesterberg, where it was retained until the museum's closure in 2013. It was then transferred to the newly established Nationaal Militair Museum in Soesterberg which opened in 2014.

== Media ==

''Excellent additions to the article would be video guides, screenshots from the game, and photos.''

== See also ==

''Links to the articles on the War Thunder Wiki that you think will be useful for the reader, for example:''
* ''reference to the series of the aircraft;''
* ''links to approximate analogues of other nations and research trees.''

== External links ==

''Paste links to sources and external resources, such as:''
* ''topic on the official game forum;''
* ''other literature.''

{{AirManufacturer Hawker}}
{{France fighters}}

Hunter F.6 (France)

2024-09-23T19:27:03Z

U80255841:

{{About
| about = Dutch jet fighter '''{{PAGENAME}}'''
| usage = other versions
| link = Hunter (Family)
}}
{{Specs-Card
|code=hunter_f6_holland
|images={{Specs-Card-Image|GarageImage_{{PAGENAME}}.jpg}}
}}

== Description ==
The '''{{Specs|name}}''' is a rank {{Specs|rank}} French jet fighter {{Battle-rating}}. It was introduced in [[Update "Seek & Destroy"]]. This aircraft is quite counter-intuitive to play as a player of the usual french jets, as it behaves very differently, most notably in the aspects of combat speeds and engagement styles. With it's subpar manoeuvrability, but excellent energy retention, and cataclysmic firepower, the Dutch Hunter proposes a unique form of jet combat, based on transsonic boom & zoom, sustained turns, and shallow climb escapes.

== General info ==
=== Flight performance ===
{{Specs-Avia-Flight}}

The Hunter F.6 is an aircraft which will feel very alien to players who are used to the other, french aircrafts present in the french tech tree. Where a Super Mystère B2 will bleed it's energy significantly, to pull G's at extreme overloads, the Hunter family is of an entirely different breed.

The Hunter excells at energy retention, being able to pull relatively hard turns, but most of all, can sustain a turn for a very long time (tens of seconds, if the scenario allows it). Energy retention and best manoeuvrability are achieved at high subsonic speeds. 800-900 km/h seems to be the standard combat sweet spot.

This superb advantage is counterbalanced by the Hunters relatively poor "on the spot" agility. The aircraft feels sluggish, it's roll rate is mediocre, and nose authority is not very impressive. This is most prevalent without the boosters installed, where reaching "overload" level G's won't be possible under 700km/h approximatively.

The engine of the Hunter F.6 goes well with the airframe it is installed on. Providing a good acceleration (higher acceleration than most first generation afterburning engines, like the General Electric J47-GE-17B found on the F-86K). This acceleration gives out at transsonic speeds, and provides the Hunter good fleeing performances if necessary. The engine gives the best performances closer to the ground, opening for possibilities of horizontal engagement, at low level.

Note : Landing the Hunter F.6 is quite difficult. With a poor airbrake that closes when the gear opens, good energy retention (playing against you, in this situation), no drogue chute, and abysmal wheel brakes, the entire runway will be used.

Small size bases are nearly always too short, and sometimes, the landscape around the longer runway doesn't allow for a clean approach. It is not uncommon to see Hunters perform gear-up landings to mitigate these problems.

{| class="wikitable" style="text-align:center" width="70%"
! rowspan="2" | Characteristics
! colspan="2" | Max speed (km/h at 0 m - sea level)
! rowspan="2" | Max altitude (metres)
! colspan="2" | Turn time (seconds)
! colspan="2" | Rate of climb (metres/second)
! rowspan="2" | Take-off run (metres)
|-
! AB !! RB !! AB !! RB !! AB !! RB
|-
! Stock
| 1139 || 1133 || rowspan="2" | {{Specs|ceiling}} || 26.6 || 27.2 || 54.2 || 47.6 || rowspan="2" | 820
|-
! Upgraded
| ___ || ___ || __._ || __._ || __._ || __._
|-
|}

==== Details ====
{| class="wikitable" style="text-align:center" width="50%"
|-
! colspan="6" | Features
|-
! Combat flaps !! Take-off flaps !! Landing flaps !! Air brakes !! Arrestor gear !! Drogue chute
|-
| _ || _ || _ || _ || _ || _ 
|-
|}

{| class="wikitable" style="text-align:center" width="50%"
|-
! colspan="7" | Limits
|-
! rowspan="2" | Wings (km/h)
! rowspan="2" | Gear (km/h)
! colspan="3" | Flaps (km/h)
! colspan="2" | Max Static G
|-
! Combat !! Take-off !! Landing !! + !! -
|-
| {{Specs|destruction|body}} || {{Specs|destruction|gear}} || ___ || ___ || ___ || ~__ || ~__
|-
|}

{| class="wikitable" style="text-align:center"
|-
! colspan="4" | Optimal velocities (km/h)
|-
! Ailerons !! Rudder !! Elevators !! Radiator
|-
| < ___ || < ___ || < ___ || -
|-
|}

==== Engine performance ====
{| class="wikitable" style="text-align:center"
|-
! colspan="3" | Engine
! colspan="4" | Aircraft mass
|-
! colspan="2" | Engine name || Number
! colspan="2" | {{Annotation|Basic mass|Mass of the aircraft with pilot and engine oil, but no fuel or weapons load}} || colspan="2" | Wing loading (full fuel)
|-
| colspan="2" | _____ || _
| colspan="2" | _,___ kg || colspan="2" | ___ kg/m2
|-
! colspan="3" | Engine characteristics
! colspan="3" | Mass with fuel (no weapons load) || rowspan="2" | {{Annotation|Max Gross Weight|Mass of the fully equipped aircraft with heaviest weapons load}}
|-
! Weight (each) || colspan="2" | Type
! _m fuel || __m fuel || __m fuel
|-
| ___ kg || colspan="2" | ___
| _,___ kg || _,___ kg || _,___ kg || _,___ kg
|-
! colspan="3" | {{Annotation|Maximum engine thrust @ 0 m (RB/SB)|The maximum thrust produced by each engine, while mounted in the aircraft. NOTE: Thrust varies significantly depending on speed & altitude.}}
! colspan="4" | Thrust to weight ratio @ 0 m (___%/WEP)
|-
! Condition || 100% || ___%/WEP
! _m fuel || __m fuel || __m fuel || MGW
|-
| ''Stationary'' || ___ kgf || ___ kgf
| _.__ || _.__ || _.__ || _.__
|-
| ''Optimal'' || ___ kgf (_ km/h) || ___ kgf (_ km/h)
| _.__ || _.__ || _.__ || _.__
|-
|}

=== Survivability and armour ===
{{Specs-Avia-Armour}}

In an era where 20-30mm autocanons reign supreme, and missiles become nearly ubiquitous, the Hunter has a very low survivability. Any hitting shot will break a wing, or cripple the engine. While the Hunter can be brought home with significant damage, allies will need to engage the pursuers and save it from danger before any return to base can be accomplished.

In light of the previous note about Hunter landings, belly landing should not be executed above 400km/h, as the risk of explosion increases drastically at higher speeds.

=== Modifications and economy ===
{{Specs-Economy}}By default, the Hunter F.6 cannot deploy it's full potential in sustained turns because of the lack of boosters, and the lack of G-suit, necessary to remain awake in these manoeuvres. Hence, Boosters and G-suit are an absolute must.

Once these are obtained, it is usually advised to increase engine power and streamline airflow, with associated modifications.

The missiles can be researched independantly from any other researched. The level of priority given to this modification is at the discretion of the user.

== Armaments ==
{{Specs-Avia-Armaments}}
=== Offensive armament ===
{{Specs-Avia-Offensive}}

{{main|ADEN (30 mm)}}

The '''''{{PAGENAME}}''''' is armed with:

* 4 x 30 mm ADEN cannons, chin-mounted (150 rpg = 600 total)

The ADEN cannons cluster provide a stellar firepower for an aircraft of this size. They are installed in the nose, under the pilot, and thus are nearly perfectly centered. The stream of cannon shells from this weapon pack is nearly continuous, and the hit from only one shell is sufficient to disable even heavy fighters. Smaller agile jets like the Fiat G91 or the Mig-15 tend to explode like a grenade when impacted. by an ADEN explosive round.

The Air Targets belt tends to be the best for the aircraft, as it cannot carry air-to-ground armament, and thus is ill equipped to attack ground targets (even if they work relatively well against pillboxes and light vehicles, in an emergency situation). Stealth munitions will work as well.

Note : the weapon arrangement and firepower is similar to the Vautour II, available in the same tech tree.

=== Suspended armament ===
{{Specs-Avia-Suspended}}

The only suspended armament available to the Hunter F.6 is a pair of AIM-9B Sidewinder missiles. First of their generation, these missiles are subpar at the BR, and can only be used on unsuspecting ennemies, or dogfighters whose potential energy is exhausted.

The capabilities of the missiles lend well to the Hunter F.6 playstyle, as harrassing targets increases the chances of finding them in an unfavourable position., and landing a missile shot.

The drop tanks gives an additional ten minutes of fuel. It if quasi useless for a non afterburning engine, but can be used in conjuction to a minimum internal fuel load, to ensure the fastest escape speeds by dropping them.

{{Navigation-Start|Default weapon presets}}
{{Navigation-First-Simple-Line}}

* 2 x 150 gal drop tanks
* 2 x AIM-9B Sidewinder missiles
{{Navigation-End}}

== Usage in battles ==
Overall, the Hunter F.6 is an good boom & zoom airframe, and harassing multiple enemies one by one seems to yield optimal results. It is to be kept in mind that the performances of this tactic are largely dependant on the position of the Hunter in the battle. In a uptier, high overload missiles and supersonic opponents will tear the Hunter to shreds. but around it's own BR, the Hunter can engage rapidly and escape furballs, only to regengage when the next opportunity appears.

When examining placement, it can be usefull to flank the initial furballs to ensure low pressure in engagements and increased decision time. Flying at high altitudes is disadvised, as the engine power is lower and agility suffers, making the Hunter very vulnerable to missiles.

When attacking, a shallow dive angle is recommended, to avoid compressibility problems, and remain in the most manoeuvrable speed interval. This stands for escaping as well, where a 10° climb is often enough to zoom away without losing speed, and watching eventual pursuers lose theirs.

With the current opponents, it is also important to know and learns which ennemies carry potent missiles, that might extend their own defense range. Being flareless, the Hunter F.6 will not be able to defend against anything else that a R3S or AIM-9B missile.

=== Pros and cons ===
'''Pros:'''

- High acceleration

- Sustains turns well, conserves energy

- Good firepower

- High speed manoeuvrability

*

'''Cons:'''

- Terrible mid speed and low speed handling

- No radar

- Subpar instantaneous turn rate

- Flareless

- Bullets have very low velocity

- Default belt do relatively low damage

*

== History ==

Combat reports from the Korean War quickly indicated that the standard NATO day fighter of the time, the Gloster Meteor, was no longer able to compete with the newest 'enemy' fighters of the time (i.e. the MiG-15), so in 1953 the Belgian and Dutch Air Forces jointly decided to replace their Gloster Meteors by the more advanced Hawker Hunter, which at the time was entering service with the Royal Air Force. While Hawker would provide plans and pattern aircraft for production, the majority of the aircraft destined for the Belgian and Dutch Air Forces would be produced under license by local companies. These were the Belgian aircraft manufacturers Fairey Aviation and SABCA and the Dutch aircraft manufacturer Fokker, who would assemble the aircraft; the Belgian arms manufacturer FN-Herstal, who would license-build the Rolls-Royce Avon engines for both Belgian and Dutch production; and the Dutch companies Aviolanda, De Schelde, and Werkspoor, who would produce components for both production lines.

Hawker delivered six pattern aircraft (one built by Hawker and 5 knock-down kits) to Fokker and seven pattern aircraft (one built by Hawker and 6 knock-down kits) to Fairey in March of 1955, which were used to instruct local workers on how to assemble the aircraft. Setting up the production lines took time, but eventually the first locally-built Hunter F.4s were officially handed over to the Royal Netherlands Air Force in February of 1956, followed by the first locally-built Hunter F.4s to the Belgian Air Force in June of 1956.

As was the case with the Gloster Meteor before, production of the Hawker Hunter was not straight-forward. Even though both countries had their own production lines, the actual production and assembly of Hunters was not separated: Fokker built Hunters both for the Belgian and Dutch Air Force - both from knock-down kits produced by Hawker as well as locally-built parts; and Fokker in turn delivered knock-down kits to both Fairey and SABCA in Belgium for local assembly. In addition, Fokker, Fairey and SABCA would also handle the production of 100 aircraft for a third country (rumoured to have been Germany) under a US financed European Off Shore Programme contract; however the deal fell through (with Germany preferring the Canadair Sabre over the Hawker Hunter), with the 100 aircraft being diverted to the Belgian and Royal Netherlands Air Forces instead. In the Royal Netherlands Air Force, the Hunter F.4 flew with Nos. 322, 323, 324, 325 and 326 Squadrons; in the Belgian Air Force , the Hunter F.4 flew with Nos. 349, 350, 7, 8, 9, 22 and 26 Squadrons.

Production of the Hunter F.4 variant amounted to 96 for the Royal Netherlands Air Force and 112 for the Belgian Air Force; however even as production was underway, the decision was taken to order additional aircraft as the upgraded Hawker Hunter F.6 variant with a more powerful Avon 203 engine; an improved engine starter system; redesigned tail controls; reinforced wings with wing pylons; and a dogtooth leading edge for improved handling. Both the Belgian and Dutch production lines were modified accordingly, and the first Hunter F.6s started leaving the Fokker production line in March of 1957, followed by those of the Fairey production line in August 1957, and those of the SABCA production line in October 1957. 144 Hunter F.6s were built for Belgium, and although a production of 108 was planned for the Royal Netherlands Air Force, only 93 of these ended up being built.

In Belgian service, between 1957 and 1959 the Hunter F.6 ended up replacing the less powerful Hunter F.4 at Nos. 7, 8, 22 and 26 Squadron; however Nos. 349, 350 and 9 Squadron ended up not converting from the Hunter F.4 to the Hunter F.6, the former two becoming all-weather interceptor squadrons on the Canadair CF.100 Mk.5 instead, and the latter being disbanded due to defence cutbacks. Meanwhile, in Dutch service, the Hunter F.6s replaced their less powerful F.4 brethren at nos. 322, 324, 325 and 326 Squadrons between 1958 and 1960, with 323 Squadron retaining its F.4s. For a while, both air forces ended up fielding a 'hybrid' version as well: older Hunter F.4s were modified with the dogtooth wing of the F.6 variant; however it proved impossible to replace the less powerful Avon 100 variant with the more powerful 200 variant due to the Hunter F.4s narrower internal construction. As such, these hybrid F.4s were short-lived, with the Belgian ones being withdrawn from service in 1959, and the Dutch ones soldiering on until 1962 before being sold for scrapping.

Another important modification which was only implemented by the Royal Netherlands Air Force but not by the Belgian Air Force, is that as early as 1959 its Hawker Hunter F.6s were modified to carry the Philco-Ford GAR-6 Sidewinder - later known as the AIM-9B Sidewinder - to improve its capabilities as an interceptor. As such, the Dutch Hunters were among the first aircraft in the NATO to field the Sidewinder (alongside the Royal Netherlands Air Force's F-86K Sabre, and the Royal Netherlands Navy's Sea Hawk FGA.50s).

Developments in military aviation meant that the Hawker Hunter was quickly being overtaken as a frontline fighter. While it was capable of breaking the sound of speed in a dive it was not a true supersonic design, and in the early 1960s the Belgian and Dutch Air Forces selected the F-104G as a supersonic replacement of the Hawker Hunter. In Belgian service, the existing Hunter units were disbanded, with No. 9 Wing at Bierset (22 and 26 Squadron) disbanding in 1959, and no. 7 Wing at Chièvres (7 and 8 Squadron) disbanding in 1963; in the Netherlands, Nos. 322 and 326 Squadrons disbanded in 1962 (the former reforming on the F-104G in 1964); No. 323 Squadron converted from the Hunter F.6 to the F-104G in 1964; and No. 324 Squadron disbanded in 1964, leaving No. 325 Squadron as the Royal Netherlands Air Forces last operational Hunter Squadron until it was disbanded in 1968.

As a post-script: most of the Hawker Hunter F.6s of the Belgian and Dutch Air Forces were airframes with relatively little flying hours, so the majority of them were sold to Hawker Siddeley, who went on to modify these aircraft and sell them on to numerous other operators world-wide. As such, former Belgian and Dutch Hunters were sold on to Chile, India, Iraq, Jordania, Kuwait, Lebanon, Oman and Qatar.

== Media ==

''Excellent additions to the article would be video guides, screenshots from the game, and photos.''

== See also ==


;Related development

* [[Hunter (Family)]]
** [[Hunter F.6]]

;Aircraft of comparable role, configuration, and era

* [[File:France flag.png|30px|link=]] [[Super Mystere B2|Super Mystère]]
* [[File:USSR flag.png|30px|link=]] [[MiG-17 (Family)]]
* [[File:USA flag.png|30px|link=]] [[F-100 (Family)]]
* [[File:Italy flag.png|30px|link=]] [[G.91 (Family)|G.91 Y/YS]]

== External links ==


* [[wt:en/news/8919-development-dutch-and-belgian-aircraft-are-joining-the-french-tree-en|[Devblog] Dutch and Belgian Aircraft are Joining the French Tree!]]

{{AirManufacturer Fokker}}
{{France jet aircraft}}

Spitfire FR Mk XIVe (France)

2024-09-23T15:49:34Z

U80255841: /* History */

{{Specs-Card
|code=spitfire_fr_mk14e_belgium
|images={{Specs-Card-Image|GarageImage_{{PAGENAME}}.jpg|ArtImage_{{PAGENAME}}.jpg}}
}}

== Description ==

The '''{{Specs|name}}''' is a rank {{Specs|rank}} French fighter {{Battle-rating}}. It was introduced in [[Update "Seek & Destroy"]]. After WWII, Belgium's air force was able to be rebuilt, with Spitfires being selected to fill the role of general fighter. This aircraft's camoflage is of Spitfire FR Mk XIVe 'SG108' of the Belgian Air Force.

The Spitfire FR Mk. XIVe was a purpose-built low-altitude Reconnaissance airframe. This plane is an example of the 1945 "e" equipped with a clipped "e" type wing, allowing it to mount the respectable armament of 2 cannons and two .50 calibre machine guns. It has a camera for reconnaissance and the "bubble" canopy. The short wing tips vastly increase the roll rate of the aircraft but sacrifice some horizontal and vertical manoeuvrability. The powerful Griffon Mk.65 allowed it to climb better than the majority of enemy fighters at nearly all attitudes; however, the performance drop at altitudes compared to full winged XIVe's is noticeable.

== General info ==
=== Flight performance ===
{{Specs-Avia-Flight}}

''Describe how the aircraft behaves in the air. Speed, manoeuvrability, acceleration and allowable loads - these are the most important characteristics of the vehicle.''

{| class="wikitable" style="text-align:center" width="70%"
! rowspan="2" | Characteristics
! colspan="2" | Max speed (km/h at 8,077 m)
! rowspan="2" | Max altitude (metres)
! colspan="2" | Turn time (seconds)
! colspan="2" | Rate of climb (metres/second)
! rowspan="2" | Take-off run (metres)
|-
! AB !! RB !! AB !! RB !! AB !! RB
|-
! Stock
| 698 || 676 || rowspan="2" | {{Specs|ceiling}} || 21.5 || 22.4 || 18.1 || 18.1 || rowspan="2" | 400
|-
! Upgraded
| 776 || 730 || 18.8 || 20.1 || 32.0 || 23.7
|-
|}

==== Details ====
{| class="wikitable" style="text-align:center" width="50%"
|-
! colspan="5" | Features
|-
! Combat flaps !! Take-off flaps !! Landing flaps !! Air brakes !! Arrestor gear
|-
| X || X || ✓ || X || X 
|-
|}

{| class="wikitable" style="text-align:center" width="50%"
|-
! colspan="7" | Limits
|-
! rowspan="2" | Wings (km/h)
! rowspan="2" | Gear (km/h)
! colspan="3" | Flaps (km/h)
! colspan="2" | Max Static G
|-
! Combat !! Take-off !! Landing !! + !! -
|-
| 794 || 260 || N/A || N/A || 260 || ~10 || ~6
|-
|}

{| class="wikitable" style="text-align:center"
|-
! colspan="4" | Optimal velocities (km/h)
|-
! Ailerons !! Rudder !! Elevators !! Radiator
|-
| < 321 || < 400 || < 350 || > 500
|-
|}

=== Survivability and armour ===
{{Specs-Avia-Armour}}

* 38 mm Bulletproof glass - Armoured windscreen
* 4 mm Steel plates in pilot's seat
* 7 mm Steel plate behind the pilot
* 12.7 mm Steel plate between the fuselage fuel tank and oil cooling system
* 6 mm Steel plate in front of liquid cooling system
* 3 mm Steel boxes around wing ammunition

=== Modifications and economy ===
{{Specs-Economy}}

== Armaments ==
{{Specs-Avia-Armaments}}
=== Offensive armament ===
{{Specs-Avia-Offensive}}

{{main|Hispano Mk.II (20 mm)|M2 Browning (12.7 mm)}}

The '''''{{PAGENAME}}''''' is armed with:

* 2 x 20 mm Hispano Mk.II cannons, wing-mounted (135 rpg = 270 total)
* 2 x 12.7 mm M2 Browning machine guns, wing-mounted (260 rpg = 520 total)

=== Suspended armament ===
{{Specs-Avia-Suspended}}

{{main|G.P. Mk.IV (500 lb)}}

The '''''{{PAGENAME}}''''' can be outfitted with the following ordnance:

* Without load
* 1 x 500 lb G.P. Mk.IV bomb (500 lb total)

== Usage in battles ==

''Describe the tactics of playing in the aircraft, the features of using aircraft in a team and advice on tactics. Refrain from creating a "guide" - do not impose a single point of view, but instead, give the reader food for thought. Examine the most dangerous enemies and give recommendations on fighting them. If necessary, note the specifics of the game in different modes (AB, RB, SB).''

=== Pros and cons ===

''Summarise and briefly evaluate the vehicle in terms of its characteristics and combat effectiveness. Mark its pros and cons in the bulleted list. Try not to use more than 6 points for each of the characteristics. Avoid using categorical definitions such as "bad", "good" and the like - use substitutions with softer forms such as "inadequate" and "effective".''

'''Pros:'''

*

'''Cons:'''

*

== History ==
Following the end of World War II, like many formerly occupied European countries, Belgium started rebuilding its Air Force and turned towards the British government who agreed to supply aircraft. The original plans called for the establishment of two day-fighter wings, "A-Wing" and "B-Wing", each of which would consist of two squadrons, each numbering 16 aircraft.

As part of the reconstruction of the Belgian Air Force, two fully Belgian-manned squadrons of the Royal Air Force, nos. 349 and 350 Squadron, were transferred from British to Belgian command on October 15th 1946. Under RAF command, 349 Squadron had been standardised on the Spitfire LF Mk.XVIe variant, while 350 Squadron flew a mix of both the Mk.XIV and LF Mk.XVIe. However, while the RAF was prepared to hand over both squadrons to Belgium, one condition was the return of the Mk.XVI Spitfires. To replace these, the Belgian Government placed an order for 100 Griffon-engined Spitfire Mk.XIVs.

Deliveries of the original order for Spitfire Mk.XIVs started in April of 1947 and ran until July of 1949, with aircraft from Royal Air Force stocks being overhauled in the UK before being delivered to Belgium. The aircraft delivered were a mixed bag: some were Mk.XIVs with the classic Malcolm Hood while others had the low-cut fuselage and bubble canopy; and a handful were FR.XIVs with provisions for reconnaissance cameras in their rear fuselage. As deliveries progressed, the aircraft were initially delivered to 349 and 350 Squadron which had been organised into the 1st Wing at Beauvechain Air Base, where they replaced the Spitfire LF.XVIe, with additional aircraft being used to establish the 2nd Wing at Florennes Air Base from early 1948 onwards. Two aircraft (RM769, June 19th 1947; and MV360, March 9th 1949) were written off in accidents during test or delivery flights, while a third (MV256/SG-39) was refused on delivery by the Belgian Air Force due to corrosion damage in the cockpit; as a result two additional Spitfires were delivered as replacements. In addition, three non-airworthy Spitfires (NH694, RM712 and RM862) were delivered as instructional airframes to train ground crew.

The delivery of a considerably higher number of Spitfires than originally envisaged (the original plans called for 4 squadrons for a total of 64 Spitfires) allowed for the establishment of two extra Belgian Spitfire units: the 1st Wing at Beauvechain saw the establishment of an "Auxiliary Squadron"; while the 2nd Wing at Florennes saw the establishment of its 3rd Squadron in addition to the already existing 1st and 2nd squadron. On top of that, a number of Mk.XIVs were attached to the Day Fighter School at the Koksijde Air Base, an operational conversion unit which had already been established on the Spitfire Mk.IX.

In April of 1949, the 1st Wing at Beauvechain started receiving the Gloster Meteor F.4, with 349 and 350 Squadron converting to the new jet while its Auxiliary Squadron initially retained its Spitfires before being disbanded. At the same time, under the Western Union Defence Pact to which Belgium had subscribed tobether with the UK, the Netherlands, Luxembourg and France, the Belgian Air Force committed itself to an expansion which would see the establishment of at least 12 day-fighter squadrons. This planned expansion, together with a relatively high accident rate in squadron service, saw Belgium ordering an additional 30 Spitfire Mk.XIVs, all of which were delivered between August 1950 and March 1951. These new deliveries, together with Nos 349 and 350 Squadron exchanging their Spitfires for Meteors, allowed for the establishment of the 10th Wing, consisting of nos. 23, 27 and 31 squadron at Chièvres Air Base, a temporary stationing pending the construction of their permanent base at Kleine Brogel.

The increased obsolescence of the Supermarine Spitfire, as well as deliveries of the Republic F-84E/G Thunderjet under the Mutual Defence Assistance Program from April 1951 onwards heralded the end of the Spitfire Mk.XIV in frontline service. Starting in April 1951, the 2nd Wing at Florennes started converting from their Spitfires to the F-84E Thunderjet; the 10th Wing at Chièvres followed in 1952, with its no. 31 'Tiger' Squadron being the last to cede their Spitfires in November of 1952. Following the withdrawal of the Spitfire from Belgian frontline service, the 47 surviving aircraft were pooled in the Day Fighter School at Koksijde.

This was merely a stay of execution for the Spitfire, as even in its conversion role it was increasingly being replaced by jet aircraft. The Day Fighter School received its first Meteor T.7 trainers towards the end of 1952, followed by its first Meteor F.4s in early 1953 as they were starting being replaced in squadron service by the newer Meteor F.8. On May 31st 1954, the 125th Promotion of the Belgian Air Force graduated, being the last class to have received conversion on the Spitfire Mk.14; two months later the last flights of a Spitfire Mk.XIV in Belgian Air Force service were flown at Koksijde, at which point the surviving aircraft were sold in batches to scrap dealers, with airframe SG-49 (ex-RAF TX995) being the last to be struck off charge in December of 1954.

Being a difficult type to transition onto due to its powerful engine torque, narrow landing gear and limited forward sight, take-off and landing accidents were frequent, accounting for a majority of airframe write-offs of Spitfire Mk.XIVs in Belgian Air Force service. Between the first accident on May 21st 1947 and the last accident on August 5th 1954 in Belgian service, no less than 86 Spitfire Mk.XIVs were written off. The brunt of the survivors were struck off charge between March and December of 1954 and sold for scrap, with only three aircraft being retained by the Belgian Air Force purposes for museum purposes: SG-55 (MV246) at the Royal Army Museum in Brussels (in fact, a composite of the wreckage of three individual aircraft); SG-31 (RN201), originally retained at a gate guardian at Beauvechain (following a restoration in the UK in the 1980s, nowadays airworthy as G-BSKP); and SG-57 (RM921), originally retained as a gate guardian at Florennes (nowadays on display at the Florennes base museum). Two of the Spitfires disposed in the mass scrappings at the Day Fighter School also survived: out of a batch of Spitfires sold to an Ostend scrap dealer in 1957, SG-25 (RM927) and SG-108 (NH904) were retained as eyecatchers, before being sold on in 1967 and 1965 respectively; SG-108 was restored to airworthiness in 1981 as G-FIRE before eventually ending up with Palm Springs Air Museum as N1148P; while SG-25 was only restored to airworthiness as recently as 2022, being registered as F-AYXX to W Air Collection at La Ferté-Alais in France. A sixth ex-Belgian Mk.14, SG-38 (RM764, lost in a 1952 fatal accident), is rumoured to be under rebuild as OO-XIV at FAST Aero in Brasschaat near Antwerp, Belgium.

== Media ==

''Excellent additions to the article would be video guides, screenshots from the game, and photos.''

== See also ==


;Related development

* [[Spitfire (Family)]]
** [[Prendergast's Spitfire FR Mk XIVe]]
** [[Spitfire F Mk XIVe]]

== External links ==


* [[wt:en/news/8919-development-dutch-and-belgian-aircraft-are-joining-the-french-tree-en|[Devblog] Dutch and Belgian Aircraft are Joining the French Tree!]]

{{AirManufacturer Supermarine}}
{{France fighters}}

Meteor F Mk.8 (France)

2024-09-23T15:26:58Z

U80255841:

{{About
| about = Belgian jet fighter '''{{PAGENAME}}'''
| usage = other versions
| link = Meteor (Family)
}}
{{Specs-Card
|code=meteor_fmk8_belgium
|images={{Specs-Card-Image|GarageImage_{{PAGENAME}}.jpg}}
}}

== Description ==

The '''{{Specs|name}}''' is a rank {{Specs|rank}} French jet fighter {{Battle-rating}}. It was introduced in [[Update "Seek & Destroy"]].

Belgium built a fleet of around 240 Meteor F Mk.8 jet fighters, starting with an order of around thirty aircraft from Gloster Aircraft Company in 1949. A larger batch of Meteors was then ordered from production lines in the Netherlands, built by Fokker. Following the completion of that order, Fairey subsidiary Avions Fairey constructed around seventy aircraft locally in Gosselies, Belgium. These aircraft would constitute a large part of Belgium's jet fighter fleet and served until 1963.

This aircraft's camoflage represents Meteor F Mk.8 'EG224' of the Belgian Air Force, currently on display at the Royal Museum of the Armed Forces and Military History in Brussels, Belgium.

== General info ==
=== Flight performance ===
{{Specs-Avia-Flight}}

''Describe how the aircraft behaves in the air. Speed, manoeuvrability, acceleration and allowable loads - these are the most important characteristics of the vehicle.''

{| class="wikitable" style="text-align:center" width="70%"
! rowspan="2" | Characteristics
! colspan="2" | Max speed (km/h at 100 m)
! rowspan="2" | Max altitude (metres)
! colspan="2" | Turn time (seconds)
! colspan="2" | Rate of climb (metres/second)
! rowspan="2" | Take-off run (metres)
|-
! AB !! RB !! AB !! RB !! AB !! RB
|-
! Stock
| 922 || 895 || rowspan="2" | {{Specs|ceiling}} || 24.1 || 24.7 || 33.3 || 31.5 || rowspan="2" | 325
|-
! Upgraded
| ___ || ___ || __._ || __._ || __._ || __._
|-
|}

==== Details ====
{| class="wikitable" style="text-align:center" width="50%"
|-
! colspan="6" | Features
|-
! Combat flaps !! Take-off flaps !! Landing flaps !! Air brakes !! Arrestor gear !! Drogue chute
|-
| ✓ || ✓ || ✓ || ✓ || X || X 
|-
|}

{| class="wikitable" style="text-align:center" width="50%"
|-
! colspan="7" | Limits
|-
! rowspan="2" | Wings (km/h)
! rowspan="2" | Gear (km/h)
! colspan="3" | Flaps (km/h)
! colspan="2" | Max Static G
|-
! Combat !! Take-off !! Landing !! + !! -
|-
| 999  || {{Specs|destruction|gear}} || 495 || 462 || 290 || ~11 || ~5
|-
|}

{| class="wikitable" style="text-align:center"
|-
! colspan="4" | Optimal velocities (km/h)
|-
! Ailerons !! Rudder !! Elevators !! Radiator
|-
| < 560 || < 600 || < 620 || -
|-
|}

==== Engine performance ====
{| class="wikitable" style="text-align:center"
|-
! colspan="3" | Engine
! colspan="4" | Aircraft mass
|-
! colspan="2" | Engine name || Number
! colspan="2" | {{Annotation|Basic mass|Mass of the aircraft with pilot and engine oil, but no fuel or weapons load}} || colspan="2" | Wing loading (full fuel)
|-
| colspan="2" | Rolls-Royce Derwent 8 || 2
| colspan="2" | 5,496 kg || colspan="2" | 216 kg/m2
|-
! colspan="3" | Engine characteristics
! colspan="3" | Mass with fuel (no weapons load) || rowspan="2" | {{Annotation|Max Gross Weight|Mass of the fully equipped aircraft with heaviest weapons load}}
|-
! Weight (each) || colspan="2" | Type
! 7m fuel || 20m fuel || 23m fuel
|-
| 443 kg || colspan="2" | Centrifugal-flow turbojet
| 5,953 kg || 6,796 kg || 7,020 kg || 7,511 kg
|-
! colspan="3" | {{Annotation|Maximum engine thrust @ 0 m (RB/SB)|The maximum thrust produced by each engine, while mounted in the aircraft. NOTE: Thrust varies significantly depending on speed & altitude.}}
! colspan="4" | Thrust to weight ratio @ 0 m (100%)
|-
! Condition || 100% || WEP
! 7m fuel || 20m fuel || 23m fuel || MGW
|-
| ''Stationary'' || 1,633 kgf || -
| 0.55 || 0.48 || 0.47 || 0.43
|-
| ''Optimal'' || 1,633 kgf (0 km/h) || -
| 0.55 || 0.48 || 0.47 || 0.43
|-
|}

=== Survivability and armour ===
{{Specs-Avia-Armour}}

* 38 mm Bulletproof glass in cockpit front.
* 12.7 mm Steel plate in the nose.
* 12.7 mm Steel plate behind the pilot.
* Critical components located at the front and wings of the aircraft (fuel, pilot, engine, controls)

=== Modifications and economy ===
{{Specs-Economy}}

== Armaments ==
{{Specs-Avia-Armaments}}
=== Offensive armament ===
{{Specs-Avia-Offensive}}

{{main|Hispano Mk.V (20 mm)}}

The '''''{{PAGENAME}}''''' is armed with:

* 4 x 20 mm Hispano Mk.V cannons, nose-mounted (200 rpg upper + 190 rpg lower = 780 total)

=== Suspended armament ===
{{Specs-Avia-Suspended}}

''Describe the aircraft's suspended armament: additional cannons under the wings, bombs, rockets and torpedoes. This section is especially important for bombers and attackers. If there is no suspended weaponry remove this subsection.''

{{Navigation-Start|Default weapon presets}}
{{Navigation-First-Simple-Line}}

* 3 x 100 gal external tanks
* 8 x RP-3 rockets
{{Navigation-End}}

== Usage in battles ==

The Meteor F Mk 8 (France) is a versatile platform for multiple tasks both in ground and air battles, featuring a competitive armament in air battles and tremendous firepower in ground battles. It is capable of dominating the air in air and ground battles.

'''When in air battles:'''

The Meteor has primarily 3 roles when it comes to air battles: fighter, attacker, bomber. At its br, the Meteor is one of the competitive jet section, not over exceeding in one side but not underperforming either.

'''As a fighter:'''

The Meteor is capable of being on par with many planes at its battle rating. Different from most other British fighters, but the same as the other Meteors and similar to the [[Swift F.1]], it has a Boom and Zoom role when it comes to fighting as it will not be able to turn fight like the [[Vampire FB 5]] or the [[Venom FB.4]]. It should be noted that the Meteor will not outrun most of the enemy jets encountered at its br unlike the Swift F.1. The pilot should maintain energy at all times since the acceleration is not great. When engaging heavier and bigger planes (like enemy attackers and bombers both player and AI) the pilot should always try to maintain either higher altitude than them to make Boom and Zoom or stay under their belly to take advantage of their weakspots ([[Tu-4]] and [[B-29A-BN|B-29]] are the exceptions for belly attacks as they have ventral turrets).

'''As an attacker:'''

The ordnance the Meteor carries is enough to do some ground striking, destroying pillboxes, enemy tanks, artillery outposts, anti air emplacements, etc. There is no rule on which armament the attacker should use, it all depends on the pilot's discretion, map, battle rating, etc. It is recommended to use ground targets belts due to the AP ammunition but universal belts may be enough to deal with light armoured vehicles and light pillboxes, leaving the ordnance for heavier and more armoured threats.

'''When in ground battles:'''

The Meteor has only 1 role in ground battles primarily (superiority fighter can be used but it is not recommended to do so), Close Air Support (CAS). The variety of ordnance is enough to be used in all situations depending on the pilot's discretion. RP-3 are launched in pairs (or in salvo depending on the pilots discretion and rocket settings) and will disable or destroy even the heaviest armour encountered with a couple of rockets. The con of rockets is that they are hard to aim, practice will be required.

When it comes to just the 20 mm cannons, it should be noted that most vehicles the Meteor will encounter ([[Leopard 1 (Family)|Leopard 1]], [[XM-1 (GM)|XM-1]], [[BMP-2]], etc) will have a poorly armoured roof which the armour-piercing shells will penetrate. Heavier targets ([[ZTZ59D1|ZTZ-59D1]], [[T-62]], [[T-10M]]) will only be able to be killed with suspended ordnance as they will not be able to penetrate the roof.

=== Pros and cons ===

'''Pros:'''

* Engines are a massive improvement over previous models, with high speed and acceleration rates compared
* Great at turning below 650 km/h
* Good climb rate
* Controllable roll rate
* Able to carry RP-3 (unlike other Meteors)

'''Cons:'''

* Hispano Mk V cannons have poor accuracy
* Wing controls tend to lose control ability at higher speeds
* Limited visibility out of the rear of the cockpit

*

== History ==

Following the establishment of the Belgian Air Force in 1946, its day fighter units originally standardised on the Supermarine Spitfire Mk.XIV. However, developments in military aviation made it clear that propeller-driven fighter types such as the Spitfire were verging on the edge of obsolete, and as early as 1947 the Belgian government expressed its interest in jet-powered fighter types. Following the evaluation and demonstration of both the Gloster Meteor and De Havilland Vampire at the Melsbroek Air Base in 1947, the former was selected to replace the Spitfires of the Belgian Air Force's no. 1 Wing at Beauvechain, with 48 Meteor F.4s (Belgian serials EF-1 to EF-48) being ordered on March 23rd 1949 to equip the Wing's squadrons, Nos. 349 and 350 Squadrons (16 aircraft each), with the balance initially being stored as attrition replacements before the decision was taken to use the aircraft to establish an additional squadron within the 1st Wing (No. 4 Squadron).

In April of 1948, Belgium became a co-signatory to the Western Union Defence Organisation, and as part of its defence commitments, a profound expansion of the Belgian Air Force was proposed, with its expansion to 12 day fighter and 3 night fighter squadrons. To fulfill these commitments, it was proposed to purchase no less than 288 Meteor day fighters - enough to equip 12 squadrons with 16 aircraft each (or 192 aircraft in total), as well as establishing a 'war reserve' of 50% (or 96 additional aircraft). Following the initial order of 48 Meteor F.4s, a series of follow-up orders was placed for the improved F.8 variant.

The initial order of Belgian Meteor F.8s was made in 1949, consisting of 23 aircraft diverted from an RAF order (Belgian serials EG-201 to 223) for service with 350 Squadron; these were followed by an order of 145 aircraft which would be built under license by Fokker at Schiphol Airport (Belgian serials EG-1 to EG-145) as well as an additional five ex-RAF Meteors overhauled by Fokker (Belgian serials EG-146 to EG-150). In addition, Gloster agreed to deliver 37 knock-down kits to Fairey Aviation for assembly at Gosselies (Belgian serials EG-224 to EG-260); Fokker in turn delivered an additional 30 Fokker-produced knock-down kits to Fairey Aviation for further assembly (Belgian serials EG-151 to 180).

Deliveries of the Meteor F.8s to the Belgian Air Force started in November of 1950, initially consisting of the diverted RAF order (November 1950 to February 1951); with deliveries of the Fokker-built Meteors commencing a month later (December 1950 to October 1954). The five additional ex-RAF Meteors were delivered in October 1951; and deliveries of Fairey-built Meteors commenced in August of 1952, lasting until October 1954. This steady stream of new aircraft allowed not only for the Belgian Air Force's existing day fighter squadrons to convert to the type, but also for a whole host of new squadrons to be established. Between 1949 and 1958, the 1st Wing at Beauvechain (349, 350 and 4 Squadron, all ex-Spitfire); 7th Wing at Chièvres (7, 8 and 9 Squadron, newly established in 1950); 13th Wing at Brustem (25, 29 and 33 Squadron, newly established in 1953); and 9th Wing at Bierset (22, 26 and 30 Squadron, all ex-Thunderjet); and the Fighter School, Target Tow Flight and 24 Squadron at Koksijde all flew the Meteor F.8; in addition, the 11th Squadron at Beauvechain, even though it was an All-Weather Squadron equipped with the Meteor NF.11 night-fighter variant, also kept a number of Meteor F.8s to allow its pilots to maintain their flying hours.

With the delivery of the Hunter F.4 from June 1956 onwards, the 1st, 7th and 9th Wing would quickly cede their Meteors; while the 13th Wing and 24th Squadron would be disbanded in 1958, leaving only the Fighter School and Target Tow Flight as the Belgian Air Force's sole remaining Meteor units. The latter unit disbanded on November 8th 1963, marking the end of 14 years of Gloster Meteor service in the Belgian Air Force.

== Media ==

''Excellent additions to the article would be video guides, screenshots from the game, and photos.''

== See also ==


;Related development

* [[Meteor (Family)]]
** [[Meteor F Mk 8 G.41K]]
** [[Meteor F Mk.8 Reaper]]
** [[Meteor F.8 (Israel)]]

;Aircraft of comparable role, configuration, and era

* [[File:Germany flag.png|30px|link=]] [[Me 262 (Family)]]
* [[File:USSR flag.png|30px|link=]] [[Su-9]] / [[Su-11]]
* [[File:IJN flag.png|30px|link=]] [[Kikka]]
* [[File:USA flag.png|30px|link=]] [[F9F (Family)]]
* [[File:USA flag.png|30px|link=]] [[F-80A-5]] / [[F-80C-10|C-10]]

== External links ==


* [[wt:en/news/8919-development-dutch-and-belgian-aircraft-are-joining-the-french-tree-en|[Devblog] Dutch and Belgian Aircraft are Joining the French Tree!]]
* [https://www.belgian-wings.be/gloster-meteor-f-8-basis <nowiki>[Belgian Wings]</nowiki> Gloster Meteor F.8]
* https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Gloster_Meteor_F.8_%E2%80%98EG224_-_K5-K%E2%80%99_%2834339076780%29.jpg
* https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Avions_Fairey

{{AirManufacturer Gloster}}
{{France jet aircraft}}

Spitfire FR Mk XIVe (France)

2024-09-23T12:35:44Z

U80255841:

{{Specs-Card
|code=spitfire_fr_mk14e_belgium
|images={{Specs-Card-Image|GarageImage_{{PAGENAME}}.jpg|ArtImage_{{PAGENAME}}.jpg}}
}}

== Description ==

The '''{{Specs|name}}''' is a rank {{Specs|rank}} French fighter {{Battle-rating}}. It was introduced in [[Update "Seek & Destroy"]]. After WWII, Belgium's air force was able to be rebuilt, with Spitfires being selected to fill the role of general fighter. This aircraft's camoflage is of Spitfire FR Mk XIVe 'SG108' of the Belgian Air Force.

The Spitfire FR Mk. XIVe was a purpose-built low-altitude Reconnaissance airframe. This plane is an example of the 1945 "e" equipped with a clipped "e" type wing, allowing it to mount the respectable armament of 2 cannons and two .50 calibre machine guns. It has a camera for reconnaissance and the "bubble" canopy. The short wing tips vastly increase the roll rate of the aircraft but sacrifice some horizontal and vertical manoeuvrability. The powerful Griffon Mk.65 allowed it to climb better than the majority of enemy fighters at nearly all attitudes; however, the performance drop at altitudes compared to full winged XIVe's is noticeable.

== General info ==
=== Flight performance ===
{{Specs-Avia-Flight}}

''Describe how the aircraft behaves in the air. Speed, manoeuvrability, acceleration and allowable loads - these are the most important characteristics of the vehicle.''

{| class="wikitable" style="text-align:center" width="70%"
! rowspan="2" | Characteristics
! colspan="2" | Max speed (km/h at 8,077 m)
! rowspan="2" | Max altitude (metres)
! colspan="2" | Turn time (seconds)
! colspan="2" | Rate of climb (metres/second)
! rowspan="2" | Take-off run (metres)
|-
! AB !! RB !! AB !! RB !! AB !! RB
|-
! Stock
| 698 || 676 || rowspan="2" | {{Specs|ceiling}} || 21.5 || 22.4 || 18.1 || 18.1 || rowspan="2" | 400
|-
! Upgraded
| 776 || 730 || 18.8 || 20.1 || 32.0 || 23.7
|-
|}

==== Details ====
{| class="wikitable" style="text-align:center" width="50%"
|-
! colspan="5" | Features
|-
! Combat flaps !! Take-off flaps !! Landing flaps !! Air brakes !! Arrestor gear
|-
| X || X || ✓ || X || X 
|-
|}

{| class="wikitable" style="text-align:center" width="50%"
|-
! colspan="7" | Limits
|-
! rowspan="2" | Wings (km/h)
! rowspan="2" | Gear (km/h)
! colspan="3" | Flaps (km/h)
! colspan="2" | Max Static G
|-
! Combat !! Take-off !! Landing !! + !! -
|-
| 794 || 260 || N/A || N/A || 260 || ~10 || ~6
|-
|}

{| class="wikitable" style="text-align:center"
|-
! colspan="4" | Optimal velocities (km/h)
|-
! Ailerons !! Rudder !! Elevators !! Radiator
|-
| < 321 || < 400 || < 350 || > 500
|-
|}

=== Survivability and armour ===
{{Specs-Avia-Armour}}

* 38 mm Bulletproof glass - Armoured windscreen
* 4 mm Steel plates in pilot's seat
* 7 mm Steel plate behind the pilot
* 12.7 mm Steel plate between the fuselage fuel tank and oil cooling system
* 6 mm Steel plate in front of liquid cooling system
* 3 mm Steel boxes around wing ammunition

=== Modifications and economy ===
{{Specs-Economy}}

== Armaments ==
{{Specs-Avia-Armaments}}
=== Offensive armament ===
{{Specs-Avia-Offensive}}

{{main|Hispano Mk.II (20 mm)|M2 Browning (12.7 mm)}}

The '''''{{PAGENAME}}''''' is armed with:

* 2 x 20 mm Hispano Mk.II cannons, wing-mounted (135 rpg = 270 total)
* 2 x 12.7 mm M2 Browning machine guns, wing-mounted (260 rpg = 520 total)

=== Suspended armament ===
{{Specs-Avia-Suspended}}

{{main|G.P. Mk.IV (500 lb)}}

The '''''{{PAGENAME}}''''' can be outfitted with the following ordnance:

* Without load
* 1 x 500 lb G.P. Mk.IV bomb (500 lb total)

== Usage in battles ==

''Describe the tactics of playing in the aircraft, the features of using aircraft in a team and advice on tactics. Refrain from creating a "guide" - do not impose a single point of view, but instead, give the reader food for thought. Examine the most dangerous enemies and give recommendations on fighting them. If necessary, note the specifics of the game in different modes (AB, RB, SB).''

=== Pros and cons ===

''Summarise and briefly evaluate the vehicle in terms of its characteristics and combat effectiveness. Mark its pros and cons in the bulleted list. Try not to use more than 6 points for each of the characteristics. Avoid using categorical definitions such as "bad", "good" and the like - use substitutions with softer forms such as "inadequate" and "effective".''

'''Pros:'''

*

'''Cons:'''

*

== History ==
Following the end of World War II, like many formerly occupied European countries, Belgium started rebuilding its Air Force and turned towards the British government who agreed to supply aircraft. The original plans called for the establishment of two day-fighter wings, "A-Wing" and "B-Wing", each of which would consist of two squadrons, each numbering 16 aircraft.

As part of the reconstruction of the Belgian Air Force, two fully Belgian-manned squadrons of the Royal Air Force, nos. 349 and 350 Squadron, were transferred from British to Belgian command on October 15th 1946. Under RAF command, 349 Squadron had been standardised on the Spitfire LF Mk.XVIe variant, while 350 Squadron flew a mix of both the Mk.XIV and LF Mk.XVIe. However, while the RAF was prepared to hand over both squadrons to Belgium, one condition was the return of the Mk.XVI Spitfires. To replace these, the Belgian Government placed an order for 100 Griffon-engined Spitfire Mk.XIVs.

Deliveries of the original order for Spitfire Mk.XIVs started in April of 1947 and ran until July of 1949, with aircraft from Royal Air Force stocks being overhauled in the UK before being delivered to Belgium. The aircraft delivered were a mixed bag: some were Mk.XIVs with the classic Malcolm Hood while others had the low-cut fuselage and bubble canopy; and a handful were FR.XIVs with provisions for reconnaissance cameras in their rear fuselage. As deliveries progressed, the aircraft were initially delivered to 349 and 350 Squadron which had been organised into the 1st Wing at Beauvechain Air Base, where they replaced the Spitfire LF.XVIe, with additional aircraft being used to establish the 2nd Wing at Florennes Air Base from early 1948 onwards. Two aircraft (RM769, June 19th 1947; and MV360, March 9th 1949) were written off in accidents during test or delivery flights, while a third (MV256/SG-39) was refused on delivery by the Belgian Air Force due to corrosion damage in the cockpit; as a result two additional Spitfires were delivered as replacements. In addition, three non-airworthy Spitfires (NH694, RM712 and RM862) were delivered as instructional airframes to train ground crew.

The delivery of a considerably higher number of Spitfires than originally envisaged (the original plans called for 4 squadrons for a total of 64 Spitfires) allowed for the establishment of two extra Belgian Spitfire units: the 1st Wing at Beauvechain saw the establishment of the 4th or "Auxiliary Squadron"; while the 2nd Wing at Florennes saw the establishment of its 3rd Squadron in addition to the already existing 1st and 2nd squadron. In addition, a number of Mk.XIVs were attached to the Day Fighter School at the Koksijde Air Base, an operational conversion unit which had already been established on the Spitfire Mk.IX.

In April of 1949, the 1st Wing at Beauvechain started receiving the Gloster Meteor F.4, with 349 and 350 Squadron converting to the new jet while the 4th Auxiliary Squadron initially retained its Spitfires. At the same time, under the Western Union Defence Pact to which Belgium had subscribed tobether with the UK, the Netherlands, Luxembourg and France, the Belgian Air Force committed itself to an expansion which would see the establishment of at least 12 day-fighter squadrons. This planned expansion, together with a relatively high accident rate in squadron service, saw Belgium ordering an additional 30 Spitfire Mk.XIVs, all of which were delivered between August 1950 and March 1951. These new deliveries, together with Nos 349 and 350 Squadron exchanging their Spitfires for Meteors, allowed for the establishment of the 10th Wing, consisting of nos. 23, 27 and 31 squadron at Chièvres Air Base, a temporary stationing pending the construction of their permanent base at Kleine Brogel.

The increased obsolescence of the Supermarine Spitfire, as well as deliveries of the Republic F-84E/G Thunderjet under the Mutual Defence Assistance Program from April 1951 onwards heralded the end of the Spitfire Mk.XIV in frontline service. Starting in April 1951, the 2nd Wing at Florennes started converting from their Spitfires to the F-84E Thunderjet; the 10th Wing at Chièvres followed in 1952, with its no. 31 'Tiger' Squadron being the last to cede their Spitfires in November of 1952. Following the withdrawal of the Spitfire from Belgian frontline service, the 47 surviving aircraft were pooled in the Day Fighter School at Koksijde.

This was merely a stay of execution for the Spitfire, as even in its conversion role it was increasingly being replaced by jet aircraft. The Day Fighter School received its first Meteor T.7 trainers towards the end of 1952, followed by its first Meteor F.4s in early 1953 as they were starting being replaced in squadron service by the newer Meteor F.8. On May 31st 1954, the 125th Promotion of the Belgian Air Force graduated, being the last class to have received conversion on the Spitfire Mk.14; two months later the last flights of a Spitfire Mk.XIV in Belgian Air Force service were flown at Koksijde, at which point the surviving aircraft were sold in batches to scrap dealers, with airframe SG-49 (ex-RAF TX995) being the last to be struck off charge in December of 1954.

Being a difficult type to transition onto due to its powerful engine torque, narrow landing gear and limited forward sight, take-off and landing accidents were frequent, accounting for a majority of airframe write-offs of Spitfire Mk.XIVs in Belgian Air Force service. Between the first accident on May 21st 1947 and the last accident on August 5th 1954 in Belgian service, no less than 86 Spitfire Mk.XIVs were written off. The brunt of the survivors were struck off charge between March and December of 1954 and sold for scrap, with only three aircraft being retained by the Belgian Air Force purposes for museum purposes: SG-55 (MV246) at the Royal Army Museum in Brussels (in fact, a composite of the wreckage of three individual aircraft); SG-31 (RN201), originally retained at a gate guardian at Beauvechain (following a restoration in the UK in the 1980s, nowadays airworthy as G-BSKP); and SG-57 (RM921), originally retained as a gate guardian at Florennes (nowadays on display at the Florennes base museum). Two of the Spitfires disposed in the mass scrappings at the Day Fighter School also survived: out of a batch of Spitfires sold to an Ostend scrap dealer in 1957, SG-25 (RM927) and SG-108 (NH904) were retained as eyecatchers, before being sold on in 1967 and 1965 respectively; SG-108 was restored to airworthiness in 1981 as G-FIRE before eventually ending up with Palm Springs Air Museum as N1148P; while SG-25 was only restored to airworthiness as recently as 2022, being registered as F-AYXX to W Air Collection at La Ferté-Alais in France. A sixth ex-Belgian Mk.14, SG-38 (RM764, lost in a 1952 fatal accident), is rumoured to be under rebuild as OO-XIV at FAST Aero in Brasschaat near Antwerp, Belgium.

== Media ==

''Excellent additions to the article would be video guides, screenshots from the game, and photos.''

== See also ==


;Related development

* [[Spitfire (Family)]]
** [[Prendergast's Spitfire FR Mk XIVe]]
** [[Spitfire F Mk XIVe]]

== External links ==


* [[wt:en/news/8919-development-dutch-and-belgian-aircraft-are-joining-the-french-tree-en|[Devblog] Dutch and Belgian Aircraft are Joining the French Tree!]]

{{AirManufacturer Supermarine}}
{{France fighters}}

F2G-1

2021-01-11T00:39:12Z

U80255841: /* Bibliography */

{{Specs-Card
|code=f2g-1
|images={{Specs-Card-Image|GarageImage_{{PAGENAME}}.jpg}}
}}

== Description ==

The '''{{Specs|name}}''' "Super Corsair" is a premium gift rank {{Specs|rank}} American fighter {{Battle-rating}}. It was introduced during [[Update "New Power"]] as a reward for [[Battle Pass: Season I]]. The Super Corsair was a development made by Goodyear, a licensed manufacturer of the Vought F4U Corsair. The Super Corsair was intended by Goodyear as a low altitude fighter.<ref name=":0">https://www.militaryfactory.com/aircraft/detail.asp?aircraft_id=1394</ref> Powered by the Pratt & Whitney 28 cylinder R-4360 Wasp Major engine, nicknamed the "Corncob," the Super Corsair made 3000 hp. By the time the Super Corsairs was ready for production the [[F8F-1|Grumman F8F "Bearcat"]] was already being built and had similar performance. Partially due to this, only 10 Super Corsairs were ever completed, 5 of which were the F2G-1 land variant found in game.<ref name=":0" />

== General info ==
=== Flight performance ===
{{Specs-Avia-Flight}}


{| class="wikitable" style="text-align:center" width="70%"
! rowspan="2" | Characteristics
! colspan="2" | Max Speed (km/h at 5,000 m)
! rowspan="2" | Max altitude (metres)
! colspan="2" | Turn time (seconds)
! colspan="2" | Rate of climb (metres/second)
! rowspan="2" | Take-off run (metres)
|-
! AB !! RB !! AB !! RB !! AB !! RB
|-
! Stock
| ___ || ___ || rowspan="2" | {{Specs|ceiling}} || __._ || __._ || __._ || __._ || rowspan="2" | 180
|-
! Upgraded
| 740 || 706 || 20.1 || 21.0 || 27.0 || 20.0
|-
|}

==== Details ====
{| class="wikitable" style="text-align:center" width="50%"
|-
! colspan="5" | Features
|-
! Combat flaps !! Take-off flaps !! Landing flaps !! Air brakes !! Arrestor gear
|-
| ✓ || ✓ || ✓ || X || X 
|-
|}

{| class="wikitable" style="text-align:center" width="50%"
|-
! colspan="7" | Limits
|-
! rowspan="2" | Wings (km/h)
! rowspan="2" | Gear (km/h)
! colspan="3" | Flaps (km/h)
! colspan="2" | Max Static G
|-
! Combat !! Take-off !! Landing !! + !! -
|-
| {{Specs|destruction|body}} || {{Specs|destruction|gear}} || 382 || 324 || 248 || ~10 || ~5
|-
|}

{| class="wikitable" style="text-align:center"
|-
! colspan="4" | Optimal velocities (km/h)
|-
! Ailerons !! Rudder !! Elevators !! Radiator
|-
| < 540 || < 250 || < 500 || > 440
|-
|}

=== Survivability and armour ===
{{Specs-Avia-Armour}}


* 38 mm bulletproof glass - Windscreen
* 12.7 mm steel - Pilot's headrest
* 8 mm steel - Pilot's seat
* 3 mm steel in front of pilot

=== Modifications and economy ===
{{Specs-Economy}}

== Armaments ==
{{Specs-Avia-Armaments}}
=== Offensive armament ===
{{Specs-Avia-Offensive}}

{{main|M2 Browning (12.7 mm)}}

The '''''{{PAGENAME}}''''' is armed with:

* 6 x 12.7 mm M2 Browning machine guns, wing-mounted (300 rpg = 1,800 total)

=== Suspended armament ===
{{Specs-Avia-Suspended}}

{{main|AN-M57 (250 lb)|AN-M64A1 (500 lb)|AN-M65A1 (1,000 lb)|HVAR|Tiny Tim}}

The '''''{{PAGENAME}}''''' can be outfitted with the following ordnance:

* Without load
* 2 x 250 lb AN-M57 bombs (500 lb total)
* 2 x 500 lb AN-M64A1 bombs (1,000 lb total)
* 2 x 1,000 lb AN-M65A1 bombs (2,000 lb total)
* 8 x HVAR rockets
* 2 x Tiny Tim rockets

== Usage in battles ==
''Describe the tactics of playing in the aircraft, the features of using aircraft in a team and advice on tactics. Refrain from creating a "guide" - do not impose a single point of view, but instead, give the reader food for thought. Examine the most dangerous enemies and give recommendations on fighting them. If necessary, note the specifics of the game in different modes (AB, RB, SB).''

=== Manual Engine Control ===
{| class="wikitable" style="text-align:center"
|-
! colspan="7" | MEC elements
|-
! rowspan="2" | Mixer
! rowspan="2" | Pitch
! colspan="3" | Radiator
! rowspan="2" | Supercharger
! rowspan="2" | Turbocharger
|-
! Oil !! Water !! Type
|-
| Not controllable || Controllable Auto control available || Controllable Auto control available || Controllable Auto control available || Separate || Not controllable 1 gear || Not controllable
|-
|}

=== Pros and cons ===


'''Pros:'''

* Great initial climb rate and acceleration for a propeller plane
* Six .50 cal machine guns can easily deal with any aircraft in its sights
* Very strong landing gear can survive speeds of over 700km/h and be used as an airbrake
* Can enter WEP without overheating for much longer than either of the F8F variants
* High-rank premium vehicle that can help research other vehicles and gain Silver Lions

'''Cons:'''

* Lacks engine power at higher altitudes
* Often uptiered to face F-84Gs and similar aircraft
* Like other Corsairs, the F2G-1s flaps rip at relatively slow speeds
* Compresses at higher speeds, which are necessary to catch most opponents

== History ==


{{Notice
|The F2G Corsair is often referred to as "Super Corsair", though that was never an official designation.
}}

=== Genesis ===
Pratt & Whitney fitted an F4U-1 Corsair (Bu.No. 02460) - donated to them by the Navy - with their R-4360-4 Wasp Major engine in March 1943. The P&W R-4360-4 Wasp Major engine put out approximately 50% more power than the original P&W R-2800-1 Double Wasp used in other Corsairs; the 28-cylinder R-4360-4 was able to produce 3,000 horsepower. The F4U-1 fitted with the R-4360-4 was designated as F4U-1WM, and it was proven as a success after testing. As such, development of a production Corsair fitted with the R-4360 was given to Goodyear on 22 March 1944, when the Navy ordered 418 F2G-1 Corsairs and 10 F2G-2 Corsairs (a navalized variant with carrier capability).

=== Development ===
[[File:XF2G-1 Bu.No. 14692 NH 87959.jpeg|thumb|XF2G-1 Bu.No. 14692 at NAS Patuxent River, Maryland, 21 July 1945.]]
Seven prototypes were built and designated as XF2G-1, being modified production FG-1 Corsairs (a Goodyear-produced, fixed wing "de-navalized" version of the Corsair). The first XF2G-1 (Bu.No. 13471) was fitted with the R-4360 engine but retained many characteristics of the standard Corsair, including the canopy and cockpit, though the engine cowling was extended and an air scoop was added on top of the fuselage right behind the engine cowling. It began ground testing on 31 May 1944, and first flew on 26 August of the same year. The second XF2G-1 (Bu.No. 13472) was used to test new aspects including oil coolers and propellers, which would be used on later XF2G-1s.

The remaining five prototypes (Bu.Nos. 14691 through 14695) were modified much more extensively. They featured a new bubble canopy and a reduced spine, in order to provide better visibility to the pilot. Additionally, the cockpit was redesigned; it received a floor and new controls quite similar to those used on the Vought F4U-4 version of the Corsair. The XF2G-1 retained the six .50 cal (12.7 mm) machine guns of the FG-1 as well as the same ordnance carrying capability, but they were modified to allow the carrying of external, jettisonable fuel tanks for extended range.

Bu.No. 14691 used the engine taken from the first prototype, Bu.No. 13471, and it first flew on 15 October 1944. Bu.No. 14692 added wing-mounted fuel tanks and improved vertical control surfaces. Bu.No. 14693 was fitted with the R-4630-4W version of the R-4630 engine, which introduced water-ethanol injection for increased power, but the -4W version of the engine was not fitted to any other version of the F2G. The final XF2G-1, Bu.No. 14695, had its first flight on 4 December 1944. Both 14692 and 14695 were lost in seperate accidents on December 12th 1945: 14692 lost hydraulics inflight which led to its undercarriage extending to a position in which a safe landing could not be made, so its pilot bailed out; while 14695 suffered a similar hydraulics failure but in its case the pilot could make a safe belly landing. However, on recovering the stricken aircraft, the crane used to salvage it failed and collapsed on top of the aircraft, effectively destroying it.

On 27 November 1944, the XF2G-1 was given to the U.S. Navy for testing. Some issues arose during testing, particularly that the engine torque of the engine would cause the aircraft to turn hard to the left in a carrier wave off (when increasing the throttle in the case that the landing had to be aborted). In the case of a wave off and the throttle being applied, the rudder was not able to prevent the nose swinging to the left. To prevent this effect, the rudder was heightened by twelve inches and an auxiliary rudder was installed beneath it which would automatically turn 12.5 degrees to the right when the landing gear was extended, in order to counteract the torque of the engine.

=== Production ===
The first production F2G-1 (Bu.No. 88454) was delivered to the Navy on 15 July 1945, but the contract for production had been cut down to only five F2G-1 and five F2G-2 two months earlier in May. Production therefore ended in August 1945 after only 5 F2G-1 (Bu.Nos. 88454 through 88458) and and 5 F2G-2 (Bu.Nos. 88459 through 88463) had been produced, for a total of eighteen F2G aircraft built of all variants, including the F4U-1WM. The Navy continued testing of the F2G series after production cancellation but dropped the F2G completely soon after.

Production of the F2G had been cancelled due in part to disappointing test results. The F2G-1 had an impressive climb rate of 4,400 feet per minute, but its top speed of 430 mph (692 km/h) was rather disappointing, and it also had some stability issues. Overall, its performance wasn't a large enough improvement over other aircraft in production, particularly the F4U-4 and F8F-1 Bearcat, which is why the production orders for the F2G were cancelled.

[[File:F2G-1 Bu.No. 88458 Race 57.jpg|thumb|F2G-1 Bu.No. 88458 "Race 57", 2005 AirVenture at Oshkosh, Wisconsin]]

=== Post-War Use - Racing ===
The F2G was much more successful post-war, many of the aircraft having served well as air racing aircraft, the most famous of which being the fifth production F2G-1 (Bu.No. 88458) known as "Race 57", famous for its bright red color scheme. Bu.No. 88463, the last F2G-2 produced, was also a racing aircraft known as "Race 74" and painted dark blue. Race 74 was destroyed in a crash in 2012 that also killed the pilot, Bob Odegaard. Only two F2G aircraft survive as of January 2021, which are the aforementioned Bu.No. 88458 "Race 57" and Bu.No. 88454, both F2G-1s.

=== List of F2G Aircraft ===
'''F4U-1WM'''

* Bu.No. 02460

'''XF2G-1'''

*[[File:NH 87958.jpeg|thumb|XF2G-1 Bu.No. 14692 at NAS Patuxent River, Maryland, 21 July 1945.]]
*Bu.No. 13471- engine test airframe and first flying prototype. Engine donated to 14691 after completion of trials.
* Bu.No. 13472 - scrapped April 30th 1946
* Bu.No. 14691 - scrapped June 30th 1947
* Bu.No. 14692 - destroyed in crash December 12th 1946, pilot bailed out with landing gear stuck in configuration unsafe for landing.
* Bu.No. 14693 - Sold to Cook Cleland in 1947 as NX5590N. "Race 94" at 1947, 1948 and 1949 National Air Races. Flown by Dick Becker at 1947 Thompson Trophy, 2nd place. Flown by Cook Cleland at 1948 Thompson Trophy, retired due to engine failure. Flown by Cook Cleland at 1949 Thompson Trophy, 1st place. Restored by Bob Odegaard in 2007 - destroyed in fatal accident in 2012.
* Bu.No. 14694 - Sold to Ron Puckett in 1947 as NX91092. "Race 18" in 1947 & 1949 National Air Races. Retired at 1947 Thompson Trophy due to engine failure. 2nd place at 1949 Thompson Trophy. Aircraft scrapped some time after 1949 National Air Races.
* Bu.No. 14695 - damaged in crash December 12th 1946, destroyed in subsequent recovery accident

'''F2G-1'''

* Bu.No. 88454 - N/A - Display, Museum of Flight, Seattle, Washington
* Bu.No. 88455 - scrapped August 31st 1946
* Bu.No. 88456 - scrapped May 31st 1947
* Bu.No. 88457 - Sold to Cook Cleland in 1947 as NX5588N. "Race 84" at 1947 National Air Races. Destroyed in fatal accident at 1947 Thompson Trophy while flown by Tony Janazzo.
* Bu.No. 88458 - scrapped in January of 1948, parts sold as spares to Cook Cleland. Rebuilt using the data plate of 88457, taking up the identity of N5588N. "Race 57" at 1949 National Air Races - flown by Ben McKillen at 1949 Thompson Trophy, 3rd place Restored by Bob Odegaard in 1999 - Airworthy, Louise M. Thaden Airfield, Bentonville, Arkansas (owned by Steuart Walton)

'''F2G-2'''

* Bu.No. 88459 - scrapped January 1948
* Bu.No. 88460 - scrapped May 31st 1948
* Bu.No. 88461 - scrapped January 1948
* Bu.No. 88462 - scrapped May 31st 1947
* Bu.No. 88463 - Sold to Cook Cleland in 1947 as NX5577. "Race 74" at the 1947, 1948 and 1949 National Air Races. Flown by Cook Cleland at 1947 Thompson Trophy, 1st place. Flown by Dick Becker at 1948 Thompson Trophy, retired due to engine failure. Flown by Dick Becker at 1949 Thompson Trophy, withdrawn due to engine failure. Aircraft scraped some time after 1949 National Air Races.
* Bu.No. 88464 - aircraft not completed by Goodyear, probably scrapped while still incomplete on the production line.
* Bu.No. 88465 - aircraft not completed by Goodyear, probably scrapped while still incomplete on the production line.
* Bu.No. 88466 - bounced on landing and broke in two, NAS Alameda, February 6th 1949.
* Bu.No. 88467 - aircraft noted marked as C51. Aircraft fate unknown.
* Bu.No.88468 - aircraft not completed by Goodyear, probably scrapped while still incomplete on the production line.

'''Note:''' There was an aircraft named Super Corsair and later "Race #1" , which despite the name was not an F2G. It was an F4U-1D fitted with the R-4360 engine, clipped wings, and a modified cockpit.

== Media ==

[[File:F2G-1 Super Corsair Devblog Image 001.jpg|thumb|356x356px|none|F2G-1 devblog image.]]

== See also ==
''Links to the articles on the War Thunder Wiki that you think will be useful for the reader, for example:''

* ''reference to the series of the aircraft;''
* ''links to approximate analogues of other nations and research trees.''

== External links ==


* [https://www.air-and-space.com/Goodyear%20F2G.htm Air and Space - Corsairs with Four-Bank Radials]

=== References ===
<references />

=== Bibliography ===

* Air Racers - The Planes - In Focus - F2G Super Corsairs - Part 3: Corncob Corsair Racing Roots. (n.d.). Retrieved January 09, 2021, from http://www.pylon1.org/articles/publish/article_24.shtml
* F2G Super Corsairs - Part 2: "Kamikaze Killer". (n.d.). Retrieved January 09, 2021, from http://www.pylon1.org/articles/publish/printer_23.shtml
* Goodyear F2G super Corsair. (n.d.). Retrieved January 09, 2021, from https://www.jdsf4u.be/goodyear-f2-g-super-corsair
* Goodyear XF2G-1 Corsair. (n.d.). Retrieved January 09, 2021, from https://www.jdsf4u.be/kopie-van-goodyear-f2-g-super-corsa
* http://www.airrace.com/1947%20NAR%20.html
* http://www.airrace.com/1948%20NAR.htm
* http://www.airrace.com/1949%20NAR%20.htm

{{USA fighters}}
{{USA premium aircraft}}

F2G-1

2021-01-11T00:36:49Z

U80255841: /* List of F2G Aircraft */

F2G-1

2021-01-11T00:01:41Z

U80255841: /* Development */

{{Specs-Card
|code=f2g-1
|images={{Specs-Card-Image|GarageImage_{{PAGENAME}}.jpg}}
}}

== Description ==

The '''{{Specs|name}}''' "Super Corsair" is a premium gift rank {{Specs|rank}} American fighter {{Battle-rating}}. It was introduced during [[Update "New Power"]] as a reward for [[Battle Pass: Season I]]. The Super Corsair was a development made by Goodyear, a licensed manufacturer of the Vought F4U Corsair. The Super Corsair was intended by Goodyear as a low altitude fighter.<ref name=":0">https://www.militaryfactory.com/aircraft/detail.asp?aircraft_id=1394</ref> Powered by the Pratt & Whitney 28 cylinder R-4360 Wasp Major engine, nicknamed the "Corncob," the Super Corsair made 3000 hp. By the time the Super Corsairs was ready for production the [[F8F-1|Grumman F8F "Bearcat"]] was already being built and had similar performance. Partially due to this, only 10 Super Corsairs were ever completed, 5 of which were the F2G-1 land variant found in game.<ref name=":0" />

== General info ==
=== Flight performance ===
{{Specs-Avia-Flight}}


{| class="wikitable" style="text-align:center" width="70%"
! rowspan="2" | Characteristics
! colspan="2" | Max Speed (km/h at 5,000 m)
! rowspan="2" | Max altitude (metres)
! colspan="2" | Turn time (seconds)
! colspan="2" | Rate of climb (metres/second)
! rowspan="2" | Take-off run (metres)
|-
! AB !! RB !! AB !! RB !! AB !! RB
|-
! Stock
| ___ || ___ || rowspan="2" | {{Specs|ceiling}} || __._ || __._ || __._ || __._ || rowspan="2" | 180
|-
! Upgraded
| 740 || 706 || 20.1 || 21.0 || 27.0 || 20.0
|-
|}

==== Details ====
{| class="wikitable" style="text-align:center" width="50%"
|-
! colspan="5" | Features
|-
! Combat flaps !! Take-off flaps !! Landing flaps !! Air brakes !! Arrestor gear
|-
| ✓ || ✓ || ✓ || X || X 
|-
|}

{| class="wikitable" style="text-align:center" width="50%"
|-
! colspan="7" | Limits
|-
! rowspan="2" | Wings (km/h)
! rowspan="2" | Gear (km/h)
! colspan="3" | Flaps (km/h)
! colspan="2" | Max Static G
|-
! Combat !! Take-off !! Landing !! + !! -
|-
| {{Specs|destruction|body}} || {{Specs|destruction|gear}} || 382 || 324 || 248 || ~10 || ~5
|-
|}

{| class="wikitable" style="text-align:center"
|-
! colspan="4" | Optimal velocities (km/h)
|-
! Ailerons !! Rudder !! Elevators !! Radiator
|-
| < 540 || < 250 || < 500 || > 440
|-
|}

=== Survivability and armour ===
{{Specs-Avia-Armour}}


* 38 mm bulletproof glass - Windscreen
* 12.7 mm steel - Pilot's headrest
* 8 mm steel - Pilot's seat
* 3 mm steel in front of pilot

=== Modifications and economy ===
{{Specs-Economy}}

== Armaments ==
{{Specs-Avia-Armaments}}
=== Offensive armament ===
{{Specs-Avia-Offensive}}

{{main|M2 Browning (12.7 mm)}}

The '''''{{PAGENAME}}''''' is armed with:

* 6 x 12.7 mm M2 Browning machine guns, wing-mounted (300 rpg = 1,800 total)

=== Suspended armament ===
{{Specs-Avia-Suspended}}

{{main|AN-M57 (250 lb)|AN-M64A1 (500 lb)|AN-M65A1 (1,000 lb)|HVAR|Tiny Tim}}

The '''''{{PAGENAME}}''''' can be outfitted with the following ordnance:

* Without load
* 2 x 250 lb AN-M57 bombs (500 lb total)
* 2 x 500 lb AN-M64A1 bombs (1,000 lb total)
* 2 x 1,000 lb AN-M65A1 bombs (2,000 lb total)
* 8 x HVAR rockets
* 2 x Tiny Tim rockets

== Usage in battles ==
''Describe the tactics of playing in the aircraft, the features of using aircraft in a team and advice on tactics. Refrain from creating a "guide" - do not impose a single point of view, but instead, give the reader food for thought. Examine the most dangerous enemies and give recommendations on fighting them. If necessary, note the specifics of the game in different modes (AB, RB, SB).''

=== Manual Engine Control ===
{| class="wikitable" style="text-align:center"
|-
! colspan="7" | MEC elements
|-
! rowspan="2" | Mixer
! rowspan="2" | Pitch
! colspan="3" | Radiator
! rowspan="2" | Supercharger
! rowspan="2" | Turbocharger
|-
! Oil !! Water !! Type
|-
| Not controllable || Controllable Auto control available || Controllable Auto control available || Controllable Auto control available || Separate || Not controllable 1 gear || Not controllable
|-
|}

=== Pros and cons ===


'''Pros:'''

* Great initial climb rate and acceleration for a propeller plane
* Six .50 cal machine guns can easily deal with any aircraft in its sights
* Very strong landing gear can survive speeds of over 700km/h and be used as an airbrake
* Can enter WEP without overheating for much longer than either of the F8F variants
* High-rank premium vehicle that can help research other vehicles and gain Silver Lions

'''Cons:'''

* Lacks engine power at higher altitudes
* Often uptiered to face F-84Gs and similar aircraft
* Like other Corsairs, the F2G-1s flaps rip at relatively slow speeds
* Compresses at higher speeds, which are necessary to catch most opponents

== History ==


{{Notice
|The F2G Corsair is often referred to as "Super Corsair", though that was never an official designation.
}}

=== Genesis ===
Pratt & Whitney fitted an F4U-1 Corsair (Bu.No. 02460) - donated to them by the Navy - with their R-4360-4 Wasp Major engine in March 1943. The P&W R-4360-4 Wasp Major engine put out approximately 50% more power than the original P&W R-2800-1 Double Wasp used in other Corsairs; the 28-cylinder R-4360-4 was able to produce 3,000 horsepower. The F4U-1 fitted with the R-4360-4 was designated as F4U-1WM, and it was proven as a success after testing. As such, development of a production Corsair fitted with the R-4360 was given to Goodyear on 22 March 1944, when the Navy ordered 418 F2G-1 Corsairs and 10 F2G-2 Corsairs (a navalized variant with carrier capability).

=== Development ===
[[File:XF2G-1 Bu.No. 14692 NH 87959.jpeg|thumb|XF2G-1 Bu.No. 14692 at NAS Patuxent River, Maryland, 21 July 1945.]]
Seven prototypes were built and designated as XF2G-1, being modified production FG-1 Corsairs (a Goodyear-produced, fixed wing "de-navalized" version of the Corsair). The first XF2G-1 (Bu.No. 13471) was fitted with the R-4360 engine but retained many characteristics of the standard Corsair, including the canopy and cockpit, though the engine cowling was extended and an air scoop was added on top of the fuselage right behind the engine cowling. It began ground testing on 31 May 1944, and first flew on 26 August of the same year. The second XF2G-1 (Bu.No. 13472) was used to test new aspects including oil coolers and propellers, which would be used on later XF2G-1s.

The remaining five prototypes (Bu.Nos. 14691 through 14695) were modified much more extensively. They featured a new bubble canopy and a reduced spine, in order to provide better visibility to the pilot. Additionally, the cockpit was redesigned; it received a floor and new controls quite similar to those used on the Vought F4U-4 version of the Corsair. The XF2G-1 retained the six .50 cal (12.7 mm) machine guns of the FG-1 as well as the same ordnance carrying capability, but they were modified to allow the carrying of external, jettisonable fuel tanks for extended range.

Bu.No. 14691 used the engine taken from the first prototype, Bu.No. 13471, and it first flew on 15 October 1944. Bu.No. 14692 added wing-mounted fuel tanks and improved vertical control surfaces. Bu.No. 14693 was fitted with the R-4630-4W version of the R-4630 engine, which introduced water-ethanol injection for increased power, but the -4W version of the engine was not fitted to any other version of the F2G. The final XF2G-1, Bu.No. 14695, had its first flight on 4 December 1944. Both 14692 and 14695 were lost in seperate accidents on December 12th 1945: 14692 lost hydraulics inflight which led to its undercarriage extending to a position in which a safe landing could not be made, so its pilot bailed out; while 14695 suffered a similar hydraulics failure but in its case the pilot could make a safe belly landing. However, on recovering the stricken aircraft, the crane used to salvage it failed and collapsed on top of the aircraft, effectively destroying it.

On 27 November 1944, the XF2G-1 was given to the U.S. Navy for testing. Some issues arose during testing, particularly that the engine torque of the engine would cause the aircraft to turn hard to the left in a carrier wave off (when increasing the throttle in the case that the landing had to be aborted). In the case of a wave off and the throttle being applied, the rudder was not able to prevent the nose swinging to the left. To prevent this effect, the rudder was heightened by twelve inches and an auxiliary rudder was installed beneath it which would automatically turn 12.5 degrees to the right when the landing gear was extended, in order to counteract the torque of the engine.

=== Production ===
The first production F2G-1 (Bu.No. 88454) was delivered to the Navy on 15 July 1945, but the contract for production had been cut down to only five F2G-1 and five F2G-2 two months earlier in May. Production therefore ended in August 1945 after only 5 F2G-1 (Bu.Nos. 88454 through 88458) and and 5 F2G-2 (Bu.Nos. 88459 through 88463) had been produced, for a total of eighteen F2G aircraft built of all variants, including the F4U-1WM. The Navy continued testing of the F2G series after production cancellation but dropped the F2G completely soon after.

Production of the F2G had been cancelled due in part to disappointing test results. The F2G-1 had an impressive climb rate of 4,400 feet per minute, but its top speed of 430 mph (692 km/h) was rather disappointing, and it also had some stability issues. Overall, its performance wasn't a large enough improvement over other aircraft in production, particularly the F4U-4 and F8F-1 Bearcat, which is why the production orders for the F2G were cancelled.

[[File:F2G-1 Bu.No. 88458 Race 57.jpg|thumb|F2G-1 Bu.No. 88458 "Race 57", 2005 AirVenture at Oshkosh, Wisconsin]]

=== Post-War Use - Racing ===
The F2G was much more successful post-war, many of the aircraft having served well as air racing aircraft, the most famous of which being the fifth production F2G-1 (Bu.No. 88458) known as "Race 57", famous for its bright red color scheme. Bu.No. 88463, the last F2G-2 produced, was also a racing aircraft known as "Race 74" and painted dark blue. Race 74 was destroyed in a crash in 2012 that also killed the pilot, Bob Odegaard. Only two F2G aircraft survive as of January 2021, which are the aforementioned Bu.No. 88458 "Race 57" and Bu.No. 88454, both F2G-1s.

=== List of F2G Aircraft ===
'''F4U-1WM'''

* Bu.No. 02460

'''XF2G-1'''

*[[File:NH 87958.jpeg|thumb|XF2G-1 Bu.No. 14692 at NAS Patuxent River, Maryland, 21 July 1945.]]Bu.No. 13471
* Bu.No. 13472
* Bu.No. 14691
* Bu.No. 14692
* Bu.No. 14693 - "Race 94"
* Bu.No. 14694 - "Race 18"
* Bu.No. 14695

'''F2G-1'''

* Bu.No. 88454 - N/A - Display, Museum of Flight, Seattle, Washington
* Bu.No. 88455
* Bu.No. 88456
* Bu.No. 88457 - "Race 84"
* Bu.No. 88458 - "Race 57" - Flightworthy, Louise M. Thaden Airfield, Bentonville, Arkansas (owned by Steuart Walton)

'''F2G-2'''

* Bu.No. 88459
* Bu.No. 88460
* Bu.No. 88461
* Bu.No. 88462
* Bu.No. 88463 - "Race 74"

'''Note:''' There was an aircraft named Super Corsair and later "Race #1" , which despite the name was not an F2G. It was an F4U-1D fitted with the R-4360 engine, clipped wings, and a modified cockpit.

== Media ==

[[File:F2G-1 Super Corsair Devblog Image 001.jpg|thumb|356x356px|none|F2G-1 devblog image.]]

== See also ==
''Links to the articles on the War Thunder Wiki that you think will be useful for the reader, for example:''

* ''reference to the series of the aircraft;''
* ''links to approximate analogues of other nations and research trees.''

== External links ==


* [https://www.air-and-space.com/Goodyear%20F2G.htm Air and Space - Corsairs with Four-Bank Radials]

=== References ===
<references />

=== Bibliography ===

* Air Racers - The Planes - In Focus - F2G Super Corsairs - Part 3: Corncob Corsair Racing Roots. (n.d.). Retrieved January 09, 2021, from http://www.pylon1.org/articles/publish/article_24.shtml
* F2G Super Corsairs - Part 2: "Kamikaze Killer". (n.d.). Retrieved January 09, 2021, from http://www.pylon1.org/articles/publish/printer_23.shtml
* Goodyear F2G super Corsair. (n.d.). Retrieved January 09, 2021, from https://www.jdsf4u.be/goodyear-f2-g-super-corsair
* Goodyear XF2G-1 Corsair. (n.d.). Retrieved January 09, 2021, from https://www.jdsf4u.be/kopie-van-goodyear-f2-g-super-corsa

{{USA fighters}}
{{USA premium aircraft}}

F-86F-40 (Japan)

2019-12-01T11:24:31Z

U80255841: /* History */

{{Specs-Card|code=f-86f-40_japan}}
{{About
| about = jet fighter '''{{PAGENAME}}'''
| other
| usage-1 = the premium version
| link-1 = F-86F-40 JASDF (Japan)
| usage-2 = other uses
| link-2 = F-86 (Family)
}}

== Description ==

[[File:GarageImage_F-86F-40_Japan.jpg|420px|thumb|left]]
{{Break}}
The '''{{Specs|name}}''' is a rank {{Specs|rank}} Japanese jet fighter {{Battle-rating}}. It was introduced in [[Update 1.75 "La Résistance"]].

== General info ==
=== Flight performance ===
''Describe how the aircraft behaves in the air. Speed, manoeuvrability, acceleration and allowable loads - these are the most important characteristics of the vehicle.''

{| class="wikitable" style="text-align:center"
! rowspan="2" | Characteristics
! colspan="2" | Max Speed (km/h at 0 m - at sea level)
! rowspan="2" | Max altitude (meters)
! colspan="2" | Turn time (seconds)
! colspan="2" | Rate of climb (meters/second)
! rowspan="2" | Take-off run (meters)
|-
! AB !! RB !! AB !! RB !! AB !! RB
|-
! Stock
| 1,095 || 1,088 || rowspan="2" | {{Specs|ceiling}} || 24.4 || 24.9 || 38.8 || 36.3 || rowspan="2" | 750
|-
! Upgraded
| ___ || 1,106 || __._ || 23.0 || __._ || 46.5
|-
|}

==== Details ====
{| class="wikitable" style="text-align:center"
|-
! colspan="6" | Features
|-
! Combat flaps !! Take-off flaps !! Landing flaps !! Air brakes !! Arrestor gear !! Drogue chute
|-
| ✓ || ✓ || ✓ || ✓ || X || X 
|-
|}

{| class="wikitable" style="text-align:center"
|-
! colspan="7" | Limits
|-
! rowspan="2" | Wings (km/h)
! rowspan="2" | Gear (km/h)
! colspan="3" | Flaps (km/h)
! colspan="2" | Max Static G
|-
! Combat !! Take-off !! Landing !! + !! -
|-
| {{Specs|destruction|constructions}} || {{Specs|destruction|chassis}} || 620 || ___ || 350 || ~11 || ~6
|-
|}

{| class="wikitable" style="text-align:center"
|-
! colspan="4" | Optimal velocities (km/h)
|-
! Ailerons !! Rudder !! Elevators !! Radiator
|-
| < 850 || < 600 || < 650 || N/A
|-
|}

{| class="wikitable" style="text-align:center"
|-
! colspan="3" | Compressor (RB/SB)
|-
! colspan="3" | Setting 1
|-
! Optimal altitude
! 100% Engine power
! WEP Engine power
|-
| 0 m || 2,600 kgf || N/A
|-
|}

=== Survivability and armour ===
''Examine the survivability of the aircraft. Note how vulnerable the structure is and how secure the pilot is, whether the fuel tanks are armoured, etc. Describe the armour, if there is any, and also mention the vulnerability of other critical aircraft systems.''

== Armaments ==
=== Offensive armament ===

{{main|M3 Browning (12.7 mm)}}

The '''''{{PAGENAME}}''''' is armed with:
* 6 x 12.7 mm M3 Browning machine guns, nose-mounted (300 rpg = 1,800 total)

=== Suspended armament ===

{{main|AN-M65A1 Fin M129 (1,000 lb)|HVAR|AIM-9B Sidewinder}}

The '''''{{PAGENAME}}''''' can be outfitted with the following ordnance:
* Without load
* 16 x HVAR rockets
* 2 x 1,000 lb AN-M65A1 Fin M129 bombs (2,000 lb total)
* 2 x AIM-9B Sidewinder missiles

== Usage in battles ==
''Describe the tactics of playing in the aircraft, the features of using aircraft in a team and advice on tactics. Refrain from creating a "guide" - do not impose a single point of view, but instead, give the reader food for thought. Examine the most dangerous enemies and give recommendations on fighting them. If necessary, note the specifics of the game in different modes (AB, RB, SB).''

=== Modules ===
{| class="wikitable"
! Tier
! colspan="2" | Flight performance
! Survivability
! colspan="2" | Weaponry
|-
| I
| Fuselage repair
| Compressor
|
| Offensive 12 mm
|
|-
| II
| New boosters
|
| Airframe
|
| FRC mk.2
|-
| III
| Wings repair
| Engine
|
| New 12 mm MGs
| FLBC mk.1
|-
| IV
| G-suit
|
| Cover
|
| AIM-9B
|-
|}

=== Pros and cons ===
''Summarise and briefly evaluate the vehicle in terms of its characteristics and combat effectiveness. Mark its pros and cons in the bulleted list. Try not to use more than 6 points for each of the characteristics. Avoid using categorical definitions such as "bad", "good" and the like - use substitutions with softer forms such as "inadequate" and "effective".''

'''Pros:'''
*

'''Cons:'''
*

== History ==

Following the formal founding of the JASDF in 1954, the North American F-86F was selected as the nascent air force's day-fighter jet. Originally, the USAF expected to be able to deliver all of the JASDF's fighters from its stocks of surplus aircraft since the Sabre was slated for replacement by supersonic fighter jets, but with production of the F-86F-35-NA having been wound down in August of 1954 it was soon realised that existing stocks would be insufficient to cover the orders for the Sabre made by many of the Allied nations. Additionally, negotiations between Japan and the United States resulted in a license agreement being struck which would eventually see Mitsubishi cover production of the F-86F for the JASDF. However, as production facilities would first have to be set up for this, a first block of F-86Fs would be delivered to the JASDF.

To cover the shortfall of F-86s for export, production of the F-86 was restarted by North American. The new production block, the F-86F-40-NA, differed from the preceding production block in having a new wing. While Blocks 25 to 35 had been equipped with the slatless 6-3 wing, the Block 40 saw the airframe retain the 6-3 proportioned wing, but with an introduction of the slats in order to improve low-speed handling, and the wingtips extended so the overall span was increased from 37.12 to 39.11 ft. This lowered the stall speed of the F-86F-40-NA from 144 to 124 mph, and decreased the take-off run by 800 ft. Despite these modifications adding 250 lb to the F-86F-40-NA's weight when compared with the earlier F-86F-35-NA, overall performance remained the same.

Production of a first block of 'export' F-86F-40-NA's was approved on June 27th 1955, with a block of 215 aircraft being ordered for delivery to the Japanese and Spanish Air Forces. As these aircraft were purchased with MDAP funds, they were assigned USAF serial numbers 55-3816 to -4030. In 1956 an additional 65 aircraft were added to the order, with some aircraft intended for delivery to Pakistan: these aircraft received USAF serial numbers 55-4983 to 5047.

Of these 280 aircraft, 150 were slated for delivery to Japan. In Japanese service, this first block of aircraft was assigned the serial numbers 62-7431 to -7580, with deliveries taking place between April and December of 1956. Due to a lack of pilots, the last 45 aircraft from this block - 7536 to 7580 - were directly put into storage; in 1959 they were returned to the USAF.

The next block of 70 aircraft was the first batch assembled by Mitsubishi from North American-produced knock down kits, known as the F-86F-40-MIT. As these aircraft too had been funded by the MDAP program, they were assigned USAF serials 55-5048 to -5117; in JASDF service they were renumbered as 62-7701 to -7704; and 72-7705 to -7770. The first Japanese-assembled F-86F flew on August 9th 1956; the last of this block was delivered on December 17th 1957.

The second block of Mitsubishi-built F-86Fs was once again assembled by Mitsubishi from North American-produced knock down kits; the 110 aircraft were assigned USAF serial block 56-2773 to -2882, and received JASDF serial numbers 72-7771 to -7772; 82-7773 to -7868; and 92-7869 to 7880. The first aircraft from this block was accepted into service on December 28th 1957; the last was delivered on February 14th 1959.

The third and final block of 120 Mitsubishi-built F-86Fs was assigned USAF serial block 57-6338 to -6457, and received JASDF serial numbers 92-7881 to -7940; 02-7941 to -7991; and 12-7992 to -7999; the last aircraft delivered was - oddly - given the serial number 12-7000 instead of 12-8000. The first aircraft of this last production block was handed over to the JASDF on February 28th 1959; the last aircraft delivered - and very last F-86 Sabre built - was delivered on February 24th 1961.

(Under the JASDF numbering scheme, aircraft from the 62- serial block were accepted into service in 1956; 72- in 1957, etc.)

In all, 480 F-86Fs were delivered to the JASDF: 10 USAF-surplus F-86F-25-NHs; 20 USAF-surplus F-86F-30-NAs; 150 North American-built F-86F-40-NAs (of which 45 were returned to the USAF without being used); and 300 Mitsubishi-built F-86F-40-MITs. These aircraft were used to equip 17 Squadrons of the JASDF, these being the JASDF GHQ Squadron at Iruma; 103rd, 201st and 203rd Squadrons of the 2nd Fighter Wing at Chitose; the 101st, 102nd and 105th Squadrons of the 3rd Fighter Wing at Matsushima; the 5th and 7th Squadrons of the 4th Fighter Wing at Matsushima; the 4th and 205th Squadrons of the 6th Fighter Wing at Komatsu; the 206th and 207th Squadrons of the 7th Fighter Wing at Hyakuri; the 202nd and 204th Squadrons of the 5th Fighter Wing at Nyutabaru; the 82nd Squadron at Iwakuni; and the 501th Squadron of Reconnaissance Command at Iruma, the latter unit using a mixture of F-86F fighters and RF-86F reconnaissance fighters.

From 1959 onwards, the F-86F-40s of the JASDF were modified so they could carry the Philco-Ford GAR-8 (AIM-9B) Sidewinder.

The F-86Fs of the JASDF were supplemented by the F-86D Sabre Dog in the night/all weather interceptor role from 1957 onwards; from 1964 onwards numerous of the F-86F units started converting to the Lockheed/Mitsubishi F-104J Starfighter. Even so, the Japanese F-86F was destined for a very long service life, remaining in service as a combat trainer long after they had been replaced in front-line service. The very last JASDF F-86F-40 was withdrawn from active service on March 15th 1982. As the JASDF F-86Fs had been procured under the MDAP program, the aircraft nominally remained USAF property even during their JASDF service; following their retirement many of these aircraft were returned to USAF control and 'returned' to the United States, where most were converted to unmanned QF-86F target drones.

The livery of the in-game aircraft is that of 02-7960 (USAF 57-6417), which was accepted into service on June 29th 1960, and served with the JASDF 'Blue Impulse' display team. Following its withdrawal from service in March of 1982, the aircraft was put on display at the JASDF Museum at Hamamatsu Air Base, Japan.

== Media ==
''Excellent additions to the article would be video guides, screenshots from the game, and photos.''

== See also ==

;Related development
* Canadair [[F-86 (Family)|Sabre]] (those Sabres manufactured with the designator "CL")
* North American [[F-86K (France)|F-86D]] Sabre
* North American [[F-100D|F-100]] Super Sabre
* North American [[FJ-4B|FJ-4]] Fury

;Aircraft of comparable role, configuration and era

* Dassault [[Super Mystere B2|Super Mystère]]
* Grumman [[F9F-8|F-9]] Cougar
* Hawker [[Hunter F.1|Hunter]]
* Lavochkin [[La-15]]
* Mikoyan-Gurevich [[MiG-15]]
* Mikoyan-Gurevich [[MiG-17]]
* Saab [[J29D|J29]] Tunnan

== External links ==

* http://dansa.minim.ne.jp/His-Mil-F86F-000-Index.htm
* http://www.joebaugher.com/usaf_fighters/p86_13.html

{{Japan jet aircraft}}

F-86F-40 (Japan)

2019-11-30T14:44:19Z

U80255841:

{{Specs-Card|code=f-86f-40_japan}}
{{About
| about = jet fighter '''{{PAGENAME}}'''
| other
| usage-1 = the premium version
| link-1 = F-86F-40 JASDF (Japan)
| usage-2 = other uses
| link-2 = F-86 (Family)
}}

== Description ==

[[File:GarageImage_F-86F-40_Japan.jpg|420px|thumb|left]]
{{break}}
The '''{{Specs|name}}''' is a rank {{Specs|rank}} Japanese jet fighter {{Battle-rating}}. It was introduced in [[Update 1.75 "La Résistance"]].

== General info ==
=== Flight Performance ===
''Describe how the aircraft behaves in the air. Speed, manoeuvrability, acceleration and allowable loads - these are the most important characteristics of the vehicle.''

{| class="wikitable" style="text-align:center"
|-
! colspan="8" | Characteristics
|-
! colspan="8" | ''Stock''
|-
! colspan="2" | Max Speed (km/h at 0 m - at sea level)
! rowspan="2" | Max altitude (meters)
! colspan="2" | Turn time (seconds)
! colspan="2" | Rate of climb (meters/second)
! rowspan="2" | Take-off run (meters)
|-
! AB
! RB
! AB
! RB
! AB
! RB
|-
| 1,095 || 1,088 || {{Specs|ceiling}} || 24.4 || 24.9 || 39 || 36.6 || 750
|-
! colspan="8" | ''Upgraded''
|-
! colspan="2" | Max Speed (km/h at 0 m - at sea level)
! rowspan="2" | Max altitude (meters)
! colspan="2" | Turn time (seconds)
! colspan="2" | Rate of climb (meters/second)
! rowspan="2" | Take-off run (meters)
|-
! AB
! RB
! AB
! RB
! AB
! RB
|-
| ??? || ??? || {{Specs|ceiling}} || ??.? || ??.? || ??.? || ??.? || 750
|-
|}

==== Details ====
{| class="wikitable" style="text-align:center"
|-
! colspan="5" | Features
|-
! Combat flaps
! Take-off flaps
! Landing flaps
! Air brakes
! Arrestor gear
|-
| ✓ || ✓ || ✓ || ✓ || X 
|-
|}

{| class="wikitable" style="text-align:center"
|-
! colspan="5" | Limits
|-
! rowspan="2" | Wing-break speed (km/h)
! rowspan="2" | Gear limit (km/h)
! rowspan="2" | Combat flaps (km/h)
! colspan="2" | Max Static G
|-
! +
! -
|-
| {{Specs|destruction|constructions}} || {{Specs|destruction|chassis}} || 620 || ~11 || ~6
|-
|}

{| class="wikitable" style="text-align:center"
|-
! colspan="4" | Optimal velocities
|-
! Ailerons (km/h)
! Rudder (km/h)
! Elevators (km/h)
! Radiator (km/h)
|-
| < 850 || < 600 || < 650 || N/A
|-
|}

{| class="wikitable" style="text-align:center"
|-
! colspan="3" | Compressor (RB/SB)
|-
! colspan="3" | Setting 1
|-
! Optimal altitude
! 100% Engine power
! WEP Engine power
|-
| 0 m || 2,600 kgf || N/A
|-
|}

=== Survivability and armour ===
''Examine the survivability of the aircraft. Note how vulnerable the structure is and how secure the pilot is, whether the fuel tanks are armoured, etc. Describe the armour, if there is any, and also mention the vulnerability of other critical aircraft systems.''

== Armaments ==
=== Offensive armament ===

{{main|Browning M3 (12.7 mm)}}

The '''''{{PAGENAME}}''''' is armed with:
* 6 x 12.7 mm Browning M3 machine guns, nose-mounted (300 rpg = 1,800 total)

=== Suspended armament ===

{{main|AN-M65A1 Fin M129 (1,000 lb)|HVAR|AIM-9B}}

The '''''{{PAGENAME}}''''' can be outfitted with the following ordnance:
* Without load
* 16 x HVAR rockets
* 2 x 1,000 lb AN-M65A1 Fin M129 bombs (2,000 lb total)
* 2 x AIM-9B missiles

== Usage in battles ==
''Describe the tactics of playing in an aircraft, the features of using vehicles in a team and advice on tactics. Refrain from creating a "guide" - do not impose a single point of view, but instead, give the reader food for thought. Examine the most dangerous enemies and give recommendations on fighting them. If necessary, note the specifics of the game in different modes (AB, RB, SB).''

=== Manual Engine Control ===
{| class="wikitable" style="text-align:center"
|-
! colspan="7" | MEC elements
|-
! rowspan="2" | Mixer
! rowspan="2" | Pitch
! colspan="3" | Radiator
! rowspan="2" | Supercharger
! rowspan="2" | Turbocharger
|-
! Oil
! Water
! Type
|-
| Not controllable || rowspan="2" | Not controllable Not auto controlled || rowspan="2" | Not controllable Not auto controlled || rowspan="2" | Not controllable Not auto controlled || rowspan="2" | Separate || rowspan="2" | Not controllable 1 gear || rowspan="2" | Not controllable
|-
|}

=== Modules ===
{| class="wikitable"
! colspan="1" | Tier
! colspan="2" | Flight performance
! colspan="1" | Survivability
! colspan="2" | Weaponry
|-
| I
| Fuselage repair
| Compressor
|
| Offensive 12 mm
|
|-
| II
| New boosters
|
| Airframe
|
| FRC mk.2
|-
| III
| Wings repair
| Engine
|
| New 12 mm MGs
| FLBC mk.1
|-
| IV
| G-suit
|
| Cover
|
| AIM-9B
|-
|}

=== Pros and cons ===
''Summarise and briefly evaluate the vehicle in terms of its characteristics and combat effectiveness. Mark its pros and cons in the bulleted list. Try not to use more than 6 points for each of the characteristics. Avoid using categorical definitions such as "bad", "good" and the like - use substitutions with softer forms such as "inadequate" and "effective".''

'''Pros:'''
*

'''Cons:'''
*

== History ==
''Describe the history of the creation and combat usage of the aircraft in more detail than in the introduction. If the historical reference turns out to be too long, take it to a separate article, taking a link to the article about the vehicle and adding a block "/ History" (example: <nowiki>https://wiki.warthunder.com/(Vehicle-name)/History</nowiki>) and add a link to it here using the <code>main</code> template. Be sure to reference text and sources by using <code><nowiki><ref></ref></nowiki></code>, as well as adding them at the end of the article with <code><nowiki><references /></nowiki></code>. This section may also include the vehicle's dev blog entry (if applicable) and the in-game encyclopedia description (under <code><nowiki>=== Encyclopedia Info ===</nowiki></code>, also if applicable).''

Following the formal founding of the JASDF in 1954, the North American F-86F was selected as the nacent air forces' day fighter jet. Originally, the USAF expected to be able to deliver all of the JASDF's fighters from its stocks of surplus aircraft since the Sabre was slated for replacement by supersonic fighter jets, but with production of the F-86F-35-NA having been wound down in August of 1954 it was soon realised that existing stocks would be insufficient to cover the orders for the Sabre by many of the Allied nations made for the type. Additionally, negociations between Japan and the United States resulted in a license agreement being struck which would eventually see Mitsubishi cover production of the F-86F for the JASDF. However, as production facilities would first have to be set up for this, a first block of F-86Fs would be delivered to the JASDF.

To cover the shortfall of F-86s for export, production of the F-86 was restarted by North American. The new production block, the F-86F-40-NA, differed from the preceding production block in having a new wing. While Blocks 25 to 35 had been equipped with the slatless 6-3 wing, the Block 40 saw the airframe retain the 6-3 proportioned wing, but with an introduction of the slats in order to improve low-speed handling, and the wingtips extended so the overall span was increased from 37.12 to 39.11 foot. This lowered the stall speed of the F-86F-40-NA from 144 to 124 mph, and decreased the take-off run by 800 foot. Despite these modifications adding 250 lb to the F-86F-40-NA's weight when compared with the earlier F-86F-35-NA, overall performance remained the same.

Production of a first block of 'export' F-86F-40-NA's was approved on June 27th 1955, with a block of 215 aircraft being ordered for delivery to the Japanese, China Nationalist and Spanish Air Forces. As these aircraft were purchased with MDAP funds, they were assigned USAF serial numbers 55-3816 to -4030. In 1956 an additional 65 aircraft were added to the order, with some aircraft intended for delivery to Pakistan: these aircraft received USAF serial numbers 55-4983 to 5047.

Of these 280 aircraft, 150 were slated for delivery to Japan. In Japanese service, this first block of aircraft was assigned the serial numbers 62-7431 to -7580, with deliveries taking place between April and December of 1956. Due to a lack of pilots, the last 45 aircraft from this block - 7536 to 7580 - were directly put into storage; in 1959 they were returned to the USAF.

The next block of 70 aircraft delivered to the JASDF was the first batch assembled by Mitsubishi from North American-produced knock down kits, known as the F-86F-40-MIT. As these aircraft too had been funded by the MDAP program, they were assigned USAF serials 55-5048 to -5117; in JASDF service they were renumbered as 62-7701 to -7704; and 72-7705 to -7770. The first Japanese-assembled F-86F flew on August 9th 1956; the last of this block was delivered on December 17th 1957.

The second block of Mitsubishi-built F-86Fs was once again assembled by Mitsubishi from North American-produced knock down kits; the 110 aircraft were assigned USAF serial block 56-2773 to -2882, and received JASDF serial numbers 72-7771 to -7772; 82-7773 to -7868; and 92-7869 to 7880. The first aircraft from this block was accepted into service on December 28th 1957; the last was delivered on February 14th 1959.

The third and final block of 120 Mitsubishi-built F-86Fs was assigned USAF serial block 57-6338 to -6457, and received JASDF serial numbers 92-7881 to -7940; 02-7941 to -7991; and 12-7992 to -7999; the last aircraft delivered was - oddly - given the serial number 12-7000 instead of 12-8000. The first aircraft of this last production block was handed over to the JASDF on February 28th 1959; the last aircraft delivered - and very last F-86 Sabre built - was delivered on February 24th 1961.

(Under the JASDF numbering scheme, aircraft from the 62- serial block were accepted into service in 1956; 72- in 1957, etc.)

In all, 480 F-86Fs were delivered to the JASDF: 10 USAF-surplus F-86F-25-NHs; 20 USAF-surplus F-86F-30-NAs; 150 North American-built F-86F-40-NAs (of which 45 were returned to the USAF without being used); and 300 Mitsubishi-built F-86F-40-MITs. These aircraft were used to equip 17 Squadrons of the JASDF, these being the JASDF GHQ Squadron at Iruma; 103rd, 201st and 203rd Squadrons of the 2nd Fighter Wing at Chitose; the 101st, 102nd and 105th Squadrons of the 3rd Fighter Wing at Matsushima; the 5th and 7th Squadrons of the 4th Fighter Wing at Matsushima; the 4th and 205th Squadrons of the 6th Fighter Wing at Komatsu; the 206th and 207th Squadrons of the 7th Fighter Wing at Hyakuri; the 202nd and 204th Squadrons of the 5th Fighter Wing at Nyutabaru; the 82nd Squadron at Iwakuni; and the 501th Squadron of Reconnaissance Command at Iruma, the latter unit using a mixture of F-86F fighters and RF-86F reconnaissance fighters.

From 1959 onwards, the F-86F-40s of the JASDF were modified so they could carry the Philco-Ford GAR-8 (AIM-9B) Sidewinder.

The F-86Fs of the JASDF were supplemented by the F-86D Sabre Dog in the night/all weather interceptor role from 1957 onwards; from 1964 onwards numerous of the F-86F units started converting to the Lockheed/Mitsubishi F-104J Starfighter. Even so, the Japanese F-86F was destined for a very long service life, remaining in service as a combat trainer long after they had been replaced in front-line service. The very last JASDF F-86F-40 was withdrawn from active service on March 15th 1982. As the JASDF F-86Fs had been procured under the MDAP program, the aircraft nominally remained USAF property even during their JASDF service; following their retirement many of these aircraft were returned to USAF control and 'returned' to the United States, where most were converted to unmanned QF-86F target drones.

The livery of the in-game aircraft is that of 02-7960 (USAF 57-6417), which was accepted into service on June 29th 1960, and served with the JASDF 'Blue Impulse' display team. Following its withdrawal from service in March of 1982, the aircraft was put on display at the JASDF Museum at Hamamatsu Air Base, Japan.

== Media ==
''Excellent additions to the article would be video guides, screenshots from the game, and photos.''

== See also ==

;Related development
* Canadair [[F-86 (Family)|Sabre]] (those Sabres manufactured with the designator "CL")
* North American [[F-86K (France)|F-86D]] Sabre
* North American [[F-100D|F-100]] Super Sabre
* North American [[FJ-4B|FJ-4]] Fury

;Aircraft of comparable role, configuration and era

* Dassault [[Super Mystere B2|Super Mystère]]
* Grumman [[F9F-8|F-9]] Cougar
* Hawker [[Hunter F.1|Hunter]]
* Lavochkin [[La-15]]
* Mikoyan-Gurevich [[MiG-15]]
* Mikoyan-Gurevich [[MiG-17]]
* Saab [[J29D|J29]] Tunnan

== External links ==
''Paste links to sources and external resources, such as:''
* ''topic on the official game forum;''
* ''encyclopedia page on the aircraft;''
* ''other literature.''

http://dansa.minim.ne.jp/His-Mil-F86F-000-Index.htm
http://www.joebaugher.com/usaf_fighters/p86_13.html

{{Japan jet aircraft}}

F-86F-40 (Japan)

2019-11-30T14:42:32Z

U80255841: /* History */

{{Specs-Card|code=f-86f-40_japan}}
{{About
| about = jet fighter '''{{PAGENAME}}'''
| other
| usage-1 = the premium version
| link-1 = F-86F-40 JASDF (Japan)
| usage-2 = other uses
| link-2 = F-86 (Family)
}}

== Description ==

[[File:GarageImage_F-86F-40_Japan.jpg|420px|thumb|left]]
{{break}}
The '''{{Specs|name}}''' is a rank {{Specs|rank}} Japanese jet fighter {{Battle-rating}}. It was introduced in [[Update 1.75 "La Résistance"]].

== General info ==
=== Flight Performance ===
''Describe how the aircraft behaves in the air. Speed, manoeuvrability, acceleration and allowable loads - these are the most important characteristics of the vehicle.''

{| class="wikitable" style="text-align:center"
|-
! colspan="8" | Characteristics
|-
! colspan="8" | ''Stock''
|-
! colspan="2" | Max Speed (km/h at 0 m - at sea level)
! rowspan="2" | Max altitude (meters)
! colspan="2" | Turn time (seconds)
! colspan="2" | Rate of climb (meters/second)
! rowspan="2" | Take-off run (meters)
|-
! AB
! RB
! AB
! RB
! AB
! RB
|-
| 1,095 || 1,088 || {{Specs|ceiling}} || 24.4 || 24.9 || 39 || 36.6 || 750
|-
! colspan="8" | ''Upgraded''
|-
! colspan="2" | Max Speed (km/h at 0 m - at sea level)
! rowspan="2" | Max altitude (meters)
! colspan="2" | Turn time (seconds)
! colspan="2" | Rate of climb (meters/second)
! rowspan="2" | Take-off run (meters)
|-
! AB
! RB
! AB
! RB
! AB
! RB
|-
| ??? || ??? || {{Specs|ceiling}} || ??.? || ??.? || ??.? || ??.? || 750
|-
|}

==== Details ====
{| class="wikitable" style="text-align:center"
|-
! colspan="5" | Features
|-
! Combat flaps
! Take-off flaps
! Landing flaps
! Air brakes
! Arrestor gear
|-
| ✓ || ✓ || ✓ || ✓ || X 
|-
|}

{| class="wikitable" style="text-align:center"
|-
! colspan="5" | Limits
|-
! rowspan="2" | Wing-break speed (km/h)
! rowspan="2" | Gear limit (km/h)
! rowspan="2" | Combat flaps (km/h)
! colspan="2" | Max Static G
|-
! +
! -
|-
| {{Specs|destruction|constructions}} || {{Specs|destruction|chassis}} || 620 || ~11 || ~6
|-
|}

{| class="wikitable" style="text-align:center"
|-
! colspan="4" | Optimal velocities
|-
! Ailerons (km/h)
! Rudder (km/h)
! Elevators (km/h)
! Radiator (km/h)
|-
| < 850 || < 600 || < 650 || N/A
|-
|}

{| class="wikitable" style="text-align:center"
|-
! colspan="3" | Compressor (RB/SB)
|-
! colspan="3" | Setting 1
|-
! Optimal altitude
! 100% Engine power
! WEP Engine power
|-
| 0 m || 2,600 kgf || N/A
|-
|}

=== Survivability and armour ===
''Examine the survivability of the aircraft. Note how vulnerable the structure is and how secure the pilot is, whether the fuel tanks are armoured, etc. Describe the armour, if there is any, and also mention the vulnerability of other critical aircraft systems.''

== Armaments ==
=== Offensive armament ===

{{main|Browning M3 (12.7 mm)}}

The '''''{{PAGENAME}}''''' is armed with:
* 6 x 12.7 mm Browning M3 machine guns, nose-mounted (300 rpg = 1,800 total)

=== Suspended armament ===

{{main|AN-M65A1 Fin M129 (1,000 lb)|HVAR|AIM-9B}}

The '''''{{PAGENAME}}''''' can be outfitted with the following ordnance:
* Without load
* 16 x HVAR rockets
* 2 x 1,000 lb AN-M65A1 Fin M129 bombs (2,000 lb total)
* 2 x AIM-9B missiles

== Usage in battles ==
''Describe the tactics of playing in an aircraft, the features of using vehicles in a team and advice on tactics. Refrain from creating a "guide" - do not impose a single point of view, but instead, give the reader food for thought. Examine the most dangerous enemies and give recommendations on fighting them. If necessary, note the specifics of the game in different modes (AB, RB, SB).''

=== Manual Engine Control ===
{| class="wikitable" style="text-align:center"
|-
! colspan="7" | MEC elements
|-
! rowspan="2" | Mixer
! rowspan="2" | Pitch
! colspan="3" | Radiator
! rowspan="2" | Supercharger
! rowspan="2" | Turbocharger
|-
! Oil
! Water
! Type
|-
| Not controllable || rowspan="2" | Not controllable Not auto controlled || rowspan="2" | Not controllable Not auto controlled || rowspan="2" | Not controllable Not auto controlled || rowspan="2" | Separate || rowspan="2" | Not controllable 1 gear || rowspan="2" | Not controllable
|-
|}

=== Modules ===
{| class="wikitable"
! colspan="1" | Tier
! colspan="2" | Flight performance
! colspan="1" | Survivability
! colspan="2" | Weaponry
|-
| I
| Fuselage repair
| Compressor
|
| Offensive 12 mm
|
|-
| II
| New boosters
|
| Airframe
|
| FRC mk.2
|-
| III
| Wings repair
| Engine
|
| New 12 mm MGs
| FLBC mk.1
|-
| IV
| G-suit
|
| Cover
|
| AIM-9B
|-
|}

=== Pros and cons ===
''Summarise and briefly evaluate the vehicle in terms of its characteristics and combat effectiveness. Mark its pros and cons in the bulleted list. Try not to use more than 6 points for each of the characteristics. Avoid using categorical definitions such as "bad", "good" and the like - use substitutions with softer forms such as "inadequate" and "effective".''

'''Pros:'''
*

'''Cons:'''
*

== History ==
''Describe the history of the creation and combat usage of the aircraft in more detail than in the introduction. If the historical reference turns out to be too long, take it to a separate article, taking a link to the article about the vehicle and adding a block "/ History" (example: <nowiki>https://wiki.warthunder.com/(Vehicle-name)/History</nowiki>) and add a link to it here using the <code>main</code> template. Be sure to reference text and sources by using <code><nowiki><ref></ref></nowiki></code>, as well as adding them at the end of the article with <code><nowiki><references /></nowiki></code>. This section may also include the vehicle's dev blog entry (if applicable) and the in-game encyclopedia description (under <code><nowiki>=== Encyclopedia Info ===</nowiki></code>, also if applicable).''

Following the formal founding of the JASDF in 1954, the North American F-86F was selected as the nacent air forces' day fighter jet. Originally, the USAF expected to be able to deliver all of the JASDF's fighters from its stocks of surplus aircraft since the Sabre was slated for replacement by supersonic fighter jets, but with production of the F-86F-35-NA having been wound down in August of 1954 it was soon realised that existing stocks would be insufficient to cover the orders for the Sabre by many of the Allied nations made for the type. Additionally, negociations between Japan and the United States resulted in a license agreement being struck which would eventually see Mitsubishi cover production of the F-86F for the JASDF. However, as production facilities would first have to be set up for this, a first block of F-86Fs would be delivered to the JASDF.

To cover the shortfall of F-86s for export, production of the F-86 was restarted by North American. The new production block, the F-86F-40-NA, differed from the preceding production block in having a new wing. While Blocks 25 to 35 had been equipped with the slatless 6-3 wing, the Block 40 saw the airframe retain the 6-3 proportioned wing, but with an introduction of the slats in order to improve low-speed handling, and the wingtips extended so the overall span was increased from 37.12 to 39.11 foot. This lowered the stall speed of the F-86F-40-NA from 144 to 124 mph, and decreased the take-off run by 800 foot. Despite these modifications adding 250 lb to the F-86F-40-NA's weight when compared with the earlier F-86F-35-NA, overall performance remained the same.

Production of a first block of 'export' F-86F-40-NA's was approved on June 27th 1955, with a block of 215 aircraft being ordered for delivery to the Japanese, China Nationalist and Spanish Air Forces. As these aircraft were purchased with MDAP funds, they were assigned USAF serial numbers 55-3816 to -4030. In 1956 an additional 65 aircraft were added to the order, with some aircraft intended for delivery to Pakistan: these aircraft received USAF serial numbers 55-4983 to 5047.

Of these 280 aircraft, 150 were slated for delivery to Japan. In Japanese service, this first block of aircraft was assigned the serial numbers 62-7431 to -7580, with deliveries taking place between April and December of 1956. Due to a lack of pilots, the last 45 aircraft from this block - 7536 to 7580 - were directly put into storage; in 1959 they were returned to the USAF.

The next block of 70 aircraft delivered to the JASDF was the first batch assembled by Mitsubishi from North American-produced knock down kits, known as the F-86F-40-MIT. As these aircraft too had been funded by the MDAP program, they were assigned USAF serials 55-5048 to -5117; in JASDF service they were renumbered as 62-7701 to -7704; and 72-7705 to -7770. The first Japanese-assembled F-86F flew on August 9th 1956; the last of this block was delivered on December 17th 1957.

The second block of Mitsubishi-built F-86Fs was once again assembled by Mitsubishi from North American-produced knock down kits; the 110 aircraft were assigned USAF serial block 56-2773 to -2882, and received JASDF serial numbers 72-7771 to -7772; 82-7773 to -7868; and 92-7869 to 7880. The first aircraft from this block was accepted into service on December 28th 1957; the last was delivered on February 14th 1959.

The third and final block of 120 Mitsubishi-built F-86Fs was assigned USAF serial block 57-6338 to -6457, and received JASDF serial numbers 92-7881 to -7940; 02-7941 to -7991; and 12-7992 to -7999; the last aircraft delivered was - oddly - given the serial number 12-7000 instead of 12-8000. The first aircraft of this last production block was handed over to the JASDF on February 28th 1959; the last aircraft delivered - and very last F-86 Sabre built - was delivered on February 24th 1961.

(Under the JASDF numbering scheme, aircraft from the 62- serial block were accepted into service in 1956; 72- in 1957, etc.)

In all, 480 F-86Fs were delivered to the JASDF: 10 USAF-surplus F-86F-25-NHs; 20 USAF-surplus F-86F-30-NAs; 150 North American-built F-86F-40-NAs (of which 45 were returned to the USAF without being used); and 300 Mitsubishi-built F-86F-40-MITs. These aircraft were used to equip 17 Squadrons of the JASDF, these being the JASDF GHQ Squadron at Iruma; 103rd, 201st and 203rd Squadrons of the 2nd Fighter Wing at Chitose; the 101st, 102nd and 105th Squadrons of the 3rd Fighter Wing at Matsushima; the 5th and 7th Squadrons of the 4th Fighter Wing at Matsushima; the 4th and 205th Squadrons of the 6th Fighter Wing at Komatsu; the 206th and 207th Squadrons of the 7th Fighter Wing at Hyakuri; the 202nd and 204th Squadrons of the 5th Fighter Wing at Nyutabaru; the 82nd Squadron at Iwakuni; and the 501th Squadron of Reconnaissance Command at Iruma, the latter unit using a mixture of F-86F fighters and RF-86F reconnaissance fighters.

From 1959 onwards, the F-86F-40s of the JASDF were modified so they could carry the Philco-Ford GAR-8 (AIM-9B) Sidewinder.

The F-86Fs of the JASDF were supplemented by the F-86D Sabre Dog in the night/all weather interceptor role from 1957 onwards; from 1964 onwards numerous of the F-86F units started converting to the Lockheed/Mitsubishi F-104J Starfighter. Even so, the Japanese F-86F was destined for a very long service life, remaining in service as a combat trainer long after they had been replaced in front-line service. The very last JASDF F-86F-40 was withdrawn from active service on March 15th 1982. As the JASDF F-86Fs had been procured under the MDAP program, the aircraft nominally remained USAF property even during their JASDF service; following their retirement many of these aircraft were returned to USAF control and 'returned' to the United States, where most were converted to unmanned QF-86F target drones.

The livery of the in-game aircraft is that of 02-7960 (USAF 57-6417), which was accepted into service on June 29th 1960, and served with the JASDF 'Blue Impulse' display team. Following its withdrawal from service in March of 1982, the aircraft was put on display at the JASDF Museum at Hamamatsu Air Base, Japan.

== Media ==
''Excellent additions to the article would be video guides, screenshots from the game, and photos.''

== See also ==

;Related development
* Canadair [[F-86 (Family)|Sabre]] (those Sabres manufactured with the designator "CL")
* North American [[F-86K (France)|F-86D]] Sabre
* North American [[F-100D|F-100]] Super Sabre
* North American [[FJ-4B|FJ-4]] Fury

;Aircraft of comparable role, configuration and era

* Dassault [[Super Mystere B2|Super Mystère]]
* Grumman [[F9F-8|F-9]] Cougar
* Hawker [[Hunter F.1|Hunter]]
* Lavochkin [[La-15]]
* Mikoyan-Gurevich [[MiG-15]]
* Mikoyan-Gurevich [[MiG-17]]
* Saab [[J29D|J29]] Tunnan

== External links ==
''Paste links to sources and external resources, such as:''
* ''topic on the official game forum;''
* ''encyclopedia page on the aircraft;''
* ''other literature.''

{{Japan jet aircraft}}

F-86F-30 (Japan)

2019-11-30T12:26:54Z

U80255841: /* External links */

{{Specs-Card|code=f-86f-30_japan}}
{{About
| about = Japanese jet fighter '''{{PAGENAME}}'''
| usage = other versions
| link = F-86 (Family)
}}

== Description ==

[[File:GarageImage_F-86F-30_Japan.jpg|420px|thumb|left]]
{{Break}}
The '''{{Specs|name}}''' is a rank {{Specs|rank}} Japanese jet fighter {{Battle-rating}}. It was introduced in [[Update 1.39]].

== General info ==
=== Flight performance ===
''Describe how the aircraft behaves in the air. Speed, manoeuvrability, acceleration and allowable loads - these are the most important characteristics of the vehicle.''

{| class="wikitable" style="text-align:center"
! rowspan="2" | Characteristics
! colspan="2" | Max Speed (km/h at 0 m - at sea level)
! rowspan="2" | Max altitude (meters)
! colspan="2" | Turn time (seconds)
! colspan="2" | Rate of climb (meters/second)
! rowspan="2" | Take-off run (meters)
|-
! AB !! RB !! AB !! RB !! AB !! RB
|-
! Stock
| 1,095 || 1,089 || rowspan="2" | {{Specs|ceiling}} || 24.7 || 25.9 || 38.8 || 35.9 || rowspan="2" | 750
|-
! Upgraded
| ___ || 1,106 || __._ || 24.0 || __._ || 46.7
|-
|}

==== Details ====
{| class="wikitable" style="text-align:center"
|-
! colspan="6" | Features
|-
! Combat flaps !! Take-off flaps !! Landing flaps !! Air brakes !! Arrestor gear !! Drogue chute
|-
| ✓ || ✓ || ✓ || ✓ || X || X 
|-
|}

{| class="wikitable" style="text-align:center"
|-
! colspan="7" | Limits
|-
! rowspan="2" | Wings (km/h)
! rowspan="2" | Gear (km/h)
! colspan="3" | Flaps (km/h)
! colspan="2" | Max Static G
|-
! Combat !! Take-off !! Landing !! + !! -
|-
| {{Specs|destruction|constructions}} || {{Specs|destruction|chassis}} || 620 || ___ || 350 || ~11 || ~6
|-
|}

{| class="wikitable" style="text-align:center"
|-
! colspan="4" | Optimal velocities (km/h)
|-
! Ailerons !! Rudder !! Elevators !! Radiator
|-
| < 850 || < 600 || < 650 || N/A
|-
|}

{| class="wikitable" style="text-align:center"
|-
! colspan="3" | Compressor (RB/SB)
|-
! colspan="3" | Setting 1
|-
! Optimal altitude
! 100% Engine power
! WEP Engine power
|-
| 0 m || 2,600 kgf || N/A
|-
|}

=== Survivability and armour ===
''Examine the survivability of the aircraft. Note how vulnerable the structure is and how secure the pilot is, whether the fuel tanks are armoured, etc. Describe the armour, if there is any, and also mention the vulnerability of other critical aircraft systems.''

== Armaments ==
=== Offensive armament ===

{{main|M3 Browning (12.7 mm)}}

The '''''{{PAGENAME}}''''' is armed with:
* 6 x 12.7 mm M3 Browning machine guns, nose-mounted (300 rpg = 1,800 total)

=== Suspended armament ===

{{main|AN-M65A1 Fin M129 (1,000 lb)|HVAR}}

The '''''{{PAGENAME}}''''' can be outfitted with the following ordnance:
* Without load
* 16 x HVAR rockets
* 2 x 1,000 lb AN-M65A1 Fin M129 bombs (2,000 lb total)

== Usage in battles ==
''Describe the tactics of playing in the aircraft, the features of using aircraft in a team and advice on tactics. Refrain from creating a "guide" - do not impose a single point of view, but instead, give the reader food for thought. Examine the most dangerous enemies and give recommendations on fighting them. If necessary, note the specifics of the game in different modes (AB, RB, SB).''

=== Modules ===
{| class="wikitable"
! Tier
! colspan="2" | Flight performance
! Survivability
! colspan="2" | Weaponry
|-
| I
| Fuselage repair
| Compressor
|
| Offensive 12 mm
|
|-
| II
| New boosters
|
| Airframe
|
| FRC mk.2
|-
| III
| Wings repair
| Engine
|
| New 12 mm MGs
|
|-
| IV
| G-suit
|
| Cover
|
| FLBC mk.1
|-
|}

=== Pros and cons ===
''Summarise and briefly evaluate the vehicle in terms of its characteristics and combat effectiveness. Mark its pros and cons in the bulleted list. Try not to use more than 6 points for each of the characteristics. Avoid using categorical definitions such as "bad", "good" and the like - use substitutions with softer forms such as "inadequate" and "effective".''

'''Pros:'''
*

'''Cons:'''
*

== History ==

Following the Japanese defeat and the end of the Second World War, Japan was prohibited from maintaining armed forces of its own. Following the disbanding of the Imperial Japanese Army and Navy in 1945, this decision was written into law in the 1947 Constitution. While the original article declared that Japan would never resort to war as an instrument to settle disputes and would never maintain land, sea or air forces or other instruments of war, later on the exact meaning of this article was questioned by successive governments as it meant Japan was fully dependent on the occupying Allied forces to come to its defence in case of an armed conflict. The outbreak of the Korean War in 1950 only furthered this concern, and a new interpretation of the constitutional article came into being: while Japan was prohibited from maintaining an offensive force, the article did not state that they were also prohibited from maintaining a purely defensive force.

The formal establishment of a mutual defence clause in the 1951 US-Japan Peace treaty led to the founding of the Japanese Self-Defense Forces in 1954, with the Japanese Air Self-Defense Force being its air component. As a result of negotiations concerning the founding of the JASDF, it was eventually decided that the new armed force would use the North American F-86F as its standard day-fighter, with license production being undertaken by Mitsubishi in the form of assembly of knock-down kits produced by the North American factory in California. However, as it would take time for production to start, the decision was taken to hand over USAF aircraft to the nascent JASDF pending the arrival of the first domestically-produced F-86Fs. This first delivery included 30 North American F-86F Sabres and 55 Lockheed T-33A Shooting Star jet-trainers.

The official handover of the first seven F-86Fs for the JASDF took place at Kisarazu Base on December 1st 1955; the last of the 30 aircraft was handed over four months later in April of 1956. This first tranche of 30 aircraft, consisting of 10 F-86F-25-NHs and 20 F-86F-30-NAs, was originally used as a stop-gap pending the delivery of the F-86F-40 variant intended for the JASDF. These aircraft served to equip the 1st Air Wing, which was officially declared operational on October 1st 1956. In the four years they served as daylight fighters, 2 aircraft were written off in accidents. As soon as sufficient North American and Mitsubishi-produced Block-40 aircraft became available, the 28 surviving F-86F-25s and -30s were put into storage.

This was not the end of their story, as 18 aircraft were converted to RF-86F reconnaissance aircraft in 1961. These aircraft were used to equip the 501st Squadron where they would have a surprisingly long career: the last of these RF-86Fs were only withdrawn from service in 1979.

The following F-86Fs were transferred from the USAF to the JASDF:
* F-86F-25-NH: 51-13361; 51-13368; 51-13369; 61-13376; 51-13385; 51-13390; 51-13414; 51-13474; 52-5327; 52-5439
* F-86F-30-NA: 52-4542; 52-4618; 52-4679; 52-4684; 52-4693; 52-4699; 52-4705; 52-4708; 52-4745; 52-4758; 52-4836; 52-4844; 52-4845; 52-4905; 52-4909; 52-4913; 52-4914; 52-4916; 52-4923; 52-4939
These aircraft were (randomly) renumbered in JASDF service as 52-7401/7409 and 62-7410/7430. Aircraft later converted to RF-86F standard were renumbered from the x2-74xx to x2-64xx.

== Media ==
''Excellent additions to the article would be video guides, screenshots from the game, and photos.''

== See also ==

;Related development
* Canadair [[F-86 (Family)|Sabre]] (those Sabres manufactured with the designator "CL")
* North American [[F-86K (France)|F-86D]] Sabre
* North American [[F-100D|F-100]] Super Sabre
* North American [[FJ-4B|FJ-4]] Fury

;Aircraft of comparable role, configuration and era

* Dassault [[Super Mystere B2|Super Mystère]]
* Grumman [[F9F-8|F-9]] Cougar
* Hawker [[Hunter F.1|Hunter]]
* Lavochkin [[La-15]]
* Mikoyan-Gurevich [[MiG-15]]
* Mikoyan-Gurevich [[MiG-17]]
* Saab [[J29D|J29]] Tunnan

== External links ==

* http://dansa.minim.ne.jp/His-Mil-F86F-002-Photo1-1.htm
* http://www.joebaugher.com/usaf_fighters/p86_12.html

{{Japan jet aircraft}}

F-86F-30 (Japan)

2019-11-30T02:05:08Z

U80255841:

{{Specs-Card|code=f-86f-30_japan}}
{{About
| about = Japanese jet fighter '''{{PAGENAME}}'''
| usage = other uses
| link = F-86 (Family)
}}

== Description ==

[[File:GarageImage_F-86F-30_Japan.jpg|420px|thumb|left]]
{{break}}
The '''{{Specs|name}}''' is a rank {{Specs|rank}} Japanese jet fighter {{Battle-rating}}. It was introduced in [[Update 1.39]].

== General info ==
=== Flight Performance ===
''Describe how the aircraft behaves in the air. Speed, manoeuvrability, acceleration and allowable loads - these are the most important characteristics of the vehicle.''

{| class="wikitable" style="text-align:center"
|-
! colspan="8" | Characteristics
|-
! colspan="8" | ''Stock''
|-
! colspan="2" | Max Speed (km/h at 0 m - at sea level)
! rowspan="2" | Max altitude (meters)
! colspan="2" | Turn time (seconds)
! colspan="2" | Rate of climb (meters/second)
! rowspan="2" | Take-off run (meters)
|-
! AB
! RB
! AB
! RB
! AB
! RB
|-
| 1,095 || 1,089 || {{Specs|ceiling}} || 24.9 || 26.0 || 39.1 || 36.2 || 750
|-
! colspan="8" | ''Upgraded''
|-
! colspan="2" | Max Speed (km/h at 0 m - at sea level)
! rowspan="2" | Max altitude (meters)
! colspan="2" | Turn time (seconds)
! colspan="2" | Rate of climb (meters/second)
! rowspan="2" | Take-off run (meters)
|-
! AB
! RB
! AB
! RB
! AB
! RB
|-
| ??? || ??? || {{Specs|ceiling}} || ??.? || ??.? || ??.? || ??.? || 750
|-
|}

==== Details ====
{| class="wikitable" style="text-align:center"
|-
! colspan="5" | Features
|-
! Combat flaps
! Take-off flaps
! Landing flaps
! Air brakes
! Arrestor gear
|-
| ✓ || ✓ || ✓ || ✓ || X 
|-
|}

{| class="wikitable" style="text-align:center"
|-
! colspan="5" | Limits
|-
! rowspan="2" | Wing-break speed (km/h)
! rowspan="2" | Gear limit (km/h)
! rowspan="2" | Combat flaps (km/h)
! colspan="2" | Max Static G
|-
! +
! -
|-
| {{Specs|destruction|constructions}} || {{Specs|destruction|chassis}} || 620 || ~11 || ~6
|-
|}

{| class="wikitable" style="text-align:center"
|-
! colspan="4" | Optimal velocities
|-
! Ailerons (km/h)
! Rudder (km/h)
! Elevators (km/h)
! Radiator (km/h)
|-
| < 850 || < 600 || < 650 || N/A
|-
|}

{| class="wikitable" style="text-align:center"
|-
! colspan="3" | Compressor (RB/SB)
|-
! colspan="3" | Setting 1
|-
! Optimal altitude
! 100% Engine power
! WEP Engine power
|-
| 0 m || 2,600 kgf || N/A
|-
|}

=== Survivability and armour ===
''Examine the survivability of the aircraft. Note how vulnerable the structure is and how secure the pilot is, whether the fuel tanks are armoured, etc. Describe the armour, if there is any, and also mention the vulnerability of other critical aircraft systems.''

== Armaments ==
=== Offensive armament ===

{{main|Browning M3 (12.7 mm)}}

The '''''{{PAGENAME}}''''' is armed with:
* 6 x 12.7 mm Browning M3 machine guns, nose-mounted (300 rpg = 1,800 total)

=== Suspended armament ===

{{main|AN-M65A1 Fin M129 (1,000 lb)|HVAR}}

The '''''{{PAGENAME}}''''' can be outfitted with the following ordnance:
* Without load
* 16 x HVAR rockets
* 2 x 1,000 lb AN-M65A1 Fin M129 bombs (2,000 lb total)

== Usage in battles ==
''Describe the tactics of playing in an aircraft, the features of using vehicles in a team and advice on tactics. Refrain from creating a "guide" - do not impose a single point of view, but instead, give the reader food for thought. Examine the most dangerous enemies and give recommendations on fighting them. If necessary, note the specifics of the game in different modes (AB, RB, SB).''

=== Manual Engine Control ===
{| class="wikitable" style="text-align:center"
|-
! colspan="7" | MEC elements
|-
! rowspan="2" | Mixer
! rowspan="2" | Pitch
! colspan="3" | Radiator
! rowspan="2" | Supercharger
! rowspan="2" | Turbocharger
|-
! Oil
! Water
! Type
|-
| Not controllable || rowspan="2" | Not controllable Not auto controlled || rowspan="2" | Not controllable Not auto controlled || rowspan="2" | Not controllable Not auto controlled || rowspan="2" | Separate || rowspan="2" | Not controllable 1 gear || rowspan="2" | Not controllable
|-
|}

=== Modules ===
{| class="wikitable"
! colspan="1" | Tier
! colspan="2" | Flight performance
! colspan="1" | Survivability
! colspan="2" | Weaponry
|-
| I
| Fuselage repair
| Compressor
|
| Offensive 12 mm
|
|-
| II
| New boosters
|
| Airframe
|
| FRC mk.2
|-
| III
| Wings repair
| Engine
|
| New 12 mm MGs
|
|-
| IV
| G-suit
|
| Cover
|
| FLBC mk.1
|-
|}

=== Pros and cons ===
''Summarise and briefly evaluate the vehicle in terms of its characteristics and combat effectiveness. Mark its pros and cons in the bulleted list. Try not to use more than 6 points for each of the characteristics. Avoid using categorical definitions such as "bad", "good" and the like - use substitutions with softer forms such as "inadequate" and "effective".''

'''Pros:'''
*

'''Cons:'''
*

== History ==
''Describe the history of the creation and combat usage of the aircraft in more detail than in the introduction. If the historical reference turns out to be too long, take it to a separate article, taking a link to the article about the vehicle and adding a block "/ History" (example: <nowiki>https://wiki.warthunder.com/(Vehicle-name)/History</nowiki>) and add a link to it here using the <code>main</code> template. Be sure to reference text and sources by using <code><nowiki><ref></ref></nowiki></code>, as well as adding them at the end of the article with <code><nowiki><references /></nowiki></code>. This section may also include the vehicle's dev blog entry (if applicable) and the in-game encyclopedia description (under <code><nowiki>=== Encyclopedia Info ===</nowiki></code>, also if applicable).''

Following the Japanese defeat and the end of the Second World War, Japan was prohibited from maintaining armed forces of its own. Following the disbanding of the Imperial Japanese Army and Navy in 1945, this decision was written into law in the 1947 Constitution. While the original article declared that Japan would never resolve to War as an instrument to settle disputes and would never maintain land, sea or air forces or other instruments of war, later on the exact meaning of this article was questioned by successive governments as it meant Japan was fully dependent on the occupying Allied forces to come to its defence in case of an armed conflict. The outbreak of the Korean War in 1950 only furthered this concern, and a new interpretation of the constitutional article came into being: while Japan was prohibited from maintaining an offensive force, the article did not state that they were also prohibited from maintaining a purely defensive force.

The formal establishment of a mutual defense clause in the 1951 US-Japan Peace treaty led to the founding of the Japanese Self-Defense Forces in 1954, with the Japanese Air Self-Defense Force being its air component. As a result of negociations concering the founding of the JASDF, it was eventually decided that the new armed force would use the North American F-86F as its standard day fighter, with license production being undertaken by Mitsubishi in the form of assembly of knock-down kits produced by the North American factory in California. However, as it would take time for production to start, the decision was taken to hand over USAF aircraft to the nascent JASDF pending the arrival of the first domestically-produced F-86Fs. This first delivery included 30 North American F-86F Sabres and 55 Lockheed T-33A Shooting Star jet-trainers.

The official handover of the first seven F-86Fs for the JASDF took place at Kisarazu Base on December 1st 1955; the last of the 30 aircraft was handed over four months later in April of 1956. This first tranche of 30 aircraft, consisting of 10 F-86F-25-NHs and 20 F-86F-30-NAs, was originally used as a stop-gap pending the delivery of the intended F-86F-40 variant intended for the JASDF. These aircraft served to equip the 1st Air Wing, which was officially declared operational on October 1st 1956. In the four years they served as daylight fighters, 2 aircraft were written off in accidents. As soon as sufficient North American and Mitsubishi-produced Block-40 aircraft became available, the 28 surviving F-86F-25s and -30s were put into storage.

This was not the end of their story, as 18 aircraft were converted to RF-86F reconnaissance aircraft in 1961. These aircraft were used to equip the 501st Squadron where they would have a surprisingly long career: the last of these RF-86Fs were only withdrawn from service in 1979.

The following F-86Fs were transferred from the USAF to the JASDF:
F-86F-25-NH: 51-13361; 51-13368; 51-13369; 61-13376; 51-13385; 51-13390; 51-13414; 51-13474; 52-5327; 52-5439
F-86F-30-NA: 52-4542; 52-4618; 52-4679; 52-4684; 52-4693; 52-4699; 52-4705; 52-4708; 52-4745; 52-4758; 52-4836; 52-4844; 52-4845; 52-4905; 52-4909; 52-4913; 52-4914; 52-4916; 52-4923; 52-4939
These aircraft were (randomly) renumbered in JASDF service as 52-7401/7409 and 62-7410/7430. Aircraft later converted to RF-86F standard were renumbered from the x2-74xx to x2-64xx.

== Media ==
''Excellent additions to the article would be video guides, screenshots from the game, and photos.''

== See also ==

;Related development
* Canadair [[F-86 (Family)|Sabre]] (those Sabres manufactured with the designator "CL")
* North American [[F-86K (France)|F-86D]] Sabre
* North American [[F-100D|F-100]] Super Sabre
* North American [[FJ-4B|FJ-4]] Fury

;Aircraft of comparable role, configuration and era

* Dassault [[Super Mystere B2|Super Mystère]]
* Grumman [[F9F-8|F-9]] Cougar
* Hawker [[Hunter F.1|Hunter]]
* Lavochkin [[La-15]]
* Mikoyan-Gurevich [[MiG-15]]
* Mikoyan-Gurevich [[MiG-17]]
* Saab [[J29D|J29]] Tunnan

== External links ==
''Paste links to sources and external resources, such as:''
* ''topic on the official game forum;''
* ''encyclopedia page on the aircraft;''
* ''other literature.''

http://dansa.minim.ne.jp/His-Mil-F86F-002-Photo1-1.htm#7416
http://www.joebaugher.com/usaf_fighters/p86_12.html

{{Japan jet aircraft}}

F-86F-30 (Japan)

2019-11-30T02:02:00Z

U80255841: /* History */

NC.900

2019-11-19T15:58:12Z

U80255841:

{{Specs-Card|code=fw-190a-8_france}}
{{About
| about = French fighter '''{{PAGENAME}}'''
| other
| usage-1 = the German version
| link-1 = Fw 190 A-8
| usage-2 = other versions
| link-2 = Fw 190 (Family)
}}

== Description ==

[[File:GarageImage_{{PAGENAME}}.jpg|420px|thumb|left]]
{{break}}
The '''{{Specs|name}}''' is a gift rank {{Specs|rank}} French fighter {{Battle-rating}}. It was introduced during [[Update 1.75 "La Résistance"]] in the 2017 "Festive Quest" that took place from 22 December 2017 to 22 January 2018. It was obtained via collecting 13 pilot's Christmas toys.

The NC.900 is the identical, French version of the [[Fw 190 A-8|Fw 190 A-8]] which features many of the same characteristics as the late Focke-Wulf Anton fighters.

== General info ==
=== Flight performance ===
''Describe how the aircraft behaves in the air. Speed, manoeuvrability, acceleration and allowable loads - these are the most important characteristics of the vehicle.''

{| class="wikitable" style="text-align:center"
|-
! colspan="8" | Characteristics
|-
! colspan="8" | ''Stock''
|-
! colspan="2" | Max Speed (km/h at 5,500 m)
! rowspan="2" | Max altitude (meters)
! colspan="2" | Turn time (seconds)
! colspan="2" | Rate of climb (meters/second)
! rowspan="2" | Take-off run (meters)
|-
! AB
! RB
! AB
! RB
! AB
! RB
|-
| 622 || 601 || {{Specs|ceiling}} || 24.2 || 25.3 || 10.2 || 10.2 || 450
|-
! colspan="8" | ''Upgraded''
|-
! colspan="2" | Max Speed (km/h at 5,500 m)
! rowspan="2" | Max altitude (meters)
! colspan="2" | Turn time (seconds)
! colspan="2" | Rate of climb (meters/second)
! rowspan="2" | Take-off run (meters)
|-
! AB
! RB
! AB
! RB
! AB
! RB
|-
| 687 || 652 || {{Specs|ceiling}} || 21.4 || 22.8 || 19.5 || 14.1 || 450
|-
|}

==== Details ====
{| class="wikitable" style="text-align:center"
|-
! colspan="5" | Features
|-
! Combat flaps
! Take-off flaps
! Landing flaps
! Air brakes
! Arrestor gear
|-
| X || ✓ || ✓ || X || X 
|-
|}

{| class="wikitable" style="text-align:center"
|-
! colspan="5" | Limits
|-
! rowspan="2" | Wing-break speed (km/h)
! rowspan="2" | Gear limit (km/h)
! rowspan="2" | Combat flaps (km/h)
! colspan="2" | Max Static G
|-
! +
! -
|-
| {{Specs|destruction|constructions}} || {{Specs|destruction|chassis}} || 900 || ~12 || ~6
|-
|}

{| class="wikitable" style="text-align:center"
|-
! colspan="4" | Optimal velocities
|-
! Ailerons (km/h)
! Rudder (km/h)
! Elevators (km/h)
! Radiator (km/h)
|-
| < 420 || < 240 || < 550 || > 280
|-
|}

{| class="wikitable" style="text-align:center"
|-
! colspan="3" | Compressor (RB/SB)
|-
! colspan="3" | Setting 1
|-
! Optimal altitude
! 100% Engine power
! WEP Engine power
|-
| 700 m || 1,498 hp || 1,874 hp
|-
! colspan="3" | Setting 2
|-
! Optimal altitude
! 100% Engine power
! WEP Engine power
|-
| 5,300 m || 1,301 hp || 1,628 hp
|-
|}

=== Survivability and armour ===

* 57 mm Bulletproof glass in front of the cockpit.
* 3-5 mm Steel plates in front of oil cooling system.
* 6 mm Steel plate under the radial engine.
* 12 mm Steel plate in pilot's headrest, and a 8 + 6 mm steel plates behind the pilot.
* 8 mm Steel plate under the cockpit.
* 5 mm Steel plate behind the fuel tank.

== Armaments ==
=== Offensive armament ===

{{main|MG 151/20 (20 mm)|MG 131 (13 mm)}}

The '''''{{PAGENAME}}''''' is armed with:
* 4 x 20 mm MG 151/20 cannons, -mounted (140 rpg outer + 250 rpg inner = 780 total)
* 2 x 13 mm MG 131 machine guns, -mounted (400 rpg = 800 total)

The four cannons are arranged in bundles of two mounted in each wing. The two outer cannons have 110 less rounds compared to the two inner cannons and will run empty first. The two machine guns are mounted in the nose of the aircraft have the same amount of ammunition and will deplete at the same time if out of ammo.

== Usage in battles ==

Flying the NC.900 tends to be very defensive and relies on neutralising an enemy's energy advantage and capitalising on the plane's advantages. Manoeuvres that work well include the Split-S, Chandelle and anything that requires a high rate of roll. One of these is to dive and roll in a single direction whilst applying rudder. This causes a very tight barrel roll that few aircraft can hope to gain a firing solution on. Another way to clear the NC.900's six is to pitch steeply up and roll over forcing an overshoot and potentially giving a firing solution. It's possible to dismember superior aircraft simply because of the roll rate and firepower this plane possesses. If skilled enough to press for a gun solution when scissoring an enemy, it could be greatly rewarded.

In summary, climb to the side, BnZ steadily, never get in a sustained turn fight, and use the roll rate to outgame the enemy when cornered.

=== Manual Engine Control ===
{| class="wikitable" style="text-align:center"
|-
! colspan="7" | MEC elements
|-
! rowspan="2" | Mixer
! rowspan="2" | Pitch
! colspan="3" | Radiator
! rowspan="2" | Supercharger
! rowspan="2" | Turbocharger
|-
! Oil
! Water
! Type
|-
| Not controllable || Controllable Not auto controlled || Not controllable Auto control available || Controllable Not auto controlled || Combined || Not controllable 2 gears || Not controllable
|-
|}

=== Modules ===
{| class="wikitable"
! colspan="1" | Tier
! colspan="2" | Flight performance
! colspan="1" | Survivability
! colspan="2" | Weaponry
|-
| I
| Fuselage repair
| Radiator
|
| Offensive 13 mm
|
|-
| II
|
| Compressor
| Airframe
| New 13 mm MGs
|
|-
| III
| Wings repair
| Engine
|
| Offensive 20 mm
| R6 modification
|-
| IV
|
| Engine injection
| Cover
| New 20 mm cannons
|
|-
|}

Note: The aircraft comes with all modules fitted already.

=== Pros and cons ===


'''Pros:'''
* Great roll rate at all speeds.
* Good energy retention (though somewhat poor compared to [[Spitfire_LF_Mk_IX|Spitfire LF Mk IX]] in the BnZ role).
* Excellent high speed control.
* Heavy armament, with plenty of ammunition.
* Well armoured from the front, especially cockpit.
* Small and rugged air-frame.
* Has interceptor airspawn.

'''Cons:'''
* Poor acceleration at all altitudes.
* Poor turn time and energy retention in turns.
* Poor control at low speed.
* Rate of climb is mediocre.
* Bad at altitude performance.
* Very bricky to fly in general.

== History ==
''Describe the history of the creation and combat usage of the aircraft in more detail than in the introduction. If the historical reference turns out to be too long, take it to a separate article, taking a link to the article about the vehicle and adding a block "/ History" (example: <nowiki>https://wiki.warthunder.com/(Vehicle-name)/History</nowiki>) and add a link to it here using the <code>main</code> template. Be sure to reference text and sources by using <code><nowiki><ref></ref></nowiki></code>, as well as adding them at the end of the article with <code><nowiki><references /></nowiki></code>. This section may also include the vehicle's dev blog entry (if applicable) and the in-game encyclopedia description (under <code><nowiki>=== In-game description ===</nowiki></code>, also if applicable).''

The '''SNCAC NC.900''' was a French version of the Focke-Wulf Fw 190, constructed from a number of abandoned Fw 190A-5 and A-8 airframes found in the former chalk quarry of Cravant after the Liberation of France.

The chalk quarry of Cravant was used for about 800 years for mining chalk stone, used in the construction of local buildings. After the quarry was abandonned in 1935, centuries of extractions of chalk had resulted in large underground caverns. During 1939, the French constructor ''Loire et Olivier'' became interested in the abandonned quarry, seeing the underground caverns as an ideal location to construct an additional aircraft factory. Before any airframe could be built at the Cravant installation, the Germans managed to occupy France, and for a couple of years the installations at Cravant lay dormant. However, following the intensification of the Allied bombing offensive in 1943, the Germans started looking at alternative repair depots, and the installations at Cravant were reactivated. Following preparations, the repair facilities at Cravant were taken in use on February 6th 1944 as the ''Sonderreparaturbetrieb G.L & Elbag Lager 918 Auxerre'', also known as the ''Frontrepareturbetrieb 918''. Cravant soon became the main repair works for Focke-Wulf Fw 190s on the Western Front.

Over the next 6 months, about 163 Focke Wulf 190s were repaired at Cravant until the region was liberated by Allied forces on August 18th 1944. The German Forces tried to destroy the facilities before abandoning them by setting them on fire, however according to local legends, the fire was asphyxiated through a lack of oxygen in the underground caverns. As such, when the factory was discovered by the Allied forces, they discovered 156 sets of wings and 112 fuselages of various marques of Focke Wulf Fw 190, including Fw 190 A-3s, A-4s, A-5s, A-6s, A-7s, A-8s, F-8s and G-3s. A large number of these fuselages were in a damaged state, either through pre-existing damage which had seen the aircraft end up at the facility in the first place, or through damage caused by the fire set by the retreating German forces. After an inventory was made, it was found that of 112 fuselages about 70 to 75 were more or less in a useable state. With a large supply of available parts and a need for fighter planes, the decision was taken to rebuild a number of Focke Wulfs for use by French units.

Assembly of the airframes was started under supervision of the ''Société Nationale de Construction Aéronautique du Centre'' (SNCAC), and the French-built Fw 190s were given the new designation of NC.900. Despite using a mixture of A-5, A-6 and A-8 fuselages and wings, no separate designations were given to the two variants; the main problem faced by the SNCAC was a lack of BMW 801 engines, necessitating the use of a large stock of engines built by the French Voisin factories. However, at the time it was not fully understood that these engines, built during the German occupation, had been subtly sabotaged by the French labourers, often in such a way that the sabotage could not be determined unless one knew where to look.

The first NC.900 flew on March 16th 1945, and the first aircraft were officially accepted by the French Air Force on May 11th 1945. The first unit which would be converted to the NC.900 was the Groupe du Chasse III/5 : the legendary ''Normandie-Niemen'' group which had arrived from the Soviet Union to France on June 20th 1945, and which in the first few months after its return had been flying the Yakolev Yak 3 with which the unit had returned from the Soviet Union. As spares for these aircraft were impossible to come by in France, and the unit's aircraft had one by one been cannibalised to keep them flying, the decision was made to assign the NC.900 to them first - and that could not have been a worse choice. After all, ''Normandie-Niemen''
had just spent three years on the Eastern Front, where they had fought intense battles against the Focke-Wulf Fw 190s of JG51 and had lost many of their comrades to the Butcher Bird's guns. As a result, the pilots hated the Fw 190/NC.900, and thoroughly disliked flying it. Despite their protests, the unit was officially converted to NC.900 on February 1st 1946.

Due to the way in which the NC.900s had been assembled at Cravant - using numerous parts of various variants without any real attempt at matching parts - the end result was that the NC.900 proved to be an unbalanced and unstable aircraft, with each separate airframe having distinctly different flying characteristics. Additionally, sabotage to both engines and individual parts meant that numerous incidents soon started happening with the NC.900s; added to that the pilots of ''Normandie-Niemen'' had been used to flying the lighter and more nimble Yak fighters, and conversion to the 'hated' Butcher Bird proved more problematic than expected. A series of incidents, accidents and mechanical breakdowns - often due to failure of sabotaged parts or engines - soon gave the NC.900 a very bad reputation, and already two weeks after its official introduction into service, on February 18th, the decision was taken to end production of the type, with the type being grounded in April pending thorough inspections. This resulted in a partial lifting of the ban, and 9 airframes were greenlit for service in July of 1946, but only one of them appears to have flown until the NC.900 was permanently grounded on November 1st 1946. The circa 70 NC.900s built flew barely 100 hours in service between February 1st and November 1st 1946.

Following the permanent flight ban of the NC.900s, the remaining airframes were scrapped except for one which now stands as an Fw 190 at the ''Musée de l'Air et de l'Espace'' at Bourget; France's remaining stock of Focke Wulf spare parts was subsequently sold to Turkey to keep its remaining Fw 190A-3a's flying (they in turn were withdrawn from service towards the end of 1947).

== Media ==

* [https://live.warthunder.com/feed/camouflages/?q=#NC900 Camouflages for the NC.900 on War Thunder Live]
<div><ul>
<li style="display: inline-block;"> [[File:NC.900 Alt Camo.png|thumb|300px|''"Non-standard bicolor camouflage pattern''", given to owners when 350,000 lights were on the tree during the event.]] </li>
<li style="display: inline-block;"> [[File:NC.900 Tail.png|thumb|200px|Close-up on unique tail marking.]] </li>
</ul></div>

== See also ==
''Links to the articles on the War Thunder Wiki that you think will be useful for the reader, for example:''
* ''reference to the series of the aircraft;''
* ''links to approximate analogues of other nations and research trees.''

== External links ==
''Paste links to sources and external resources, such as:''
* ''topic on the official game forum;''
* ''encyclopedia page on the aircraft;''
* ''other literature.''

https://www.histavia21.net/Cravant/cravant.htm
https://www.aviationsmilitaires.net/v2/base/view/Variant/6596.html
https://www.avionslegendaires.net/avion-militaire/sncac-nc-900/

{{France fighters}}

NC.900

2019-11-19T15:52:48Z

U80255841: /* History */

{{Specs-Card|code=fw-190a-8_france}}
{{About
| about = French fighter '''{{PAGENAME}}'''
| other
| usage-1 = the German version
| link-1 = Fw 190 A-8
| usage-2 = other versions
| link-2 = Fw 190 (Family)
}}

== Description ==

[[File:GarageImage_{{PAGENAME}}.jpg|420px|thumb|left]]
{{break}}
The '''{{Specs|name}}''' is a gift rank {{Specs|rank}} French fighter {{Battle-rating}}. It was introduced during [[Update 1.75 "La Résistance"]] in the 2017 "Festive Quest" that took place from 22 December 2017 to 22 January 2018. It was obtained via collecting 13 pilot's Christmas toys.

The NC.900 is the identical, French version of the [[Fw 190 A-8|Fw 190 A-8]] which features many of the same characteristics as the late Focke-Wulf Anton fighters.

== General info ==
=== Flight performance ===
''Describe how the aircraft behaves in the air. Speed, manoeuvrability, acceleration and allowable loads - these are the most important characteristics of the vehicle.''

{| class="wikitable" style="text-align:center"
|-
! colspan="8" | Characteristics
|-
! colspan="8" | ''Stock''
|-
! colspan="2" | Max Speed (km/h at 5,500 m)
! rowspan="2" | Max altitude (meters)
! colspan="2" | Turn time (seconds)
! colspan="2" | Rate of climb (meters/second)
! rowspan="2" | Take-off run (meters)
|-
! AB
! RB
! AB
! RB
! AB
! RB
|-
| 622 || 601 || {{Specs|ceiling}} || 24.2 || 25.3 || 10.2 || 10.2 || 450
|-
! colspan="8" | ''Upgraded''
|-
! colspan="2" | Max Speed (km/h at 5,500 m)
! rowspan="2" | Max altitude (meters)
! colspan="2" | Turn time (seconds)
! colspan="2" | Rate of climb (meters/second)
! rowspan="2" | Take-off run (meters)
|-
! AB
! RB
! AB
! RB
! AB
! RB
|-
| 687 || 652 || {{Specs|ceiling}} || 21.4 || 22.8 || 19.5 || 14.1 || 450
|-
|}

==== Details ====
{| class="wikitable" style="text-align:center"
|-
! colspan="5" | Features
|-
! Combat flaps
! Take-off flaps
! Landing flaps
! Air brakes
! Arrestor gear
|-
| X || ✓ || ✓ || X || X 
|-
|}

{| class="wikitable" style="text-align:center"
|-
! colspan="5" | Limits
|-
! rowspan="2" | Wing-break speed (km/h)
! rowspan="2" | Gear limit (km/h)
! rowspan="2" | Combat flaps (km/h)
! colspan="2" | Max Static G
|-
! +
! -
|-
| {{Specs|destruction|constructions}} || {{Specs|destruction|chassis}} || 900 || ~12 || ~6
|-
|}

{| class="wikitable" style="text-align:center"
|-
! colspan="4" | Optimal velocities
|-
! Ailerons (km/h)
! Rudder (km/h)
! Elevators (km/h)
! Radiator (km/h)
|-
| < 420 || < 240 || < 550 || > 280
|-
|}

{| class="wikitable" style="text-align:center"
|-
! colspan="3" | Compressor (RB/SB)
|-
! colspan="3" | Setting 1
|-
! Optimal altitude
! 100% Engine power
! WEP Engine power
|-
| 700 m || 1,498 hp || 1,874 hp
|-
! colspan="3" | Setting 2
|-
! Optimal altitude
! 100% Engine power
! WEP Engine power
|-
| 5,300 m || 1,301 hp || 1,628 hp
|-
|}

=== Survivability and armour ===

* 57 mm Bulletproof glass in front of the cockpit.
* 3-5 mm Steel plates in front of oil cooling system.
* 6 mm Steel plate under the radial engine.
* 12 mm Steel plate in pilot's headrest, and a 8 + 6 mm steel plates behind the pilot.
* 8 mm Steel plate under the cockpit.
* 5 mm Steel plate behind the fuel tank.

== Armaments ==
=== Offensive armament ===

{{main|MG 151/20 (20 mm)|MG 131 (13 mm)}}

The '''''{{PAGENAME}}''''' is armed with:
* 4 x 20 mm MG 151/20 cannons, -mounted (140 rpg outer + 250 rpg inner = 780 total)
* 2 x 13 mm MG 131 machine guns, -mounted (400 rpg = 800 total)

The four cannons are arranged in bundles of two mounted in each wing. The two outer cannons have 110 less rounds compared to the two inner cannons and will run empty first. The two machine guns are mounted in the nose of the aircraft have the same amount of ammunition and will deplete at the same time if out of ammo.

== Usage in battles ==

Flying the NC.900 tends to be very defensive and relies on neutralising an enemy's energy advantage and capitalising on the plane's advantages. Manoeuvres that work well include the Split-S, Chandelle and anything that requires a high rate of roll. One of these is to dive and roll in a single direction whilst applying rudder. This causes a very tight barrel roll that few aircraft can hope to gain a firing solution on. Another way to clear the NC.900's six is to pitch steeply up and roll over forcing an overshoot and potentially giving a firing solution. It's possible to dismember superior aircraft simply because of the roll rate and firepower this plane possesses. If skilled enough to press for a gun solution when scissoring an enemy, it could be greatly rewarded.

In summary, climb to the side, BnZ steadily, never get in a sustained turn fight, and use the roll rate to outgame the enemy when cornered.

=== Manual Engine Control ===
{| class="wikitable" style="text-align:center"
|-
! colspan="7" | MEC elements
|-
! rowspan="2" | Mixer
! rowspan="2" | Pitch
! colspan="3" | Radiator
! rowspan="2" | Supercharger
! rowspan="2" | Turbocharger
|-
! Oil
! Water
! Type
|-
| Not controllable || Controllable Not auto controlled || Not controllable Auto control available || Controllable Not auto controlled || Combined || Not controllable 2 gears || Not controllable
|-
|}

=== Modules ===
{| class="wikitable"
! colspan="1" | Tier
! colspan="2" | Flight performance
! colspan="1" | Survivability
! colspan="2" | Weaponry
|-
| I
| Fuselage repair
| Radiator
|
| Offensive 13 mm
|
|-
| II
|
| Compressor
| Airframe
| New 13 mm MGs
|
|-
| III
| Wings repair
| Engine
|
| Offensive 20 mm
| R6 modification
|-
| IV
|
| Engine injection
| Cover
| New 20 mm cannons
|
|-
|}

Note: The aircraft comes with all modules fitted already.

=== Pros and cons ===


'''Pros:'''
* Great roll rate at all speeds.
* Good energy retention (though somewhat poor compared to [[Spitfire_LF_Mk_IX|Spitfire LF Mk IX]] in the BnZ role).
* Excellent high speed control.
* Heavy armament, with plenty of ammunition.
* Well armoured from the front, especially cockpit.
* Small and rugged air-frame.
* Has interceptor airspawn.

'''Cons:'''
* Poor acceleration at all altitudes.
* Poor turn time and energy retention in turns.
* Poor control at low speed.
* Rate of climb is mediocre.
* Bad at altitude performance.
* Very bricky to fly in general.

== History ==
''Describe the history of the creation and combat usage of the aircraft in more detail than in the introduction. If the historical reference turns out to be too long, take it to a separate article, taking a link to the article about the vehicle and adding a block "/ History" (example: <nowiki>https://wiki.warthunder.com/(Vehicle-name)/History</nowiki>) and add a link to it here using the <code>main</code> template. Be sure to reference text and sources by using <code><nowiki><ref></ref></nowiki></code>, as well as adding them at the end of the article with <code><nowiki><references /></nowiki></code>. This section may also include the vehicle's dev blog entry (if applicable) and the in-game encyclopedia description (under <code><nowiki>=== In-game description ===</nowiki></code>, also if applicable).''

The '''SNCAC NC.900''' was a French version of the Focke-Wulf Fw 190, constructed from a number of abandoned Fw 190A-5 and A-8 airframes found in the former chalk quarry of Cravant after the Liberation of France.

The chalk quarry of Cravant was used for about 800 years for mining chalk stone, used in the construction of local buildings. After the quarry was abandonned in 1935, centuries of extractions of chalk had resulted in large underground caverns. During 1939, the French constructor ''Loire et Olivier'' became interested in the abandonned quarry, seeing the underground caverns as an ideal location to construct an additional aircraft factory. Before any airframe could be built at the Cravant installation, the Germans managed to occupy France, and for a couple of years the installations at Cravant lay dormant. However, following the intensification of the Allied bombing offensive in 1943, the Germans started looking at alternative repair depots, and the installations at Cravant were reactivated. Following preparations, the repair facilities at Cravant were taken in use on February 6th 1944 as the ''Sonderreparaturbetrieb G.L & Elbag Lager 918 Auxerre'', also known as the ''Frontrepareturbetrieb 918''. Cravant soon became the main repair works for Focke-Wulf Fw 190s on the Western Front.

Over the next 6 months, about 163 Focke Wulf 190s were repaired at Cravant until the region was liberated by Allied forces on August 18th 1944. The German Forces tried to destroy the facilities before abandoning them by setting them on fire, however according to local legends, the fire was asphyxiated through a lack of oxygen in the underground caverns. As such, when the factory was discovered by the Allied forces, they discovered 156 sets of wings and 112 fuselages of various marques of Focke Wulf Fw 190, including Fw 190 A-3s, A-4s, A-5s, A-6s, A-7s, A-8s, F-8s and G-3s. A large number of these fuselages were in a damaged state, either through pre-existing damage which had seen the aircraft end up at the facility in the first place, or through damage caused by the fire set by the retreating German forces. After an inventory was made, it was found that of 112 fuselages about 70 to 75 were more or less in a useable state. With a large supply of available parts and a need for fighter planes, the decision was taken to rebuild a number of Focke Wulfs for use by French units.

Assembly of the airframes was started under supervision of the ''Société Nationale de Construction Aéronautique du Centre'' (SNCAC), and the French-built Fw 190s were given the new designation of NC.900. Despite using a mixture of A-5 and A-8 fuselages, no separate designations were given to the two variants; the main problem faced by the SNCAC was a lack of BMW 801 engines, necessitating the use of a large stock of engines built by the French Voisin factories. However, at the time it was not fully understood that these engines, built during the German occupation, had been subtly sabotaged by the French labourers, often in such a way that the sabotage could not be determined unless one knew where to look.

The first NC.900 flew on March 16th 1945, and the first aircraft were officially accepted by the French Air Force on May 11th 1945. The first unit which would be converted to the NC.900 was the Groupe du Chasse III/5 : the legendary ''Normandie-Niemen'' group which had arrived from the Soviet Union to France on June 20th 1945, and which in the first few months after its return had been flying the Yakolev Yak 3 with which the unit had returned from the Soviet Union. As spares for these aircraft were impossible to come by in France, and the unit's aircraft had one by one been cannibalised to keep them flying, the decision was made to assign the NC.900 to them first - and that could not have been a worse choice. After all, ''Normandie-Niemen''
had just spent three years on the Eastern Front, where they had fought intense battles against the Focke-Wulf Fw 190s of JG51 and had lost many of their comrades to the Butcher Bird's guns. As a result, the pilots hated the Fw 190/NC.900, and thoroughly disliked flying it. Despite their protests, the unit was officially converted to NC.900 on February 1st 1946.

Due to the way in which the NC.900s had been assembled at Cravant - using numerous parts of various variants without any real attempt at matching parts - the end result was that the NC.900 proved to be an unbalanced and unstable aircraft, with each separate airframe having distinctly different flying characteristics. Additionally, sabotage to both engines and individual parts meant that numerous incidents soon started happening with the NC.900s; added to that the pilots of ''Normandie-Niemen'' had been used to flying the lighter and more nimble Yak fighters, and conversion to the 'hated' Butcher Bird proved more problematic than expected. A series of incidents, accidents and mechanical breakdowns - often due to failure of sabotaged parts or engines - soon gave the NC.900 a very bad reputation, and already two weeks after its official introduction into service, on February 18th, the type was officially grounded. Production of the NC.900 was halted on the same date, and the remaining airframes were thoroughly inspected. This resulted in a partial lifting of the ban, and 9 airframes were greenlit for service in July of 1946, but only one of them appears to have flown until the NC.900 was permanently grounded on November 1st 1946. The circa 70 NC.900s built flew barely 100 hours in service between February 1st and November 1st 1946.

Following the permanent flight ban of the NC.900s, the remaining airframes were scrapped except for one which now stands as an Fw 190 at the ''Musée de l'Air et de l'Espace'' at Bourget; France's remaining stock of Focke Wulf spare parts was subsequently sold to Turkey to keep its remaining Fw 190A-3a's flying (they in turn were withdrawn from service towards the end of 1947).

== Media ==

* [https://live.warthunder.com/feed/camouflages/?q=#NC900 Camouflages for the NC.900 on War Thunder Live]
<div><ul>
<li style="display: inline-block;"> [[File:NC.900 Alt Camo.png|thumb|300px|''"Non-standard bicolor camouflage pattern''", given to owners when 350,000 lights were on the tree during the event.]] </li>
<li style="display: inline-block;"> [[File:NC.900 Tail.png|thumb|200px|Close-up on unique tail marking.]] </li>
</ul></div>

== See also ==
''Links to the articles on the War Thunder Wiki that you think will be useful for the reader, for example:''
* ''reference to the series of the aircraft;''
* ''links to approximate analogues of other nations and research trees.''

== External links ==
''Paste links to sources and external resources, such as:''
* ''topic on the official game forum;''
* ''encyclopedia page on the aircraft;''
* ''other literature.''

{{France fighters}}

PV-1 (7.62 mm)

2019-11-09T02:01:18Z

U80255841:

== Description ==
''Write an introduction to the article in 2-3 small paragraphs. Briefly tell us about the history of the development and combat using the weaponry and also about its features. Compile a list of air, ground, or naval vehicles that feature this weapon system in the game.''

=== Vehicles equipped with this weapon ===

* {{Specs-Link|i-15_1934}}
* {{Specs-Link|i-15_1935}}
* {{Specs-Link|i-15_1935_moscow}}
* {{Specs-Link|i-15bis}}
* {{Specs-Link|i-15bis_china}}
* {{Specs-Link|i-16_chung_28}}

== General info ==
''Tell us about the tactical and technical characteristics of the cannon or machine gun.''

=== Available ammunition ===
''Describe the shells that are available for the weapon and their features and purpose. If it concerns autocannons or machine guns, write about different ammo belts and what is inside (which types of shells).''

=== Comparison with analogues ===
''Give a comparative description of cannons/machine guns that have firepower equal to this weapon.''

== Usage in battles ==
''Describe the cannon/machine gun in the game - its distinctive features, tactics of usage against notable opponents. Please don't write a "guide" - do not impose a single point of view, but give the reader food for thought.''

=== Pros and cons ===
''Summarise and briefly evaluate the weaponry in terms of its characteristics and combat effectiveness. Mark pros and cons as a list.''

'''Pros:'''
* Reliable machine gun

'''Cons:'''
* Rifle-calibre ammo does comparatively little damage
* Relative low rate of fire

== History ==
''Examine the history of the creation and combat usage of the weapon in more detail than in the introduction. If the historical reference turns out to be too long, take it to a separate article, taking a link to the article about the weapon and adding a block "/History" (example: <nowiki>https://wiki.warthunder.com/(Weapon-name)/History</nowiki>) and add a link to it here using the <code>main</code> template. Be sure to reference text and sources by using <code><nowiki><ref></ref></nowiki></code>, as well as adding them at the end of the article with <code><nowiki><references /></nowiki></code>.''

The PV-1 (''Pulemet Vozdushny'' or airborne machine gun) was an air-cooled version of the water-cooled M1910 Maxim gun, designed in 1926 for use on aircraft, and accepted for service in 1928. Created at the initiative of Alexander Vasilevich Nadashkevich of the Scientific and Technical Committee of the Soviet Air Force, its design was adapted from the M1910 to create a lighter gun with a higher rate of fire. The end result was a relatively light machine gun, cooled by a perforated barrel sleeve, which had a firing rate of 750 rpm compared with the original 600 rpm of the M1910. An attempt to build an even lighter variant, the A-2 which substituted some of the steel parts by duralumin parts, was not accepted for service due to the high rate of wear of the aluminium parts.

The gun was used on the Polikarpov I-3, I-4, I-5 and I-15 fighters, the Polikarpov R-5 reconnaissance plane and the Tupolev TB-1 bomber. However, the design was soon considered obsolete and gradually replaced by the ShKAS, which was chambered to the same ammunition but had a much higher rate of fire. Production of the PV-1 ran from 1927 until 1940, with a total of around 18000 made.

While the PV-1 was being phased out of service by the end of the 1930s, the German invasion of 1941 saw a great number of surplus PV-1s adopted for other purposes. Numerous former aircraft weapons were either adapted for use on a ZPU anti-aircraft mount, or even on the original carriage of the M1910 for infantry support.

== Media ==
''An excellent addition to the article would be a video guide, as well as screenshots from the game and photos.''

== See also ==
''Links to the articles on the War Thunder Wiki that you think will be useful for the reader, for example:''
* ''reference to the article about the variant of the cannon/machine gun;''
* ''references to approximate analogues by other nations and research trees.''

== External links ==
''Paste links to sources and external resources, such as:''
* ''topic on the official game forum;''
* ''encyclopedia page on the weapon;''
* ''other literature.''

{{Aircraft machine guns}}

[[Category:Aircraft machine guns]]

PV-1 (7.62 mm)

2019-11-09T01:50:05Z

U80255841: /* History */

== Description ==
''Write an introduction to the article in 2-3 small paragraphs. Briefly tell us about the history of the development and combat using the weaponry and also about its features. Compile a list of air, ground, or naval vehicles that feature this weapon system in the game.''

=== Vehicles equipped with this weapon ===

* {{Specs-Link|i-15_1934}}
* {{Specs-Link|i-15_1935}}
* {{Specs-Link|i-15_1935_moscow}}
* {{Specs-Link|i-15bis}}
* {{Specs-Link|i-15bis_china}}
* {{Specs-Link|i-16_chung_28}}

== General info ==
''Tell us about the tactical and technical characteristics of the cannon or machine gun.''

=== Available ammunition ===
''Describe the shells that are available for the weapon and their features and purpose. If it concerns autocannons or machine guns, write about different ammo belts and what is inside (which types of shells).''

=== Comparison with analogues ===
''Give a comparative description of cannons/machine guns that have firepower equal to this weapon.''

== Usage in battles ==
''Describe the cannon/machine gun in the game - its distinctive features, tactics of usage against notable opponents. Please don't write a "guide" - do not impose a single point of view, but give the reader food for thought.''

=== Pros and cons ===
''Summarise and briefly evaluate the weaponry in terms of its characteristics and combat effectiveness. Mark pros and cons as a list.''

'''Pros:'''
*

'''Cons:'''
*

== History ==
''Examine the history of the creation and combat usage of the weapon in more detail than in the introduction. If the historical reference turns out to be too long, take it to a separate article, taking a link to the article about the weapon and adding a block "/History" (example: <nowiki>https://wiki.warthunder.com/(Weapon-name)/History</nowiki>) and add a link to it here using the <code>main</code> template. Be sure to reference text and sources by using <code><nowiki><ref></ref></nowiki></code>, as well as adding them at the end of the article with <code><nowiki><references /></nowiki></code>.''

The PV-1 (''Pulemet Vozdushny'' or airborne machine gun) was an air-cooled version of the water-cooled M1910 Maxim gun, designed in 1926 for use on aircraft, and accepted for service in 1928. Created at the initiative of Alexander Vasilevich Nadashkevich of the Scientific and Technical Committee of the Soviet Air Force, its design was adapted from the M1910 to create a lighter gun with a higher rate of fire. The end result was a relatively light machine gun, cooled by a perforated barrel sleeve, which had a firing rate of 750 rpm compared with the original 600 rpm of the M1910. An attempt to build an even lighter variant, the A-2 which substituted some of the steel parts by duralumin parts, was not accepted for service due to the high rate of wear of the aluminium parts.

The gun was used on the Polikarpov I-3, I-4, I-5 and I-15 fighters, the Polikarpov R-5 reconnaissance plane and the Tupolev TB-1 bomber. However, the design was soon considered obsolete and gradually replaced by the ShKAS, which was chambered to the same ammunition but had a much higher rate of fire. Production of the PV-1 ran from 1927 until 1940, with a total of around 18000 made.

While the PV-1 was being phased out of service by the end of the 1930s, the German invasion of 1941 saw a great number of surplus PV-1s adopted for other purposes. Numerous former aircraft weapons were either adapted for use on a ZPU anti-aircraft mount, or even on the original carriage of the M1910 for infantry support.

== Media ==
''An excellent addition to the article would be a video guide, as well as screenshots from the game and photos.''

== See also ==
''Links to the articles on the War Thunder Wiki that you think will be useful for the reader, for example:''
* ''reference to the article about the variant of the cannon/machine gun;''
* ''references to approximate analogues by other nations and research trees.''

== External links ==
''Paste links to sources and external resources, such as:''
* ''topic on the official game forum;''
* ''encyclopedia page on the weapon;''
* ''other literature.''

{{Aircraft machine guns}}

[[Category:Aircraft machine guns]]

SA18 L/21 (37 mm)

2019-11-08T20:40:41Z

U80255841: /* Historical part */

== Description ==
''Write an introduction to the article in 2-3 small paragraphs. Briefly tell us about the history of the development and combat using the weaponry and also about its features. Make an air or ground vehicles list on which this weapon is installed in our game.''

The SA18 L/21 was a World War I-vintage gun, originally intended to destroy pillboxes and machine gun nests. Adapted from the SA16 infantry support gun, it first appeared as the main armament of the revolutionary Renault FT series. Unfortunately, by the outbreak of World War II its penetration power had fallen well behind armour development.

=== Vehicles equipped with this weapon ===

* {{Specs-Link|fr_fcm_36}}
* {{Specs-Link|fr_hotchkiss_h35}}

== General info ==
[[File:PenetrationChart SA 18 (37 mm).png|alt=SA 18 penetration chart|center|frame|SA 18 penetration chart]]

=== Available shells ===

{| class="wikitable sortable"
! colspan="8" |Penetration statistics
|-
! rowspan="2" |Ammunition
! rowspan="2" |Type of
warhead
! colspan="6" |'''Penetration''' in mm '''@ 0° Angle of Attack'''
|-
!10m
!100m
!500m
!1000m
!1500m
!2000m
|-
|Mle1937
|APCR
|36
|33
|24
|16
|8
|5
|-
|Mle1892
|APHE
|13
|12
|7
|4
|2
|2
|}
{| class="wikitable sortable"
! colspan="11" |Shell details
|-
! rowspan="2" |Ammunition
! rowspan="2" |Type of
warhead
! rowspan="2" |Velocity
in m/s
! rowspan="2" |Projectile
Mass in kg
! rowspan="2" |Fuse delay
in m:
! rowspan="2" |Fuse sensitivity
in mm:
! rowspan="2" |Explosive Mass in g
(TNT equivalent):
! rowspan="2" |Normalization At 30°
from horizontal:
! colspan="3" |Ricochet:
|-
!0%
!50%
!100%
|-
|Mle1937
|APCR
|600
|0.5
|N/A
|N/A
|N/A
|°
|66°
|70°
|72°
|-
|Mle1892
|APHE
|388
|0.5
|1.2
|6.0
|15
|°
|47°
|60°
|65°
|}

=== Comparison with analogues ===
''Give a comparative description of cannons/machine guns, that have firepower equal to these type of weapons.''

== Usage in the battles ==


The SA18 L/21 is, unfortunately, a gun in the wrong world war. Originally intended as a short-range support gun for easy transportation, it was designed as a basic, short-barrelled gun. While this meant it excelled in the role that it was intended for on the battlefields of the First World War, it also meant it quickly became obsolete in view of tank development on the eve of the Second World War. When used in combat against early World War II armour, it is only effective at very short range. If confronted with anything further than 100 yards with more than 30 mm or armour - hold fire if you don't want to attract the enemy's attention.

=== Pros and cons ===


'''Pros:'''

* Very high firing rate
* Relatively accurate gun

'''Cons:'''

* Lack of penetration power (and that is an understatement)
* Light APCR round, doesn't do much damage upon penetration
* Low muzzle velocity, shell drops off very quickly, severely limiting its effective range

== Historical part ==


The 37 mm Puteaux SA18 cannon started life as a development of the ''Canon de 37 mm à tir rapide Modèle 1916'' (SA16), a small but powerful, portable infantry support gun designed by Eugène François Gilbert Garnier (1874-1964) on the instigation of the generals Jean Estienne and Ferdinand Foch. The original purpose of the SA16 was a light gun capable of demolishing pillboxes and gunner nests, with a high rate of fire. Due to its intended use, its range was not considered a priority as part of the gun's design: the result was a relatively small and light weapon, with very high accuracy. When operated by an experienced crew, the gun could fire up to 15 shots per minute, although it had a practical firing rate of 10 shots per minute under normal circumstances. Despite its relatively small size, the original infantry gun would be operated by a crew of 8, consisting of commander, aimer, gunner, four ammunition handlers and one armourer.

With the advent of the first tanks, a variant of the SA16 was developed which could be operated by a single crew member. This gun, the SA18, was technically similar to the SA16 and capable of firing the same ammunition. Crucially though, the gun was never intended as an anti-tank weapon: its primary goal remained that of infantry support gun tasked with destroying enemy machine gun emplacements, the only thing conceptually changing was the addition of a self-propelling function (''i.e. the Renault FT-17 tank built around it, allowing it to autonomously move on the battlefield rather than being fired from a static position'').

The end of the First World War more or less brought tank development to a halt in Europe. In the absence of any concrete threat and with French tank doctrine firmly based on experience during the First World War, the SA18 was seen as sufficient for the task of providing supporting fire for infantry against enemy troops and fixed gun emplacements. Added to this, the reconstruction of France after the destruction of the First World War and the worldwide economic crisis which erupted at the end of the 1920s, combined with a general anti-war sentiment reigning in politics meant there were little in the way of funds available for the development and replacement of the SA18. Even with a new generation of tanks which were developed at the beginning of the 1930s, these were armed by simply removing the SA18s from the Renault FTs they were supposed to replace and then installing them on the new tanks. As a result, this new generation of tanks, the [[H.35|Hotchkiss H.35]], [[FCM.36|Forges & Chantiers de la Méditerrannée FCM.36]] and the Renault R.35 entered production with the outdated gun, even though attempts were made to improve its capabilities by the development of new types of shells. The ''Obus de rupture Modèle 1935'' APCR round offered a higher muzzle velocity than previous ammunition used on the gun, but as it was relatively light it could only do little damage even when if it by chance happened to penetrate.

By this time, the SA18 was seen as an interim solution: the FCM.36, for instance, had been designed with the SA38 in mind, and it received the SA18 with the intention of having it replaced at later date with the SA38. However, owing to a weak turret ring and other structural problems, this refit never came to be, and the FCM.36 entered battle in May of 1940 with a gun that was virtually incapable of penetrating any of the enemy armour it would oppose.

Despite being completely obsolete by the outbreak of World War II, the SA18 and its infantry counterpart, the SA16, were still widely in service and saw combat with several armies, such as France, Belgium, Poland, Yugoslavia and Finland.

== Media ==
''An excellent addition to the article would be a video guide, as well as screenshots from the game and photos.''

== Read also ==
''Links to the articles on the War Thunder Wiki that you think will be useful for the reader, for example,''

* ''reference to the article about the variant of the cannon/machine gun;''
* ''references to approximate analogues by other nations and research trees.''

''ETC.''

== Sources ==
''Paste links to sources and external resources, such as:''

* ''topic on the official game forum''
* ''page on the Wikipedia''
* ''page on aircraft or gorund forces encyclopedia''
* ''other literature''

{{France tank cannons}}

[[Category:Tank cannons]]

SA18 L/21 (37 mm)

2019-11-05T22:42:43Z

U80255841: /* Historical part */

== Description ==
''Write an introduction to the article in 2-3 small paragraphs. Briefly tell us about the history of the development and combat using the weaponry and also about its features. Make an air or ground vehicles list on which this weapon is installed in our game.''

The SA18 L/21 was a World War I-vintage gun, originally intended to destroy pillboxes and machine gun nests. Adapted from the SA16 infantry support gun, it first appeared as the main armament of the revolutionary Renault FT series. Unfortunately, by the outbreak of World War II its penetration power had fallen well behind armour development.

=== Vehicles equipped with this weapon ===

* {{Specs-Link|fr_fcm_36}}
* {{Specs-Link|fr_hotchkiss_h35}}

== General info ==
[[File:PenetrationChart SA 18 (37 mm).png|alt=SA 18 penetration chart|center|frame|SA 18 penetration chart]]

=== Available shells ===

{| class="wikitable sortable"
! colspan="8" |Penetration statistics
|-
! rowspan="2" |Ammunition
! rowspan="2" |Type of
warhead
! colspan="6" |'''Penetration''' in mm '''@ 0° Angle of Attack'''
|-
!10m
!100m
!500m
!1000m
!1500m
!2000m
|-
|Mle1937
|APCR
|36
|33
|24
|16
|8
|5
|-
|Mle1892
|APHE
|13
|12
|7
|4
|2
|2
|}
{| class="wikitable sortable"
! colspan="11" |Shell details
|-
! rowspan="2" |Ammunition
! rowspan="2" |Type of
warhead
! rowspan="2" |Velocity
in m/s
! rowspan="2" |Projectile
Mass in kg
! rowspan="2" |Fuse delay
in m:
! rowspan="2" |Fuse sensitivity
in mm:
! rowspan="2" |Explosive Mass in g
(TNT equivalent):
! rowspan="2" |Normalization At 30°
from horizontal:
! colspan="3" |Ricochet:
|-
!0%
!50%
!100%
|-
|Mle1937
|APCR
|600
|0.5
|N/A
|N/A
|N/A
|°
|66°
|70°
|72°
|-
|Mle1892
|APHE
|388
|0.5
|1.2
|6.0
|15
|°
|47°
|60°
|65°
|}

=== Comparison with analogues ===
''Give a comparative description of cannons/machine guns, that have firepower equal to these type of weapons.''

== Usage in the battles ==


The SA18 L/21 is, unfortunately, a gun in the wrong world war. Originally intended as a short-range support gun for easy transportation, it was designed as a basic, short-barrelled gun. While this meant it excelled in the role that it was intended for on the battlefields of the First World War, it also meant it quickly became obsolete in view of tank development on the eve of the Second World War. When used in combat against early World War II armour, it is only effective at very short range. If confronted with anything further than 100 yards with more than 30 mm or armour - hold fire if you don't want to attract the enemy's attention.

=== Pros and cons ===


'''Pros:'''

* Very high firing rate
* Relatively accurate gun

'''Cons:'''

* Lack of penetration power (and that is an understatement)
* Light APCR round, doesn't do much damage upon penetration
* Low muzzle velocity, shell drops off very quickly, severely limiting its effective range

== Historical part ==


The 37 mm Puteaux SA18 cannon started life as a development of the ''Canon de 37 mm à tir rapide Modèle 1916'' (SA16), a small but powerful, portable infantry support gun designed by Eugène François Gilbert Garnier (1874-1964) on the instigation of the generals Jean Estienne and Ferdinand Foch. The original purpose of the SA16 was a light gun capable of demolishing pillboxes and gunner nests, with a high rate of fire. Due to its intended use, its range was not considered a priority as part of the gun's design: the result was a relatively small and light weapon, with very high accuracy. When operated by an experienced crew, the gun could fire up to 15 shots per minute, although it had a practical firing rate of 10 shots per minute under normal circumstances. Despite its relatively small size, the original infantry gun would be operated by a crew of 8, consisting of commander, aimer, gunner, four ammunition handlers and one armourer.

With the advent of the first tanks, a variant of the SA16 was developed which could be operated by a single crew member. This gun, the SA189, was technically similar to the SA16 and capable of firing the same ammunition. Crucially though, the gun was never intended as an anti-tank weapon: its primary goal remained that of infantry support gun tasked with destroying enemy machine gun emplacements, the only thing conceptually changing was the addition of a self-propelling function (''i.e. the Renault FT-17 tank built around it, allowing it to autonomously move on the battlefield rather than being fired from a static position'').

The end of the First World War more or less brought tank development to a halt in Europe. In the absence of any concrete threat and with French tank doctrine firmly based on experience during the First World War, the SA18 was seen as sufficient for the task of providing supporting fire for infantry against enemy troops and fixed gun emplacements. Added to this, the reconstruction of France after the destruction of the First World War and the worldwide economic crisis which erupted at the end of the 1920s, combined with a general anti-war sentiment reigning in politics meant there were little in the way of funds available for the development and replacement of the SA18. Even with a new generation of tanks which were developed at the beginning of the 1930s, these were armed by simply removing the SA18s from the Renault FTs they were supposed to replace and then installing them on the new tanks. As a result, this new generation of tanks, the [[H.35|Hotchkiss H.35]], [[FCM.36|Forges & Chantiers de la Méditerrannée FCM.36]] and the Renault R.35 entered production with the outdated gun, even though attempts were made to improve its capabilities by the development of new types of shells. The ''Obus de rupture Modèle 1935'' APCR round offered a higher muzzle velocity than previous ammunition used on the gun, but as it was relatively light it could only do little damage even when if it by chance happened to penetrate.

By this time, the SA18 was seen as an interim solution: the FCM.36, for instance, had been designed with the SA38 in mind, and it received the SA18 with the intention of having it replaced at later date with the SA38. However, owing to a weak turret ring and other structural problems, this refit never came to be, and the FCM.36 entered battle in May of 1940 with a gun that was virtually incapable of penetrating any of the enemy armour it would oppose.

Despite being completely obsolete by the outbreak of World War II, the SA18 and its infantry counterpart, the SA16, were still widely in service and saw combat with several armies, such as France, Belgium, Poland, Yugoslavia and Finland.

== Media ==
''An excellent addition to the article would be a video guide, as well as screenshots from the game and photos.''

== Read also ==
''Links to the articles on the War Thunder Wiki that you think will be useful for the reader, for example,''

* ''reference to the article about the variant of the cannon/machine gun;''
* ''references to approximate analogues by other nations and research trees.''

''ETC.''

== Sources ==
''Paste links to sources and external resources, such as:''

* ''topic on the official game forum''
* ''page on the Wikipedia''
* ''page on aircraft or gorund forces encyclopedia''
* ''other literature''

{{France tank cannons}}

[[Category:Tank cannons]]

SA18 L/21 (37 mm)

2019-11-05T21:37:36Z

U80255841:

== Description ==
''Write an introduction to the article in 2-3 small paragraphs. Briefly tell us about the history of the development and combat using the weaponry and also about its features. Make an air or ground vehicles list on which this weapon is installed in our game.''

The SA18 L/21 was a World War I-vintage gun, originally intended to destroy pillboxes and machine gun nests. Adapted from the SA16 infantry support gun, it first appeared as the main armament of the revolutionary Renault FT series. Unfortunately, by the outbreak of World War II its penetration power had fallen well behind armour development.

=== Vehicles equipped with this weapon ===

* {{Specs-Link|fr_fcm_36}}
* {{Specs-Link|fr_hotchkiss_h35}}

== General info ==
[[File:PenetrationChart SA 18 (37 mm).png|alt=SA 18 penetration chart|center|frame|SA 18 penetration chart]]

=== Available shells ===

{| class="wikitable sortable"
! colspan="8" |Penetration statistics
|-
! rowspan="2" |Ammunition
! rowspan="2" |Type of
warhead
! colspan="6" |'''Penetration''' in mm '''@ 0° Angle of Attack'''
|-
!10m
!100m
!500m
!1000m
!1500m
!2000m
|-
|Mle1937
|APCR
|36
|33
|24
|16
|8
|5
|-
|Mle1892
|APHE
|13
|12
|7
|4
|2
|2
|}
{| class="wikitable sortable"
! colspan="11" |Shell details
|-
! rowspan="2" |Ammunition
! rowspan="2" |Type of
warhead
! rowspan="2" |Velocity
in m/s
! rowspan="2" |Projectile
Mass in kg
! rowspan="2" |Fuse delay
in m:
! rowspan="2" |Fuse sensitivity
in mm:
! rowspan="2" |Explosive Mass in g
(TNT equivalent):
! rowspan="2" |Normalization At 30°
from horizontal:
! colspan="3" |Ricochet:
|-
!0%
!50%
!100%
|-
|Mle1937
|APCR
|600
|0.5
|N/A
|N/A
|N/A
|°
|66°
|70°
|72°
|-
|Mle1892
|APHE
|388
|0.5
|1.2
|6.0
|15
|°
|47°
|60°
|65°
|}

=== Comparison with analogues ===
''Give a comparative description of cannons/machine guns, that have firepower equal to these type of weapons.''

== Usage in the battles ==
''Describe the cannon/machine gun in the game - its distinctive features, tactics of usage against the main opponents. Please don't write a "guide" - do not impose a single point of view, but give the reader food for thought.''
The SA18 L/21 is, unfortunately, a gun in the wrong world war. Originally intended as a short-range support gun for easy transportation, it was designed as a basic, short-barrelled gun. While this meant it excelled in the role that it was intended for on the battlefields of the First World War, it also meant it quickly became obsolete in view of tank development on the eve of the Second World War. When used in combat against early World War II armor, it is only effective at very short range. If confronted with anything further than 100 yards with more than 30 mm or armor - hold fire if you don't want to attract the enemy's attention...

=== Pros and cons ===
''Summarize and briefly evaluate the weaponry in terms of its characteristics and combat effectiveness. Mark pros and cons as a list.''

'''Pros:'''

* Very high firing rate.
* Relatively accurate gun.

'''Cons:'''

* Lack of penetration power (and that is an understatement).
* Light APCR round, doesn't do much damage upon penetration.
* Low muzzle velocity, shell drops off very quickly, severely limiting its effective range.

== Historical part ==
''Examine the history of the creation and combat usage of this weapon. If the historical reference turns out to be big one, take it into a separate article and add a link to it by using the "main" template. In the end be sure to include references to sources.''

The 37 mm Puteaux SA18 cannon started life as a development of the ''Canon de 37 mm à tir rapide Modèle 1916'' (SA16), a small but powerful, portable infantry support gun designed by Eugène François Gilbert Garnier (1874-1964) on the instigation of the generals Jezan Estienne and Ferdinand Foch. The original purpose of the SA16 was a light gun capable of demolishing pillboxes and gunner nests, with a high rate of fire. Due to its intended use, range was not considered a priority on the gun's design: the result was a relatively small and light weapon, with a very high accuracy. When operated by an experienced crew, the gun could fire up to 15 shots per minute, although it had a practical firing rate of 10 shots per minute under normal circumstances. Despite its relative small size, the original infantry gun would be operated by a crew of 8, consisting of commander, aimer, gunner, four ammunition handlers and one armorer.

With the advent of the first tanks, a variant of the SA16 was developped which could be operated by a single crew member. This gun, the SA189, was technically similar to the SA16 and capable of firing the same ammunition. Crucially though, the gun was never intended as an anti-tank weapon: its primary goal remained that of infantry support gun tasked with destroying enemy machine gun emplacements, the only thing conceptually changing was the addition of a self-propelling function (i.e. the Renault FT-17 tank built around it, allowing it to autonomously move on the battlefield rather than being fired from a static postion).

The end of the First World War more or less brought tank development to a halt in Europe. In the absense of any concrete threat, and with French tank doctrine firmly based on experience during the First World War, the SA18 was seen as sufficient for the task of providing supporting fire for infantry against enemy troops and fixed gun emplacemenents. Added to this, the reconstruction of France after the destruction of the First World War, and the world wide economic crisis which erupted at the end of the 1920s, combined with a general anti-war sentiment reigning in politics meant there were little funds available for the replacement of the SA18, and even when a new generation of tanks was developped at the beginning of the 1930s, these were armed by simply removing the SA18s from the Renault FTs they were supposed to replace and installing them on the new tanks. As a result, this new generation of tanks, the [[H.35|Hotchkiss H.35]], [[FCM.36|Forges & Chantiers de la Méditerrannée FCM.36]] and the Renault R.35 entered production with the outdated gun, even though attempts were made to improve its capabilities by the development of new types of shell. The ''Obus de rupture Modèle 1935'' APCR round offered a higher muzzle velocity than previous ammunition used on the gun, but as it was relatively light it could do little damage even when it penetrated.

By this time, the SA18 was seen as an interim solution: the FCM.36, for instance, had been designed with the SA38 in mind, and it received the SA18 with the intention of having it replaced at later date with the SA38. However, owning to a weak turret ring and other structural problems, this refit never came to be, and the FCM.36 entered battle in May of 1940 with a gun that was virtually incapable of penetrating any of the enemy armour it would oppose.

Despite being completely obsolete by the outbreak of World War II, the SA18 and its infantry counterpart, the SA16, were still widely in service and saw combat with several armies, such as France, Belgium, Poland, Yugoslavia and Finland.

== Media ==
''An excellent addition to the article would be a video guide, as well as screenshots from the game and photos.''

== Read also ==
''Links to the articles on the War Thunder Wiki that you think will be useful for the reader, for example,''

* ''reference to the article about the variant of the cannon/machine gun;''
* ''references to approximate analogues by other nations and research trees.''

''ETC.''

== Sources ==
''Paste links to sources and external resources, such as:''

* ''topic on the official game forum''
* ''page on the Wikipedia''
* ''page on aircraft or gorund forces encyclopedia''
* ''other literature''

{{France tank cannons}}

[[Category:Tank cannons]]

SA18 L/21 (37 mm)

2019-11-05T18:40:47Z

U80255841: /* Historical part */

== Description ==
''Write an introduction to the article in 2-3 small paragraphs. Briefly tell us about the history of the development and combat using the weaponry and also about its features. Make an air or ground vehicles list on which this weapon is installed in our game.''

=== Vehicles equipped with this weapon ===

* {{Specs-Link|fr_fcm_36}}
* {{Specs-Link|fr_hotchkiss_h35}}

== General info ==
[[File:PenetrationChart SA 18 (37 mm).png|alt=SA 18 penetration chart|center|frame|SA 18 penetration chart]]

=== Available shells ===

{| class="wikitable sortable"
! colspan="8" |Penetration statistics
|-
! rowspan="2" |Ammunition
! rowspan="2" |Type of
warhead
! colspan="6" |'''Penetration''' in mm '''@ 0° Angle of Attack'''
|-
!10m
!100m
!500m
!1000m
!1500m
!2000m
|-
|Mle1937
|APCR
|36
|33
|24
|16
|8
|5
|-
|Mle1892
|APHE
|13
|12
|7
|4
|2
|2
|}
{| class="wikitable sortable"
! colspan="11" |Shell details
|-
! rowspan="2" |Ammunition
! rowspan="2" |Type of
warhead
! rowspan="2" |Velocity
in m/s
! rowspan="2" |Projectile
Mass in kg
! rowspan="2" |Fuse delay
in m:
! rowspan="2" |Fuse sensitivity
in mm:
! rowspan="2" |Explosive Mass in g
(TNT equivalent):
! rowspan="2" |Normalization At 30°
from horizontal:
! colspan="3" |Ricochet:
|-
!0%
!50%
!100%
|-
|Mle1937
|APCR
|600
|0.5
|N/A
|N/A
|N/A
|°
|66°
|70°
|72°
|-
|Mle1892
|APHE
|388
|0.5
|1.2
|6.0
|15
|°
|47°
|60°
|65°
|}

=== Comparison with analogues ===
''Give a comparative description of cannons/machine guns, that have firepower equal to these type of weapons.''

== Usage in the battles ==
''Describe the cannon/machine gun in the game - its distinctive features, tactics of usage against the main opponents. Please don't write a "guide" - do not impose a single point of view, but give the reader food for thought.''

=== Pros and cons ===
''Summarize and briefly evaluate the weaponry in terms of its characteristics and combat effectiveness. Mark pros and cons as a list.''

'''Pros:'''

*

'''Cons:'''

*

== Historical part ==
''Examine the history of the creation and combat usage of this weapon. If the historical reference turns out to be big one, take it into a separate article and add a link to it by using the "main" template. In the end be sure to include references to sources.''

The 37 mm Puteaux SA18 cannon started life as a development of the ''Canon de 37 mm à tir rapide Modèle 1916'' (SA16), a small but powerful, portable infantry support gun designed by Eugène François Gilbert Garnier (1874-1964) on the instigation of the generals Jezan Estienne and Ferdinand Foch. The original purpose of the SA16 was a light gun capable of demolishing pillboxes and gunner nests, with a high rate of fire. Due to its intended use, range was not considered a priority on the gun's design: the result was a relatively small and light weapon, with a very high accuracy. When operated by an experienced crew, the gun could fire up to 15 shots per minute, although it had a practical firing rate of 10 shots per minute under normal circumstances. Despite its relative small size, the original infantry gun would be operated by a crew of 8, consisting of commander, aimer, gunner, four ammunition handlers and one armorer.

With the advent of the first tanks, a variant of the SA16 was developped which could be operated by a single crew member. This gun, the SA189, was technically similar to the SA16 and capable of firing the same ammunition. Crucially though, the gun was never intended as an anti-tank weapon: its primary goal remained that of infantry support gun tasked with destroying enemy machine gun emplacements, the only thing conceptually changing was the addition of a self-propelling function (i.e. the Renault FT-17 tank built around it, allowing it to autonomously move on the battlefield rather than being fired from a static postion).

The end of the First World War more or less brought tank development to a halt in Europe. In the absense of any concrete threat, and with French tank doctrine firmly based on experience during the First World War, the SA18 was seen as sufficient for the task of providing supporting fire for infantry against enemy troops and fixed gun emplacemenents. Added to this, the reconstruction of France after the destruction of the First World War, and the world wide economic crisis which erupted at the end of the 1920s, combined with a general anti-war sentiment reigning in politics meant there were little funds available for the replacement of the SA18, and even when a new generation of tanks was developped at the beginning of the 1930s, these were armed by simply removing the SA18s from the Renault FTs they were supposed to replace and installing them on the new tanks. As a result, this new generation of tanks, the [[H.35|Hotchkiss H.35]], [[FCM.36|Forges & Chantiers de la Méditerrannée FCM.36]] and the Renault R.35 entered production with the outdated gun, even though attempts were made to improve its capabilities by the development of new types of shell. The ''Obus de rupture Modèle 1935'' APCR round offered a higher muzzle velocity than previous ammunition used on the gun, but as it was relatively light it could do little damage even when it penetrated.

By this time, the SA18 was seen as an interim solution: the FCM.36, for instance, had been designed with the SA38 in mind, and it received the SA18 with the intention of having it replaced at later date with the SA38. However, owning to a weak turret ring and other structural problems, this refit never came to be, and the FCM.36 entered battle in May of 1940 with a gun that was virtually incapable of penetrating any of the enemy armour it would oppose.

Despite being completely obsolete by the outbreak of World War II, the SA18 and its infantry counterpart, the SA16, were still widely in service and saw combat with several armies, such as France, Belgium, Poland, Yugoslavia and Finland.

== Media ==
''An excellent addition to the article would be a video guide, as well as screenshots from the game and photos.''

== Read also ==
''Links to the articles on the War Thunder Wiki that you think will be useful for the reader, for example,''

* ''reference to the article about the variant of the cannon/machine gun;''
* ''references to approximate analogues by other nations and research trees.''

''ETC.''

== Sources ==
''Paste links to sources and external resources, such as:''

* ''topic on the official game forum''
* ''page on the Wikipedia''
* ''page on aircraft or gorund forces encyclopedia''
* ''other literature''

{{France tank cannons}}

[[Category:Tank cannons]]

Tandem MAI

2019-11-05T13:36:37Z

U80255841: /* History */

{{Specs-Card|code=tandem_mai}}

== Description ==

[[File:GarageImage_{{PAGENAME}}.jpg|420px|thumb|left]]
{{break}}
The '''{{Specs|name}}''' is a Rank {{Specs|rank}} gift Russian attacker {{Battle-rating}}. This aircraft was introduced in [[Update 1.77 "Advancing Storm"]] during the 2018 World War Two Chronicles.

== General info ==
=== Flight Performance ===
''Describe how the aircraft behaves in the air. Speed, manoeuvrability, acceleration and allowable loads - these are the most important characteristics of the vehicle.''

{| class="wikitable" style="text-align:center"
|-
! colspan="8" | Characteristics
|-
! colspan="8" | ''Stock''
|-
! colspan="2" | Max Speed (km/h at ?,000 m)
! rowspan="2" | Max altitude (meters)
! colspan="2" | Turn time (seconds)
! colspan="2" | Rate of climb (meters/second)
! rowspan="2" |Take-off run (meters)
|-
! AB
! RB
! AB
! RB
! AB
! RB
|-
| ? || ? || {{Specs|ceiling}} || ??.? || ??.? || ??.? || ??.? || ???
|-
! colspan="8" | ''Upgraded''
|-
! colspan="2" | Max Speed (km/h at ?,000 m)
! rowspan="2" |Max altitude (meters)
! colspan="2" | Turn time (seconds)
! colspan="2" | Rate of climb (meters/second)
! rowspan="2" |Take-off run (meters)
|-
! AB
! RB
! AB
! RB
! AB
! RB
|-
| ? || ? || {{Specs|ceiling}} || ??.? || ??.? || ??.? || ??.? || ???
|-
|}

====Details====
{| class="wikitable" style="text-align:center"
|-
! colspan="5" | Features
|-
! Combat flap
! Take-off flap
! Landing flap
! Air brakes
! Arrestor gear
|-
| X || X || X || X || X 
|-
|}

{| class="wikitable" style="text-align:center"
|-
! colspan="5" | Limits
|-
! rowspan="2" | Wing-break speed (km/h)
! rowspan="2" | Gear limit (km/h)
! rowspan="2" | Combat flap (km/h)
! colspan="2" | Max Static G
|-
! +
! -
|-
| {{Specs|разрушение|конструкции}} || {{Specs|разрушение|шасси}} || ??? || ~?? || ~?
|-
|}

{| class="wikitable" style="text-align:center"
|-
! colspan="4" | Optimal velocities
|-
! Ailerons (km/h)
! Rudder (km/h)
! Elevators (km/h)
! Radiator (km/h)
|-
| < ??? || < ??? || < ??? || > ???
|-
|}

{| class="wikitable" style="text-align:center"
|-
! colspan="3" | Compressor (RB/SB)
|-
! colspan="3" | Setting 1
|-
! Optimal altitude
! 100% Engine power
! WEP Engine power
|-
| ?,??? m || ??? hp || ?,??? hp
|-

|}

=== Survivability and armour ===
''Examine the survivability of the aircraft. Note how vulnerable the structure is and how secure the pilot is, whether the fuel tanks are armoured, etc. Describe the armour, if there is any, and also mention the vulnerability of other critical aircraft systems.''

== Armaments ==
=== Offensive armament ===
''Describe the offensive armament of the aircraft, if any. Describe how effective the cannons and machine guns are in a battle, and also what belts or drums are better to use. If there is no offensive weaponry, delete this subsection.''

=== Suspended armament ===
''Describe the aircraft's suspended armament: additional cannons under the wings, bombs, rockets and torpedoes. This section is especially important for bombers and attackers. If there is no suspended weaponry remove this subsection.''

=== Defensive armament ===
''Defensive armament with turret machine guns or cannons, crewed by gunners. Examine the number of gunners and what belts or drums are better to use. If defensive weaponry is not available remove this subsection.''

== Usage in battles ==
''Describe the tactics of playing in an aircraft, the features of using vehicles in a team and advice on tactics. Refrain from creating a "guide" - do not impose a single point of view, but instead, give the reader food for thought. Examine the most dangerous enemies and give recommendations on fighting them. If necessary, note the specifics of the game in different modes (AB, RB, SB).''

===Manual Engine Control===
{| class="wikitable" style="text-align:center"
|-
! colspan="7" | MEC elements
|-
! rowspan="2" |Mixer
! rowspan="2" |Pitch
! colspan="3" |Radiator
! rowspan="2" |Supercharger
! rowspan="2" |Turbocharger
|-
! Oil
! Water
! Type
|-
| Controllable || rowspan="2" | Not controllable || rowspan="2" | Not controllable || rowspan="2" | Not controllable || rowspan="2" | Separate || rowspan="2" | Not controllable || rowspan="2" | Not controllable
|-
|}

===Modules===
{| class="wikitable"
! colspan="1" | Tier
! colspan="2" | Flight performance
! colspan="1" | Survivability
! colspan="2" | Weaponry
|-
| I
| Fuselage Repair
| Radiator
|
|
|-
| II
|
| Compressor
| Airframe
|
|-
| III
| Wings Repair
| Engine
|
|
|-
| IV
|
| Engine Injection
| Cover
|
|-
|}

=== Pros and cons ===


'''Pros:'''

* Good manoeuvrability
* Has a tail gunner to ward off enemy aircraft
* 4 x ShKAS machine guns can shred enemy aircraft of similar rank

'''Cons:'''

* The twin vertical stabilizers are two blind spots in rear gunner's field of fire

== History ==
''Describe the history of the creation and combat usage of the aircraft in more detail than in the introduction. If the historical reference turns out to be too big, take it to a separate article, taking a link to the article about the vehicle and adding a block "/ History" (example: <nowiki>https://wiki.warthunder.com/(Vehicle-name)/History</nowiki>) and add a link to it here using the <code>main</code> template. Be sure to reference text and sources by using <code><nowiki><ref></nowiki></code>, as well as adding them at the end of the article. This section may also include the vehicle's dev blog entry (if applicable) and the in-game encyclopedia description (under <code><nowiki>=== Encyclopedia Info ===</nowiki></code>, also if applicable).''

The '''Tandem MAI''', also known as the MAI Sh-Tandem of Sh-MAI, was an experimental ground attack aircraft designed during the late-1930s by Pyotr Dmitrievich Grushin (1906-1993) at the Moscow Aviation Institute (MAI). An alternative way of thinking in the development of the ''Schturmovik'' or ground attack/light bomber plane, the Tandem MAI featured an unusual front- and back-wing configuration, with the stabilisors being nearly as large as the wings themselves, and providing 45% of the lift. This had the advantage of creating an aircraft with a center of gravity which was further aft than with conventional aircraft, allowing ordonnance to be installed in the main fuselage. The aircraft unusually also had elevons: both the front- and rear wing were equipped with combined aileron/elevators.

Due to the unusual placement of the vertical stabilisers in a crucifix configuration on the horizontal stabilisers, this left the rear fuselage free for the installation of a turret. This in turn gave the added benefit of a single gunner being capable of defending a very wide area around the aircraft's rear gunner, rather than the conventional design of a single rear gunner whose field of fire was partly blocked by the aircraft's fuselage.

Three prototypes of the Tandem MAI were built between 1937 and 1939, with the aircraft being flight-tested by Pyotr Mikhailovich Stefanovsky (1903-1976). It built from a conventional, light wooden monocoque frame with plywood/bakelite covering: this allowed for a quick construction, with the first prototype being built by an 18-man team in just 45 days. The aircraft was supposed to be powered by the 1100 hp Tumansky M-88 air-cooled radial engine, but due to its unavailability the prototypes were powered by the 950 hp Tumansky M-87A.

The first prototype was built as a single-seat unarmed concept tester, which showed the viability of the design. This prototype passed its preliminary flight tests by January 8th 1939. Subsequently the aircraft was developped into its definitive two-seater form, with a cockpit which was set slightly more rearwards, and the tail gun turret installed. This second prototype was finished by late summer of 1939, with state tests held in September and October of 1939. The state tests concluded on October 10th, after 51 flights had been made. The results were disappointing: it was noted that the changed configuration over the single-seater greatly impacted on the type's performance. The aircraft had longitudinal stability issues and poor rudder response; it had poor take-off performance; the cockpit was found to be cramped; and the tail turret design imposed a severe speed penalty on the design. The test report suggested changing the tail turret to a tapered conical design. Most seriously, the front wing and landing gear were found to be insufficiently strong.

A third prototype was built with a number of improvements, such as a different installation of a structurally strengthened front wing to improve take-off performance. However, by this time interest in the Tandem MAI had waned, especially given its armament of 4 fixed and 1 trainable ShKAS machine guns and 200 kg of ordonnance was seen as insufficient for future attack aircraft. Accordingly, all further development of the MAI Tandem was halted.

== Media ==
''Excellent additions to the article would be video guides, screenshots from the game, and photos.''

== See also ==
''Links to the articles on the War Thunder Wiki that you think will be useful for the reader, for example:''

* ''reference to the series of the aircraft;''
* ''links to approximate analogues of other nations and research trees.''

== External links ==
''Paste links to sources and external resources, such as:''

* ''topic on the official game forum;''
* ''encyclopedia page on the aircraft;''
* ''other literature.''

{{USSR attackers}}

AMD.35

2019-11-03T15:58:49Z

U80255841: /* Pros and cons */

{{Specs-Card|code=fr_amd_35}}

== Description ==

[[File:GarageImage_{{PAGENAME}}.jpg|420px|thumb|left]]
{{break}}
The '''{{Specs|name}}''' is a rank {{Specs|rank}} French light tank {{Battle-rating}}. It was introduced in [[Update 1.93 "Shark Attack"]].

== General info ==
=== Survivability and armour ===
''Describe armour protection. Note the most well protected and key weak areas. Appreciate the layout of modules as well as the number and location of crew members. Is the level of armour protection sufficient, is the placement of modules helpful for survival in combat? If necessary use a visual template to indicate the most secure and weak zones of the armour.''

=== Mobility ===
''Write about the mobility of the ground vehicle. Estimate the specific power and manoeuvrability, as well as the maximum speed forward and backwards.''

== Armaments ==
=== Main armament ===

{{main|SA34 L/72 (25 mm)}}

The AMD.35 has the same gun as the AMR.35 ZT3: the [[SA34 L/72 (25 mm)]]. Its high (950m/s) velocity give to its shells a very flat trajectory.

The penetrations abilities are acceptable, but the damages, because of the shell type (only APC), are very light. You will have to shoot multiple times in hope to destroy an enemy tank.

=== Additional armament ===
''Some tanks are armed with several guns in one or more turrets. Evaluate the additional weaponry and give advice on its use. Describe the ammunition available for additional weaponry. Give advice on about how to use them and how to fill the ammunition storage. If there is no additional weaponry remove this subsection.''

=== Machine guns ===
''Offensive and anti-aircraft machine guns not only allow you to fight some aircraft but also are effective against lightly armoured vehicles. Evaluate machine guns and give recommendations on its use.''

== Usage in battles ==
''Describe the tactics of playing in the vehicle, the features of using vehicles in the team and advice on tactics. Refrain from creating a "guide" - do not impose a single point of view but instead give the reader food for thought. Describe the most dangerous enemies and give recommendations on fighting them. If necessary, note the specifics of the game in different modes (AB, RB, SB).''

=== Pros and cons ===
''Summarise and briefly evaluate the vehicle in terms of its characteristics and combat effectiveness. Mark its pros and cons in a bulleted list. Try not to use more than 6 points for each of the characteristics. Avoid using categorical definitions such as "bad", "good" and the like - use substitutions with softer forms such as "inadequate" and "effective".''

'''Pros:'''

* High top speed in a straight line on paved and hardened surfaces. (80 kph AB, 72 kph RB)
* Vehicle geared to achieve same top speed both in drive and reverse, allowing for a quick retreat
* Good frontal armour in its class
* Good armour penetration of the main gun, capable of penetrating the frontal (unsloped) armour of most enemy tanks in its rank at 500 m distance
* Fast reload speed of the main gun
* Large crew for a vehicle of its class, increasing survivability

'''Cons:'''

* Poor cross-country performance
* Poor fording and obstacle-crossing capabilities
* Wheeled vehicle, unable to turn on the spot
* Lightly armoured and vulnerable flanks and rear
* Slow turret transverse
* Limited ammo storage (48 rounds for the main gun, 800 rounds for coaxial machine gun)
* Relative low muzzle velocity, dramatic decrease of penetration power above 500 m range
* Very light APC round, doing comparatively little damage. Multiple rounds are usually required to obtain a single tank kill
* APC round has comparatively poor penetration on vehicles with sloped armour in its rank
* Absense of anti-aircraft protection

== History ==


The AMD.35 or ''Automitrailleuse de Découverte'', also known as the ''Panhard 178'' was a French 4x4 specialised long-range armoured reconnaissance car built by Panhard. Designed to a 1931 specification to replace older models of armoured cars, Panhard completed a prototype in October of 1933 which was evaluated in January and February of 1934. Out of four competing models, built by Panhard, Renault, Berliet and Latil, the Panhard design was considered the best, being a highly advanced design for its time. After further trials by the French Cavalry, the Panhard 178 was accepted for production as the ''AMD Panhard Modèle 1935''. Initial use revealed some issues like engine overheating and cracking of the gun sight, resulting in a major modification program in 1937 which saw numerous modifications introduced.

In order to obtain a vehicle capable of a long-range and relatively high speed for its class, Panhard designed the 178 to be relatively light. As a result, the vehicle was relatively lightly armoured, ranging from 7 mm armour bottom plates to 13 mm flank armour and 26 mm frontal armour. As a result, the vehicle had a road speed of 72 kph (45 mph) and a range of about 300 km (186 miles), but due to its long wheelbase and leaf-spring suspension, its off-road top speed lay at 42 kph (26 mph) and its wading and trench-crossing capacity lay at just 60 cm (2 ft). The vehicle also had its shortcomings: it had a cramped interior, poor cross-country performance, a slow turret rotation speed and a weak clutch.

Unusually for a French light reconnaissance vehicle, the Panhard 178 was equipped with a 2-man turret at a time when even most of their tanks had one-man turrets: the AP3X turret housed a commander and gunner, who had a 25 mm Hotchkiss Modèle 34 main gun and 7.5 mm Reibel coaxial machine gun at their disposal. The turret also housed a reserve machine gun which could be mounted on top for anti-aircraft defence, but which was rarely mounted in practice. The Hotchkiss gun had tungsten rounds at its disposal, capable of penetrating up to 50 mm of armour, however, these rounds performed poorly when confronted with angled armour. Already early on the poor armour-penetrating capabilities of the Hotchkiss Modèle 34 were recognised, and work was started on up-arming the AMD.35 with a 47 mm SA 35 gun. Early designs would have seen the gun fitted in the rear driver's post creating a tank-destroyer with two AT guns (the turreted Hotchkiss gun and a hull-mounted SA 35 gun), but this was abandoned in favour of a vehicle with a turreted SA 35 in an enlarged turret. Even so, by May of 1940, in the response of events in Poland, plans were already being drawn up to phase out production of the lightly armoured AMD.35 in favour of the more heavily armed and armoured AM40P.

Events decided differently, and following the German invasion of France in May of 1940, the AMD.35 proved its worth, outclassing its German counterparts. In a number of direct confrontation, German reconnaissance vehicles proved vulnerable to the Panhard's Hotchkiss gun, while their own 20 mm main gun proved ineffective against the Panhard. As a result, following the defeat of France, the Panhard 178 was taken into production for the German army as the ''Panzerspähwagen P204 (f)''. In German service, some of these vehicles were refitted with the 37 mm KwK 36; in 1944, a batch of captured ex-Vichy Panhards were fitted with the 50 mm KwK 38 L/42 or L/60 in an open turret.

Following the Liberation of France in 1944, production of the Panhard 178 was reinstated for the French Army, and consideration was given to up-arming the design with the 75 mm SA 45 L/32. A larger turret was designed which could fit this gun, however, before production started the decision was taken to fit the new Panhard 178B with the pre-war 47 mm SA 35 instead. The up-armed Panhard 178B was produced for the French Army, entering service after the War: it served both in France and its colonies, such as Syria, Tahiti, Madagascar and Indo-China. The Panhard 178B was phased out of French army service in 1960; examples taken over by Syria following its independence in 1946 continued service into the mid-1960, when it was finally phased out in favour of Soviet-supplied equipment.

== Media ==
''Excellent additions to the article would be video guides, screenshots from the game, and photos.''

== See also ==
''Links to the articles on the War Thunder Wiki that you think will be useful for the reader, for example:''

* ''reference to the series of the vehicles;''
* ''links to approximate analogues of other nations and research trees.''

== External links ==
''Paste links to sources and external resources, such as:''

* ''topic on the official game forum;''
* ''encyclopedia page on the tank;''
* ''other literature.''

{{France light tanks}}

VL Pyörremyrsky

2019-11-03T13:26:27Z

U80255841: /* History */

{{Specs-Card
|code=pyorremyrsky
|store=7172
}}

== Description ==

[[File:GarageImage_{{PAGENAME}}.jpg|420px|thumb|left]]
{{break}}
The '''{{Specs|name}}''' is a gift rank {{Specs|rank}} Swedish fighter {{Battle-rating}}. It was introduced in [[Update 1.93 "Shark Attack"]].

== General info ==
=== Flight performance ===
''Describe how the aircraft behaves in the air. Speed, manoeuvrability, acceleration and allowable loads - these are the most important characteristics of the vehicle.''

{| class="wikitable" style="text-align:center"
|-
! colspan="8" | Characteristics
|-
! colspan="8" | ''Stock''
|-
! colspan="2" | Max Speed (km/h at 5,000 m)
! rowspan="2" | Max altitude (meters)
! colspan="2" | Turn time (seconds)
! colspan="2" | Rate of climb (meters/second)
! rowspan="2" | Take-off run (meters)
|-
! AB !! RB !! AB !! RB !! AB !! RB
|-
| ??? || ??? || {{Specs|ceiling}} || ??.? || ??.? || ??.? || ??.? || 390
|-
! colspan="8" | ''Upgraded''
|-
! colspan="2" | Max Speed (km/h at 5,000 m)
! rowspan="2" | Max altitude (meters)
! colspan="2" | Turn time (seconds)
! colspan="2" | Rate of climb (meters/second)
! rowspan="2" | Take-off run (meters)
|-
! AB !! RB !! AB !! RB !! AB !! RB
|-
| ??? || ??? || {{Specs|ceiling}} || ??.? || ??.? || ??.? || ??.? || 390
|-
|}

==== Details ====
{| class="wikitable" style="text-align:center"
|-
! colspan="5" | Features
|-
! Combat flaps !! Take-off flaps !! Landing flaps !! Air brakes !! Arrestor gear
|-
| ✓ || ✓ || ✓ || X || X 
|-
|}

{| class="wikitable" style="text-align:center"
|-
! colspan="5" | Limits
|-
! rowspan="2" | Wing-break speed (km/h)
! rowspan="2" | Gear limit (km/h)
! rowspan="2" | Combat flaps (km/h)
! colspan="2" | Max Static G
|-
! + !! -
|-
| {{Specs|destruction|constructions}} || {{Specs|destruction|chassis}} || 460 || ~13 || ~6
|-
|}

{| class="wikitable" style="text-align:center"
|-
! colspan="4" | Optimal velocities
|-
! Ailerons (km/h)
! Rudder (km/h)
! Elevators (km/h)
! Radiator (km/h)
|-
| < 450 || < 390 || < 450 || > 715
|-
|}

{| class="wikitable" style="text-align:center"
|-
! colspan="3" | Compressor (RB/SB)
|-
! colspan="3" | Setting 1
|-
! Optimal altitude
! 100% Engine power
! WEP Engine power
|-
| 5,800 m || 1,270 hp || 1,778 hp
|-
|}

=== Survivability and armour ===
''Examine the survivability of the aircraft. Note how vulnerable the structure is and how secure the pilot is, whether the fuel tanks are armoured, etc. Describe the armour, if there is any, and also mention the vulnerability of other critical aircraft systems.''

== Armaments ==
=== Offensive armament ===
''Describe the offensive armament of the aircraft, if any. Describe how effective the cannons and machine guns are in a battle, and also what belts or drums are better to use. If there is no offensive weaponry, delete this subsection.''

=== Suspended armament ===
''Describe the aircraft's suspended armament: additional cannons under the wings, bombs, rockets and torpedoes. This section is especially important for bombers and attackers. If there is no suspended weaponry remove this subsection.''

=== Defensive armament ===
''Defensive armament with turret machine guns or cannons, crewed by gunners. Examine the number of gunners and what belts or drums are better to use. If defensive weaponry is not available, remove this subsection.''

== Usage in battles ==
''Describe the tactics of playing in the aircraft, the features of using aircraft in a team and advice on tactics. Refrain from creating a "guide" - do not impose a single point of view, but instead, give the reader food for thought. Examine the most dangerous enemies and give recommendations on fighting them. If necessary, note the specifics of the game in different modes (AB, RB, SB).''

=== Manual Engine Control ===
{| class="wikitable" style="text-align:center"
|-
! colspan="7" | MEC elements
|-
! rowspan="2" | Mixer
! rowspan="2" | Pitch
! colspan="3" | Radiator
! rowspan="2" | Supercharger
! rowspan="2" | Turbocharger
|-
! Oil !! Water !! Type
|-
| Not controllable || Controllable Auto control available || Controllable Auto control available || Controllable Auto control available || Separate || Not controllable 1 gear || Not controllable
|-
|}

=== Pros and cons ===
''Summarise and briefly evaluate the vehicle in terms of its characteristics and combat effectiveness. Mark its pros and cons in the bulleted list. Try not to use more than 6 points for each of the characteristics. Avoid using categorical definitions such as "bad", "good" and the like - use substitutions with softer forms such as "inadequate" and "effective".''

'''Pros:'''
*

'''Cons:'''
*

== History ==
''Describe the history of the creation and combat usage of the aircraft in more detail than in the introduction. If the historical reference turns out to be too long, take it to a separate article, taking a link to the article about the vehicle and adding a block "/History" (example: <nowiki>https://wiki.warthunder.com/(Vehicle-name)/History</nowiki>) and add a link to it here using the <code>main</code> template. Be sure to reference text and sources by using <code><nowiki><ref></ref></nowiki></code>, as well as adding them at the end of the article with <code><nowiki><references /></nowiki></code>. This section may also include the vehicle's dev blog entry (if applicable) and the in-game encyclopedia description (under <code><nowiki>=== In-game description ===</nowiki></code>, also if applicable).''

The Pyörremyrsky or ''Hurricane'' was a Finnish-built fighter of World War II which did not progress beyond prototype status. Designed by Torsti Rafael Verkkola (1909-1977), the chief designer of ''Valtion lentokonetehdas'' (VL or 'State Aircraft Factory') who had also designed the Myrsky fighter and the Pyry trainer, the Pyörremyrsky was conceived as a domestic equivalent to the Messerschmitt Bf 109G.

Conceptually, the Pyörremyrsky was very similar to the Bf 109G: it was powered by the same Daimler Benz DB605 engine, and had a similar armament of one hub-mounted 20 mm cannon and two 12.7 mm hood-mounted machine guns. However, the design was optimised for domestic production, making maximum use of wooden sub-assemblies, and crucially, unlike the Bf 109, it used a wing-mounted landing gear with wide ground track, giving the design better handling on the ground.

Design and construction of the Pyörremyrsky met significant delays, and while the original tender called for the prototype to be ready in May of 1944, it wasn't until November 21st 1945 that the prototype made its first flight. Flight trials of the Pyörremyrsky revealed some minor issues, but other than that, the design was very promising. Performance of the Pyörremyrsky was very similar to that of the Bf 109G, but it had a superior climbing speed and proved to be very agile. One major worry, however, was the quality of the glue used to bind the wooden components.

The end of the War saw Finland's military subject to severe restrictions under the Moscow Armastice, which also called for a reduction of its forces. As a result, the Pyörremyrsky became surplus before it even reached production with Finland choosing to retain its Messerschmitt Bf 109G's: the last of the Finnish Bf 109G-6s bowed out of service on March 13th 1954. The sole completed prototype of the Pyörremyrsky was put into storage after its last flight on July 22nd 1947, and stricken from the Finnish Air Force's inventory on April 1st 1953. Fortunately the prototype was preserved: it is now displayed at the Aviation Museum of Central Finland in Tikkakoski.

As a subscript to the Pyörremyrsky's story, in 1948 design work started to replace the VL Pyry trainer, using the Pyörremyrsky's wings combined with a new fuselage. This aircraft, constructed by Valmets - the successor to VL - first flew on February 6th 1951 as the ''Valmets Vihuri''. Unlike the Pyörremyrsky the Vihuri was entirely constructed from metal. 51 aircraft were completed, and the type entered service in 1953 with deliveries completed in January of 1957. As a trainer it was a sound design, however it suffered badly in having Tampere (Bristol) Mercury engines which had been recuperated from scrapped Bristol Blenheim bombers, and which were already worn out by the time they were installed on the trainers. A string of fatal accidents placed severe suspicion on the design, and in March of 1957 the Vihuri was grounded after an accident caused by structural failure. A subsequent inquest showed this particular accident as well as most of the previous ones were caused by pilots violating the flight safety regulations, taking the aircraft beyond its structural limitations. The Vihuri was returned to service in May of 1957, but following two further fatal accidents in 1959 the type was permanently grounded and stricken from the Finnish Air Force's inventary, with 31 out of 32 surviving airframes being sold for scrap; ironically it was outlasted in service by the Pyry (withdrawin in 1962), the design it was supposed to replace as a trainer. The sole surviving complete Vihuri is now displayed next to the sole surviving Pyörremyrsky.

== Media ==
''Excellent additions to the article would be video guides, screenshots from the game, and photos.''

== See also ==
''Links to the articles on the War Thunder Wiki that you think will be useful for the reader, for example:''
* ''reference to the series of the aircraft;''
* ''links to approximate analogues of other nations and research trees.''

== External links ==
''Paste links to sources and external resources, such as:''
* ''topic on the official game forum;''
* ''encyclopedia page on the aircraft;''
* ''other literature.''

{{Sweden fighters}}
{{Sweden premium aircraft}}

Br.693AB2

2019-11-03T01:13:37Z

U80255841: /* History */

{{Specs-Card|code=br_693_ab2}}

== Description ==

[[File:GarageImage_{{PAGENAME}}.jpg|420px|thumb|left]]
{{break}}
The '''{{Specs|name}}''' is a rank {{Specs|rank}} French attacker {{Battle-rating}}. It was introduced in [[Update 1.93 "Shark Attack"]].

== General info ==
=== Flight performance ===
''Describe how the aircraft behaves in the air. Speed, manoeuvrability, acceleration and allowable loads - these are the most important characteristics of the vehicle.''

{| class="wikitable" style="text-align:center"
|-
! colspan="8" | Characteristics
|-
! colspan="8" | ''Stock''
|-
! colspan="2" | Max Speed (km/h at 4,000 m)
! rowspan="2" | Max altitude (meters)
! colspan="2" | Turn time (seconds)
! colspan="2" | Rate of climb (meters/second)
! rowspan="2" | Take-off run (meters)
|-
! AB !! RB !! AB !! RB !! AB !! RB
|-
| 471 || 458 || {{Specs|ceiling}} || 19.8 || 20.5 || 5.4 || 5.4 || 350
|-
! colspan="8" | ''Upgraded''
|-
! colspan="2" | Max Speed (km/h at 4,000 m)
! rowspan="2" | Max altitude (meters)
! colspan="2" | Turn time (seconds)
! colspan="2" | Rate of climb (meters/second)
! rowspan="2" | Take-off run (meters)
|-
! AB !! RB !! AB !! RB !! AB !! RB
|-
| 523 || 495 || {{Specs|ceiling}} ||18.8|| 19.0 || 11.0 || 7.8 || 350
|-
|}

==== Details ====
{| class="wikitable" style="text-align:center"
|-
! colspan="5" | Features
|-
! Combat flaps !! Take-off flaps !! Landing flaps !! Air brakes !! Arrestor gear
|-
| ✓ || ✓ || ✓ || X || X 
|-
|}

{| class="wikitable" style="text-align:center"
|-
! colspan="5" | Limits
|-
! rowspan="2" | Wing-break speed (km/h)
! rowspan="2" | Gear limit (km/h)
! rowspan="2" | Combat flaps (km/h)
! colspan="2" | Max Static G
|-
! + !! -
|-
| {{Specs|destruction|constructions}} || {{Specs|destruction|chassis}} || 430 || ~9 || ~6
|-
|}

{| class="wikitable" style="text-align:center"
|-
! colspan="4" | Optimal velocities
|-
! Ailerons (km/h)
! Rudder (km/h)
! Elevators (km/h)
! Radiator (km/h)
|-
| < 300 || < 300 || < 350 || > 320
|-
|}

{| class="wikitable" style="text-align:center"
|-
! colspan="3" | Compressor (RB/SB)
|-
! colspan="3" | Setting 1
|-
! Optimal altitude
! 100% Engine power
! WEP Engine power
|-
| 3,400 m || 670 hp || 804 hp
|-
|}

=== Survivability and armour ===
''Examine the survivability of the aircraft. Note how vulnerable the structure is and how secure the pilot is, whether the fuel tanks are armoured, etc. Describe the armour, if there is any, and also mention the vulnerability of other critical aircraft systems.''

== Armaments ==
=== Offensive armament ===
''Describe the offensive armament of the aircraft, if any. Describe how effective the cannons and machine guns are in a battle, and also what belts or drums are better to use. If there is no offensive weaponry, delete this subsection.''

=== Suspended armament ===
''Describe the aircraft's suspended armament: additional cannons under the wings, bombs, rockets and torpedoes. This section is especially important for bombers and attackers. If there is no suspended weaponry remove this subsection.''

=== Defensive armament ===
''Defensive armament with turret machine guns or cannons, crewed by gunners. Examine the number of gunners and what belts or drums are better to use. If defensive weaponry is not available, remove this subsection.''

== Usage in battles ==
''Describe the tactics of playing in the aircraft, the features of using aircraft in a team and advice on tactics. Refrain from creating a "guide" - do not impose a single point of view, but instead, give the reader food for thought. Examine the most dangerous enemies and give recommendations on fighting them. If necessary, note the specifics of the game in different modes (AB, RB, SB).''

=== Manual Engine Control ===
{| class="wikitable" style="text-align:center"
|-
! colspan="7" | MEC elements
|-
! rowspan="2" | Mixer
! rowspan="2" | Pitch
! colspan="3" | Radiator
! rowspan="2" | Supercharger
! rowspan="2" | Turbocharger
|-
! Oil !! Water !! Type
|-
| Controllable || Controllable Not auto controlled || Controllable Not auto controlled || Controllable Not auto controlled || Separate || Not controllable 1 gear || Not controllable
|-
|}

=== Pros and cons ===
''Summarise and briefly evaluate the vehicle in terms of its characteristics and combat effectiveness. Mark its pros and cons in the bulleted list. Try not to use more than 6 points for each of the characteristics. Avoid using categorical definitions such as "bad", "good" and the like - use substitutions with softer forms such as "inadequate" and "effective".''

'''Pros:'''

*

'''Cons:'''

*

== History ==
''Describe the history of the creation and combat usage of the aircraft in more detail than in the introduction. If the historical reference turns out to be too long, take it to a separate article, taking a link to the article about the vehicle and adding a block "/History" (example: <nowiki>https://wiki.warthunder.com/(Vehicle-name)/History</nowiki>) and add a link to it here using the <code>main</code> template. Be sure to reference text and sources by using <code><nowiki><ref></ref></nowiki></code>, as well as adding them at the end of the article with <code><nowiki><references /></nowiki></code>. This section may also include the vehicle's dev blog entry (if applicable) and the in-game encyclopedia description (under <code><nowiki>=== In-game description ===</nowiki></code>, also if applicable).''

Originally designed in a response to a 1934 requirement for a three-seat heavy fighter, the Bréguet Bre.690C.3 (C.3 signifying it was a fighter manned by a 3-man crew) was rejected in favour of the Potez 630C.3 as Bréguet had chosen to ignore weight specifications that it found impossible to meet, instead proposing it to the French military as a multi-purpose aircraft. Following this rejection, Bréguet then revised it as a two-seat attack aircraft, with the navigator's position deleted and replaced by a bomb bay capable of holding 460 kg of bombs, and a revised armament of one fixed forward-firing 20 mm cannon supplemented by 2 forward firing 7.5 mm machine guns, one fixed rearward-firing 7.5 mm machine gun in a ventral position, and one flexible 7.5 mm machine gun manned by the rear gunner.

The revised Bre.691AB.2 (AB.2 signifying it was an assault bomber manned by a 2-man crew) first flew in March 1938, leading to a production run of 78 aircraft with Hispano-Suiza 14 engines. Planned production for the Bre.692AB.2 with Gnome-Rhòne 14N engines never went ahead; instead 254 Bre.693AB.2s with Gnome-Rhòne 14M engines were built. Due to a perceived shortage of Gnome-Rhòne engines, Breguet was also ordered to adapt the design so it could be powered by imported US-built engines: this led to a production run of 50 Bre.695AB.2s powered by Pratt & Whitney R-1830-SB4G Twin Wasp engines. Other projected variants were the Bre.694R.2 reconnaissance version; the Bre.696B.2 bomber version, which had been cancelled in favour of the Bre.693AB.2; and the Bre.697C.2 heavy fighter prototype.

Unfortunately, the Breguet 690 family saw its career cut short by the Battle of France (May 10 - June 22 1940). France had been late to start the rearmament of its military, originally keeping itself to the strict disarmament treaties of the 1920s, and then finding itself unable to acquire modern military designs due to the economic crisis of the early 1930s. At the time of the German invasion, only 75 of the Bre.691s, 128 of the Bre.693s and 8 of the Bre.695s had been delivered; of these, 119 would go on to be lost during the hectic days of May and June 1940.

While the Bréguet Bre 690 family had been a technically sound design, it was based on an outdated concept: it had been conceived as a low-level, level bomber as the French military did not believe in dive bombers, and thought that tree-top level strafing and bombing of enemy targets gave a better survivability. This was entirely based on the then-current French Army's mobile air defences, which on the one hand consisted of hand-held light calibre machine guns, and on the other hand on World War I vintage slow-firing cannons. By the time the Bre.690 family had started entering service, the French military itself had remedied this defensive gap by the purchase of heavy calibre machine guns and quick-firing cannons; on the German side the Flak 38 had emerged as a potent threat to this flawed tactic, yet despite this no changes were made to the tactical thinking behind the Bréguet Bre.693.

The type saw its first combat on May 12th 1940, when 18 aircraft of the GBA II/54 and I/51 were deployed against German columns advancing through Belgium; the mission quickly revealed the flaws in the level bomber tactic, as the aircraft were easy targets to the quick-firing Flak 38s that were providing cover to the German troops. Out of 18 aircraft, 10 were lost with the loss of 11 crew taken prisoner and 4 crew killed. The disaster prompted the French high command to switch roles of the Bre.690 to that of shallow dive-bomber, a role for which it never had been built: the aircraft lacked a dive-bombing sight and dive brakes, and while the dive-bombing attacks did decrease vulnerability to AA fire, it increased the inaccuracy of its bombing, and made the type more vulnerable to enemy fighters. As a result, 119 of 211 Breguet 691, 693 and 695s delivered to the French Air Force were lost during the Battle of France with a further 14 too heavily damaged to be repaired.

When defeat became inevitable, the French military started evacuating numerous aircraft to its North African territories in the hope they could continue the fight against Germany from there, but when it came to the Bréguets this proved impossible as they did not have the range to make it across the Mediterranean. The survivors (plus the remainder of the aircraft not yet completed at the time of the French surrender) were pressed into service with the French Vichy Air Force or used as trainers by the Luftwaffe.

Other users of the Bre.690 series were the Italian Regia Aeronautica, which received a small number of Bre.693s as trainers in 1943, and Belgium, which had ordered 32 Bre.694s, and of which the first completed aircraft was undergoing trials in France at the time of the Battle of France. Sweden had placed an order for 12 Bre.694s, to be completed as S10 reconnaissance aircraft, but France fell before any could be built and the order was cancelled as a result.

== Media ==
''Excellent additions to the article would be video guides, screenshots from the game, and photos.''

== See also ==
''Links to the articles on the War Thunder Wiki that you think will be useful for the reader, for example:''

* ''reference to the series of the aircraft;''
* ''links to approximate analogues of other nations and research trees.''

== External links ==
''Paste links to sources and external resources, such as:''

* ''topic on the official game forum;''
* ''encyclopedia page on the aircraft;''
* ''other literature.''

{{France attackers}}

J8A

2019-11-02T20:43:33Z

U80255841: /* History */

{{Specs-Card|code=gladiator_j8a}}

== Description ==

[[File:GarageImage_{{PAGENAME}}.jpg|420px|thumb|left]]
{{break}}
The '''{{Specs|name}}''' is a rank {{Specs|rank}} Swedish fighter {{Battle-rating}}. It was introduced in [[Update 1.93 "Shark Attack"]] but is currently unavailable to be played in any game mode.

== General info ==
=== Flight performance ===
''Describe how the aircraft behaves in the air. Speed, manoeuvrability, acceleration and allowable loads - these are the most important characteristics of the vehicle.''

{| class="wikitable" style="text-align:center"
|-
! colspan="8" | Characteristics
|-
! colspan="8" | ''Stock''
|-
! colspan="2" | Max Speed (km/h at 4,420 m)
! rowspan="2" | Max altitude (meters)
! colspan="2" | Turn time (seconds)
! colspan="2" | Rate of climb (meters/second)
! rowspan="2" | Take-off run (meters)
|-
! AB !! RB !! AB !! RB !! AB !! RB
|-
| 402 || 385 || {{Specs|ceiling}} || 16.7 || 17.3 || 13.4 || 13.4 || 232
|-
! colspan="8" | ''Upgraded''
|-
! colspan="2" | Max Speed (km/h at 4,420 m)
! rowspan="2" | Max altitude (meters)
! colspan="2" | Turn time (seconds)
! colspan="2" | Rate of climb (meters/second)
! rowspan="2" | Take-off run (meters)
|-
! AB !! RB !! AB !! RB !! AB !! RB
|-
| ??? || 414 || {{Specs|ceiling}} || ??.? || 16.0 || ??.? || 15.7 || 232
|-
|}

==== Details ====
{| class="wikitable" style="text-align:center"
|-
! colspan="5" | Features
|-
! Combat flaps !! Take-off flaps !! Landing flaps !! Air brakes !! Arrestor gear
|-
| X || ✓ || ✓ || X || X 
|-
|}

{| class="wikitable" style="text-align:center"
|-
! colspan="5" | Limits
|-
! rowspan="2" | Wing-break speed (km/h)
! rowspan="2" | Gear limit (km/h)
! rowspan="2" | Combat flaps (km/h)
! colspan="2" | Max Static G
|-
! + !! -
|-
| {{Specs|destruction|constructions}} || {{Specs|destruction|chassis}} || 520 || ~11 || ~5
|-
|}

{| class="wikitable" style="text-align:center"
|-
! colspan="4" | Optimal velocities
|-
! Ailerons (km/h)
! Rudder (km/h)
! Elevators (km/h)
! Radiator (km/h)
|-
| < 240 || < 200 || < 330 || > 190
|-
|}

{| class="wikitable" style="text-align:center"
|-
! colspan="3" | Compressor (RB/SB)
|-
! colspan="3" | Setting 1
|-
! Optimal altitude
! 100% Engine power
! WEP Engine power
|-
| 4,115 m || 810 hp || 826 hp
|-
|}

=== Survivability and armour ===

The J8A does not have any armour.

== Armaments ==
=== Offensive armament ===

{{main|Ksp m/22 (8 mm)}}

The '''''{{PAGENAME}}''''' is armed with:
* 2 x 8 mm Ksp m/22 machine guns, side-mounted (600 rpg = 1,200 total)
* 2 x 8 mm Ksp m/22 machine guns, wing-mounted (400 rpg = 800 total)

== Usage in battles ==
''Describe the tactics of playing in the aircraft, the features of using aircraft in a team and advice on tactics. Refrain from creating a "guide" - do not impose a single point of view, but instead, give the reader food for thought. Examine the most dangerous enemies and give recommendations on fighting them. If necessary, note the specifics of the game in different modes (AB, RB, SB).''

=== Manual Engine Control ===
{| class="wikitable" style="text-align:center"
|-
! colspan="7" | MEC elements
|-
! rowspan="2" | Mixer
! rowspan="2" | Pitch
! colspan="3" | Radiator
! rowspan="2" | Supercharger
! rowspan="2" | Turbocharger
|-
! Oil !! Water !! Type
|-
| Controllable || Not controllable Not auto controlled || Not controllable Not auto controlled || Not controllable Not auto controlled || Separate || Not controllable 1 gear || Not controllable
|-
|}

=== Modules ===
{| class="wikitable"
! Tier
! colspan="2" | Flight performance
! Survivability
! Weaponry
|-
| I
| Fuselage repair
| Radiator
|
| Offensive 8 mm
|-
| II
|
| Compressor
| Airframe
|
|-
| III
| Wings repair
| Engine
|
| New 8 mm MGs
|-
| IV
|
| Engine injection
| Cover
|
|-
|}

=== Pros and cons ===


'''Pros:'''
* Can go up to 418 km/h
* Its four 8mm machine guns can quickly shred other low tier planes
* Lots of ammo
* Very high max altitude for its rank

'''Cons:'''
* Climb rate is slower than most other planes that rivals it
* Higher than average required takeoff length
* No armour protection

== History ==
''Describe the history of the creation and combat usage of the aircraft in more detail than in the introduction. If the historical reference turns out to be too long, take it to a separate article, taking a link to the article about the vehicle and adding a block "/History" (example: <nowiki>https://wiki.warthunder.com/(Vehicle-name)/History</nowiki>) and add a link to it here using the <code>main</code> template. Be sure to reference text and sources by using <code><nowiki><ref></ref></nowiki></code>, as well as adding them at the end of the article with <code><nowiki><references /></nowiki></code>. This section may also include the vehicle's dev blog entry (if applicable) and the in-game encyclopedia description (under <code><nowiki>=== In-game description ===</nowiki></code>, also if applicable).''

In 1936, a new defence resolution was made by the Swedish defence ministry to organise one new fighter wing and four new bomber wings in light of rising tensions in Europe. The new fighter wing was intended to provice aerial defence to the Stockholm region, and would consist of three squadrons. After a selection process, the Gloster Gladiator was found to be the aircraft most suited to requirements, and an order was made for 55 aircraft, which were to be locally fitted with engines and armament.

The first Gloster Gladiator was delivered to the Swedish Air Force on April 15th 1937 and locally designated as the 'Jaktplan 8' (J8). While the first few Swedish Gladiators were fitted with the Fairey three-bladed propeller, the decision was taken to switch back to the earlier fixed-pitch two-bladed wooden propeller. The first 37 aircraft were built to Gladiator Mk.I standard with a 645 hp NOHAB-built Bristol Mercury VIS2; the last batch of 18 aircraft were built to Gladiator Mk.II standard with a 840 hp NOHAB-built Bristol Mercury VIII. The former batch thus became known as the J8, while the latter batch was known as the J8A. Both types were armed with the Ksp m/36, which was a license-built version of the Browning M1917 chambered for 8x63mm ammunition. Deliveries of the Swedish Gloster Gladiator concluded on July 16th 1939, but two aircraft were already lost in service before deliveries were finalised. The Gladiators were initially allocated to F1 Västmanland in 1937 before a new wing was formed. This wing, F8, was transferred to Barkarby, north of Stockholm, in October of 1938, becoming F8 Barkarby.

Initial impressions of the Gloster Gladiator were mixed: the type was brand-new (having first flown in 1934 and having entered RAF service in February of 1937), but already conceptually outdated in comparison with types such as the German Bf 109, British Hawker Hurricane and the American P-35. As a result, more modern types were urgently sourced.

International events led to the Swedish J8 to have their ''combat debut'' in 1939 - albeit not under Swedish colours. Following the invasion of Finland by the Soviet Union on November 30th 1939, numerous countries offered military support to Finland, including neighbouring Sweden which went as far to form a volunteer squadron - ''Flygflottilj 19'' - which would enter combat under Finnish colours. The F19 Wing consisted of 12 J8A Gloster Gladiators capable of carrying 8 light bombs and 4 B4 Hawker Harts light bombers, supported by a Junkers F13, a Raab-Katzenstein RB-26 and a Waco ZQC-6 liaision aircraft, and was manned entirely by Swedish volunteers. After intense negociations and preparations during December 1939 and early January 1940, the F19 Wing entered combat on January 12th 1940 with a raid on Soviet troop concentrations and air bases near Märkäjärvi, Salmijärvi and Salla. While the Hawker Hart bombers fared rather badly against enemy opposition (2 collided and 1 was shot down on this first raid, with 1 crew member killed, 2 taken PoW and 3 managing to ski back to their bases), the Gloster Gladiators went on to do rather better during their deployment. Over the course of two months, Swedish pilots claimed 10 kills; other than the 3 Harts lost on the first raid, the unit lost 3 Gladiators of which 2 were lost in accidents (one in a landing accident, pilot unhurt, and one due to structural failure, pilot killed), and 1 was shot down by Soviet airmen on January 23rd 1940 (pilot KiA). Following the cease-fire of March 13th 1940, the F19 Wing returned to Sweden and was disbanded.

In 1940, F8 Barkarby was re-equipped with the J9 (Seversky EP-1), with the J8s transferred to the F9 Säve wing which was tasked with protecting Gothenborg. The J8's stint with F9 was short, being replaced by the J11 (Fiat CR.42), after which they were used to equip the F10 Ängelholm Wing tasked with protecting Malmö. When the F10 Wing in turn was re-equipped with the J20 (Reggiane Re.2000), the J8's role as a frontline fighter in Swedish Air Force service was considered over, and the aircraft were distributed among other wings as advanced trainers, reserves and base hacks. During the latter part of their career in the Swedish Air Force, J8s were used piecemeal by the F8, F9, F10, F13, F16 and F20 wings. About 20 aircraft remained in service at the end of the Second World War, at which point they were progressively withdrawn from service as they were considered as being at the end of their service life. The last three Swedish J8 Gladiators were withdrawn from service on February 10th 1947.

== Media ==
''Excellent additions to the article would be video guides, screenshots from the game, and photos.''

== See also ==
''Links to the articles on the War Thunder Wiki that you think will be useful for the reader, for example:''
* ''reference to the series of the aircraft;''
* ''links to approximate analogues of other nations and research trees.''

== External links ==
''Paste links to sources and external resources, such as:''
* ''topic on the official game forum;''
* ''encyclopedia page on the aircraft;''
* ''other literature.''

{{Sweden fighters}}

Hunter FGA.9

2019-11-02T16:09:32Z

U80255841: /* History */

{{Specs-Card
|code=hunter_f9_rhodesia
|store=7212
}}

== Description ==

[[File:GarageImage_{{PAGENAME}}.jpg|420px|thumb|left]]
{{break}}
The '''{{Specs|name}}''' is a gift rank {{Specs|rank}} British jet fighter {{Battle-rating}}. It was introduced in [[Update 1.93 "Shark Attack"]].

== General info ==
=== Flight performance ===
''Describe how the aircraft behaves in the air. Speed, manoeuvrability, acceleration and allowable loads - these are the most important characteristics of the vehicle.''

{| class="wikitable" style="text-align:center"
|-
! colspan="8" | Characteristics
|-
! colspan="8" | ''Stock''
|-
! colspan="2" | Max Speed (km/h at 0 m - at sea level)
! rowspan="2" | Max altitude (meters)
! colspan="2" | Turn time (seconds)
! colspan="2" | Rate of climb (meters/second)
! rowspan="2" | Take-off run (meters)
|-
! AB !! RB !! AB !! RB !! AB !! RB
|-
| 1,138 km/h || 1,133 km/h || {{Specs|ceiling}} || 25.5s || 26.3s || 53.6 m/s || 46.6 m/s || 820
|-
! colspan="8" | ''Upgraded''
|-
! colspan="2" | Max Speed (km/h at 0 m - at sea level)
! rowspan="2" | Max altitude (meters)
! colspan="2" | Turn time (seconds)
! colspan="2" | Rate of climb (meters/second)
! rowspan="2" | Take-off run (meters)
|-
! AB !! RB !! AB !! RB !! AB !! RB
|-
| 1,158 km/h || 1,148 km/h || {{Specs|ceiling}} || 24.6s || 25.0s || 88.8 m/s || 70.0 m/s || 820
|-
|}

==== Details ====
{| class="wikitable" style="text-align:center"
|-
! colspan="5" | Features
|-
! Combat flaps !! Take-off flaps !! Landing flaps !! Air brakes !! Arrestor gear
|-
| ✓ || ✓ || ✓ || ✓ || X 
|-
|}

{| class="wikitable" style="text-align:center"
|-
! colspan="5" | Limits
|-
! rowspan="2" | Wing-break speed (km/h)
! rowspan="2" | Gear limit (km/h)
! rowspan="2" | Combat flaps (km/h)
! colspan="2" | Max Static G
|-
! + !! -
|-
| {{Specs|destruction|constructions}} || {{Specs|destruction|chassis}} || 620 || ~14 || ~6
|-
|}

{| class="wikitable" style="text-align:center"
|-
! colspan="4" | Optimal velocities
|-
! Ailerons (km/h)
! Rudder (km/h)
! Elevators (km/h)
! Radiator (km/h)
|-
| < 850 || < 600 || < 690 || N/A
|-
|}

{| class="wikitable" style="text-align:center"
|-
! colspan="3" | Compressor (RB/SB)
|-
! colspan="3" | Setting 1
|-
! Optimal altitude
! 100% Engine power
! WEP Engine power
|-
| 0 m || 4,230 kgf || N/A
|-
|}

=== Survivability and armour ===
''Examine the survivability of the aircraft. Note how vulnerable the structure is and how secure the pilot is, whether the fuel tanks are armoured, etc. Describe the armour, if there is any, and also mention the vulnerability of other critical aircraft systems.''

== Armaments ==
=== Offensive armament ===
''Describe the offensive armament of the aircraft, if any. Describe how effective the cannons and machine guns are in a battle, and also what belts or drums are better to use. If there is no offensive weaponry, delete this subsection.''

=== Suspended armament ===
''Describe the aircraft's suspended armament: additional cannons under the wings, bombs, rockets and torpedoes. This section is especially important for bombers and attackers. If there is no suspended weaponry remove this subsection.''

=== Defensive armament ===
''Defensive armament with turret machine guns or cannons, crewed by gunners. Examine the number of gunners and what belts or drums are better to use. If defensive weaponry is not available, remove this subsection.''

== Usage in battles ==
''Describe the tactics of playing in the aircraft, the features of using aircraft in a team and advice on tactics. Refrain from creating a "guide" - do not impose a single point of view, but instead, give the reader food for thought. Examine the most dangerous enemies and give recommendations on fighting them. If necessary, note the specifics of the game in different modes (AB, RB, SB).''

=== Pros and cons ===
''Summarise and briefly evaluate the vehicle in terms of its characteristics and combat effectiveness. Mark its pros and cons in the bulleted list. Try not to use more than 6 points for each of the characteristics. Avoid using categorical definitions such as "bad", "good" and the like - use substitutions with softer forms such as "inadequate" and "effective".''

'''Pros:'''

*

'''Cons:'''

*

== History ==
''Describe the history of the creation and combat usage of the aircraft in more detail than in the introduction. If the historical reference turns out to be too long, take it to a separate article, taking a link to the article about the vehicle and adding a block "/History" (example: <nowiki>https://wiki.warthunder.com/(Vehicle-name)/History</nowiki>) and add a link to it here using the <code>main</code> template. Be sure to reference text and sources by using <code><nowiki><ref></ref></nowiki></code>, as well as adding them at the end of the article with <code><nowiki><references /></nowiki></code>. This section may also include the vehicle's dev blog entry (if applicable) and the in-game encyclopedia description (under <code><nowiki>=== In-game description ===</nowiki></code>, also if applicable).''

Towards the end of the 1950s, the Royal Air Force was faced with the increasing obsolescence of the [[Venom_FB.4|De Havilland Venom FB.4]] in the ground attack role. At the time, the Venom was still in use as a Close Air Support aircraft both in South East Asia and the Middle East; especially in the Aden Emergency it was intensely used, and as a result, a replacement was urgently required. In 1958 the Royal Air Force started the Venom Replacement Evaluation Trials (VRET), selecting the Royal Air Force bases of RAF Khormaksar (Aden) with its long paved runway, and RAF Riyan (Quaiti State, Eastern Aden Protectorate) with its unhardened air strip as trials bases.

For the VRET, three types were selected: the Hunting Jet Provost T.3; the Folland Gnat F.1; and last but not least, the [[Hunter_F.6|Hawker Hunter F.6]]. Before the trials began, the Folland Gnat was considered the forerunner, while the Hawker Hunter was initially not even considered for the trials, as the type was thought to be uneconomical for use in the Middle East, however this decision was overturned after intense lobbying by Hawker. Early on during the trials, it became clear that the Hunting Jet Provost was not able to fulfill any of the requirements set by the trials, and while the type would go on to be developped into the succesful BAC Strikemaster, it was eliminated from the contest. The trials had become a straight contest between the Hunter and the Gnat.

Early on, the Folland appeared to be a clear favourite: above 40,000 ft it was more manoeuvrable than the Hunter; and its diminuitive size made it a difficult target to spot and aim at. Additionally, it required only a minimum of external equipment to operate it from unprepared air strips. However, the diminuitive size of the Gnat also worked in its disadvantage: its relative short landing gear gave the aircraft unpleasant characteristics on unpaved airstrips; and its relatively low-set exhaust damaged the runway surface. However, the main problem for the Gnat was that it was unable to meet range requirements. Fully loaded for combat it had a range of 188 nm, which fell short of the 250 nm requirement set up in the VRET; with external tanks, its maximum ferry range was 673 nm, which was insufficient to ferry it between the Royal Air Force's main Middle East Air Force bases. At the end of the trials, the Hunter came out as the winner on all points except agility above 40,000 ft.

Following the trials, conversion work was started to bring the Hunter F.6 up to full ground attack standard, the FGA.9 (for Fighter Ground Attack). The wing spars were restressed and strengthened, a brake chute was added in a housing above the exhaust for use on unprepared airstrips, the flight controls were adjusted to give a better response at low altitude, and the oxygen supply was increased; as the FGA.9 was primarily intended for use in the Middle East, the aircraft were also given a tropicalised refrigeration and ventilation system. New drop tanks were designed for the inner wing hardpoints, capable of carrying 230 gallons (instead of the 100 gallon drop tanks in use up to then); as they were larger, a cut-out was made in the flaps so they could be extended while carrying the new tanks. Initially these tanks were fixed and intended for ferry use only, but gradually they were redesigned so they could be jetissonable and used in combat. The first Hunter FGA.9 made its maiden flight on July 3rd 1959. The initial batch was built to 'interim' FGA.9 with an Avon 203 which provided 10,000 lb thrust; the production variant was equipped with an Avon 207 which provided 10,050 lb thrust.

Around the time the Hunter FGA.9 started entering RAF service in 1960, the Hunter F.6 was considered obsolete as a day fighter with the impending service entry of the English Electric Lightning. As a result, many Hunter F.6 airframes were taken back by Hunter for rebuild to FGA.9 standard. In all, 144 Hunter F.6s were rebuild to FGA.9 standard. A dedicated reconnaissance variant was also developped out of the FGA.9: the FR.10 had the same capabilities as the FGA.9, except for the adjusted flight controls, its main difference being a set of reconnaissance cameras in a new nose.

In Royal Air Force service, the Hunter FGA.9 was first deployed in Aden in 1960, where it replaced the obsolete Venom; it was used during the Radfan Emergency to attack insurgent forces. During the Borneo Confrontation of 1963-1966, RAF Hunter FGA.9s were used in counter insurgency operations. The withdrawal from the Royal Air Force from its former protectorates in the late 1960s saw the need for these ground-attack Hunters disappear; the last frontline RAF Hunter FGA.9 unit was disbanded in 1971, however the type remained in RAF service as an advanced trainer until the 1980s, with trainer variants remaining in RAF service until the early 1990s.

The Hunter FGA.9 variant also became the basis of numerous close air support variants intended for export. This was partly possible due to the disbanding of numerous RAF day fighter units following the 1957 Defence White Paper, and partly due to the early retirement of the Hawker Hunter F.6 in Belgian (1963) and Dutch (1968) service. This released several hundreds of Hunter F.6 airframes which could be rebuilt to FGA standard. Dedicated 'national' variants were built for India (FGA.56), Kuwait (FGA.57), Switzerland (F.58A), Iraq (FGA.59), Lebanon (FGA.70), Chile (FGA.71), Jordan (FGA.73), Singapore (FGA.75), Abu Dhabi (FGA.76), Qatar (FGA.78) and Kenya (FGA.80). Additionally, numerous ex-Royal Air Force FGA.9 airframes were refurbished by Hunter for export.

In foreign service, the Hawker Hunter had a considerably long life. It was a relatively easy to maintain type, which could be deployed quickly if needed. In the absence of aerial threats it was an excellent ground attack aircraft, making it suited for low intensity conflict and counter-insurgency operations. Many aircraft were locally modified to carry a wide variety of ordonnance: some air forces such as those of Switzerland and Singapore modified theirs to carry the AIM-9 Sidewinder; in their ultimate guise, Swiss Air Force Hunters were even capable of firing the AGM-65 Maverick. Most aircraft were withdrawn from frontline service in the 1990s, with Switzerland being the last Western nation to withdraw the type from frontline service in 1994. The Indian Air Force was the last major user of the type, withdrawing the last of its Hunters in 2000; the last nation to withdraw the Hunter from frontline military service was Lebanon, retiring the Hunter in 2014. Even so, a handful of Hunters remain in limited military service: as of 2019, ATAC in the United States, Apache Aviation in France, Hawker Hunter Aviation in the UK and Lortie Aviation in Canada operate a number of civilianised Hawker Hunters under government military contracts to provide high speed aerial threat simulation, mission support training and trials support services.

== Media ==
''Excellent additions to the article would be video guides, screenshots from the game, and photos.''

== See also ==
''Links to the articles on the War Thunder Wiki that you think will be useful for the reader, for example:''

* ''reference to the series of the aircraft;''
* ''links to approximate analogues of other nations and research trees.''

== External links ==
''Paste links to sources and external resources, such as:''

* ''topic on the official game forum;''
* ''encyclopedia page on the aircraft;''
* ''other literature.''

{{Britain jet aircraft}}
{{Britain premium aircraft}}

AMD.35

2019-11-02T02:15:51Z

U80255841: /* Pros and cons */

{{Specs-Card|code=fr_amd_35}}

== Description ==

[[File:GarageImage_{{PAGENAME}}.jpg|420px|thumb|left]]
{{break}}
The '''{{Specs|name}}''' is a rank {{Specs|rank}} French light tank {{Battle-rating}}. It was introduced in [[Update 1.93 "Shark Attack"]].

== General info ==
=== Survivability and armour ===
''Describe armour protection. Note the most well protected and key weak areas. Appreciate the layout of modules as well as the number and location of crew members. Is the level of armour protection sufficient, is the placement of modules helpful for survival in combat? If necessary use a visual template to indicate the most secure and weak zones of the armour.''

=== Mobility ===
''Write about the mobility of the ground vehicle. Estimate the specific power and manoeuvrability, as well as the maximum speed forward and backwards.''

== Armaments ==
=== Main armament ===
''Give the reader information about the characteristics of the main gun. Assess its effectiveness in a battle based on the reloading speed, ballistics and the power of shells. Do not forget about the flexibility of the fire, that is how quickly the cannon can be aimed at the target, open fire on it and aim at another enemy. Add a link to the main article on the gun: <code><nowiki>{{main|Name of the weapon}}</nowiki></code>. Describe in general terms the ammunition available for the main gun. Advise about how to use them and how to fill the ammunition storage.''

=== Additional armament ===
''Some tanks are armed with several guns in one or more turrets. Evaluate the additional weaponry and give advice on its use. Describe the ammunition available for additional weaponry. Give advice on about how to use them and how to fill the ammunition storage. If there is no additional weaponry remove this subsection.''

=== Machine guns ===
''Offensive and anti-aircraft machine guns not only allow you to fight some aircraft but also are effective against lightly armoured vehicles. Evaluate machine guns and give recommendations on its use.''

== Usage in battles ==
''Describe the tactics of playing in the vehicle, the features of using vehicles in the team and advice on tactics. Refrain from creating a "guide" - do not impose a single point of view but instead give the reader food for thought. Describe the most dangerous enemies and give recommendations on fighting them. If necessary, note the specifics of the game in different modes (AB, RB, SB).''

=== Pros and cons ===
''Summarise and briefly evaluate the vehicle in terms of its characteristics and combat effectiveness. Mark its pros and cons in a bulleted list. Try not to use more than 6 points for each of the characteristics. Avoid using categorical definitions such as "bad", "good" and the like - use substitutions with softer forms such as "inadequate" and "effective".''

'''Pros:'''
* High top speed in a straight line on paved and hardened surfaces. (80 kph AB, 72 kph RB)
* Vehicle geared to achieve same top speed both in drive and reverse, allowing for a quick retreat.
* Good frontal armor in its class.
* Good armor penetration of the main gun, capable of penetrating the frontal (unsloped) armor of most enemy tanks in its rank at 500 m distance.
* Fast reload speed of the main gun.
* Large crew for a vehicle of its class, increasing survivability.

'''Cons:'''
* Poor cross-country performance.
* Poor fording and obstacle-crossing capabilities.
* Wheeled vehicle, unable to turn on the spot.
* Lightly armored and vulnerable flanks and rear.
* Slow turret transverse.
* Limited ammo storage (48 rounds for main gun, 800 rounds for coaxial machine gun)
* Relative low muzzle velocity, dramatic decrease of penetration power above 500 m range.
* Very light APC round, doing comparatively little damage. Multiple rounds are usually required to obtain a single tank kill.
* APC round has comparatively poor penetration on vehicles with sloped armor in its rank.

== History ==


The AMD.35 or ''Automitrailleuse de Découverte'', also known as the ''Panhard 178'' was a French 4x4 specialised long-range armoured reconnaissance car built by Panhard. Designed to a 1931 specification to replace older models of armoured cars, Panhard completed a prototype in October of 1933 which was evaluated in January and February of 1934. Out of four competing models, built by Panhard, Renault, Berliet and Latil, the Panhard design was considered the best, being a highly advanced design for its time. After further trials by the French Cavalry, the Panhard 178 was accepted for production as the ''AMD Panhard Modèle 1935''. Initial use revealed some issues like engine overheating and cracking of the gun sight, resulting in a major modification program in 1937 which saw numerous modifications introduced.

In order to obtain a vehicle capable of a long-range and relatively high speed for its class, Panhard designed the 178 to be relatively light. As a result, the vehicle was relatively lightly armoured, ranging from 7 mm armour bottom plates to 13 mm flank armour and 26 mm frontal armour. As a result, the vehicle had a road speed of 72 kph (45 mph) and a range of about 300 km (186 miles), but due to its long wheelbase and leaf-spring suspension, its off-road top speed lay at 42 kph (26 mph) and its wading and trench-crossing capacity lay at just 60 cm (2 ft). The vehicle also had its shortcomings: it had a cramped interior, poor cross-country performance, a slow turret rotation speed and a weak clutch.

Unusually for a French light reconnaissance vehicle, the Panhard 178 was equipped with a 2-man turret at a time when even most of their tanks had one-man turrets: the AP3X turret housed a commander and gunner, who had a 25 mm Hotchkiss Modèle 34 main gun and 7.5 mm Reibel coaxial machine gun at their disposal. The turret also housed a reserve machine gun which could be mounted on top for anti-aircraft defence, but which was rarely mounted in practice. The Hotchkiss gun had tungsten rounds at its disposal, capable of penetrating up to 50 mm of armour, however, these rounds performed poorly when confronted with angled armour. Already early on the poor armour-penetrating capabilities of the Hotchkiss Modèle 34 were recognised, and work was started on up-arming the AMD.35 with a 47 mm SA 35 gun. Early designs would have seen the gun fitted in the rear driver's post creating a tank-destroyer with two AT guns (the turreted Hotchkiss gun and a hull-mounted SA 35 gun), but this was abandoned in favour of a vehicle with a turreted SA 35 in an enlarged turret. Even so, by May of 1940, in the response of events in Poland, plans were already being drawn up to phase out production of the lightly armoured AMD.35 in favour of the more heavily armed and armoured AM40P.

Events decided differently, and following the German invasion of France in May of 1940, the AMD.35 proved its worth, outclassing its German counterparts. In a number of direct confrontation, German reconnaissance vehicles proved vulnerable to the Panhard's Hotchkiss gun, while their own 20 mm main gun proved ineffective against the Panhard. As a result, following the defeat of France, the Panhard 178 was taken into production for the German army as the ''Panzerspähwagen P204 (f)''. In German service, some of these vehicles were refitted with the 37 mm KwK 36; in 1944, a batch of captured ex-Vichy Panhards were fitted with the 50 mm KwK 38 L/42 or L/60 in an open turret.

Following the Liberation of France in 1944, production of the Panhard 178 was reinstated for the French Army, and consideration was given to up-arming the design with the 75 mm SA 45 L/32. A larger turret was designed which could fit this gun, however, before production started the decision was taken to fit the new Panhard 178B with the pre-war 47 mm SA 35 instead. The up-armed Panhard 178B was produced for the French Army, entering service after the War: it served both in France and its colonies, such as Syria, Tahiti, Madagascar and Indo-China. The Panhard 178B was phased out of French army service in 1960; examples taken over by Syria following its independence in 1946 continued service into the mid-1960, when it was finally phased out in favour of Soviet-supplied equipment.

== Media ==
''Excellent additions to the article would be video guides, screenshots from the game, and photos.''

== See also ==
''Links to the articles on the War Thunder Wiki that you think will be useful for the reader, for example:''
* ''reference to the series of the vehicles;''
* ''links to approximate analogues of other nations and research trees.''

== External links ==
''Paste links to sources and external resources, such as:''
* ''topic on the official game forum;''
* ''encyclopedia page on the tank;''
* ''other literature.''

{{France light tanks}}

Mi-28N

2019-11-01T21:46:31Z

U80255841: /* History */

{{Specs-Card|code=mi_28n}}

== Description ==

[[File:GarageImage_{{PAGENAME}}.jpg|420px|thumb|left]]
{{break}}
The '''{{Specs|name}}''' is a rank {{Specs|rank}} Soviet helicopter {{Battle-rating}}. It was introduced in [[Update 1.93 "Shark Attack"]].

== General info ==
=== Flight performance ===
''Describe how the helicopter behaves in the air. Speed, manoeuvrability, acceleration and allowable loads - these are the most important characteristics of the vehicle.''

{| class="wikitable" style="text-align:center"
|-
! colspan="3" | Characteristics
|-
! colspan="3" | ''Stock''
|-
! colspan="2" | Max Speed (km/h at 1,000 m)
! rowspan="2" | Max altitude (meters)
|-
! AB !! RB
|-
| 320 || 312 || {{Specs|ceiling}}
|-
! colspan="3" | ''Upgraded''
|-
! colspan="2" | Max Speed (km/h at 1,000 m)
! rowspan="2" | Max altitude (meters)
|-
! AB !! RB
|-
| ??? || ??? || {{Specs|ceiling}}
|-
|}

=== Survivability and armour ===
''Examine the survivability of the helicopter. Note how vulnerable the structure is and how secure the pilot is, whether the fuel tanks are armoured, etc. Describe the armour, if there is any, and also mention the vulnerability of other critical systems.''

== Armaments ==
=== Offensive armament ===
''Describe the offensive armament of the aircraft, if any. Describe how effective the cannons and machine guns are in a battle, and also what belts or drums are better to use. If there is no offensive weaponry, delete this subsection.''

=== Suspended armament ===
''Describe the aircraft's suspended armament: additional cannons under the wings, bombs, rockets and torpedoes. This section is especially important for bombers and attackers. If there is no suspended weaponry remove this subsection.''

=== Defensive armament ===
''Defensive armament with turret machine guns or cannons, crewed by gunners. Examine the number of gunners and what belts or drums are better to use. If defensive weaponry is not available, remove this subsection.''

== Usage in battles ==
''Describe the tactics of playing in a helicopter, the features of using helicopter in a team and advice on tactics. Refrain from creating a "guide" - do not impose a single point of view, but instead, give the reader food for thought. Examine the most dangerous enemies and give recommendations on fighting them. If necessary, note the specifics of the game in different modes (AB, RB, SB).''

=== Pros and cons ===
''Summarise and briefly evaluate the vehicle in terms of its characteristics and combat effectiveness. Mark its pros and cons in the bulleted list. Try not to use more than 6 points for each of the characteristics. Avoid using categorical definitions such as "bad", "good" and the like - use substitutions with softer forms such as "inadequate" and "effective".''

'''Pros:'''

*

'''Cons:'''

*

== History ==
''Describe the history of the creation and combat usage of the helicopter in more detail than in the introduction. If the historical reference turns out to be too long, take it to a separate article, taking a link to the article about the vehicle and adding a block "/History" (example: <nowiki>https://wiki.warthunder.com/(Vehicle-name)/History</nowiki>) and add a link to it here using the <code>main</code> template. Be sure to reference text and sources by using <code><nowiki><ref></ref></nowiki></code>, as well as adding them at the end of the article with <code><nowiki><references /></nowiki></code>. This section may also include the vehicle's dev blog entry (if applicable) and the in-game encyclopedia description (under <code><nowiki>=== In-game description ===</nowiki></code>, also if applicable).''

Following the introduction into service of the Mil Mi-24 'Hind', design work began on an optimised attack helicopter with reduced secondary transport capacities, intended for a primary anti-armor and anti-helicopter role as well as providing aerial cover for helicopter landings. Following a number of proposed concepts, a preliminary design was chosen in 1977. Following the construction of a mock-up, a prototype was constructed and first flew on November 10th 1982, with a second prototype completed in 1983. Trials of the Mi-28 began in 1984, but the type lost out to the Kamov Ka-50. Despite this, lower priority development of the Mi-28 continued and production of the Mi-28 was approved in December of 1987. In January of 1988 the first prototype Mi-28A flew, fitted with more powerful engines and a different model of tail rotor; this prototype was first shown to the Western world at the 1989 Paris Air Show. In 1991 a second prototype of the Mi-28A flew, but with the end of the Cold War, the end of the Soviet Union and ensuing cuts in the Defence budget, the Mi-28A was re-evaluated and found inferior to the Ka-50, especially due to it lacking all-weather capabilities. As such, the Ka-50A was cancelled in 1993.

The Mi-28N was first presented in 1995, and first flew on November 14th 1996. Unlike the preceding Mi-28A, the Mi-28N was fitted with a whole array of vision aids, such as a radar, gun camera and FLIR, giving it an all-weather capability. Once again, the post-Cold War realities in the Russian Federation meant that funds were not available, and the program was given a low priority.

This changed in 2000, when a new priority was given to re-equipping the Russian Army. The Mi-28N was given a new priority, as a future replacement of the Mi-24. In 2004, a second prototype with an altered main rotor design was flown, and after trials the first production Mi-28N was accepted by the Russian military on June 5th 2006, with the type being declared operational in October 2009. An export model, the Mi-28NE, has since been sold to both Iraq and Algeria. An updated model, the Mi-28NM, was first flown in 2016, with the first production examples delivered to the Russian military in June of 2019.

== Media ==
''Excellent additions to the article would be video guides, screenshots from the game, and photos.''

== See also ==
''Links to the articles on the War Thunder Wiki that you think will be useful for the reader, for example:''

* ''reference to the series of the helicopter;''
* ''links to approximate analogues of other nations and research trees.''

== External links ==
''Paste links to sources and external resources, such as:''

* ''topic on the official game forum;''
* ''encyclopedia page on the helicopter;''
* ''other literature.''

{{USSR helicopters}}

AMD.35

2019-11-01T14:44:02Z

U80255841: /* History */

{{Specs-Card|code=fr_amd_35}}

== Description ==

[[File:GarageImage_{{PAGENAME}}.jpg|420px|thumb|left]]
{{break}}
The '''{{Specs|name}}''' is a rank {{Specs|rank}} French light tank {{Battle-rating}}. It was introduced in [[Update 1.93 "Shark Attack"]].

== General info ==
=== Survivability and armour ===
''Describe armour protection. Note the most well protected and key weak areas. Appreciate the layout of modules as well as the number and location of crew members. Is the level of armour protection sufficient, is the placement of modules helpful for survival in combat? If necessary use a visual template to indicate the most secure and weak zones of the armour.''

=== Mobility ===
''Write about the mobility of the ground vehicle. Estimate the specific power and manoeuvrability, as well as the maximum speed forward and backwards.''

== Armaments ==
=== Main armament ===
''Give the reader information about the characteristics of the main gun. Assess its effectiveness in a battle based on the reloading speed, ballistics and the power of shells. Do not forget about the flexibility of the fire, that is how quickly the cannon can be aimed at the target, open fire on it and aim at another enemy. Add a link to the main article on the gun: <code><nowiki>{{main|Name of the weapon}}</nowiki></code>. Describe in general terms the ammunition available for the main gun. Advise about how to use them and how to fill the ammunition storage.''

=== Additional armament ===
''Some tanks are armed with several guns in one or more turrets. Evaluate the additional weaponry and give advice on its use. Describe the ammunition available for additional weaponry. Give advice on about how to use them and how to fill the ammunition storage. If there is no additional weaponry remove this subsection.''

=== Machine guns ===
''Offensive and anti-aircraft machine guns not only allow you to fight some aircraft but also are effective against lightly armoured vehicles. Evaluate machine guns and give recommendations on its use.''

== Usage in battles ==
''Describe the tactics of playing in the vehicle, the features of using vehicles in the team and advice on tactics. Refrain from creating a "guide" - do not impose a single point of view but instead give the reader food for thought. Describe the most dangerous enemies and give recommendations on fighting them. If necessary, note the specifics of the game in different modes (AB, RB, SB).''

=== Pros and cons ===
''Summarise and briefly evaluate the vehicle in terms of its characteristics and combat effectiveness. Mark its pros and cons in a bulleted list. Try not to use more than 6 points for each of the characteristics. Avoid using categorical definitions such as "bad", "good" and the like - use substitutions with softer forms such as "inadequate" and "effective".''

'''Pros:'''
*

'''Cons:'''
*

== History ==
''Describe the history of the creation and combat usage of the vehicle in more detail than in the introduction. If the historical reference turns out to be too long, take it to a separate article, taking a link to the article about the vehicle and adding a block "/History" (example: <nowiki>https://wiki.warthunder.com/(Vehicle-name)/History</nowiki>) and add a link to it here using the <code>main</code> template. Be sure to reference text and sources by using <code><nowiki><ref></ref></nowiki></code>, as well as adding them at the end of the article with <code><nowiki><references /></nowiki></code>. This section may also include the vehicle's dev blog entry (if applicable) and the in-game encyclopedia description (under <code><nowiki>=== In-game description ===</nowiki></code>, also if applicable).''

The AMD.35 or ''Automitrailleuse de Découverte'', also known as the ''Panhard 178'' was a French 4x4 specialised long-range armoured reconnaissance car built by Panhard. Designed to a 1931 specification to replace older models of armored cars, Panhard completed a prototype in October of 1933 which was evaluated in January and February of 1934. Out of four competing models, built by Panhard, Renault, Berliet and Latil, the Panhard design was considered the best, being a highly advanced design for its time. After further trials by the French Cavalry, the Panhard 178 was accepted for production as the ''AMD Panhard Modèle 1935''. Initial use revealed some issues like engine overheating and cracking of the gun sight, resulting in a major modification program in 1937 which saw numerous modifications introduced.

In order to obtain a vehicle capable of a long range and relative high speed for its class, Panhard designed the 178 to be relatively light. As a result, the vehicle was relatively lightly armoured, ranging from 7 mm armor bottom plates to 13 mm flank armor and 26 mm frontal armor. As a result, the vehicle had a road speed of 72 kph (45 mph) and a range of about 300 km (186 miles), but due to its long wheelbase and leaf-spring suspension, its off-road top speed lay at 42 kph (26 mph) and its wading and trench-crossing capacity lay at just 60 cm (2 ft). The vehicle also had its shortcomings: it had a cramped interior, poor cross-country performance, a slow turret rotation speed and a weak clutch.

Unusually for a French light reconnaissance vehicle, the Panhard 178 was equipped with a 2-man turret at a time when even most of their tanks had one-man turrets: the AP3X turret housed a commander and gunner, who had a 25 mm Hotchkiss Modèle 34 main gun and 7.5 mm Reibel coaxial machine gun at their disposal. The turret also housed a reserve machine gun which could be mounted on top for anti-aircraft defence, but which was rarely mounted in practice. The Hotchkiss gun had tungsten rounds at its disposal, capable of penetrating up to 50 mm of armour, however these rounds performed poorly when confronted with angled armor. Already early on the poor armour-penetrating capabilities of the Hotchkiss Modèle 34 were recognised, and work was started on uparming the AMD.35 with a 47 mm SA 35 gun. Early designs would have seen the gun fitted in the rear driver's post creating a tank-destroyer with two AT guns (the turreted Hotchkiss gun and a hull-mounted SA 35 gun); but this was abandoned in favour of a vehicle with a turreted SA 35 in an enlarged turret. Even so, by May of 1940, in response of events in Poland, plans were already being drawn up to phase out production of the lightly armored AMD.35 in favour of the more heavily armed and armoured AM40P.

Events decided differently, and following the German invasion of France in May of 1940 the AMD.35 proved its worth, outclassing its German counterparts. In a number of direct confrontation German reconnaissance vehicles proved vulnerable to the Panhard's Hotchkiss gun, while their own 20 mm main gun proved ineffective against the Panhard. As a result, following the defeat of France, the Panhard 178 was taken into production for the German army as the ''Panzerspähwagen P204 (f)''. In German service, some of these vehicles were refitted with the 37 mm KwK 36; in 1944, a batch of captured ex-Vichy Panhards was fitted with the 50 mm KwK 38 L/42 or L/60 in an open turret.

Following the Liberation of France in 1944, production of the Panhard 178 was reinstated for the French Army, and consideration was given to uparming the design with the 75 mm SA 45 L/32. A larger turret was designed which could fit this gun, however before production started the decision was taken to fit the new Panhard 178B with the pre-war 47 mm SA 35 instead. The uparmed Panhard 178B was produced for the French Army, entering service after the War: it served both in France and its colonies, such as Syria, Tahiti, Madagascar and Indo-China. The Panhard 178B was phased out of French army service in 1960; examples taken over by Syria following its independence in 1946 continued service into the mid-1960, when it was finally phased out in favour of Soviet-supplied equipment.

== Media ==
''Excellent additions to the article would be video guides, screenshots from the game, and photos.''

== See also ==
''Links to the articles on the War Thunder Wiki that you think will be useful for the reader, for example:''
* ''reference to the series of the vehicles;''
* ''links to approximate analogues of other nations and research trees.''

== External links ==
''Paste links to sources and external resources, such as:''
* ''topic on the official game forum;''
* ''encyclopedia page on the tank;''
* ''other literature.''

{{France light tanks}}

Firecrest

2019-10-28T19:15:41Z

U80255841: /* History */

{{Specs-Card
|code=b_48_firecrest
|cockpit=442884/1521696
}}

== Description ==

[[File:GarageImage_{{PAGENAME}}.jpg|420px|thumb|left]]
{{break}}
The '''{{Specs|name}}''' is a squadron rank {{Specs|rank}} British fighter {{Battle-rating}}. It was introduced during [[Update 1.89 "Imperial Navy"]].

== General info ==
=== Flight performance ===
''Describe how the aircraft behaves in the air. Speed, manoeuvrability, acceleration and allowable loads - these are the most important characteristics of the vehicle.''

{| class="wikitable" style="text-align:center"
|-
! colspan="8" | Characteristics
|-
! colspan="8" | ''Stock''
|-
! colspan="2" | Max Speed (km/h at 5,791 m)
! rowspan="2" | Max altitude (meters)
! colspan="2" | Turn time (seconds)
! colspan="2" | Rate of climb (meters/second)
! rowspan="2" | Take-off run (meters)
|-
! AB
! RB
! AB
! RB
! AB
! RB
|-
| 587 || 568 || {{Specs|ceiling}} || 24.1 || 25.0 || 15.4 || 15.4 || 300
|-
! colspan="8" | ''Upgraded''
|-
! colspan="2" | Max Speed (km/h at 5,791 m)
! rowspan="2" | Max altitude (meters)
! colspan="2" | Turn time (seconds)
! colspan="2" | Rate of climb (meters/second)
! rowspan="2" | Take-off run (meters)
|-
! AB
! RB
! AB
! RB
! AB
! RB
|-
| ??? || 608 || {{Specs|ceiling}} || ??.? || 23.0 || ??.? || 19 || 300
|-
|}

==== Details ====
{| class="wikitable" style="text-align:center"
|-
! colspan="5" | Features
|-
! Combat flaps
! Take-off flaps
! Landing flaps
! Air brakes
! Arrestor gear
|-
| ✓ || ✓ || ✓ || ✓ || ✓ 
|-
|}

{| class="wikitable" style="text-align:center"
|-
! colspan="5" | Limits
|-
! rowspan="2" | Wing-break speed (km/h)
! rowspan="2" | Gear limit (km/h)
! rowspan="2" | Combat flaps (km/h)
! colspan="2" | Max Static G
|-
! +
! -
|-
| {{Specs|destruction|constructions}} || {{Specs|destruction|chassis}} || 430 || ~10 || ~4
|-
|}

{| class="wikitable" style="text-align:center"
|-
! colspan="4" | Optimal velocities
|-
! Ailerons (km/h)
! Rudder (km/h)
! Elevators (km/h)
! Radiator (km/h)
|-
| < 460 || < 450 || < 450 || > 330
|-
|}

{| class="wikitable" style="text-align:center"
|-
! colspan="3" | Compressor (RB/SB)
|-
! colspan="3" | Setting 1
|-
! Optimal altitude
! 100% Engine power
! WEP Engine power
|-
| 1,280 m || 2,580 hp || 2,895 hp
|-
! colspan="3" | Setting 2
|-
! Optimal altitude
! 100% Engine power
! WEP Engine power
|-
| 4,980 m || 2,310 hp || 2,587 hp
|-
|}

=== Survivability and armour ===
''Examine the survivability of the aircraft. Note how vulnerable the structure is and how secure the pilot is, whether the fuel tanks are armoured, etc. Describe the armour, if there is any, and also mention the vulnerability of other critical aircraft systems.''

== Armaments ==
=== Offensive armament ===

{{main|Browning M3 (12.7 mm)}}

The '''''{{PAGENAME}}''''' is armed with:

* 2 x 12.7 mm Browning M3 machine guns, wing-mounted (300 rpg = 600 total)

=== Suspended armament ===

{{main|G.P. 500 lb Mk.IV (500 lb)|RP-3|Mark XV}}

The '''''{{PAGENAME}}''''' can be outfitted with the following ordnance:

* Without load
* 2 x 500 lb G.P. 500 lb Mk.IV bombs (1,000 lb total)
* 1 x Mark XV torpedo
* 8 x RP-3 rockets

== Usage in battles ==
''Describe the tactics of playing in an aircraft, the features of using aircraft in a team and advice on tactics. Refrain from creating a "guide" - do not impose a single point of view, but instead, give the reader food for thought. Examine the most dangerous enemies and give recommendations on fighting them. If necessary, note the specifics of the game in different modes (AB, RB, SB).''

=== Manual Engine Control ===
{| class="wikitable" style="text-align:center"
|-
! colspan="7" | MEC elements
|-
! rowspan="2" | Mixer
! rowspan="2" | Pitch
! colspan="3" | Radiator
! rowspan="2" | Supercharger
! rowspan="2" | Turbocharger
|-
! Oil
! Water
! Type
|-
| Not controllable || Not controllable Auto control available || Controllable Auto control available || Controllable Auto control available || Separate || Controllable 2 gears || Not controllable
|-
|}

=== Modules ===
{| class="wikitable"
! colspan="1" | Tier
! colspan="2" | Flight performance
! colspan="1" | Survivability
! colspan="2" | Weaponry
|-
| I
| Fuselage repair
| Radiator
|
|
| HMBC mk.2
|-
| II
|
| Compressor
| Airframe
| Offensive 12 mm
| FTC mk.IV
|-
| III
| Wings repair
| Engine
|
|
| HRC mk.8
|-
| IV
|
| Engine injection
| Cover
| New 12 mm MGs
|
|-
|}

=== Pros and cons ===


'''Pros:'''

* M3 .50 cals can do serious damage if used correctly, and have a high rate of fire
* Good top speed overall
* Respectably durable

'''Cons:'''

* Not very maneuverable, especially at low speeds
* Only two machine guns = limited damage output at the rank
* Limited payload options

== History ==
''Describe the history of the creation and combat usage of the aircraft in more detail than in the introduction. If the historical reference turns out to be too long, take it to a separate article, taking a link to the article about the vehicle and adding a block "/ History" (example: <nowiki>https://wiki.warthunder.com/(Vehicle-name)/History</nowiki>) and add a link to it here using the <code>main</code> template. Be sure to reference text and sources by using <code><nowiki><ref></ref></nowiki></code>, as well as adding them at the end of the article with <code><nowiki><references /></nowiki></code>. This section may also include the vehicle's dev blog entry (if applicable) and the in-game encyclopedia description (under <code><nowiki>=== In-game description ===</nowiki></code>, also if applicable).''

The Blackburn Firecrest was a British Torpedo Strike Fighter, derived from the earlier [[Firebrand TF Mk IV|Blackburn Firebrand]] but designed from the outset as a torpedo strike fighter. Designed to the S.28/43 specification set by the Admiralty on February 26th 1943 for a 'Firebrand Torpedo Fighter with improved wing and improved pilot view', the Firecrest was designed with a number of issues of the Firebrand in mind. Specifically, effort was done to produce a type which had improved forward visibility to facilitate deck landings, and which had better lateral control at landing speeds. The design specification also called for the Firecrest to be powered by a Bristol Centaurus 77 engine powering a contra-rotating propeller.

Early on during its design, the Admiralty also ordered three prototypes which would have been driven by the Napier E.122 24-cylinder H-block engine, a 3500 hp development of the Napier Sabre used on the original Firebrand. However, it was soon found that in order to maintain an acceptable center of gravity, the heavy Napier engine would have to be installed behind the cockpit, which would require an extensive redesign and add considerable weight to the aircraft. As a result, the Napier E.122 powered variant was cancelled in October of 1945 before metal was cut on any of their prototypes. Just before completion of the design, the Centaurus 77 variant with its contra-rotating propeller was cancelled in January of 1946, and it was replaced by a 2825 hp Centaurus 57 with a conventional five-bladed propeller. The first of three completed prototypes of the Firecrest flew on April 1st 1947.

The Firecrest differed from the Firebrand in having a cockpit that was set higher and more forward than that of the Firebrand, which combined with a shortened nose did improve the forward visibility during deck landing. A redesigned inverted gull wing conceptually not unlike that of the Vought Corsair did much to improve the type's low speed handling and take off characteristics: even at full weight, take-off was possible in just under 430 ft with a 29 mph headwind; it's landing run was an impressive 390 ft with a 5 mph headwind. With its conventional five-bladed propeller, the Firecrest's top speed lay at 380 mph, some 38 mph faster than the Firebrand despite weighing slightly more. Unlike the Firebrand which used hand-folded wings, the Firecrest had power-assisted folding wings with a double fold.

However, it soon became apparent that the Firecrest was even more sluggish in handling than the Firebrand, that the design in itself did not give any distinct advantages over the Firebrand or the newly developped [[Wyvern_S4|Westland Wyvern]], and that it was less versatile than types such as the [[Firefly_FR_Mk_V|Fairey Firefly]] or [[Sea_Fury_FB_11|Hawker Sea Fury]]. As a result, all development work on the Firecrest ceased in September of 1947, with the second prototype only being used for structural testing, and the third prototype used to test the power-boosted ailerons which were eventually fitted to the Firebrand TF.5A. All three prototypes were bought back by Blackburn in 1950, and scrapped in 1952.

== Media ==
''Excellent additions to the article would be video guides, screenshots from the game, and photos.''

== See also ==
''Links to the articles on the War Thunder Wiki that you think will be useful for the reader, for example:''

* ''reference to the series of the aircraft;''
* ''links to approximate analogues of other nations and research trees.''

== External links ==
''Paste links to sources and external resources, such as:''

* ''topic on the official game forum;''
* ''encyclopedia page on the aircraft;''
* ''other literature.''

{{Britain fighters}}
{{Britain squadron aircraft}}

[[Category:Squadron aircraft]]

Firebrand TF Mk IV

2019-10-28T17:20:07Z

U80255841:

{{Specs-Card|code=firebrand_tf4}}

== Description ==

[[File:GarageImage_{{PAGENAME}}.jpg|420px|thumb|left]]
{{break}}
The '''{{Specs|name}}''' is a rank {{Specs|rank}} British strike fighter {{Battle-rating}}. It was introduced in [[Update 1.51 "Cold Steel"]].

The Firebrand can be considered as a British P-47. With extremely heavy armament as well as a respectable secondary load, the Firebrand is foremost a striker aircraft, then a fighter. Carrying 4 fast-firing and high-capacity Hispano Mk.V cannons, the Firebrand Mk IV can rip through all aircraft at its BR and all "soft" ground targets with ease. The torpedo options allow anti-ship capabilities, and conventional bombs effectively destroy ground targets.

== General info ==
=== Flight performance ===
''Describe how the aircraft behaves in the air. Speed, manoeuvrability, acceleration and allowable loads - these are the most important characteristics of the vehicle.''

{| class="wikitable" style="text-align:center"
|-
! colspan="8" | Characteristics
|-
! colspan="8" | ''Stock''
|-
! colspan="2" | Max Speed (km/h at 4,572 m)
! rowspan="2" | Max altitude (meters)
! colspan="2" | Turn time (seconds)
! colspan="2" | Rate of climb (meters/second)
! rowspan="2" | Take-off run (meters)
|-
! AB !! RB !! AB !! RB !! AB !! RB
|-
| 540 || 526 || {{Specs|ceiling}} || 26.3 || 27.4 || 11.9 || 11.9 || 310
|-
! colspan="8" | ''Upgraded''
|-
! colspan="2" | Max Speed (km/h at 4,572 m)
! rowspan="2" | Max altitude (meters)
! colspan="2" | Turn time (seconds)
! colspan="2" | Rate of climb (meters/second)
! rowspan="2" | Take-off run (meters)
|-
! AB !! RB !! AB !! RB !! AB !! RB
|-
| 592 || 565 || {{Specs|ceiling}} || 23.8 || 25.0 || 19.1 || 15.1 || 310
|-
|}

==== Details ====
{| class="wikitable" style="text-align:center"
|-
! colspan="5" | Features
|-
! Combat flaps !! Take-off flaps !! Landing flaps !! Air brakes !! Arrestor gear
|-
| ✓ || ✓ || ✓ || ✓ || ✓ 
|-
|}

{| class="wikitable" style="text-align:center"
|-
! colspan="5" | Limits
|-
! rowspan="2" | Wing-break speed (km/h)
! rowspan="2" | Gear limit (km/h)
! rowspan="2" | Combat flaps (km/h)
! colspan="2" | Max Static G
|-
! + !! -
|-
| {{Specs|destruction|constructions}} || {{Specs|destruction|chassis}} || 420 || ~10 || ~5
|-
|}

{| class="wikitable" style="text-align:center"
|-
! colspan="4" | Optimal velocities
|-
! Ailerons (km/h)
! Rudder (km/h)
! Elevators (km/h)
! Radiator (km/h)
|-
| < 433 || < 500 || < 550 || > 307
|-
|}

{| class="wikitable" style="text-align:center"
|-
! colspan="3" | Compressor (RB/SB)
|-
! colspan="3" | Setting 1
|-
! Optimal altitude
! 100% Engine power
! WEP Engine power
|-
| 1,023 m || 2,150 hp || 2,448 hp
|-
! colspan="3" | Setting 2
|-
! Optimal altitude
! 100% Engine power
! WEP Engine power
|-
| 3,880 m || 1,975 hp || 2,180 hp
|-
|}

=== Survivability and armour ===

* 12.7 mm Steel - Armour plate, upper seat back and headrest
* 42.8 mm Bulletproof glass - Armoured windscreen

== Armaments ==
=== Offensive armament ===

{{main|Hispano Mk.V (20 mm)}}

The '''''{{PAGENAME}}''''' is armed with:
* 4 x 20 mm Hispano Mk.V cannons, wing-mounted (200 rpg = 800 total)

=== Suspended armament ===

{{main|G.P. 250 lb Mk.IV (250 lb)|G.P. 500 lb Mk.IV (500 lb)|M.C. 1,000 lb Mk.I (1,000 lb)|G.P. 1,000 lb Mk.I (1,000 lb)}}
{{main|RP-3|Mark XV}}

The '''''{{PAGENAME}}''''' can be outfitted with the following ordnance:
* Without load
* 1 x Mark XV torpedo
* 2 x 250 lb G.P. 250 lb Mk.IV bombs (500 lb total)
* 2 x 250 lb G.P. 250 lb Mk.IV bombs + 8 x RP-3 rockets (500 lb total)
* 2 x 500 lb G.P. 500 lb Mk.IV bombs (1,000 lb total)
* 1 x 1,000 lb G.P. 1,000 lb Mk.I bomb + 2 x 500 lb G.P. 500 lb Mk.IV bombs (2,000 lb total)
* 1 x 1,000 lb M.C. 1,000 lb Mk.I bomb + 2 x 500 lb G.P. 500 lb Mk.IV bombs (2,000 lb total)
* 1 x 1,000 lb G.P. 1,000 lb Mk.I bomb (1,000 lb total)
* 1 x 1,000 lb M.C. 1,000 lb Mk.I bomb (1,000 lb total)
* 8 x RP-3 rockets

== Usage in battles ==

In Arcade battles, the Firebrand can actually excel. There are no speed limits or breakage and performance is exaggerated. Thus, the Firebrand can be used somewhat effectively as a fighter. Turning and handling are both still poor performers with this aircraft compared with Realistic battle while the climb rate is significantly increased.

Boom & Run is a good tactic in Arcade battles. Due to terrible handling characteristics, simply diving and flying flat is a good defensive tactic.

As a striker, the Firebrand can be extremely effective as well. Diving at an insane speed at targets is a good tactic, as its wings cannot rip and the Firebrand possesses amazing top speed and dive acceleration. Make sure to pull up quite soon, however, as handling is very poor.

Due to unlimited ammunition, the cannons are remarkably effective in Arcade battles.

When using the Firebrand as a striker, it is recommended to side climb at the beginning of the match. Perform a shallow dive until you reach the target, as speed will accumulate rapidly and the evasion of ground fire and enemy aircraft will be far easier. Plan ahead when striking your target - don't begin diving until you have approximated where the target may be once you reach it (say a destroyer or convoy), as turning to attack a target at high speed may rip the Firebrand's wings or slow you down significantly - resulting in easy prey for other fighters.

As a fighter, the Firebrand is more lacklustre. It possesses very poor handling capabilities, and manoeuvring is very sluggish. Partially due to wing-loading and weight, the Firebrand does, surprisingly, have a small turn radius and turns quite quickly, similar to the [[Me_410_A-1|Me 410]]. However, turning with the Firebrand is not recommended - turning will severely bleed energy, enough to make you an eventual sitting duck.

High altitude performance, as well as zoom climbing, is extremely poor due to the lack of engine injection or throttle. Roll rate is poor as well, and the Firebrand is a massive target, compared to smaller and nimbler fighters such as the Bf-109. However, energy retention, as well as level-flight speed, is excellent. Using Boom & Run is recommended when using the Firebrand as a fighter, and using the Firebrand as a bomber hunter is also a good idea.

Always avoid fur balls with superior turning fighters, which includes almost all single-engine fighters at 4.3-5.3. In general, tactics for the Firebrand also apply for the Me-410, and vice versa.

Unlike Realistic battles, Simulator battles require the use of the cockpit, and the first-person view with the Firebrand is actually quite decent. It has quite a good view due to its decent bubble canopy. Unfortunately, due to the size of the cowling and wings, there are many blind spots around the plane.

Thus, the Firebrand offers good visibility for its battle rating level in simulator battles.

=== Manual Engine Control ===
{| class="wikitable" style="text-align:center"
|-
! colspan="7" | MEC elements
|-
! rowspan="2" | Mixer
! rowspan="2" | Pitch
! colspan="3" | Radiator
! rowspan="2" | Supercharger
! rowspan="2" | Turbocharger
|-
! Oil !! Water !! Type
|-
| Not controllable || Controllable Auto control available || Not controllable Not auto controlled || Controllable Auto control available || Separate || Controllable 2 gears || Not controllable
|-
|}

=== Modules ===
{| class="wikitable"
! Tier
! colspan="2" | Flight performance
! Survivability
! colspan="2" | Weaponry
|-
| I
| Fuselage repair
| Radiator
|
| FTC mk.IV
| HSBC mk.2
|-
| II
|
| Compressor
| Airframe
|
| HMBC mk.2
|-
| III
| Wings repair
| Engine
|
| Offensive 20 mm
| HLBC mk.2
|-
| IV
|
| Engine injection
| Cover
| New 20 mm cannons
| HRC mk.8
|-
|}

=== Pros and cons ===


'''Pros:'''
* Unrivalled armament compared to planes of the 4.3-5.3 BR, Hispano Mk.V variant fires very fast compared to standard [[Hispano Mk.II|Mk.II]]
* High ammo capacity
* "Air targets" ammunition overwhelmingly effective - composed entirely of HEF
* Small turn radius
* Good durability
* Decent level speed
* Good secondary payload
* Torpedo options

'''Cons:'''
* Poor manoeuvrability and handling in general- roll rate, turn rate, etc. are very poor
* Large target
* Mediocre climb rate
* Poor high-altitude performance
* Controls unresponsive at speeds near 550 km/h (350 mph)
* Mediocre energy retention
* Lacks any bombload stock
* The Hispano Mk.Vs' bullet dispersion when firing can be frustrating

== History ==

{{main|Firebrand TF Mk IV/History}}

The Blackburn Firebrand was a British naval torpedo strike fighter, originally designed as a naval fighter aircraft. Due to circumstances, it was overtaken by events, and by the time it finally entered service it was no longer relevant - and too late to enter service in World War II.
Ddesigned to a 1939 tender by the Royal Navy's Admiralty, originally the Fairey Firebrand was intended as a carrier-borne escort fighter, with emphasis on its range over speed. This was due to a prevailing school of thought that carrier fighters' primary task was that of escorting strikes on enemy forces, with the aerial defence of the fleet best left to the ships' own anti-aircraft guns. The original tender, N.8/39, specified a carrier-borne fighter with a fixed forward armament of 4 x 20 mm cannons, preferably an aircraft with a two-man crew consisting of a pilot and a navigator for long-distance flights over water. Blackburn started preliminary work on such a design.

Already having two aircraft serving in a fighter role, the [[Sea Gladiator Mk I|Gloster Sea Gladiator]] and the Blackburn Skua, the Admiralty belatedly realised the folly of their original tender and modified the N.8/39 specification into a new set, N.11/40, which retained most of the previous specifications but explicitly called for a single-seat fighter with 400 mph performance and a 4-hour endurance. Both Blackburn and Hawker responded to this tender, Blackburn with their B-37 design which would eventually evolve into the Firebrand and Hawker with their P.1009 proposal of a navalised Hawker Typhoon.

Blackburn won the contract, however, the prototype fighter turned out to be too slow and too heavy to be considered for a fighter role and the destruction of one prototype attempting an emergency landing with a dead engine lead to concern for the direction the aircraft was going. Following the belated realisation the Firebrand would not make an adequate fighter, the Admiralty decided it would instead become a fast torpedo bomber as a replacement for the antiquated [[Swordfish Mk I|Fairey Swordfish]], especially for use against heavily defended targets such as capital battleships. Following a redesign, the first Firebrand torpedo bomber flew on March 31st 1943; by this time the design had been refined, but it still had alarming landing properties, such as abrupt trim changes during missed wire approaches and poor forward sight which made it liable to being rejected for carrier operations.

Problems with the prototypes, several adjustments to the aircraft’s requirements and inability to get necessary engines towards the end of the war belated the {{PAGENAME}}’s entry into service, missing World War II entirely. Though pressed into service, production ceased by March of 1947 and all were withdrawn from active duty by May 1953.

== Media ==
''Excellent additions to the article would be video guides, screenshots from the game, and photos.''

== See also ==
''Links to the articles on the War Thunder Wiki that you think will be useful for the reader, for example:''
* ''reference to the series of the aircraft;''
* ''links to approximate analogues of other nations and research trees.''

== External links ==
''Paste links to sources and external resources, such as:''
* ''topic on the official game forum;''
* ''encyclopedia page on the aircraft;''
* ''other literature.''

{{Britain strike and twin-engine fighters}}

Firebrand TF Mk IV/History

2019-10-28T17:18:59Z

U80255841: /* History */

{{DISPLAYTITLE:History of the Firebrand TF Mk IV}}
{{notice|This is the ''expanded history'' section of the Firebrand TF Mk IV, [[Firebrand_TF_Mk_IV|click here for the main vehicle page]]!}}
[[File:Firebrand TF Mk. IV 001.jpg ‎|450px|thumb|right|Side view of an '''Firebrand TF Mk I''' outfitted as a torpedo bomber.]]
__TOC__

==History==

The Blackburn Firebrand was a British naval torpedo strike fighter, originally designed as a naval fighter aircraft. Due to circumstances, it was overtaken by events, and by the time it finally entered service it was no longer relevant - and too late to enter service in World War II.

Designed to a 1939 tender by the Royal Navy's Admiralty, originally the Fairey Firebrand was intended as a carrier-borne escort fighter, with emphasis on its range over speed. This was due to a prevailing school of thought that carrier fighters' primary task was that of escorting strikes on enemy forces, with the aerial defence of the fleet best left to the ships' own anti-aircraft guns. The original tender, N.8/39, specified a carrier-borne fighter with a fixed forward armament of 4 x 20 mm cannons, preferably an aircraft with a two-man crew consisting of a pilot and a navigator for long-distance flights over water. Blackburn started preliminary work on such a design.

When World War II started in September of 1939, the Royal Navy already had two aircraft in service in the fighter role: the [[Sea_Gladiator_Mk_I|Gloster Sea Gladiator]] and the Blackburn Skua, of which the latter was incapable of intercepting German bombers or reconnaissance aircraft due to its slow top speed of 225 mph.

===Single-seat fighter conversion===
In 1940, the Admiralty belatedly realised the folly of their original tender and modified the N.8/39 specification into a new set, N.11/40, which retained most of the previous specifications but explicitly called for a single-seat fighter with 400 mph performance and a 4-hour endurance. Both Blackburn and Hawker responded to this tender, Blackburn with their B-37 design which would eventually evolve into the Firebrand and Hawker with their P.1009 proposal of a navalised Hawker Typhoon.
[[File:Firebrand bomberpilot1784 001.png‎|450px|thumb|left|'''Firebrand TF Mk IV''' having just taken out an opponent.]]

Meanwhile, events saw the Royal Navy improvise. As early as May of 1938 concepts were drawn up for a navalised Spitfire, but the need for re-equipping RAF units saw the project frozen in favour of the Fairey Fulmar, which entered service in July of 1940. In the meantime, orders were placed for the [[F4F-3|Grumman F4F Wildcat]] which in Royal Navy service became the [[Martlet_Mk_IV|Grumman Martlet]], the first (landbased) examples entering Royal Navy service in August of 1940. With the immediate threat of German invasion receding after the Battle of Britain, both [[Hurricane_Mk_I/L|Hawker Hurricanes]] and [[Spitfire_Mk_Ia|Supermarine Spitfires]] were released for conversion to navalised [[Sea_Hurricane_Mk_IB|Hawker Sea Hurricanes]] and Supermarine Seafires, both types entering service in 1941. When this happened, the N.11/40 specifications became irrelevant, but few in the Admiralty circle seemed to realise this. Thus, work on both the B-37 and P.1009 designs continued.

Following careful consideration, Blackburn's design was chosen over that of Hawker and work on the B-37 began in earnest with the prototype Firebrand making its maiden flight on February 27th 1942. Powered by the Napier Sabre engine, the new aircraft had promising potential, but this was overshadowed by serious problems: despite its specifications asking for a 400 mph performance it barely managed to top 330 mph, and more importantly, due to its size and weight (weighing in at roughly the weight of '''''two''''' Grumman Wildcats) it lacked the agility needed for a fighter. Even worse, problems with the complex Napier Sabre engine due to production and quality control issues at Napier which caused severe troubles and delays in the testing program. Unfortunately, one of the prototype aircraft was destroyed during an emergency landing after the engine ceased.

At this point, both the Wildcat and Seafire had already proven themselves in combat, and the Admiralty finally realised the Firebrand had become irrelevant. Rather than giving up on a troubled project, the Admiralty decided that the Firebrand had already progressed too far for cancellation.

===Role change to torpedo-bomber===
Following the belated realisation the Firebrand would not make an adequate fighter, the Admiralty decided it would instead become a fast torpedo bomber as a replacement for the antiquated [[Swordfish_Mk_I|Fairey Swordfish]], especially for use against heavily defended targets such as capital battleships. Following a redesign, the first Firebrand torpedo bomber flew on March 31st 1943; by this time the design had been refined, but it still had alarming landing properties, such as abrupt trim changes during missed wire approaches and poor forward sight which made it liable to being rejected for carrier operations.
[[File:Firebrand xoerpond 001.jpg‎|450px|thumb|right|''Fish in the water!'']]

Out of the blue, the Air Ministry suddenly blocked the further supply of Napier Sabre engines to the Firebrand program, arguing it was urgently required for the [[Typhoon_Mk_Ib/L|Hawker Typhoon]] fighter-bomber. But once again, rather than cancelling the Firebrand, the Admiralty simply drew up a new set of specifications: S.8/43 called for a Firebrand powered by a radial Bristol Centaurus engine. As this new variant was being developed, Blackburn began with the production of the first batch of Firebrands, consisting of 9 F.I Sabre-engined fighters and 12 TF.II Sabre-engined torpedo bombers. Some of the latter were used to equip 708 Squadron, a trials unit to test the type's suitability for service

The Centaurus-engined variant, the TF.III, first flew on December 21st 1943, being converted from an airframe originally laid down for Sabre production. Except for the different type of engine, the prototype also differed in having a cut-down rear fuselage and teardrop canopy; wing-mounted airbrakes for rapid deceleration during a torpedo run; RATO hardpoints on the fuselage; and an airspeed indicator mounted outside of the cockpit, allowing the pilot to monitor his airspeed while looking over the nose during a carrier approach. However, the new Centaurus engine proved troublesome in combination with the original Sabre-engined airframe. The aircraft had insufficient aileron and rudder control to cope with the engine's torque, poor forward view, tailhook attachments which were not properly stressed to cope with landing loads, and an alarming tendency to drop a wing when stalling for deck landing. This resulted in a protracted development, eventually resulting in the carrier-capable TF.IV variant which first flew on May 17h 1945 - by which time the war in Europe had ended. By the time 813 Squadron of the Fleet Air Arm was finally re-formed as the first operational Firebrand unit... it was September 1st 1945, and World War II had ended in its entirety.
===Summary===
In the end, 102 Firebrand TF.IV were built, augmented by 68 Firebrand TF.IVs built from the outset to TF.V standard with longer-span aileron tabs and horn-balanced elevators, before production was cancelled in March of 1947. Subsequently, 63 of the TF.IVs were converted to TF.V standard (TF.5 after 1948), of which some were converted to TF.5A standard with power-boosted ailerons for improved handling at deck-landing speed.

Despite its protracted development, the Blackburn Firebrand was destined to serve only relatively shortly with two operational units, never seeing combat service. With the Royal Navy's Fleet Air Arm, it served with 813 Squadron from September 1945 until May 1953, being shore-based at RNAS Ford but with carrier deployments to HMS Implacable and HMS Indomitable; and with 827 Squadron from December 1950 until December 1952, being shore-based at RNAS Ford but with carrier deployments to HMS Illustrious and HMS Eagle. By the time both units started the conversion to the [[Wyvern_S4|Westland Wyvern]], the Royal Navy had all but abandoned the concept of the torpedo strike fighter. An attempt to build an improved strike fighter based on the Firebrand, the [[Firecrest]], was stillborn, with just three prototypes built before all work on the project was ceased.

[[Category:Historical articles]]

Firebrand TF Mk IV

2019-10-28T17:18:32Z

U80255841: /* History */

{{Specs-Card|code=firebrand_tf4}}

== Description ==

[[File:GarageImage_{{PAGENAME}}.jpg|420px|thumb|left]]
{{break}}
The '''{{Specs|name}}''' is a rank {{Specs|rank}} British strike fighter {{Battle-rating}}. It was introduced in [[Update 1.51 "Cold Steel"]].

The Firebrand can be considered as a British P-47. With extremely heavy armament as well as a respectable secondary load, the Firebrand is foremost a striker aircraft, then a fighter. Carrying 4 fast-firing and high-capacity Hispano Mk.V cannons, the Firebrand Mk IV can rip through all aircraft at its BR and all "soft" ground targets with ease. The torpedo options allow anti-ship capabilities, and conventional bombs effectively destroy ground targets.

== General info ==
=== Flight performance ===
''Describe how the aircraft behaves in the air. Speed, manoeuvrability, acceleration and allowable loads - these are the most important characteristics of the vehicle.''

{| class="wikitable" style="text-align:center"
|-
! colspan="8" | Characteristics
|-
! colspan="8" | ''Stock''
|-
! colspan="2" | Max Speed (km/h at 4,572 m)
! rowspan="2" | Max altitude (meters)
! colspan="2" | Turn time (seconds)
! colspan="2" | Rate of climb (meters/second)
! rowspan="2" | Take-off run (meters)
|-
! AB !! RB !! AB !! RB !! AB !! RB
|-
| 540 || 526 || {{Specs|ceiling}} || 26.3 || 27.4 || 11.9 || 11.9 || 310
|-
! colspan="8" | ''Upgraded''
|-
! colspan="2" | Max Speed (km/h at 4,572 m)
! rowspan="2" | Max altitude (meters)
! colspan="2" | Turn time (seconds)
! colspan="2" | Rate of climb (meters/second)
! rowspan="2" | Take-off run (meters)
|-
! AB !! RB !! AB !! RB !! AB !! RB
|-
| 592 || 565 || {{Specs|ceiling}} || 23.8 || 25.0 || 19.1 || 15.1 || 310
|-
|}

==== Details ====
{| class="wikitable" style="text-align:center"
|-
! colspan="5" | Features
|-
! Combat flaps !! Take-off flaps !! Landing flaps !! Air brakes !! Arrestor gear
|-
| ✓ || ✓ || ✓ || ✓ || ✓ 
|-
|}

{| class="wikitable" style="text-align:center"
|-
! colspan="5" | Limits
|-
! rowspan="2" | Wing-break speed (km/h)
! rowspan="2" | Gear limit (km/h)
! rowspan="2" | Combat flaps (km/h)
! colspan="2" | Max Static G
|-
! + !! -
|-
| {{Specs|destruction|constructions}} || {{Specs|destruction|chassis}} || 420 || ~10 || ~5
|-
|}

{| class="wikitable" style="text-align:center"
|-
! colspan="4" | Optimal velocities
|-
! Ailerons (km/h)
! Rudder (km/h)
! Elevators (km/h)
! Radiator (km/h)
|-
| < 433 || < 500 || < 550 || > 307
|-
|}

{| class="wikitable" style="text-align:center"
|-
! colspan="3" | Compressor (RB/SB)
|-
! colspan="3" | Setting 1
|-
! Optimal altitude
! 100% Engine power
! WEP Engine power
|-
| 1,023 m || 2,150 hp || 2,448 hp
|-
! colspan="3" | Setting 2
|-
! Optimal altitude
! 100% Engine power
! WEP Engine power
|-
| 3,880 m || 1,975 hp || 2,180 hp
|-
|}

=== Survivability and armour ===

* 12.7 mm Steel - Armour plate, upper seat back and headrest
* 42.8 mm Bulletproof glass - Armoured windscreen

== Armaments ==
=== Offensive armament ===

{{main|Hispano Mk.V (20 mm)}}

The '''''{{PAGENAME}}''''' is armed with:
* 4 x 20 mm Hispano Mk.V cannons, wing-mounted (200 rpg = 800 total)

=== Suspended armament ===

{{main|G.P. 250 lb Mk.IV (250 lb)|G.P. 500 lb Mk.IV (500 lb)|M.C. 1,000 lb Mk.I (1,000 lb)|G.P. 1,000 lb Mk.I (1,000 lb)}}
{{main|RP-3|Mark XV}}

The '''''{{PAGENAME}}''''' can be outfitted with the following ordnance:
* Without load
* 1 x Mark XV torpedo
* 2 x 250 lb G.P. 250 lb Mk.IV bombs (500 lb total)
* 2 x 250 lb G.P. 250 lb Mk.IV bombs + 8 x RP-3 rockets (500 lb total)
* 2 x 500 lb G.P. 500 lb Mk.IV bombs (1,000 lb total)
* 1 x 1,000 lb G.P. 1,000 lb Mk.I bomb + 2 x 500 lb G.P. 500 lb Mk.IV bombs (2,000 lb total)
* 1 x 1,000 lb M.C. 1,000 lb Mk.I bomb + 2 x 500 lb G.P. 500 lb Mk.IV bombs (2,000 lb total)
* 1 x 1,000 lb G.P. 1,000 lb Mk.I bomb (1,000 lb total)
* 1 x 1,000 lb M.C. 1,000 lb Mk.I bomb (1,000 lb total)
* 8 x RP-3 rockets

== Usage in battles ==

In Arcade battles, the Firebrand can actually excel. There are no speed limits or breakage and performance is exaggerated. Thus, the Firebrand can be used somewhat effectively as a fighter. Turning and handling are both still poor performers with this aircraft compared with Realistic battle while the climb rate is significantly increased.

Boom & Run is a good tactic in Arcade battles. Due to terrible handling characteristics, simply diving and flying flat is a good defensive tactic.

As a striker, the Firebrand can be extremely effective as well. Diving at an insane speed at targets is a good tactic, as its wings cannot rip and the Firebrand possesses amazing top speed and dive acceleration. Make sure to pull up quite soon, however, as handling is very poor.

Due to unlimited ammunition, the cannons are remarkably effective in Arcade battles.

When using the Firebrand as a striker, it is recommended to side climb at the beginning of the match. Perform a shallow dive until you reach the target, as speed will accumulate rapidly and the evasion of ground fire and enemy aircraft will be far easier. Plan ahead when striking your target - don't begin diving until you have approximated where the target may be once you reach it (say a destroyer or convoy), as turning to attack a target at high speed may rip the Firebrand's wings or slow you down significantly - resulting in easy prey for other fighters.

As a fighter, the Firebrand is more lacklustre. It possesses very poor handling capabilities, and manoeuvring is very sluggish. Partially due to wing-loading and weight, the Firebrand does, surprisingly, have a small turn radius and turns quite quickly, similar to the [[Me_410_A-1|Me 410]]. However, turning with the Firebrand is not recommended - turning will severely bleed energy, enough to make you an eventual sitting duck.

High altitude performance, as well as zoom climbing, is extremely poor due to the lack of engine injection or throttle. Roll rate is poor as well, and the Firebrand is a massive target, compared to smaller and nimbler fighters such as the Bf-109. However, energy retention, as well as level-flight speed, is excellent. Using Boom & Run is recommended when using the Firebrand as a fighter, and using the Firebrand as a bomber hunter is also a good idea.

Always avoid fur balls with superior turning fighters, which includes almost all single-engine fighters at 4.3-5.3. In general, tactics for the Firebrand also apply for the Me-410, and vice versa.

Unlike Realistic battles, Simulator battles require the use of the cockpit, and the first-person view with the Firebrand is actually quite decent. It has quite a good view due to its decent bubble canopy. Unfortunately, due to the size of the cowling and wings, there are many blind spots around the plane.

Thus, the Firebrand offers good visibility for its battle rating level in simulator battles.

=== Manual Engine Control ===
{| class="wikitable" style="text-align:center"
|-
! colspan="7" | MEC elements
|-
! rowspan="2" | Mixer
! rowspan="2" | Pitch
! colspan="3" | Radiator
! rowspan="2" | Supercharger
! rowspan="2" | Turbocharger
|-
! Oil !! Water !! Type
|-
| Not controllable || Controllable Auto control available || Not controllable Not auto controlled || Controllable Auto control available || Separate || Controllable 2 gears || Not controllable
|-
|}

=== Modules ===
{| class="wikitable"
! Tier
! colspan="2" | Flight performance
! Survivability
! colspan="2" | Weaponry
|-
| I
| Fuselage repair
| Radiator
|
| FTC mk.IV
| HSBC mk.2
|-
| II
|
| Compressor
| Airframe
|
| HMBC mk.2
|-
| III
| Wings repair
| Engine
|
| Offensive 20 mm
| HLBC mk.2
|-
| IV
|
| Engine injection
| Cover
| New 20 mm cannons
| HRC mk.8
|-
|}

=== Pros and cons ===


'''Pros:'''
* Unrivalled armament compared to planes of the 4.3-5.3 BR, Hispano Mk.V variant fires very fast compared to standard [[Hispano Mk.II|Mk.II]]
* High ammo capacity
* "Air targets" ammunition overwhelmingly effective - composed entirely of HEF
* Small turn radius
* Good durability
* Decent level speed
* Good secondary payload
* Torpedo options

'''Cons:'''
* Poor manoeuvrability and handling in general- roll rate, turn rate, etc. are very poor
* Large target
* Mediocre climb rate
* Poor high-altitude performance
* Controls unresponsive at speeds near 550 km/h (350 mph)
* Mediocre energy retention
* Lacks any bombload stock
* The Hispano Mk.Vs' bullet dispersion when firing can be frustrating

== History ==

{{main|Firebrand TF Mk IV/History}}

The Blackburn Firebrand was a British naval torpedo strike fighter, originally designed as a naval fighter aircraft. Due to circumstances, it was overtaken by events, and by the time it finally entered service it was no longer relevant - and too late to enter service in World War II.
Originally designed to a 1939 tender by the Royal Navy's Admiralty, the Fairey Firebrand was intended as a carrier-borne escort fighter, with emphasis on its range over speed. This was due to a prevailing school of thought that carrier fighters' primary task was that of escorting strikes on enemy forces, with the aerial defence of the fleet best left to the ships' own anti-aircraft guns. The original tender, N.8/39, specified a carrier-borne fighter with a fixed forward armament of 4 x 20 mm cannons, preferably an aircraft with a two-man crew consisting of a pilot and a navigator for long-distance flights over water. Blackburn started preliminary work on such a design.

Already having two aircraft serving in a fighter role, the [[Sea Gladiator Mk I|Gloster Sea Gladiator]] and the Blackburn Skua, the Admiralty belatedly realised the folly of their original tender and modified the N.8/39 specification into a new set, N.11/40, which retained most of the previous specifications but explicitly called for a single-seat fighter with 400 mph performance and a 4-hour endurance. Both Blackburn and Hawker responded to this tender, Blackburn with their B-37 design which would eventually evolve into the Firebrand and Hawker with their P.1009 proposal of a navalised Hawker Typhoon.

Blackburn won the contract, however, the prototype fighter turned out to be too slow and too heavy to be considered for a fighter role and the destruction of one prototype attempting an emergency landing with a dead engine lead to concern for the direction the aircraft was going. Following the belated realisation the Firebrand would not make an adequate fighter, the Admiralty decided it would instead become a fast torpedo bomber as a replacement for the antiquated [[Swordfish Mk I|Fairey Swordfish]], especially for use against heavily defended targets such as capital battleships. Following a redesign, the first Firebrand torpedo bomber flew on March 31st 1943; by this time the design had been refined, but it still had alarming landing properties, such as abrupt trim changes during missed wire approaches and poor forward sight which made it liable to being rejected for carrier operations.

Problems with the prototypes, several adjustments to the aircraft’s requirements and inability to get necessary engines towards the end of the war belated the {{PAGENAME}}’s entry into service, missing World War II entirely. Though pressed into service, production ceased by March of 1947 and all were withdrawn from active duty by May 1953.

== Media ==
''Excellent additions to the article would be video guides, screenshots from the game, and photos.''

== See also ==
''Links to the articles on the War Thunder Wiki that you think will be useful for the reader, for example:''
* ''reference to the series of the aircraft;''
* ''links to approximate analogues of other nations and research trees.''

== External links ==
''Paste links to sources and external resources, such as:''
* ''topic on the official game forum;''
* ''encyclopedia page on the aircraft;''
* ''other literature.''

{{Britain strike and twin-engine fighters}}

Firebrand TF Mk IV

2019-10-28T13:12:21Z

U80255841: /* History */

{{Specs-Card|code=firebrand_tf4}}

== Description ==

[[File:GarageImage_{{PAGENAME}}.jpg|420px|thumb|left]]
{{break}}
The '''{{Specs|name}}''' is a rank {{Specs|rank}} British strike fighter {{Battle-rating}}. It was introduced in [[Update 1.51 "Cold Steel"]].

The Firebrand can be considered as a British P-47. With extremely heavy armament as well as a respectable secondary load, the Firebrand is foremost a striker aircraft, then a fighter. Carrying 4 fast-firing and high-capacity Hispano Mk.V cannons, the Firebrand Mk IV can rip through all aircraft at its BR and all "soft" ground targets with ease. The torpedo options allow anti-ship capabilities, and conventional bombs effectively destroy ground targets.

== General info ==
=== Flight performance ===
''Describe how the aircraft behaves in the air. Speed, manoeuvrability, acceleration and allowable loads - these are the most important characteristics of the vehicle.''

{| class="wikitable" style="text-align:center"
|-
! colspan="8" | Characteristics
|-
! colspan="8" | ''Stock''
|-
! colspan="2" | Max Speed (km/h at 4,572 m)
! rowspan="2" | Max altitude (meters)
! colspan="2" | Turn time (seconds)
! colspan="2" | Rate of climb (meters/second)
! rowspan="2" | Take-off run (meters)
|-
! AB !! RB !! AB !! RB !! AB !! RB
|-
| 540 || 526 || {{Specs|ceiling}} || 26.3 || 27.4 || 11.9 || 11.9 || 310
|-
! colspan="8" | ''Upgraded''
|-
! colspan="2" | Max Speed (km/h at 4,572 m)
! rowspan="2" | Max altitude (meters)
! colspan="2" | Turn time (seconds)
! colspan="2" | Rate of climb (meters/second)
! rowspan="2" | Take-off run (meters)
|-
! AB !! RB !! AB !! RB !! AB !! RB
|-
| 592 || 565 || {{Specs|ceiling}} || 23.8 || 25.0 || 19.1 || 15.1 || 310
|-
|}

==== Details ====
{| class="wikitable" style="text-align:center"
|-
! colspan="5" | Features
|-
! Combat flaps !! Take-off flaps !! Landing flaps !! Air brakes !! Arrestor gear
|-
| ✓ || ✓ || ✓ || ✓ || ✓ 
|-
|}

{| class="wikitable" style="text-align:center"
|-
! colspan="5" | Limits
|-
! rowspan="2" | Wing-break speed (km/h)
! rowspan="2" | Gear limit (km/h)
! rowspan="2" | Combat flaps (km/h)
! colspan="2" | Max Static G
|-
! + !! -
|-
| {{Specs|destruction|constructions}} || {{Specs|destruction|chassis}} || 420 || ~10 || ~5
|-
|}

{| class="wikitable" style="text-align:center"
|-
! colspan="4" | Optimal velocities
|-
! Ailerons (km/h)
! Rudder (km/h)
! Elevators (km/h)
! Radiator (km/h)
|-
| < 433 || < 500 || < 550 || > 307
|-
|}

{| class="wikitable" style="text-align:center"
|-
! colspan="3" | Compressor (RB/SB)
|-
! colspan="3" | Setting 1
|-
! Optimal altitude
! 100% Engine power
! WEP Engine power
|-
| 1,023 m || 2,150 hp || 2,448 hp
|-
! colspan="3" | Setting 2
|-
! Optimal altitude
! 100% Engine power
! WEP Engine power
|-
| 3,880 m || 1,975 hp || 2,180 hp
|-
|}

=== Survivability and armour ===

* 12.7 mm Steel - Armour plate, upper seat back and headrest
* 42.8 mm Bulletproof glass - Armoured windscreen

== Armaments ==
=== Offensive armament ===

{{main|Hispano Mk.V (20 mm)}}

The '''''{{PAGENAME}}''''' is armed with:
* 4 x 20 mm Hispano Mk.V cannons, wing-mounted (200 rpg = 800 total)

=== Suspended armament ===

{{main|G.P. 250 lb Mk.IV (250 lb)|G.P. 500 lb Mk.IV (500 lb)|M.C. 1,000 lb Mk.I (1,000 lb)|G.P. 1,000 lb Mk.I (1,000 lb)}}
{{main|RP-3|Mark XV}}

The '''''{{PAGENAME}}''''' can be outfitted with the following ordnance:
* Without load
* 1 x Mark XV torpedo
* 2 x 250 lb G.P. 250 lb Mk.IV bombs (500 lb total)
* 2 x 250 lb G.P. 250 lb Mk.IV bombs + 8 x RP-3 rockets (500 lb total)
* 2 x 500 lb G.P. 500 lb Mk.IV bombs (1,000 lb total)
* 1 x 1,000 lb G.P. 1,000 lb Mk.I bomb + 2 x 500 lb G.P. 500 lb Mk.IV bombs (2,000 lb total)
* 1 x 1,000 lb M.C. 1,000 lb Mk.I bomb + 2 x 500 lb G.P. 500 lb Mk.IV bombs (2,000 lb total)
* 1 x 1,000 lb G.P. 1,000 lb Mk.I bomb (1,000 lb total)
* 1 x 1,000 lb M.C. 1,000 lb Mk.I bomb (1,000 lb total)
* 8 x RP-3 rockets

== Usage in battles ==

In Arcade battles, the Firebrand can actually excel. There are no speed limits or breakage and performance is exaggerated. Thus, the Firebrand can be used somewhat effectively as a fighter. Turning and handling are both still poor performers with this aircraft compared with Realistic battle while the climb rate is significantly increased.

Boom & Run is a good tactic in Arcade battles. Due to terrible handling characteristics, simply diving and flying flat is a good defensive tactic.

As a striker, the Firebrand can be extremely effective as well. Diving at an insane speed at targets is a good tactic, as its wings cannot rip and the Firebrand possesses amazing top speed and dive acceleration. Make sure to pull up quite soon, however, as handling is very poor.

Due to unlimited ammunition, the cannons are remarkably effective in Arcade battles.

When using the Firebrand as a striker, it is recommended to side climb at the beginning of the match. Perform a shallow dive until you reach the target, as speed will accumulate rapidly and the evasion of ground fire and enemy aircraft will be far easier. Plan ahead when striking your target - don't begin diving until you have approximated where the target may be once you reach it (say a destroyer or convoy), as turning to attack a target at high speed may rip the Firebrand's wings or slow you down significantly - resulting in easy prey for other fighters.

As a fighter, the Firebrand is more lacklustre. It possesses very poor handling capabilities, and manoeuvring is very sluggish. Partially due to wing-loading and weight, the Firebrand does, surprisingly, have a small turn radius and turns quite quickly, similar to the [[Me_410_A-1|Me 410]]. However, turning with the Firebrand is not recommended - turning will severely bleed energy, enough to make you an eventual sitting duck.

High altitude performance, as well as zoom climbing, is extremely poor due to the lack of engine injection or throttle. Roll rate is poor as well, and the Firebrand is a massive target, compared to smaller and nimbler fighters such as the Bf-109. However, energy retention, as well as level-flight speed, is excellent. Using Boom & Run is recommended when using the Firebrand as a fighter, and using the Firebrand as a bomber hunter is also a good idea.

Always avoid fur balls with superior turning fighters, which includes almost all single-engine fighters at 4.3-5.3. In general, tactics for the Firebrand also apply for the Me-410, and vice versa.

Unlike Realistic battles, Simulator battles require the use of the cockpit, and the first-person view with the Firebrand is actually quite decent. It has quite a good view due to its decent bubble canopy. Unfortunately, due to the size of the cowling and wings, there are many blind spots around the plane.

Thus, the Firebrand offers good visibility for its battle rating level in simulator battles.

=== Manual Engine Control ===
{| class="wikitable" style="text-align:center"
|-
! colspan="7" | MEC elements
|-
! rowspan="2" | Mixer
! rowspan="2" | Pitch
! colspan="3" | Radiator
! rowspan="2" | Supercharger
! rowspan="2" | Turbocharger
|-
! Oil !! Water !! Type
|-
| Not controllable || Controllable Auto control available || Not controllable Not auto controlled || Controllable Auto control available || Separate || Controllable 2 gears || Not controllable
|-
|}

=== Modules ===
{| class="wikitable"
! Tier
! colspan="2" | Flight performance
! Survivability
! colspan="2" | Weaponry
|-
| I
| Fuselage repair
| Radiator
|
| FTC mk.IV
| HSBC mk.2
|-
| II
|
| Compressor
| Airframe
|
| HMBC mk.2
|-
| III
| Wings repair
| Engine
|
| Offensive 20 mm
| HLBC mk.2
|-
| IV
|
| Engine injection
| Cover
| New 20 mm cannons
| HRC mk.8
|-
|}

=== Pros and cons ===


'''Pros:'''
* Unrivalled armament compared to planes of the 4.3-5.3 BR, Hispano Mk.V variant fires very fast compared to standard [[Hispano Mk.II|Mk.II]]
* High ammo capacity
* "Air targets" ammunition overwhelmingly effective - composed entirely of HEF
* Small turn radius
* Good durability
* Decent level speed
* Good secondary payload
* Torpedo options

'''Cons:'''
* Poor manoeuvrability and handling in general- roll rate, turn rate, etc. are very poor
* Large target
* Mediocre climb rate
* Poor high-altitude performance
* Controls unresponsive at speeds near 550 km/h (350 mph)
* Mediocre energy retention
* Lacks any bombload stock
* The Hispano Mk.Vs' bullet dispersion when firing can be frustrating

== History ==
''Describe the history of the creation and combat usage of the aircraft in more detail than in the introduction. If the historical reference turns out to be too long, take it to a separate article, taking a link to the article about the vehicle and adding a block "/ History" (example: <nowiki>https://wiki.warthunder.com/(Vehicle-name)/History</nowiki>) and add a link to it here using the <code>main</code> template. Be sure to reference text and sources by using <code><nowiki><ref></ref></nowiki></code>, as well as adding them at the end of the article with <code><nowiki><references /></nowiki></code>. This section may also include the vehicle's dev blog entry (if applicable) and the in-game encyclopedia description (under <code><nowiki>=== In-game description ===</nowiki></code>, also if applicable).''

The Blackburn Firebrand was a British naval torpedo strike fighter, originally designed as a naval fighter aircraft. Due to circumstances, it was overtaken by events, and by the time it finally entered service it was no longer relevant - and too late to enter service in World War II.

Originally designed to a 1939 tender by the Royal Navy's Admiralty, originally the Fairey Firebrand was intended as a carrier-borne escort fighters, with emphasis on range over speed. This was due to a prevailing school of thought that carrier fighters' primary task was that of escorting strikes on enemy forces, with the aerial defence of the fleet best left to the ships' own anti-aircraft guns. The original tender, N.8/39, specified a carrierborne fighter with a fixed forward armament of 4 20 mm cannons, preferrably one with a two-man crew of pilot and navigator for long-distance flights over water. Blackburn started preliminary work on such a design.

''When World War II started in September of 1939, the Royal Navy had two aircraft in service in the fighter role: the [[Sea_Gladiator_Mk_I|Gloster Sea Gladiator]] and the Blackburn Skua, the latter incapable of intercepting German bombers or reconnaissance aircraft due to its slow top speed of 225 mph.''

In 1940, the Admiralty belatedly realised the folly of their original tender, and modified the N.8/39 specification into a new set, N.11/40, which retained most of the previous specifications but explicitly called for a single-seat fighter with 400 mph performance and a 4-hour endurance. Both Blackburn and Hawker responded to this tender, Blackburn with their B-37 design which would eventually evolve into the Firebrand; and Hawker with their P.1009 proposal of a navalised Hawker Typhoon.

''Meanwhile, events saw the Royal Navy improvise. As early as May of 1938 concepts were drawn up for a navalised Spitfire, but the need for re-equip RAF units saw the project frozen in favour of the Fairey Fulmar, which entered service in July of 1940. Orders were placed for the [[F4F-3|Grumman F4F Wildcat]] which in Royal Navy service became the [[Martlet_Mk_IV|Grumman Martlet]], the first (landbased) examples entering Royal Navy service in August of 1940. With the immediate threat of German invasion receding after the Battle of Britain, both [[Hurricane_Mk_I/L|Hawker Hurricanes]] and [[Spitfire_Mk_Ia|Supermarine Spitfires]] were released for conversion to navalised [[Sea_Hurricane_Mk_IB|Hawker Sea Hurricanes]] and Supermarine Seafires, both types entering service in 1941. '''When this happened, the N.11/40 specifications became irrelevant, but few in the Admiralty seemed to realise this.''' Thus, work on both the B-37 and P.1009 designs continued.''

Following careful consideration, Blackburn's design was chosen over that of Hawker, and work on the B-37 began in earnest, with the prototype Firebrand making its maiden flight on February 27th 1942. Powered by the Napier Sabre, the new aircraft had promising potential, but this was overshadowed by serious problems: despite its specifications asking for a 400 mph performance it barely managed to top 330 mph, and more importantly, due to its size and weight (weighing in at roughly the weight of TWO Grumman Wildcats) it lacked the agility needed for a fighter. Even worse, problems with the complex Napier Sabre engine due to production and quality control issues at Napier caused severe troubles and delays in the testing program, with one of the prototypes being destroyed in an emergency landing after the engine ceased.

''At this point, both the Wildcat and Seafire had already proven themselves in combat, and the Admiralty finally realised the Firebrand had become irrelevant. Rather than giving up on a troubled project, the Admiralty decided that the Firebrand had already progressed too far for cancellation.''

Following the belated realisation the Firebrand would not make an adequate fighter, the Admiralty decided it would instead become a fast torpedo bomber as a replacement for the antiquated [[Swordfish_Mk_I|Fairey Swordfish]], especially for use against heavily defended targets such as capital battleships. Following redesign, the first Firebrand torpedo bomber flew on March 31st 1943; by this time the design had been refined, but it still had alarming landing properties, such as abrupt trim changes during missed wire approaches and poor forward sight that made it liable to being rejected for carrier operations.

''Out of the blue, the Air Ministry suddenly blocked the further supply of Napier Sabre engines to the Firebrand program, arguing it was urgently required for the [[Typhoon_Mk_Ib/L|Hawker Typhoon]] fighter-bomber.'' But once again, rather than cancelling the Firebrand, the Admiralty simply drew up a new set of specifications: S.8/43 called for a Firebrand powered by a radial Bristol Centaurus engine. As this new variant was being developped, Blackburn began with the production of a first batch of Firebrands, consisting of 9 F.I Sabre-engined fighters and 12 TF.II Sabre-engined torpedo bombers. Some of the latter were used to equip 708 Squadron, a trials unit to test the type's suitability for service

The Centaurus-engined variant, the TF.III, first flew on December 21st 1943, being converted from an airframe originally laid down for Sabre production. Except for the different type of engine, the prototype also differed in having a cut-down rear fuselage and teardrop canopy; wing-mounted airbrakes for rapid deceleration during a torpedo run; RATO hardpoints on the fuselage; and an airspeed indicator mounted outside of the cockpit, allowing the pilot to monitor his airspeed while looking over the nose during a carrier approach. However, the new Centaurus engine proved troublesome in combination with the original Sabre-engined airframe. The aircraft had insufficient aileron and rudder control to cope with the engine's torque, poor forward view, tailhook attachments which were not properly stressed to cope with landing loads, and an alarming tendency to drop a wing when stalling for deck landing. This resulted in a protracted development, eventually resulting in the carrier-capable TF.IV variant which first flew on May 17h 1945 - by which time the War in Europe had ended. By the time 813 Squadron of the Fleet Air Arm was finally re-formed as the first operational Firebrand unit... it was September 1st 1945, and World War II had ended in its entirety.

In the end, 102 Firebrand TF.IV were built, augmented by 68 Firebrand TF.IVs built from the outset to TF.V standard with longer-span aileron tabs and horn-balanced elevators, before production was cancelled in March of 1947. Subsequently, 63 of the TF.IVs were converted to TF.V standard (TF.5 after 1948), of which some were converted to TF.5A standard with power-boosted ailerons for improved handling at deck-landing speed.

Despite its protracted development, the Blackburn Firebrand was destined to serve only relatively shortly with two operational units, never seeing combat service. With the Royal Navy's Fleet Air Arm, it served with 813 Squadron from September 1945 until May 1953, being shorebased at RNAS Ford but with carrier deployments to HMS Implacable and HMS Indomitable; and with 827 Squadron from December 1950 until December 1952, being shorebased at RNAS Ford but with carrier deployments to HMS Illustrious and HMS Eagle. By the time both units started conversion to the [[Wyvern_S4|Westland Wyvern]], the Royal Navy had all but abandoned the concept of the torpedo strike fighter. An attempt to build an improved strike fighter based on the Firebrand, the [[Firecrest]], was stillborn, with just three prototypes built before all work on the project was ceased.

== Media ==
''Excellent additions to the article would be video guides, screenshots from the game, and photos.''

== See also ==
''Links to the articles on the War Thunder Wiki that you think will be useful for the reader, for example:''
* ''reference to the series of the aircraft;''
* ''links to approximate analogues of other nations and research trees.''

== External links ==
''Paste links to sources and external resources, such as:''
* ''topic on the official game forum;''
* ''encyclopedia page on the aircraft;''
* ''other literature.''

{{Britain strike and twin-engine fighters}}

F2A-1/History

2019-10-27T11:06:32Z

U80255841:

{{DISPLAYTITLE:History of the F2A-1}}
{{notice|This is the ''expanded history'' section of the F2A-1, [[F2A-1|click here for the main vehicle page]]!}}
[[File:Brewster F2A ammo loading NAS Miami 1943.jpg|thumb|right]]
__TOC__

==History==
The Brewster Buffalo - in all its variants - holds two very contradictory distinctions: by some it is considered to have been the ''worst fighter plane of World War II'', while at the very same time one singular airframe of its production holds the distinction of being the ''top scoring fighter aircraft of World War II''.

The Brewster '''F2A''', or as it was most commonly known, the ''Brewster Buffalo'' first flew in December 1937 as a replacement for the US Navy's biplane fighters. It was the winning design of a competition, which saw three contenders: Grumman, which originally submitted the XF4F-1 biplane fighter but later replaced their entry with the redesigned XF4F-2 monoplane fighter; the Seversky XFNF-1 navalised version of the P-35; and the Brewster XF2A-1. Out of the three, the XF4F-2 was faster but the XF2A-1 was more manoeuvrable, leading the company to win a contract for 54 fighter aircraft. When it entered service in 1939, the Brewster F2A-1 was the US Navy's first monoplane and was a highly promising design. However, like many pre-war designs, reality soon overtook the design.

Problems with the Brewster Buffalo started with the fact it had been built by the Brewster Aircraft Corporation, originally an aviation subcontractor with little experience in the construction of aircraft. Having previously only designed the Brewster SBA scout bomber - a design which would enter service ''after'' the Buffalo and which would have a short and indistinct career - it proceeded on designing the XF2A prototype. While this was promising in the type trails, its design hid the fact that Brewster lacked the required know-how to build a naval fighter. Unfamiliar with how to build a folding wing, Brewster circumvented the problem by giving the F2A a short span wing with integrated fuel tanks, which made the type a nimble fighter but ultimately impacted on its climb speed and future performance. The integrated fuel tanks, in turn, made it difficult to repair combat damage: any leaks had to be repaired by taking the entire wing apart. Never having built a naval fighter before, Brewster did not anticipate the forces to which the landing gear would be subjected, and designed it too weak. The decision to design the airframe around the Wright Cyclone engine ultimately meant that it could not be upgraded to more powerful engine designs such as the Pratt & Whitney Twin Wasp series. But ultimately, the biggest mistake Brewster made was not predicting future requirements for the type, and designing it without future modifications in mind. Additionally, Brewster's production facilities - a former car factory with production taking place on multiple stories, requiring sub-assemblies to be transported by lift - meant that the company could not build aircraft as fast as other companies. Finally, problems with quality control would lead to serious issues in the type's service life.

===The XF2A, F2A-1 and B-239 Buffalo===

As designed, the XF2A prototype had a nose-mounted twin-gun armament (one 0.3 and one 0.5 inch gun), but additional requirements saw the initial production model modified with a four-gun armament (one 0.3 and three 0.5 inch guns) and naval equipment. Even these relatively minor modifications already had a considerable impact on the F2A-1 production model's performance, and when severe delays started hitting the delivery timetable with only 5 out of 54 aircraft delivered by November of 1939, the US Navy saw itself forced to reconsider the results of its contest, with an order being placed for Grumman's competing F4F-3 Wildcat.

The outbreak of World War II in Europe saw a number of countries making urgent orders for any available combat aircraft, and it is at this point of its history that Finland, at the eve of its Winter War with the Soviet Union (November 30th 1939 - March 13th 1940), placed an order for ''any'' type the US Government agreed to release. 44 F2A-1 aircraft were released for export to Finland as the de-navalised Brewster B-239 variant, with a slightly more powerful engine (950 hp compared to the F2A-1's 940 hp); but Finland's requirements meant the B-239 was almost 800 lb heavier than the US Navy's F2A-1 (5820 lb compared to the F2A-1's 5055 lb). In return for the 44 F2A-1's released for export, 44 improved F2A-2's were ordered for the US Navy. However, Brewster's slow production meant the first of these B-239s only reached Finland by the time the Winter War had ended.

Events meant that Finland's Buffalos ended up entering combat service in the Continuation War which began in June of 1941, fighting against the Soviet Union on the Axis side. Initially superior to anything they encountered, the Finnish Buffalos were also successful through the use of superior combat tactics that could not be countered by the Soviets. Their success in combat started to wane from 1943 onwards when they started encountering new Soviet designs such as the Lavochkin La-5; additionally the lack of spares started to severely impact on their serviceability. By the end of the Second World War only 8 Finnish Buffalos remained airworthy; the last 5 flew on until 1948 when they were put into reserve, only to be scrapped unceremoniously in 1953. In Finnish service, the Brewster B-239 Buffalo scored 477 kills for just 15 losses - a victory ratio of 26 to 1; additionally Finnish Buffalo ''BW-364'' became the highest-scoring single fighter plane of World War II or any conflict with 42 1/2 confirmed kills.

===The F2A-2 and B-339 Buffalo===

The F2A-2 Buffalo saw the original 940 hp Wright Cyclone engine of the F2A-1 replaced by a 1200 hp variant, driven by a pitched Curtiss Electric propeller; additionally its armament and armour was upgraded. While the F2A-2, would never fire its guns in anger in US service, its export models ended up bearing the brunt of the action both in South-East Asia.

The first export customer for the F2A-2 was Belgium, which ordered 40 B-339B's; just as the first aircraft arrived, Belgium fell under German occupation, and the next six aircraft were diverted to French Martinique where they were stored out in the open and eventually scrapped. The balance of 33 was diverted to the United Kingdom, who briefly used them on Crete and in Egypt where they proved to be inferior compared to Axis types, before relegating survivors to maintenance training units.

The United Kingdom also ordered 170 B-339E's for use in South-East Asia, having found the type unsuited for service in Europe but thinking it would be sufficient for use against 'inferior' Japanese types such as the [[A5M4|A5M "Claude"]] and [[Ki-27_otsu|Ki-27 "Nate"]]. They were assigned to RAF, RAAF and RNZAF squadrons for the defence of Malaya and Singapore.

At the same time, the Netherlands ordered 144 model B-339C and B-339D’s for use in the Netherlands East Indies, the former fitted with refurbished civilian 1000 hp engines, the latter with more powerful military 1200 hp engines. As events turned out, only 24 B-339C’s and 47 B-339D’s ended up being delivered.

In service, both the Dutch and English Buffalos ended up being routed by the Japanese during their assault on Malaya, Singapore and the Netherlands East Indies. While they were capable to combat the Ki-27 ‘Nate’ on relatively even terms if them managed to get airborne in time, they were outperformed by the newer [[Ki-43-I|Ki-43 "Oscar"]]. The main issue with both the Dutch and English Buffalos was not as much their performance, but the fact that they lacked any early warning systems, meaning their fighter aircraft often had little warning of incoming raids and thus started combat at a distinct disadvantage. The known construction issues such as the weak landing gear and difficult repairs to fuel tanks meant attrition was high and aircraft often became unavailable when they sustained combat damage that was easier to repair on other types. As a result of this, nearly all of the Dutch and English Buffalos were lost in three months of combat, with just 6 (out of 170) English and 4 (out of 71) Dutch Buffalos remaining airworthy by the beginning of March 1942.

===The F2A-3 and B-339-23/B-439 Buffalo===

New sets of US Navy requirements saw the F2A-2 design modified into the [[F2A-3]], with the integral wing fuel tanks improved so they were self-sealing; additionally, a new fuel tank was added in the nose, which saw the fuselage lengthened in front of the wing. This increased the type’s range, but the addition of more fuel, protective armour and the possibility to carry underwing armament severely impacted on the type’s performance, which was still fitted with the same engine as the F2A-2. Worse, the increased weight did not do the failure-prone landing gear any good, and soon the US Navy came to the conclusion that the F2A-3 Buffalo had reached its development limits. The 108 aircraft built were soon relegated either to training purposes or handed down to the US Marines. These aircraft would be the only Brewster Buffalos to see combat wearing US colours, first being bloodied in the interception of a [[H6K4|H6K ‘Emily’]] near Midway on March 10th 1942. But they would go on to become infamous for their role during the Battle of Midway, where 13 out of 19 Buffalos were shot down in an unequal dogfight. Following this rout, surviving aircraft were relegated to stateside training units, remaining in service until 1944.

A de-navalised version of the F2A-3 was built for the Netherlands East Indies Air Force, known as the Brewster B-339-23 or B-439, however it arrived too late to see any service in the Netherlands East Indies. Instead, these aircraft were diverted to Australia where they were initially used as reconnaissance aircraft by the RAAF, before some were re-appropriated by the USAAF for use as base hacks and liaison aircraft.

===Evaluating the Brewster Buffalo===

So why did the Brewster Buffalo prove to be a success in Finnish hands, yet a disaster when used by nearly anybody else?

First it is important to consider the difference between all of the types. The US F2A-1 and its equivalent Finnish B-239 were the earliest variants available of the type, before numerous modifications added considerable weight to the design. Even so, the power-to-weight ratio remained around 0.16 hp/lb throughout its career. However, the increase of weight meant that the wing loading gradually increased over the various variants, from 24 lb/ft² on the F2A-1 variant to 34 lb/ft² on the F2A-3, making the later variants far less agile.

The main difference, however, was in the combat use of these aircraft. The Finnish Air Force was the only air force to consistently use the Brewster Buffalo under conditions where it enjoyed a distinct advantage. For the first two years of their use, the Finnish Buffalos were confronted by aircraft of which performance matched theirs, but whose pilots did not enjoy the same quality of training or use of tactics. Generally, Finnish pilots were able to maintain the advantage in their encounters with their Soviet opponents, through the use of better early warning systems, and by entering combat with a height advantage. It was only when Soviet pilots with improved training and superior aircraft started entering service in 1943 that the Brewster Buffalos started to lose their advantage in combat.

This was not the case the Buffalos used by the British, Dutch and Americans. In their service against the Imperial Japanese Army and Navy, the B-339 and F2A-3 not only had to combat enemy aircraft that were both technically superior and present in superior numbers, but also aircraft which almost always encountered them with a distinct advantage. The lack of advanced warning robbed the defending Brewsters in South East Asia and the Pacific of any combat advantage; additionally these Japanese fighters were usually manned by combat veterans, while the Brewsters’ pilots were relative novices. For example, the infamous encounter over Midway saw combat-hardened veterans of the Imperial Japanese Navy battle US Marines pilots of which over half had just been transferred straight out of flight school; the F2A-3s involved flew alongside [[F4F-3]] Wildcats which performed just as badly under the same circumstances. Combat experience in Malaya showed the British that reducing the amount of ammunition and fuel carried significantly improved the Brewsters' performance against their Japanese opponents, but these lessons came too late to make any difference to the outcome of their use in combat.

Overall, it can be considered that the Brewster Buffalo was a fighter type which, while modern at the time of its conception, had been caught out both by shortcomings in its design and manufacture, as well as by the rapid developments in aviation in the late 1930s.

[[Category:Historical articles]]

F2A-1/History

2019-10-27T10:44:22Z

U80255841: /* Evaluating the Brewster Buffalo */

{{DISPLAYTITLE:History of the F2A-1}}
{{notice|This is the ''expanded history'' section of the F2A-1, [[F2A-1|click here for the main vehicle page]]!}}
[[File:Brewster F2A ammo loading NAS Miami 1943.jpg|thumb|right]]
__TOC__

==History==
The Brewster Buffalo - in all its variants - holds two very contradictory distinctions: by some it is considered to have been the ''worst fighter plane of World War II'', while at the very same time one singular airframe of its production holds the distinction of being the ''top scoring fighter aircraft of World War II''.

The Brewster '''F2A''', or as it was most commonly known, the ''Brewster Buffalo'' first flew in December 1937 as a replacement for the US Navy's biplane fighters. It was the winning design of a competition, which saw three contenders: Grumman, which originally submitted the XF4F-1 biplane fighter but later replaced their entry with the redesigned XF4F-2 monoplane fighter; the Seversky XFNF-1 navalised version of the P-35; and the Brewster XF2A-1. Out of the three, the XF4F-2 was faster but the XF2A-1 was more manoeuvrable, leading the company to win a contract for 54 fi ghter aircraft. When it entered service in 1939, the Brewster F2A-1 was the US Navy's first monoplane and was a highly promising design. However, like many pre-war designs, reality soon overtook the design.

Problems with the Brewster Buffalo started with the fact it had been built by the Brewster Aircraft Corporation, originally an aviation subcontractor with little experience in the construction of aircraft. Having previously only designed the Brewster SBA scout bomber - a design which would enter service ''after'' the Buffalo and which would have a short and indistinct career - it proceeded on designing the XF2A prototype. While this was promising in the type trails, its design hid the fact that Brewster lacked the required know-how to build a naval fighter. Unfamiliar with how to build a folding wing, Brewster circumvented the problem by giving the F2A a short span wing with integrated fuel tanks, which made the type a nimble fighter but ultimately impacted on its climb speed and future performance. The integrated fuel tanks, in turn, made it difficult to repair combat damage: any leaks had to be repaired by taking the entire wing apart. Never having built a naval fighter before, Brewster did not anticipate the forces to which the landing gear would be subjected, and designed it too weak. The decision to design the airframe around the Wright Cyclone engine ultimately meant that it could not be upgraded to more powerful engine designs such as the Pratt & Whitney Twin Wasp series. But ultimately, the biggest mistake Brewster made was not predicting future requirements for the type, and designing it without future modifications in mind. Additionally, Brewster's production facilities - a former car factory with production taking place on multiple stories, requiring sub-assemblies to be transported by lift - meant that the company could not build aircraft as fast as other companies. Finally, problems with quality control would lead to serious issues in the type's service life.

===The XF2A, F2A-1 and B-239 Buffalo===

As designed, the XF2A prototype had a nose-mounted twin-gun armament (one 0.3 and one 0.5 inch gun), but additional requirements saw the initial production model modified with a four-gun armament (one 0.3 and three 0.5 inch guns) and naval equipment. Even these relatively minor modifications already had a considerable impact on the F2A-1 production model's performance, and when severe delays started hitting the delivery timetable with only 5 out of 54 aircraft delivered by November of 1939, the US Navy saw itself forced to reconsider the results of its contest, with an order being placed for Grumman's competing F4F-3 Wildcat.

The outbreak of World War II in Europe saw a number of countries making urgent orders for any available combat aircraft, and it is at this point of its history that Finland, at the eve of its Winter War with the Soviet Union (November 30th 1939 - March 13th 1940), placed an order for ''any'' type the US Government agreed to release. 44 F2A-1 aircraft were released for export to Finland as the de-navalised Brewster B-239 variant, with a slightly more powerful engine (950 hp compared to the F2A-1's 940 hp); but Finland's requirements meant the B-239 was almost 800 lb heavier than the US Navy's F2A-1 (5820 lb compared to the F2A-1's 5055 lb). In return for the 44 F2A-1's released for export, 44 improved F2A-2's were ordered for the US Navy. However, Brewster's slow production meant the first of these B-239s only reached Finland by the time the Winter War had ended.

Events meant that Finland's Buffalos ended up entering combat service in the Continuation War which began in June of 1941, fighting against the Soviet Union on the Axis side. Initially superior to anything they encountered, the Finnish Buffalos were also successful through the use of superior combat tactics that could not be countered by the Soviets. heir success in combat started to wane from 1943 onwards when they started encountering new Soviet designs such as the Lavochkin La-5; additionally the lack of spares started to severely impact on their serviceability. By the end of the Second World War only 8 Finnish Buffalos remained airworthy; the last 5 flew on until 1948 when they were put into reserve, only to be scrapped unceremoniously in 1953. In Finnish service, the Brewster B-239 Buffalo scored 477 kills for just 15 losses - a victory ratio of 26 to 1; additionally Finnish Buffalo ''BW-364'' became the highest-scoring single fighter plane of World War II or any conflict with 42 1/2 confirmed kills.

===The F2A-2 and B-339 Buffalo===

The F2A-2 Buffalo saw the original 940 hp Wright Cyclone engine of the F2A-1 replaced by a 1200 hp variant, driven by a pitched Curtiss Electric propeller; additionally its armament and armour was upgraded. While the F2A-2, would never fire its guns in anger in US service, its export models ended up bearing the brunt of the action both in South-East Asia.

The first export customer for the F2A-2 was Belgium, which ordered 40 B-339B's; just as the first aircraft arrived, Belgium fell under German occupation, and the next six aircraft were diverted to French Martinique where they were stored out in the open and eventually scrapped. The balance of 33 was diverted to the United Kingdom, who briefly used them on Crete and in Egypt where they proved to be inferior compared to Axis types, before relegating survivors to maintenance training units.

The United Kingdom also ordered 170 B-339E's for use in South-East Asia, having found the type unsuited for service in Europe but thinking it would be sufficient for use against 'inferior' Japanese types such as the [[A5M4|A5M "Claude"]] and [[Ki-27_otsu|Ki-27 "Nate"]]. They were assigned to RAF, RAAF and RNZAF squadrons for the defence of Malaya and Singapore.

At the same time, the Netherlands ordered 144 model B-339C and B-339D’s for use in the Netherlands East Indies, the former fitted with refurbished civilian 1000 hp engines, the latter with more powerful military 1200 hp engines. As events turned out, only 24 B-339C’s and 47 B-339D’s ended up being delivered.

In service, both the Dutch and English Buffalos ended up being routed by the Japanese during their assault on Malaya, Singapore and the Netherlands East Indies. While they were capable to combat the Ki-27 ‘Nate’ on relatively even terms if them managed to get airborne in time, they were outperformed by the newer [[Ki-43-I|Ki-43 "Oscar"]]. The main issue with both the Dutch and English Buffalos was not as much their performance, but the fact that they lacked any early warning systems, meaning their fighter aircraft often had little warning of incoming raids and thus started combat at a distinct disadvantage. The known construction issues such as the weak landing gear and difficult repairs to fuel tanks meant attrition was high and aircraft often became unavailable when they sustained combat damage that was easier to repair on other types. As a result of this, nearly all of the Dutch and English Buffalos were lost in three months of combat, with just 6 (out of 170) English and 4 (out of 71) Dutch Buffalos remaining airworthy by the beginning of March 1942.

===The F2A-3 and B-339-23/B-439 Buffalo===

New sets of US Navy requirements saw the F2A-2 design modified into the [[F2A-3]], with the integral wing fuel tanks improved so they were self-sealing; additionally, a new fuel tank was added in the nose, which saw the fuselage lengthened in front of the wing. This increased the type’s range, but the addition of more fuel, protective armour and the possibility to carry underwing armament severely impacted on the type’s performance, which was still fitted with the same engine as the F2A-2. Worse, the increased weight did not do the failure-prone landing gear any good, and soon the US Navy came to the conclusion that the F2A-3 Buffalo had reached its development limits. The 108 aircraft built were soon relegated either to training purposes or handed down to the US Marines. These aircraft would be the only Brewster Buffalos to see combat wearing US colours, first being bloodied in the interception of a [[H6K4|H6K ‘Emily’]] near Midway on March 10th 1942. But they would go on to become infamous for their role during the Battle of Midway, where 13 out of 19 Buffalos were shot down in an unequal dogfight. Following this rout, surviving aircraft were relegated to stateside training units, remaining in service until 1944.

A de-navalised version of the F2A-3 was built for the Netherlands East Indies Air Force, known as the Brewster B-339-23 or B-439, however it arrived too late to see any service in the Netherlands East Indies. Instead, these aircraft were diverted to Australia where they were initially used as reconnaissance aircraft by the RAAF, before some were re-appropriated by the USAAF for use as base hacks and liaison aircraft.

===Evaluating the Brewster Buffalo===

So why did the Brewster Buffalo prove to be a success in Finnish hands, yet a disaster when used by nearly anybody else?

First it is important to consider the difference between all of the types. The US F2A-1 and its equivalent Finnish B-239 were the earliest variants available of the type, before numerous modifications added considerable weight to the design. Even so, the power-to-weight ratio remained around 0.16 hp/lb throughout its career. However, the increase of weight meant that the wing loading gradually increased over the various variants, from 24 lb/ft² on the F2A-1 variant to 34 lb/ft² on the F2A-3, making the later variants far less agile.

The main difference, however, was in the combat use of these aircraft. The Finnish Air Force was the only air force to consistently use the Brewster Buffalo under conditions where it enjoyed a distinct advantage. For the first two years of their use, the Finnish Buffalos were confronted by aircraft of which performance matched theirs, but whose pilots did not enjoy the same quality of training or use of tactics. Generally, Finnish pilots were able to maintain the advantage in their encounters with their Soviet opponents, through the use of better early warning systems, and by entering combat with a height advantage. It was only when Soviet pilots with improved training and superior aircraft started entering service in 1943 that the Brewster Buffalos started to lose their advantage in combat.

This was not the case the Buffalos used by the British, Dutch and Americans. In their service against the Imperial Japanese Army and Navy, the B-339 and F2A-3 not only had to combat enemy aircraft that were both technically superior and present in superior numbers, but also aircraft which almost always encountered them with a distinct advantage. The lack of advanced warning robbed the defending Brewsters in South East Asia and the Pacific of any combat advantage; additionally these Japanese fighters were usually manned by combat veterans, while the Brewsters’ pilots were relative novices. For example, the infamous encounter over Midway saw combat-hardened veterans of the Imperial Japanese Navy battle US Marines pilots of which over half had just been transferred straight out of flight school; the F2A-3s involved flew alongside [[F4F-3]] Wildcats which performed just as badly under the same circumstances. Combat experience in Malaya showed the British that reducing the amount of ammunition and fuel carried significantly improved the Brewsters' performance against their Japanese opponents, but these lessons came too late to make any difference to the outcome of their use in combat.

Overall, it can be considered that the Brewster Buffalo was a fighter type which, while modern at the time of its conception, had been caught out both by shortcomings in its design and manufacture, as well as by the rapid developments in aviation in the late 1930s.

[[Category:Historical articles]]

F2A-1

2019-10-27T02:10:05Z

U80255841: /* History */

{{Specs-Card
|code=f2a-1
|cockpit=333641/1107883
}}
{{About
| about = American fighter '''{{PAGENAME}}'''
| other
| usage-1 = the premium version
| link-1 = Thach's F2A-1
| usage-2 = the other version
| link-2 = F2A-3
}}

== Description ==

[[File:GarageImage_{{PAGENAME}}.jpg|420px|thumb|left]]
{{break}}
The '''{{Specs|name}}''' is a rank {{Specs|rank}} American naval fighter {{Battle-rating}}. It has been in the game since the start of the Open Beta Test prior to Update 1.27.

The Brewster F2A Buffalo was the first carrier-based monoplane of the US fleet, made to replace the outdated biplanes in service with the US Navy. It had a 950 horsepower engine and a total of four machine guns. The nose armament consists of two machine guns of different calibre, a 0.50 calibre (12.7 mm) and a 0.30 calibre (7.62 mm). Each wing is also equipped with a 0.50 calibre for two more machine guns. Many countries ordered the Buffalo, including the Finnish Air Force which was highly successful with theirs against Russian fighters. But by the time WW2 started, and the Attack on Pearl Harbor, the F2A was outclassed by the Japanese [[A6M2]] and [[Ki-43-I|Ki-43s]].

The F2A-1 is a competitive machine if using the proper tactics versus the proper enemy. The Buffalo can outrun biplanes and can out-turn most monoplanes. This plane will get a pilot used to the American style of playing using Boom & Zoom, and armaments of .50 calibre machine guns.

== General info ==
=== Flight performance ===
''Describe how the aircraft behaves in the air. Speed, manoeuvrability, acceleration and allowable loads - these are the most important characteristics of the vehicle.''

{| class="wikitable" style="text-align:center"
|-
! colspan="8" | Characteristics
|-
! colspan="8" | ''Stock''
|-
! colspan="2" | Max Speed (km/h at 4,600 m)
! rowspan="2" | Max altitude (meters)
! colspan="2" | Turn time (seconds)
! colspan="2" | Rate of climb (meters/second)
! rowspan="2" | Take-off run (meters)
|-
! AB
! RB
! AB
! RB
! AB
! RB
|-
| 484 || 468 || {{Specs|ceiling}} || 19.1 || 19.7 || 7.8 || 7.8 || 250
|-
! colspan="8" | ''Upgraded''
|-
! colspan="2" | Max Speed (km/h at 4,600 m)
! rowspan="2" | Max altitude (meters)
! colspan="2" | Turn time (seconds)
! colspan="2" | Rate of climb (meters/second)
! rowspan="2" | Take-off run (meters)
|-
! AB
! RB
! AB
! RB
! AB
! RB
|-
| 527 || 504 || {{Specs|ceiling}} || 17.4 || 18.2 || 14.8 || 10.9 || 250
|-
|}

==== Details ====
{| class="wikitable" style="text-align:center"
|-
! colspan="5" | Features
|-
! Combat flaps
! Take-off flaps
! Landing flaps
! Air brakes
! Arrestor gear
|-
| ✓ || ✓ || ✓ || X || ✓ 
|-
|}

{| class="wikitable" style="text-align:center"
|-
! colspan="5" | Limits
|-
! rowspan="2" | Wing-break speed (km/h)
! rowspan="2" | Gear limit (km/h)
! rowspan="2" | Combat flaps (km/h)
! colspan="2" | Max Static G
|-
! +
! -
|-
| {{Specs|destruction|constructions}} || {{Specs|destruction|chassis}} || 460 || ~11 || ~5
|-
|}

{| class="wikitable" style="text-align:center"
|-
! colspan="4" | Optimal velocities
|-
! Ailerons (km/h)
! Rudder (km/h)
! Elevators (km/h)
! Radiator (km/h)
|-
| < 405 || < 400 || < 380 || > 306
|-
|}

{| class="wikitable" style="text-align:center"
|-
! colspan="3" | Compressor (RB/SB)
|-
! colspan="3" | Setting 1
|-
! Optimal altitude
! 100% Engine power
! WEP Engine power
|-
| 1,800 m || 860 hp || 963 hp
|-
! colspan="3" | Setting 2
|-
! Optimal altitude
! 100% Engine power
! WEP Engine power
|-
| 4,650 m || 760 hp || 851 hp
|-
|}

=== Survivability and armour ===
''Examine the survivability of the aircraft. Note how vulnerable the structure is and how secure the pilot is, whether the fuel tanks are armoured, etc. Describe the armour, if there is any, and also mention the vulnerability of other critical aircraft systems.''

== Armaments ==
=== Offensive armament ===

{{main|Browning M2 (12.7 mm)|Browning (7.62 mm)}}

The '''''{{PAGENAME}}''''' is armed with:

* 1 x 12.7 mm Browning M2 machine guns, nose-mounted (250 rpg)
* 2 x 12.7 mm Browning M2 machine guns, wing-mounted (400 rpg = 800 total)
* 1 x 7.62 mm Browning machine gun, nose-mounted (450 rpg)

== Usage in battles ==

The best way to fly this aircraft would be as a Boom & Zoom or ''energy fighter''; it can outrun most aircraft it faces unless it is up-tiered and faces something like the [[Bf 109 F-1]]. In such a scenario the best way to destroy more advanced vehicles is through boom and zoom tactics.

In '''Arcade''', there is no need to worry about ammo count as much as in Realistic Battles (RB) and Simulator (SB) since the planes can reload in the air. The target-lead indicator, which shows approximately where their enemy plane will be when the bullets reach the target, also assists aiming. For Arcade, the ammo belts are really useful, it is suggested to use Omni-purpose ammo for the .50 calibre (12.7 mm) machine gun and Stealth for the .30 cal (7.62 mm) machine gun. However, another option is to try going all stealth so the F2A can surprise the enemy with bullets they can't see. There are a variety of enemy planes that the F2A-1 faces, ranging from biplanes to low-rank monoplanes.

In the common low-rank Arcade Battle, fur-balls at low altitude are very common, with planes trying to get on each other's tail, a perfect set up for a Boom & Zoomer like the Buffalo. First set the attack angle, which could be from directly above the enemy that is targeted, or from behind (it should be priority to target enemy planes that are chasing friendly planes or for a dangerous threat like [[MiG-3 (Family)|MiG-3s]], [[LaGG-3 (Family)|LaGG-3s]], [[Hurricane (Family)|Hurricanes]], [[Bf 109 (Family)|Bf 109s]] or other Buffaloes). Once the F2A has made a pass on the enemy plane, what happens next depends on the identity of the target. If the attack didn't destroy them on the first pass, and the enemy is a biplane, then keep up the speed and vacant the area, and set up another pass. If the enemy is a monoplane in the same situation, the F2A can choose to either clear the area, or turn onto their tail, but it is advisable to leave the area and check whether the enemy noticed the attacking F2A. If not, and he is chasing a friendly aircraft or going for ground targets, then latch on to his tail and shoot him down!

In '''Realistic Battles & Simulator Battles''', most of the tactics against fighters would be the same as in Arcade, only with a few restrictions.

# Do not dive too fast, the F2A won't be able to pull up or the plane's wings will break.
# No Enemy-Lead indicator, pilot skill and intuition will be required to estimate where the enemy plane will be when the bullets reach the targets.
# Very limited ammo, plus the armament isn't reliable outside of 400 meters.

So how does one play this in RB with all these drawbacks? A few very simple things will help with those problems: at the beginning of the match in RB, climb at about a 15 degree angle until about 3,000 - 4,000 m in altitude. When an enemy is spotted, if a biplane the F2A will have to take up a Boom & Zoom tactic, do not attempt to turn fight. If the enemy is a monoplane, turn-fighting can be a valid tactic; unless they are the British [[Hurricane (Family)|Hurricane]] or Japanese [[A5M4|A5M]] (not to be confused with the [[A6M2|A6M]], which is much superior to the Buffalo) or [[Ki-43-I|Ki-43]], then do not turn fight these monoplanes. For the most part, Russian monoplanes are safe to turn fight ([[I-16 (Family)|I-16s]], [[MiG-3 (Family)|MiG-3s]] and [[LaGG-3 (Family)|LaGG-3s]]). When diving on an enemy, put the throttle to 0% so the F2A does not accelerate too fast. If a shot can't be gained on the enemy, pull out by putting throttle at 100% and point the nose up to gain altitude. Once on the tail of an enemy, no matter the plane, open fire only at close ranges, firing at 300 meters or less will help conserve ammo and lessens the need to lead your aim, therefore making each shot more effective.

Surprisingly, especially at its BR, the Buffalo can be effectively used as a CAS fighter in '''Ground RB'''. Using the armour piercing rounds for the M2, this plane can not only destroy soft targets such as open-top AA vehicles, but also damage a majority of its tanks in its BR from the top. For maximum efficiency, after spawning in the Buffalo, increase altitude to around 1,500 m to 2,000 m, scouting potential ground targets and/or incoming air threats (enemy dive bombers like the [[Ju 87 (Family)|Ju87]] with heavy bomb loads must be a priority target as it can cause a lot of damage to your allies). If the skies are clear, drop the throttle to 0%, dive down at an enemy (preferably in a vertical angle to minimise the enemy [[Armour#Armour_angling|armours' angling effect]]) and send your .50 calibre rounds right through the enemy's turret. With the Buffalo's superior firepower, you will most likely disable, or if you are lucky, knock out the enemy with a single pass. As you exit the pass, throttle your engine to WEP as you climb back to your original altitude. Rinse and repeat, you will be a formidable threat to your enemies.

This can apply to all three game-modes: When someone is on the F2A's tail and bullets fly past the plane, with the right altitude, make a short steep dive. With that little dive, it can dodge enemy bullets and it gives an opportunity to take a look back at the offending enemy. If the aircraft is a biplane, continue the dive and get out of range of their guns. If it is a monoplane, attempt to turn fight, but the F2A is still effective in diving away from even faster monoplanes, which will be effective against manoeuvrable monoplanes like the Hurricane and A5M4. Learning the gun sounds also helps, sometimes the sound will help identify the enemy plane so as to make a move more instinctively.

=== Manual Engine Control ===
{| class="wikitable" style="text-align:center"
|-
! colspan="7" | MEC elements
|-
! rowspan="2" | Mixer
! rowspan="2" | Pitch
! colspan="3" | Radiator
! rowspan="2" | Supercharger
! rowspan="2" | Turbocharger
|-
! Oil
! Water
! Type
|-
| Controllable || rowspan="2" | Controllable Not auto controlled || rowspan="2" | Not controllable Not auto controlled || rowspan="2" | Controllable Not auto controlled || rowspan="2" | Combined || rowspan="2" | Controllable 2 gears || rowspan="2" | Not controllable
|-
|}

=== Modules ===
{| class="wikitable"
! colspan="1" | Tier
! colspan="2" | Flight performance
! colspan="1" | Survivability
! colspan="1" | Weaponry
|-
| I
| Fuselage repair
| Radiator
|
| Offensive 7 mm
|-
| II
|
| Compressor
| Airframe
| New 7 mm MGs
|-
| III
| Wings repair
| Engine
|
| Offensive 12 mm
|-
| IV
|
| Engine injection
| Cover
| New 12 mm MGs
|-
|}

=== Pros and cons ===


'''Pros:'''

* Fairly fast
* Manoeuvrable compared to most monoplanes it can face
* Good diver
* Good climber (ironic since it was considered overweight in real life)
* Can land on a carrier
* Powerful .50 calibre machine guns

'''Cons:'''

* No armour-plating or armour for the pilot
* The telescopic sight is a bit of an annoyance in the first-person view (ex. simulator battles), as these have to be used when zoomed in
* The majority of biplanes the plane faces have better turn times

== History ==



The Brewster Buffalo - in all its variants - holds two very contradictory distinctions: by some it is considered to have been the ''worst fighter plane of World War II'', while at the very same time one singular airframe of its production holds the distinction of being the ''top scoring fighter aircraft of World War II''.

The Brewster F2A, or as it was most commonly known, the Brewster Buffalo first flew in December 1937 as a replacement for the US Navy's biplane fighters. It was the winning design of a competition, which saw three contenders: Grumman, which originally submitted the XF4F-1 biplane fighter but later replaced their entry with the redesigned XF4F-2 monoplane fighter; the Seversky XFNF-1 navalised version of the P-35; and the Brewster XF2A-1. Out of the three, the XF4F-2 was faster but the XF2A-1 was more manoeuvrable, leading the company to win a contract for 54 fighter aircraft. When it entered service in 1939, the Brewster F2A-1 was the US Navy's first monoplane and was a highly promising design. However, like many pre-war designs, reality soon overtook the design.

Problems with the Brewster Buffalo started with the fact it had been built by the Brewster Aircraft Corporation, originally an aviation subcontractor with little experience in the construction of aircraft. Having previously only designed the Brewster SBA scout bomber - a design which would enter service ''after'' the Buffalo and which would have a short and indistinct career - it proceeded on designing the XF2A prototype. While this was promising in the type trails, its design hid the fact that Brewster lacked the required know-how to build a naval fighter. Unfamiliar with how to build a folding wing, Brewster circumvented the problem by giving the F2A a short span wing with integrated fuel tanks, which made the type a nimble fighter but ultimately impacted on its climb speed and future performance. The integrated fuel tanks, in turn, made it difficult to repair combat damage: any leaks had to be repaired by taking the entire wing apart. Never having built a naval fighter before, Brewster did not anticipate the forces to which the landing gear would be subjected, and designed it too weak. The decision to design the airframe around the Wright Cyclone engine ultimately meant that it could not be upgraded to more powerful engine designs such as the Pratt & Whitney Twin Wasp series. But ultimately, the biggest mistake Brewster made was not predicting future requirements for the type, and designing it without future modifications in mind. Additionally, Brewster's production facilities - a former car factory with production taking place on multiple storeys, requiring sub-assemblies to be transported by lift - meant that the company could not build aircraft as fast as other companies. Finally, problems with quality control would lead to serious issues in the type's service life.

'''The XF2A, F2A-1 and B-239 Buffalo'''

As designed, the XF2A prototype had a nose-mounted twin-gun armament (one 0.3 and one 0.5 inch gun), but additional requirements saw the initial production model modified with a four-gun armament (one 0.3 and three 0.5 inch guns) and naval equipment. Even these relatively minor modifications already had a considerable impact on the F2A-1 production model's performance, and when severe delays started hitting the delivery timetable with only 5 out of 54 aircraft delivered by November of 1939, the US Navy saw itself forced to reconsider the results of its contest, with an order being placed for Grumman's competing F4F-3 Wildcat.

The outbreak of World War II in Europe saw a number of countries making urgent orders for any available combat aircraft, and it is at this point of its history that Finland, at the eve of its Winter War with the Soviet Union (November 30th 1939 - March 13th 1940), placed an order for ''any'' type the US Government agreed to release. 44 F2A-1 aircraft were released for export to Finland as the de-navalised Brewster B-239 variant, with a slightly more powerful engine (950 hp compared to the F2A-1's 940 hp); but Finland's requirements meant the B-239 was almost 800 lb heavier than the US Navy's F2A-1 (5820 lb compared to the F2A-1's 5055 lb). In return for the 44 F2A-1's released for export, 44 improved F2A-2's were ordered for the US Navy. However, Brewster's slow production meant the first of these B-239s only reached Finland by the time the Winter War had ended.

Events meant that Finland's Buffalos ended up entering combat service in the Continuation War which began in June of 1941, fighting against the Soviet Union on the Axis side. Initially superior to anything they encountered, the Finnish Buffalos were also successful through the use of superior combat tactics that could not be countered by the Soviets. Their success in combat started to wane from 1943 onwards when they started encountering new Soviet designs such as the Lavochkin La-5; additionally the lack of spares started to severely impact on their serviceability. By the end of the Second World War only 8 Finnish Buffalos remained airworthy; the last 5 flew on until 1948 when they were put into reserve, only to be scrapped unceremoniously in 1953. In Finnish service, the Brewster B-239 Buffalo scored 477 kills for just 15 losses - a victory ratio of 26 to 1; additionally Finnish Buffalo ''BW-364'' became the highest-scoring single fighter plane of World War II or any conflict with 42 1/2 confirmed kills.

'''The F2A-2 and B-339 Buffalo'''

The F2A-2 Buffalo saw the original 940 hp Wright Cyclone engine of the F2A-1 replaced by a 1200 hp variant, driven by a pitched Curtiss Electric propeller; additionally its armament and armour was upgraded. While the F2A-2, would never fire its guns in anger in US service, its export models ended up bearing the brunt of the action both in South-East Asia.

The first export customer for the F2A-2 was Belgium, which ordered 40 B-339B's; just as the first aircraft arrived, Belgium fell under German occupation, and the next six aircraft were diverted to French Martinique where they were stored out in the open and eventually scrapped. The balance of 33 was diverted to the United Kingdom, who briefly used them on Crete and in Egypt where they proved to be inferior compared to Axis types, before relegating survivors to maintenance training units.

The United Kingdom also ordered 170 B-339E's for use in South-East Asia, having found the type unsuited for service in Europe but thinking it would be sufficient for use against 'inferior' Japanese types such as the [[A5M4|A5M 'Claude']] and [[Ki-27_otsu|Ki-27 'Nate']]. They were assigned to RAF, RAAF and RNZAF squadrons for the defence of Malaya and Singapore.

At the same time, the Netherlands ordered 144 model B-339C and B-339D’s for use in the Netherlands East Indies, the former fitted with refurbished civilian 1000 hp engines, the latter with more powerful military 1200 hp engines. As events turned out, only 24 B-339C’s and 47 B-339D’s ended up being delivered.

In service, both the Dutch and English Buffalos ended up being routed by the Japanese during their assault on Malaya, Singapore and the Netherlands East Indies. While they were capable to combat the Ki-27 ‘Nate’ on relatively even terms if them managed to get airborne in time, they were outperformed by the newer [[Ki-43-I|Ki-43 ‘Oscar’]]. The main issue with both the Dutch and English Buffalos was not as much their performance, but the fact that they lacked any early warning systems, meaning their fighter aircraft often had little warning of incoming raids and thus started combat at a distinct disadvantage. The known construction issues such as the weak landing gear and difficult repairs to fuel tanks meant attrition was high and aircraft often became unavailable when they sustained combat damage that was easier to repair on other types. As a result of this, nearly all of the Dutch and English Buffalos were lost in three months of combat, with just 6 (out of 170) English and 4 (out of 71) Dutch Buffalos remaining airworthy by the beginning of March 1942.

'''The F2A-3 and B-339-23/B-439 Buffalo'''

New sets of US Navy requirements saw the F2A-2 design modified into the [[F2A-3]], with the integral wing fuel tanks improved so they were self-sealing; additionally, a new fuel tank was added in the nose, which saw the fuselage lengthened in front of the wing. This increased the type’s range, but the addition of more fuel, protective armour and the possibility to carry underwing armament severely impacted on the type’s performance, which was still fitted with the same engine as the F2A-2. Worse, the increased weight did not do the failure-prone landing gear any good, and soon the US Navy came to the conclusion that the F2A-3 Buffalo had reached its development limits. The 108 aircraft built were soon relegated either to training purposes or handed down to the US Marines. These aircraft would be the only Brewster Buffalos to see combat wearing US colours, first being bloodied in the interception of a [[H6K4|H6K ‘Emily’]] near Midway on March 10th 1942. But they would go on to become infamous for their role during the Battle of Midway, where 13 out of 19 Buffalos were shot down in an unequal dogfight. Following this rout, surviving aircraft were relegated to stateside training units, remaining in service until 1944.

A de-navalised version of the F2A-3 was built for the Netherlands East Indies Air Force, known as the Brewster B-339-23 or B-439, however it arrived too late to see any service in the Netherlands East Indies. Instead, these aircraft were diverted to Australia where they were initially used as reconnaissance aircraft by the RAAF, before some were re-appropriated by the USAAF for use as base hacks and liaison aircraft.

'''Evaluating the Brewster Buffalo'''

So why did the Brewster Buffalo prove to be a success in Finnish hands, yet a disaster when used by nearly anybody else?

First it is important to consider the difference between all of the types. The US F2A-1 and its equivalent Finnish B-239 were the earliest variants available of the type, before numerous modifications added considerable weight to the design. Even so, the power-to-weight ratio remained around 0.16 hp/lb throughout its career. However, the increase of weight meant that the wing loading gradually increased over the various variants, from 24 lb/ft² on the F2A-1 variant to 34 lb/ft² on the F2A-3, making the later variants far less agile.

The main difference, however, was in the combat use of these aircraft. The Finnish Air Force was the only air force to consistently use the Brewster Buffalo under conditions where it enjoyed a distinct advantage. For the first two years of their use, the Finnish Buffalos were confronted by aircraft of which performance matched theirs, but whose pilots did not enjoy the same quality of training or use of tactics. Generally, Finnish pilots were able to maintain the advantage in their encounters with their Soviet opponents, through the use of better early warning systems, and by entering combat with a height advantage. It was only when Soviet pilots with improved training and superior aircraft started entering service in 1943 that the Brewster Buffalos started to lose their advantage in combat.

This was not the case the Buffalos used by the British, Dutch and Americans. In their service against the Imperial Japanese Army and Navy, the B-339 and F2A-3 not only had to combat enemy aircraft that were both technically superior and present in superior numbers, but also aircraft which almost always encountered them with a distinct advantage. The lack of advanced warning robbed the defending Brewsters in South East Asia and the Pacific of any combat advantage; additionally these Japanese fighters were usually manned by combat veterans, while the Brewsters’ pilots were relative novices. For example, the infamous encounter over Midway saw combat-hardened veterans of the Imperial Japanese Army battle US Marines pilots of which over half had just been transferred straight out of flight school; the F2A-3s involved flew alongside [[F4F-3]] Wildcats which performed just as badly under the same circumstances. Combat experience in Malaya showed the British that reducing the amount of ammunition and fuel carried significantly improved the Brewsters’ performance against their Japanese opponents, but these lessons came too late to make any difference to the outcome of their use in combat.

Overall, it can be considered that the Brewster Buffalo was a fighter type which, while modern at the time of its conception, had been caught out both by shortcomings in its design and manufacture, as well as by the rapid developments in aviation in the late 1930s.

=== In-game description ===
The Brewster F2A Buffalo was the first monoplane carrier-based fighter that served in the American fleet. The aircraft had an all-metal construction, with the exception of the control surfaces, which were covered with cloth.

In 1935, the U.S. Navy announced a competition to create a carrier-based fighter which was to replace the obsolete biplanes. The competition was won by the Brewster company and mass production of their F2A began in the summer of 1938. Of the 55 F2A-1s produced, only 11 entered service in the U.S. Finland, which was less demanding than other countries with regards to fighter specs, purchased the rest of the planes, which were then slightly altered for use on airfields.

The F2A-2 variant had a more powerful engine and a pitched Curtiss Electric propeller. The subsequent F2A-3 had a stronger chassis and larger fuel tank. This last modification increased the aircraft’s weight significantly, and the engine did not provide sufficient power, making the F2A-3 inferior even to the F2A-2 in handling and speed.

The F2A was exported to a number of countries, including Finland and Great Britain.

Of the 509 Buffaloes built, 107 were F2A-3s and 20 were B-439s (an export model of the F2A-3 transferred to the Dutch West Indies).

== Media ==
''Excellent additions to the article would be video guides, screenshots from the game, and photos.''

== See also ==
''Links to the articles on the War Thunder Wiki that you think will be useful for the reader, for example:''

* ''reference to the series of the aircraft;''
* ''links to approximate analogues of other nations and research trees.''

== External links ==
''Paste links to sources and external resources, such as:''

* ''topic on the official game forum;''
* ''encyclopedia page on the aircraft;''
* ''other literature.''

{{USA fighters}}

R3 T20 FA-HS

2019-10-21T16:24:58Z

U80255841: /* History */

{{Specs-Card|code=it_oto_r3_t20_fa}}

== Description ==

[[File:GarageImage_{{PAGENAME}}.jpg|420px|thumb|left]]
{{break}}
The '''{{Specs|name}}''' is a rank {{Specs|rank}} Italian self-propelled anti-aircraft gun {{Battle-rating}}. It was introduced in [[Update 1.85 "Supersonic"]].

== General info ==
=== Survivability and armour ===


The R3 T20 FA-HS has light armour able to protect it against .50 cal machine guns from front and medium-calibre machine guns from the sides. Any autocannon or tank cannon is able to shred through this armour. The R3 has an internal layout with the crew separated apart, allowing it to survive damage from non-explosive shot.

=== Mobility ===

The R3 T20 FA-HS is very mobile, able to outmanuver most tanks of its rank and is reliant in this to stay alive.

== Armaments ==
=== Main armament ===

{{main|Oerlikon KAD (20 mm)}}

The [[Oerlikon KAD (20 mm)|20 mm Oerlikon]] is able to fight both aircraft as well as lightly armoured targets from the front.

Upgraded, the gun has access to the 20mm rounds able to penetrate up to 50mm of armour, enabling the tank to shread any tanks that exposes its side to this vehicle. Some heavier tanks are still too heavily armoured from the sides for the gun to penetrate, but these generally don't show up unless you are uptiered.

== Usage in battles ==


The R3 is designated as an SPAA, and performs in this role extremely effectively. The autocannon has a rapid rate of fire and high velocity, allowing the R3 to tear aircraft to shreds. With accurate fire, a short burst will obliterate most aircraft in very little time. When the skies are clear and there are no more planes to shoot down, the R3 becomes a highly flexible vehicle, being able to zip around the map at high speed performing various tasks. Early game it makes an excellent recon vehicle, being able to capture points, oversee the battlefield and destroy enemy vehicles.

With over 50mm of penetration and its exceptional speed, the R3 makes short work of British and American medium tanks from the side and will shred light tanks and other SPAA. The R3 does not have the penetration to handle heavy tanks and so tanks like the KV-1 should be avoided.

=== Pros and cons ===


'''Pros:'''

* With the best belt, it is possible to penetrate many tanks, including the sides of the Sherman and many low-rank British and Soviet tanks
* Twin-axis stabilizer
* Immensely fast, often the first vehicle on the cap
* Seemingly invincible wheels
* Front plate has armour thickness sufficient to deflect most machine gun rounds, and even certain light cannon rounds
* Immense fire rate, a 20 mm firing at 996 rounds per minute can do quite a number on low rank aircraft, often snapping wings off IL-2s
* Very little lead is required to score hits on planes
* Somehow capable of righting itself even when flipped on its roof
* By aiming backwards and down and firing while driving, the recoil can be used as a turbo to propel the light vehicle forward
* Can bounce rounds with its sloped frontal armour
* Can swim

'''Cons:'''

* Very little side and roof armour, can be very easily dispatched by anything larger than a 7.7 mm, in most cases can be destroyed by M2s mounted on both tanks and planes
* Engine is very fragile and susceptible to machine gun fire from behind, concentrated 7.7 mm fire can actually destroy the engine
* Sub-par reverse gear compared with its forward gear
* Tips over ''very'' often, especially when firing
* As with many wheeled vehicles, awful in the sand
* Due to its size, can be very easily crushed
* Hard collisions damage modules and can often injure or incapacitate the crew
* The gun is unable to fully elevate
* A widely hated vehicle by enemy players, you will be a primary target for both aircraft and ground vehicles
* 12.7mm machine gun fire can devastate vehicle
* Recoil will cause the suspension to sway, meaning that a continuous burst will have to be adjusted while firing

== History ==
''Describe the history of the creation and combat usage of the ground vehicle in more detail than in the introduction. If the historical reference turns out to be too big, take it to a separate article, taking a link to an article about the vehicle and adding a block "/ History" (example: <nowiki>https://wiki.warthunder.com/(Vehicle-name)/History</nowiki>) and add a link to it here using the <code>main</code> template. Be sure to reference text and sources by using <code><nowiki><ref></nowiki></code>, as well as adding them at the end of the article.''

The '''OTO Melara R3 Capraia''' was a light reconnaissance vehicle which was developped as a private venture by OTO Melara of Italy. Derived from OTO Melara's R2.5 ''Gorgona'' armored policing vehicle, the R3 ''Capraia'' was first presented at the 1982 Italian Naval Exhibition held in Genoa. The R3 shared its automotive parts with the R2.5, but had a body consisting of angled aluminium armor with in places a maximum thickness of 32 mm, providing enough protection against 7.62 mm NATO small arms fire and shell splinters.

A number of armament options were proposed by OTO Melara. These included:
- the R3 T12.7 FA, armed with an externally mounted 12.7 mm M2 HB machine gun in a turret with full 360° traverse and a maximum elevation of -10° to +50°;
- the R3 T7.65 FA, armed with an externally mounted 7.65 mm machine gun in a turret with full 360° traverse and a maximum elevation of -10° to +25°;
- the R3 T20 FA-HS, armed with an externally mounted Oerlikon KAD-B17 20 mm cannon in a turret with full 360° traverse and a maximum elevation of -10° to +60°;
- the R3 Folgore ×2 FA, armed with two externally mounted Breda Folgore anti-tank missiles and a secondary 7.65 mm machine gun;
- the [[R3_T106_FA]], armed with two externally mounted 106 mm M40 type recoilless rifles; and
- the R3 TOW, armed with an externally mounted launcher for a Hughes TOW ATGW system.

However, despite its high performance and the possibility of using various weapons, the Italian military did not express any interest in the OTO Melara R3 Capraia. Following the conclusion of its evaluation by the military, the R3 prototypes were disposed of.

== Media ==
''An excellent addition to the article will be video guides, as well as screenshots from the game and photos.''

== See also ==
''Links to the articles on the War Thunder Wiki that you think will be useful for the reader, for example:''

* ''reference to the series of the vehicles;''
* ''links to approximate analogues of other nations and research trees.''

== External links ==
''Paste links to sources and external resources, such as:''

* ''topic on the official game forum;''
* ''encyclopedia page on tank;''
* ''other literature.''

{{Italy anti-aircraft vehicles}}

Flakpanzer 341

2019-10-21T15:43:53Z

U80255841: /* History */

{{Specs-Card|code=germ_flakpanzer_V_Coelian}}

== Description ==


The '''{{Specs|name}}''', also known as '''{{PAGENAME}}''', is a rank {{Specs|rank}} German SPAA {{Battle-rating}}. This vehicle was originally introduced as a main tree vehicle, however as of [[Update 1.91 "Night Vision"]] it was shifted to become a gift vehicle for players who previously owned it.

== General info ==
=== Survivability and armour ===
''Describe armour protection. Note the most well protected and key weak areas. Appreciate the layout of modules as well as the number and location of crew members. Is the level of armour protection sufficient, is the placement of modules helpful for survival in combat?''

''If necessary use a visual template to indicate the most secure and weak zones of the armour.''

=== Mobility ===
''Write about the mobility of the ground vehicle. Estimate the specific power and manoeuvrability as well as the maximum speed forward and backward.''

== Armaments ==
=== Main armament ===
''Give the reader information about the characteristics of the main gun. Assess its effectiveness in a battle based on the reloading speed, ballistics and the power of shells. Do not forget about the flexibilty of the fire, that is how quickly the cannon can be aimed at the target, open fire on it and aim at another enemy. Add a link to the main article on the gun: <code><nowiki>{{main|Name of the weapon}}</nowiki></code>. Describe in general terms the ammunition available for the main gun. Give advice on how to use them and how to fill the ammunition storage.''

=== Additional armament ===
''Some tanks are armed with several guns in one or more turrets. Evaluate the additional weaponry and give advice on its use. Describe the ammunition available for additional weaponry. Give advice on how to use them and how to fill the ammunition storage. If there is no additional weaponry remove this subsection.''

=== Machine guns ===
''Offensive and anti-aircraft machine guns not only allow you to fight some aircraft but also are effective against lightly armoured vehicles. Evaluate machine guns and give recommendations on its use.''

== Usage in the battles ==
''Describe the tactics of playing in the vehicle, the features of using vehicles in the team and advice on tactics. Refrain from creating a "guide" - do not impose a single point of view but give the reader food for thought. Describe the most dangerous enemies and give recommendations on fighting them. If necessary, note the specifics of the game in different modes (AB, RB, SB).''

=== Pros and cons ===


'''Pros:'''

* Good armour for an anti-aircraft vehicle
* Decent turret traverse speed
* 3.7 cm gun is devastating to enemy aircraft

'''Cons:'''

* Slow reverse speed
* Very high repair cost at Arcade Battle
* Low penetration power on AP shell

== History ==
''Describe the history of the creation and combat usage of the ground vehicle in more detail than in the introduction. If the historical reference turns out to be too big, take it to a separate article, taking a link to an article about the vehicle and adding a block "/historical reference" (example: https://wiki.warthunder.com/Name-vehicles/historical reference) and add a link to it here using the <code>main</code> template. Be sure to include links to sources at the end of the article.''

The 3,7 cm Flakzwilling auf Panther Fahrgestell, Flakpanzer 341, also known as the ''Flakpanzer V Coelian'', was a concept for a Flakpanzer first proposed in early 1944. Reacting to the increased threat posed by fighter-bombers and low altitude attackers, a proposal was made for a Flakpanzer based on the hull of a Panzer V Panther. This would have a fully enclosed turret to protect the crews from enemy fire, unlike the turrets of vehicles that were already in use such as the [[Flakpanzer_38]] or the [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/M%C3%B6belwagen Flakpanzer IV Möbelwagen]. In response to this tender, Rheinmetall developed the "Coelian", originally envisaging a number of turret and armament variants such as the ''2cm Flak-Vierling 151'' armed with four 20mm MG 151/20 guns. However, the German Army High Command's requirements kept on changing, demanding for ever heavier armaments and armor, and eventually two different designs were settled upon in May of 1944, one armed with a twinned 3.7 cm FLaK Zwilling 44, and one with a newly designed 5.5 cm FLaK gun.

However, by the time the design had been finalised, external factors had already more or less decided its fate. The impact of the Allied strategic bombing campaign on the German arms manufacturing industry, the lack of raw materials, and the need for ever increasing quantities of Panther tanks meant that no Panther hulls could be released for the Coelian project. Work on the design was given a lower priority, and by February of 1945 only a single wooden mock-up model of the 3.7 cm twin-gun tower on the hull of a Panther D had been completed. The war ended before an actual prototype could be constructed.

== Media ==
''An excellent addition to the article will be video guides, as well as screenshots from the game and photos.''

== Read also ==
''Links to the articles on the War Thunder Wiki that you think will be useful for the reader, for example,''

* ''reference to the series of the vehicles;''
* ''links to approximate analogues of other nations and research trees.''

''ETC.''

== Sources ==
''Paste links to sources and external resources, such as:''

* ''topic on the official game forum;''
* ''other literature.''

{{Germany anti-aircraft vehicles}}

Ostwind II

2019-10-21T15:29:49Z

U80255841: /* History */

{{Specs-Card|code=germ_flakpanzer_IV_Ostwind_2}}

== Description ==

[[File:GarageImage_{{PAGENAME}}.jpg|420px|thumb|left]]
{{break}}
The '''{{Specs|name}}''' is a rank {{Specs|rank}} German self-propelled anti-aircraft gun {{Battle-rating}}. It was introduced in [[Update 1.91 "Night Vision"]], replacing the [[Flakpanzer 341]] in the German tech tree.

The {{PAGENAME}} is an average SPAAG which definitely has nothing to look for on the front line, however, there is a great advantage with its double cannon which becomes extremely dangerous for enemy aircraft which fly within range.

The {{PAGENAME}} has sufficient penetrating power to destroy [[M18 GMC|M18]]s or other light armoured vehicles, however, one should rather concentrate on enemy aircraft. The reasoning behind this is because the turret is open from above and weakly armoured on the sides and is vulnerable to enemy aircraft fire and the .50 calibre machine guns on vehicles such as the [[M2HB (12.7 mm)|M2HB]] vehicle.

== General info ==
=== Survivability and armour ===

The frontal hull armour (''80 mm'') is quite well protected against small-calibre weapons and [[M2HB (12.7 mm)|.50 caliber BMG]]s, the sides (''30 mm'') and rear (''20 mm'') then again not.

The turret is open at the top and has a rectangular recess in the right, frontal turret armour, because of the optics.

In addition, the steel of the turret (25 mm) is very weakly armoured, as well as the hull roof (10-12 mm).

Since the vehicle has a crew of five, it usually survives the first attack from enemy aircraft (because of the driver and the machine gunner(/radio operator) in the hull), as well as a shot into the turret.

=== Mobility ===

The vehicle does not have that great average speed, which means that the 39 km/h will be rare on the battlefield. Forget about trying to turn on the spot as this vehicle does not have neutral steering. Even worse is attempting to use the reverse gear (-7km/h) is extremely insufficient presenting an easy target if having to back out of a tight situation.

{| class="wikitable" style="text-align:center"
|-
! colspan="3" | Mobility characteristic
|-
! Weight (tons)
! Add-on armour weight (tons)
! Max speed (km/h)
|-
| rowspan="2" | 25.0 || rowspan="2" | N/A
| 42 (AB)
|-
| 39 (RB/SB)
|-
! colspan="3" | Engine power (horsepower)
|-
! Mode !! Stock !! Upgraded
|-
| ''Arcade'' || 426 || ???
|-
| ''Realistic/Simulator'' || 265 || 300
|-
! colspan="3" | Power-to-weight ratio (hp/ton)
|-
! Mode !! Stock !! Upgraded
|-
| ''Arcade'' || 17.04 || ??.??
|-
| ''Realistic/Simulator'' || 10.6 || 12.0
|-
|}

== Armaments ==
=== Main armament ===

{{main|FlaK 44 (37 mm)}}

{| class="wikitable" style="text-align:center"
|-
! colspan="6" | [[FlaK 44 (37 mm)|37 mm FlaK 44]]
|-
! colspan="3" | Capacity
! Vertical guidance
! Horizontal guidance
! Stabilizer
|-
| colspan="3" | 1,000 || -10°/+87° || ±180° || N/A
|-
! colspan="6" | Turret rotation speed (°/s)
|-
! Mode
! Stock
! Upgraded
! Prior + Full crew
! Prior + Expert qualif.
! Prior + Ace qualif.
|-
| ''Arcade'' || 30.8 || ??.?? || ??.?? || ??.?? || ??.??
|-
| ''Realistic'' || 20.8 || ??.?? || ??.?? || ??.?? || 35.00
|-
! colspan="4" | Reloading rate (seconds)
|-
! Stock
! Prior + Full crew
! Prior + Expert qualif.
! Prior + Ace qualif.
|-
| 0.3 || ??.?? || ??.?? || 0.2
|-
|}

==== Ammunition ====
{| class="wikitable sortable" style="text-align:center" width="100%"
! colspan="8" | Penetration statistics
|-
! rowspan="2" data-sort-type="text" | Ammunition
! rowspan="2" | Type of warhead
! colspan="6" | '''Penetration @ 90° (mm)'''
|-
! 10 m !! 100 m !! 500 m !! 1,000 m !! 1,500 m !! 2,000 m
|-
| M.Gr.18 || FI-T || 4 || 4 || 4 || 4 || 4 || 4
|-
| PzGr || APHE || 46 || 43 || 31 || 21 || 14 || 9
|-
| Sprgr. 18 || FI-T || 3 || 3 || 3 || 3 || 3 || 3
|-
|}
{| class="wikitable sortable" style="text-align:center" width="100%"
! colspan="11" | Shell details
|-
! rowspan="2" data-sort-type="text" | Ammunition
! rowspan="2" | Type of warhead
! rowspan="2" | Velocity (m/s)
! rowspan="2" | Projectile Mass (kg)
! rowspan="2" | Fuse delay (m)
! rowspan="2" | Fuse sensitivity (mm)
! rowspan="2" | Explosive Mass (TNT equivalent) (g)
! rowspan="2" | Normalisation at 30° from horizontal
! colspan="3" | Ricochet
|-
! 0% !! 50% !! 100%
|-
| M.Gr.18 || FI-T || 914 || 0.55 || 0.3 || 0.1 || 108 || ?.?° || ??° || ??° || ??°
|-
| PzGr || APHE || 770 || 0.69 || 1.2 || 9.0 || 22.1 || -1.0° || 47° || 60° || 65°
|-
| Sprgr. 18 || FI-T || 820 || 0.62 || 0.3 || 0.1 || 49.3 || ?.?° || ??° || ??° || ??°
|-
|}

==== [[Ammo racks]] ====

{| class="wikitable" style="text-align:center"
|-
! Full ammo
! 1st rack empty
! 2nd rack empty
! 3rd rack empty
! 4th rack empty
! 5th rack empty
! Visual discrepancy
|-
| '''1,000''' || 75 ''(+50)'' || 55 ''(+70)'' || 25 ''(+100)'' || 5 ''(+120)'' || 0 ''(+125)'' || ??
|-
|}
[[File:Ammo racks of Ostwind II.jpg|thumb|335x335px|[[Ammo racks]] of Ostwind II]]

==== [[Optics]] ====
{| class="wikitable" style="text-align:center"
! colspan="3" | {{PAGENAME}} Optics
|-
!
! Default magnification
! Maximum magnification
|-
! Main Gun optics
| X2.1 || X3.7
|-
! Comparable optics
| colspan="2" | ???
|-
|}

=== Machine guns ===

{{main|MG 34 (7.92 mm)}}

{| class="wikitable" style="text-align:center"
|-
! colspan="4" | [[MG 34 (7.92 mm)|7.92 mm MG 34]]
|-
! colspan="4" | '' mount''
|-
! Capacity (Belt capacity)
! Fire rate (shots/minute)
! Vertical guidance
! Horizontal guidance
|-
| 1,800 (150) || 900 || N/A || N/A
|-
|}

== Usage in battles ==


;Realistic Battles

The {{PAGENAME}} should be held in reserve towards the end of the game when there tends to be a significant amount of enemy aircraft flying. It is best to avoid the front lines or beating feet toward the enemy tanks as the {{PAGENAME}} tends to be an easy target for a majority of the other tanks in the game.

If your own team is about to lose or it gets very exciting towards the end and there are no many enemies left alive, you can place your {{PAGENAME}} inside an allied capture-point to defend it from enemy light tanks. Due to the location, it is more central to the battlefield and presents a difficult challenge for enemy aircraft to attempt to fly over.

=== Modules ===
{| class="wikitable"
! Tier
! colspan="2" |Mobility
! Protection
! colspan="2" |Firepower
|-
| I
| Tracks
|
| Parts
| Sprgr. 18
| Horizontal Drive
|-
| II
| Suspension
| Brake System
| FPE
| PzGr
| Adjustment of Fire
|-
| III
| Filters
|
| Crew Replenishment
| M.Gr.18
| Elevation Mechanism
|-
| IV
| Transmission
| Engine
|
| Artillery Support
|
|-
|}

=== Pros and cons ===


'''Pros:'''

* 2 x 3.7 cm FlaK 44 cannons
* Does not need to reload until it is completely out of ammunition
* Enough penetration to destroy enemy light armoured vehicles

'''Cons:'''

* Built on Panzer IV chassis and is a contemporary of it
* Quite slow average speed
* Inadequate penetration against many enemy vehicles (best against aircraft)

== History ==


The Ostwind II was a development of the [[Ostwind]]. First conceived as early as October 1943, the Ostwind II saw the single 3.7 cm FLaK 43 replaced by a twinned 3.7 cm FLaK Zwilling 44 built by the ''Gustloff-Werke'' in Suhl. One single prototype was delivered to the ''Panzerflak-Ersatz und Ausbildungsabteilung Ohrsdurf/Thühringen'' in January of 1945 for evaluation purposes, but due to the rapid events of the war it was never taken into production.

== Media ==
''Excellent additions to the article would be video guides, screenshots from the game, and photos.''

== See also ==


* [[Ostwind]] - Predecessor with a single 37 mm FlaK 43 autocannon.
* [[Flakpanzer 341]] - Gift vehicle that the Ostwind II substituted in the main tech tree.

== External links ==


* [[wt:en/news/6317-development-changes-and-optimization-in-the-german-tech-tree-en|[Development<nowiki>]</nowiki> Changes and optimization in the German tech-tree]]

{{Germany anti-aircraft vehicles}}

Ostwind II

2019-10-21T15:06:08Z

U80255841: /* History */

{{Specs-Card|code=germ_flakpanzer_IV_Ostwind_2}}

== Description ==

[[File:GarageImage_{{PAGENAME}}.jpg|420px|thumb|left]]
{{break}}
The '''{{Specs|name}}''' is a rank {{Specs|rank}} German self-propelled anti-aircraft gun {{Battle-rating}}. It was introduced in [[Update 1.91 "Night Vision"]], replacing the [[Flakpanzer 341]] in the German tech tree.

The {{PAGENAME}} is an average SPAAG which definitely has nothing to look for on the front line, however, there is a great advantage with its double cannon which becomes extremely dangerous for enemy aircraft which fly within range.

The {{PAGENAME}} has sufficient penetrating power to destroy [[M18 GMC|M18]]s or other light armoured vehicles, however, one should rather concentrate on enemy aircraft. The reasoning behind this is because the turret is open from above and weakly armoured on the sides and is vulnerable to enemy aircraft fire and the .50 calibre machine guns on vehicles such as the [[M2HB (12.7 mm)|M2HB]] vehicle.

== General info ==
=== Survivability and armour ===

The frontal hull armour (''80 mm'') is quite well protected against small-calibre weapons and [[M2HB (12.7 mm)|.50 caliber BMG]]s, the sides (''30 mm'') and rear (''20 mm'') then again not.

The turret is open at the top and has a rectangular recess in the right, frontal turret armour, because of the optics.

In addition, the steel of the turret (25 mm) is very weakly armoured, as well as the hull roof (10-12 mm).

Since the vehicle has a crew of five, it usually survives the first attack from enemy aircraft (because of the driver and the machine gunner(/radio operator) in the hull), as well as a shot into the turret.

=== Mobility ===

The vehicle does not have that great average speed, which means that the 39 km/h will be rare on the battlefield. Forget about trying to turn on the spot as this vehicle does not have neutral steering. Even worse is attempting to use the reverse gear (-7km/h) is extremely insufficient presenting an easy target if having to back out of a tight situation.

{| class="wikitable" style="text-align:center"
|-
! colspan="3" | Mobility characteristic
|-
! Weight (tons)
! Add-on armour weight (tons)
! Max speed (km/h)
|-
| rowspan="2" | 25.0 || rowspan="2" | N/A
| 42 (AB)
|-
| 39 (RB/SB)
|-
! colspan="3" | Engine power (horsepower)
|-
! Mode !! Stock !! Upgraded
|-
| ''Arcade'' || 426 || ???
|-
| ''Realistic/Simulator'' || 265 || 300
|-
! colspan="3" | Power-to-weight ratio (hp/ton)
|-
! Mode !! Stock !! Upgraded
|-
| ''Arcade'' || 17.04 || ??.??
|-
| ''Realistic/Simulator'' || 10.6 || 12.0
|-
|}

== Armaments ==
=== Main armament ===

{{main|FlaK 44 (37 mm)}}

{| class="wikitable" style="text-align:center"
|-
! colspan="6" | [[FlaK 44 (37 mm)|37 mm FlaK 44]]
|-
! colspan="3" | Capacity
! Vertical guidance
! Horizontal guidance
! Stabilizer
|-
| colspan="3" | 1,000 || -10°/+87° || ±180° || N/A
|-
! colspan="6" | Turret rotation speed (°/s)
|-
! Mode
! Stock
! Upgraded
! Prior + Full crew
! Prior + Expert qualif.
! Prior + Ace qualif.
|-
| ''Arcade'' || 30.8 || ??.?? || ??.?? || ??.?? || ??.??
|-
| ''Realistic'' || 20.8 || ??.?? || ??.?? || ??.?? || 35.00
|-
! colspan="4" | Reloading rate (seconds)
|-
! Stock
! Prior + Full crew
! Prior + Expert qualif.
! Prior + Ace qualif.
|-
| 0.3 || ??.?? || ??.?? || 0.2
|-
|}

==== Ammunition ====
{| class="wikitable sortable" style="text-align:center" width="100%"
! colspan="8" | Penetration statistics
|-
! rowspan="2" data-sort-type="text" | Ammunition
! rowspan="2" | Type of warhead
! colspan="6" | '''Penetration @ 90° (mm)'''
|-
! 10 m !! 100 m !! 500 m !! 1,000 m !! 1,500 m !! 2,000 m
|-
| M.Gr.18 || FI-T || 4 || 4 || 4 || 4 || 4 || 4
|-
| PzGr || APHE || 46 || 43 || 31 || 21 || 14 || 9
|-
| Sprgr. 18 || FI-T || 3 || 3 || 3 || 3 || 3 || 3
|-
|}
{| class="wikitable sortable" style="text-align:center" width="100%"
! colspan="11" | Shell details
|-
! rowspan="2" data-sort-type="text" | Ammunition
! rowspan="2" | Type of warhead
! rowspan="2" | Velocity (m/s)
! rowspan="2" | Projectile Mass (kg)
! rowspan="2" | Fuse delay (m)
! rowspan="2" | Fuse sensitivity (mm)
! rowspan="2" | Explosive Mass (TNT equivalent) (g)
! rowspan="2" | Normalisation at 30° from horizontal
! colspan="3" | Ricochet
|-
! 0% !! 50% !! 100%
|-
| M.Gr.18 || FI-T || 914 || 0.55 || 0.3 || 0.1 || 108 || ?.?° || ??° || ??° || ??°
|-
| PzGr || APHE || 770 || 0.69 || 1.2 || 9.0 || 22.1 || -1.0° || 47° || 60° || 65°
|-
| Sprgr. 18 || FI-T || 820 || 0.62 || 0.3 || 0.1 || 49.3 || ?.?° || ??° || ??° || ??°
|-
|}

==== [[Ammo racks]] ====

{| class="wikitable" style="text-align:center"
|-
! Full ammo
! 1st rack empty
! 2nd rack empty
! 3rd rack empty
! 4th rack empty
! 5th rack empty
! Visual discrepancy
|-
| '''1,000''' || 75 ''(+50)'' || 55 ''(+70)'' || 25 ''(+100)'' || 5 ''(+120)'' || 0 ''(+125)'' || ??
|-
|}
[[File:Ammo racks of Ostwind II.jpg|thumb|335x335px|[[Ammo racks]] of Ostwind II]]

==== [[Optics]] ====
{| class="wikitable" style="text-align:center"
! colspan="3" | {{PAGENAME}} Optics
|-
!
! Default magnification
! Maximum magnification
|-
! Main Gun optics
| X2.1 || X3.7
|-
! Comparable optics
| colspan="2" | ???
|-
|}

=== Machine guns ===

{{main|MG 34 (7.92 mm)}}

{| class="wikitable" style="text-align:center"
|-
! colspan="4" | [[MG 34 (7.92 mm)|7.92 mm MG 34]]
|-
! colspan="4" | '' mount''
|-
! Capacity (Belt capacity)
! Fire rate (shots/minute)
! Vertical guidance
! Horizontal guidance
|-
| 1,800 (150) || 900 || N/A || N/A
|-
|}

== Usage in battles ==


;Realistic Battles

The {{PAGENAME}} should be held in reserve towards the end of the game when there tends to be a significant amount of enemy aircraft flying. It is best to avoid the front lines or beating feet toward the enemy tanks as the {{PAGENAME}} tends to be an easy target for a majority of the other tanks in the game.

If your own team is about to lose or it gets very exciting towards the end and there are no many enemies left alive, you can place your {{PAGENAME}} inside an allied capture-point to defend it from enemy light tanks. Due to the location, it is more central to the battlefield and presents a difficult challenge for enemy aircraft to attempt to fly over.

=== Modules ===
{| class="wikitable"
! Tier
! colspan="2" |Mobility
! Protection
! colspan="2" |Firepower
|-
| I
| Tracks
|
| Parts
| Sprgr. 18
| Horizontal Drive
|-
| II
| Suspension
| Brake System
| FPE
| PzGr
| Adjustment of Fire
|-
| III
| Filters
|
| Crew Replenishment
| M.Gr.18
| Elevation Mechanism
|-
| IV
| Transmission
| Engine
|
| Artillery Support
|
|-
|}

=== Pros and cons ===


'''Pros:'''

* 2 x 3.7 cm FlaK 44 cannons
* Does not need to reload until it is completely out of ammunition
* Enough penetration to destroy enemy light armoured vehicles

'''Cons:'''

* Built on Panzer IV chassis and is a contemporary of it
* Quite slow average speed
* Inadequate penetration against many enemy vehicles (best against aircraft)

== History ==
''Describe the history of the creation and combat usage of the vehicle in more detail than in the introduction. If the historical reference turns out to be too long, take it to a separate article, taking a link to the article about the vehicle and adding a block "/History" (example: <nowiki>https://wiki.warthunder.com/(Vehicle-name)/History</nowiki>) and add a link to it here using the <code>main</code> template. Be sure to reference text and sources by using <code><nowiki><ref></ref></nowiki></code>, as well as adding them at the end of the article with <code><nowiki><references /></nowiki></code>. This section may also include the vehicle's dev blog entry (if applicable) and the in-game encyclopedia description (under <code><nowiki>=== In-game description ===</nowiki></code>, also if applicable).''

The Ostwind II was a development of the [[Ostwind]]. First conceived as early as October 1943, the Ostwind II saw the single 3.7 mm FLaK 43 replaced by a twinned 3.7 mm FLaK Zwilling 44 built by the ''Gustloff-Werke'' in Suhl. One single prototype was delivered to the ''Panzerflak-Ersatz und Ausbildungsabteilung Ohrsdurf/Thühringen'' in January of 1945 for evaluation purposes, but due to the rapid events of the war it was never taken into production.

== Media ==
''Excellent additions to the article would be video guides, screenshots from the game, and photos.''

== See also ==


* [[Ostwind]] - Predecessor with a single 37 mm FlaK 43 autocannon.
* [[Flakpanzer 341]] - Gift vehicle that the Ostwind II substituted in the main tech tree.

== External links ==


* [[wt:en/news/6317-development-changes-and-optimization-in-the-german-tech-tree-en|[Development<nowiki>]</nowiki> Changes and optimization in the German tech-tree]]

{{Germany anti-aircraft vehicles}}

Type 94

2019-10-21T13:36:12Z

U80255841: /* History */

{{Specs-Card|code=jp_type_94}}

== Description ==

[[File:GarageImage_{{PAGENAME}}.jpg|420px|thumb|left]]
{{break}}
The '''{{specs|name}}''' is a Rank {{specs|rank}} Japanese self-propelled anti-aircraft vehicle {{Battle-rating|1}}. It was introduced in [[Update_1.65_"Way_of_the_Samurai"|Update 1.65 "Way of the Samurai"]] along with the rest of the Japanese Ground Forces Tree.

As with any truck AA, this vehicle is fragile and should not be taken near the frontline, even though it is potent as a frontline automatic antitank gun.

As a truck chassis, with only 3 crew members, this vehicle has no survivability. Only one thing may save this truck in some situations: cabin's back is 15 mm thick, this can block MG fire. The vehicle has six wheels and a good HP ratio, very fast on road but bad off road; overall with a good reverse speed. Overall, the Type 94 is a gun platform. With 20 bullets, 45 mm of max penetration, a good traverse speed and reload rate, this gun will shred planes and light targets alike. Plus, the same gun is mounted on the two next Japanese SPAAs, offering a good introduction to this main weapon.

== General info ==
=== Survivability and armour ===

'''Armour type:'''
* Structural steel
* Wood
{| class="wikitable"
|-
! Armour !! Front !! Sides !! Rear !! Roof
|-
| Driver's cabin || 1 mm || 15 mm || 15 + 5 mm || N/A
|-
| Truck bed || N/A || N/A || N/A || 15 mm
|-
|}
'''Notes:'''
* Wheels provide 2 mm thickness each.
* Gunner is extremely exposed, with the only meaningful armour being below the crew member.

=== Mobility ===

{| class="wikitable" style="text-align:center"
|-
!colspan="3" | Mobility characteristic
|-
! Weight (tons)
!colspan="1" | Add-on Armor weight (tons)
!colspan="1" | Max speed (km/h)
|-
|rowspan="2" | 5.3 || colspan="1" rowspan="2" | N/A || colspan="1" | 65 (AB)
|-
|60 (RB/SB)
|-
!colspan="3" | Engine power (horsepower)
|-
!colspan="1" | Mode
!Stock
!Upgraded
|-
|''Arcade''
|99
|122
|-
|''Realistic/Simulator''
|62
|70
|-
!colspan="3" | Power-to-weight ratio (hp/ton)
|-
!colspan="1" | Mode
!Stock
!Upgraded
|-
|''Arcade''
|18.68
|23.02
|-
|''Realistic/Simulator''
|11.70
|13.21
|-
|}

== Armaments ==

{{main|Type 98 (20 mm)}}

{| class="wikitable" style="text-align:center"
|-
! colspan="6" | [[Type 98 (20 mm)|20 mm Type 98]]
|-
! colspan="2" rowspan="1" style="width:5em" |Capacity (Belt capacity)
! rowspan="1" | Fire rate (shots/minute)
! rowspan="1" | Vertical guidance
! rowspan="1" | Horizontal guidance
! rowspan="1" | Stabilizer
|-
| colspan="2" | 400 (20) || 300 || -9°/+82° || ±180° || N/A
|-
! colspan="6" | Turret rotation speed (°/s)
|-
! style="width:4em" |Mode
! style="width:4em" |Stock
! style="width:4em" |Upgraded
! style="width:4em" |Prior + Full crew
! style="width:4em" |Prior + Expert qualif.
! style="width:4em" |Prior + Ace qualif.
|-
| ''Arcade'' || 20.8 || 28.8 || 35.0 || 57.3 || __.__
|-
| ''Realistic'' || 20.8 || 24.5 || 29.8 || 32.9 || 35.0
|-
! colspan="4" | Reloading rate (seconds)
|-
! colspan="1" style="width:4em" |Stock
! colspan="1" style="width:4em" |Prior + Full crew
! colspan="1" style="width:4em" |Prior + Expert qualif.
! colspan="1" style="width:4em" |Prior + Ace qualif.
|-
| 3.9 || 3.4 || 3.2 || __.__
|-
|}

=== Ammunition ===
{| class="wikitable sortable" style="text-align:center" width="100%"
! colspan="8" | Penetration statistics
|-
! rowspan="2" data-sort-type="text" | Ammunition
! rowspan="2" class="unsortable" | Type of warhead
! colspan="6" | '''Penetration''' '''''in mm''''' '''@ 90°'''
|-
! 10m
! 100m
! 500m
! 1000m
! 1500m
! 2000m
|-
| Type 100 HE-T || HEFI-T || 2 || 2 || 2 || 2 || 2 || 2
|-
| Type 100 AP-T || API-T || 46 || 45 || 33 || 23 || 15 || 11
|-
|}
{| class="wikitable sortable" style="text-align:center" width="100%"
! colspan="11" | Shell details
|-
! rowspan="2" data-sort-type="text" | Ammunition
! rowspan="2" class="unsortable" | Type of warhead
! rowspan="2" |Velocity in m/s
! rowspan="2" |Projectile Mass in kg
! rowspan="2" | ''Fuse delay''
''in m:''
! rowspan="2" | ''Fuse sensitivity''
''in mm:''
! rowspan="2" | ''Explosive Mass in g (TNT equivalent):''
! rowspan="2" | ''Normalization At 30° from horizontal:''
! colspan="3" | ''Ricochet:''
|-
! 0%
! 50%
! 100%
|-
| Type 100 HE-T || HEFI-T || 829 || 0.13 || 0.3 || 0.1 || 6 || +0° || 79° || 80° || 81°
|-
| Type 100 AP-T || API-T || 829 || 0.16 || N/A || N/A || N/A || || 47° || 60° || 65°
|-
|}

=== [[Ammo racks|Ammo racks]] ===
[[File:Ammoracks_{{PAGENAME}}.png|x250px|right|thumbnail|[[Ammo racks|Ammo racks]] of the Type 94.]]
{| class="wikitable sortable" style="text-align:center"
|-
! class="wikitable unsortable" |Full ammo
! class="wikitable unsortable" |1st rack empty
! class="wikitable unsortable" |Visual discrepancy
|-
|| '''20''' || 20 || style="text-align:left" | Yes
|-
|}

== Usage in the battles ==

'''AA role''':

Shooting at aircraft, you can make use of it's maneuverability to evade enemy bombs or bullets. This is not a spectacular AA since it's fire density is not so great, requiring every shot to be pinpoint on target to hit. Bring 5-6 full HE belts to take this role in case there is planes coming your way. Any good SPAA tactic works fine with the Type 94.

'''Light brawler''':

Any aggressive player will be able to take this truck into a close quarter fight, even if it's not its recommended usage. Its fast speed and gun turning rate allows for intense action and multi-target engagement. In close quarter engagement, come in a reverse position in order to have the best gun arc and always anticipate an escape route. At this BR, 45 mm of penetration is more than enough to incapacitate most enemy tanks. But beware of its limited ammo count and always engage your target with a fully loaded magazine. It is recommended to spray the gunner first and then taking your time to snipe every other crew member. Whenever an artillery strike is coming your way, be it friendly or enemy, do not stand there for too long since a single shell can wreck this truck. One last warning: never engage heavy targets, instead: ''flee''.

=== Pros and cons ===

'''Pros:'''
* Rapid fire 20 mm cannon on truck bed
* 360° gun rotation and fast turret traverse
* Reasonably good penetration can be achieved with the 20mm's AP-T shells (45 mm)
* Truck platform gives good movement on road
* Non HE shells will have hard time killing this, as the lack of armor, walls and components make it hard to actually hit anything that will sprawl and cause damage, meaning direct hits to the crew are necessary in order to take it out.
* Cabin's back is 15 mm thick, which can block MG fire (if shot from the front, only the driver will die)
* Very light: easy to tow
* Good ammo capacity
* Fast reload speed
* -9° of gun depression and 82° of elevation
'''Cons:'''
* 20 mm rate of fire is low
* Kamikaze airplanes can kill this vehicle ''very'' easily
* Absolutely zero armor makes other vehicles able to destroy it by just spraying it with regular machine gun fire and killing the crewmen.
* Can be killed by tank ramming
* Commander is standing near the gunner, which makes it very exposed to MG fire
* Can't shoot directly forward, needs to face ground targets side on

== History ==
''Describe the history of the creation and combat usage of the ground vehicle in more detail than in the introduction. If the historical reference turns out to be too big, take it to a separate article, taking a link to an article about the vehicle and adding a block "/historical reference" (example: https://wiki.warthunder.com/Name-vehicles/historical reference) and add a link to it here using the <code>main</code> template. Be sure to include links to sources at the end of the article.''

The Isuzu Type 94 truck is a Japanese designed truck which was specifically built for military use. Intended to replace civilian designs, it was originally developped in 1933 as part of an Imperial Japanese Army program to sponsor independent motor companies. Unlike its civilian predecessors, these trucks were designed from the outset to be used on rough terrain.

Isuzu's prototype of a 6x4 truck, known in-house as the Isuzu TU10, was first shown to the army in July of 1933. Not only did it have excellent off-road capabilities thanks to its high ground clearance, but it was also very easy to maintain and reliable in use. Originally the type was fitted with an upright 6 cylinder watercooled engine almost identical to that used on the Isuzu Type 93 six-wheeled civilian passenger car, but adapted for military use. It was capable of developping 43 hp at 1500 rpm or a maximum of 68 hp at 2800 rpm: this version was known as the Type 94 Ko. Later on in 1939 the DA40, a 6 cylinder diesel engine was developed for this truck with similar power output but a lower fuel consumption: this version was known as the Type 94 Otsu.

Army trials of the TU10 prototype started in July of 1933, consisting of six different tests in diverse sets of terrain and weather, spread out between July of 1933 and July of 1934. Following the completion of these tests, the type was officially adapted for use by the Imperial Japanese Army as the Type 94. Standardised sets of plans were drawn up by the Army Engineering Headquarters, and full scale production of the Type 94 started in 1937.

The standard Type 94 truck was designed to be operated by a single driver, and could carry either up to 12 passengers - two in the cab, 10 in the cargo bay - or up to 1300 kg of cargo. Over the course of its production, numerous variants were designed, including the TX40 gasoline-powered civilian 4x4 truck, the Type 97 military 4x4 truck based on the civilian TX40; the TX50 diesel-powered version of the TX40, the TX80 and TU80 with an improved axle strength to increase its maximum payload, as well as various other and specialised variants.

Among these many variants was the '''Type 98 20 mm Machine Cannon Carrier Truck''', which was a ''Type 98 20 mm AA machine cannon'' mounted on the back of a truck as a means to provide AA cover for the IJA's tank divisions. In practice, not solely the Isuzu Type 94 was used, but also equivalent trucks built by Nissan and Toyota.

The Type 98 20 mm AA machine cannon was a Japanese derived variant of the Hotchkiss M1929 13.2 mm machine gun, which had first been developped in 1929 by the French manufacturer Hotchkiss & Cie. Examples of the M1929 were purchased by Japan in the early 1930s, who first started license-building it as the Type 93 machine gun. Experience with the Type 93 and its derived variant, the Type 96 25 mm AT/AA gun, eventually led to a 20 mm variant which was standardised in 1938. This weapon became the most widely spread Japanese light AA gun of the Second World War, with approximately 2500 built. A variant of the Type 98, the Type 4, was introduced in 1944, consisting of two Type 98 guns on a twinned mount. An approximate 500 Type 4 guns were built between 1944 and 1945.

== Media ==
[https://live.warthunder.com/feed/camouflages/?vehicleCountry=japan&vehicleType=tank&vehicleClass=spaa&vehicle=jp_type_94 '''Skins''' and '''camouflages''' for the Type-94 from live.warthunder.com.]

== Read also ==
''Links to the articles on the War Thunder Wiki that you think will be useful for the reader, for example,''
* ''reference to the series of the vehicles;''
* ''links to approximate analogues of other nations and research trees.''
''ETC.''

== Sources ==
''Paste links to sources and external resources, such as:''
* ''topic on the official game forum;''
* ''other literature.''

{{Japan anti-aircraft vehicles}}

Phòng không T-34

2019-10-18T12:40:18Z

U80255841: /* History */

{{Specs-Card|code=cn_type_65_aa}}
{{About
| about = Chinese SPAA '''{{PAGENAME}}'''
| other
| usage-1 = gift vehicle in the Russian tree
| link-1 = Type 65 (USSR)
| usage-2 = vehicles using the T-34 chassis
| link-2 = T-34 (Family)
}}

== Description ==


The '''{{Specs|name}}''' is a rank {{Specs|rank}} Chinese SPAA {{Battle-rating}}. It was introduced in [[Update 1.91 "Night Vision"]].

== General info ==
=== Survivability and armour ===
''Describe armour protection. Note the most well protected and key weak areas. Appreciate the layout of modules as well as the number and location of crew members. Is the level of armour protection sufficient, is the placement of modules helpful for survival in combat? If necessary use a visual template to indicate the most secure and weak zones of the armour.''

=== Mobility ===
''Write about the mobility of the ground vehicle. Estimate the specific power and manoeuvrability, as well as the maximum speed forward and backwards.''

== Armaments ==
=== Main armament ===

{{main|Type 65 (37 mm)}}

{| class="wikitable" style="text-align:center"
|-
! colspan="6" | [[Type 65 (37 mm)|37 mm Type 65]]
|-
! colspan="3" | Capacity
! Vertical guidance
! Horizontal guidance
! Stabilizer
|-
| colspan="3" | 390 || -5°/+85° || ±180° || N/A
|-
! colspan="6" | Turret rotation speed (°/s)
|-
! Mode
! Stock
! Upgraded
! Prior + Full crew
! Prior + Expert qualif.
! Prior + Ace qualif.
|-
| ''Arcade'' || 52.8 || ??.?? || ??.?? || ??.?? || ??.??
|-
| ''Realistic'' || 35.7 || ??.?? || ??.?? || ??.?? || ??.??
|-
! colspan="4" | Reloading rate (seconds)
|-
! Stock
! Prior + Full crew
! Prior + Expert qualif.
! Prior + Ace qualif.
|-
| 1.3 || ??.?? || ??.?? || ??.??
|-
|}

==== Ammunition ====
{| class="wikitable sortable" style="text-align:center" width="100%"
! colspan="8" | Penetration statistics
|-
! rowspan="2" data-sort-type="text" | Ammunition
! rowspan="2" | Type of warhead
! colspan="6" | '''Penetration @ 90° (mm)'''
|-
! 10 m !! 100 m !! 500 m !! 1,000 m !! 1,500 m !! 2,000 m
|-
| BR-167 || AP-T || 71 || 68 || 57 || 46 || 37 || 30
|-
| BR-167P || HVAP-T || 102 || 95 || 80 || 59 || 35 || 28
|-
| UO-167 || HEFI-T || 3 || 3 || 3 || 3 || 3 || 3
|-
|}
{| class="wikitable sortable" style="text-align:center" width="100%"
! colspan="11" | Shell details
|-
! rowspan="2" data-sort-type="text" | Ammunition
! rowspan="2" | Type of warhead
! rowspan="2" | Velocity (m/s)
! rowspan="2" | Projectile Mass (kg)
! rowspan="2" | Fuse delay (m)
! rowspan="2" | Fuse sensitivity (mm)
! rowspan="2" | Explosive Mass (TNT equivalent) (g)
! rowspan="2" | Normalisation at 30° from horizontal
! colspan="3" | Ricochet
|-
! 0% !! 50% !! 100%
|-
| BR-167 || AP-T || 880 || 0.76 || N/A || N/A || N/A || -1.0° || 47° || 60° || 65°
|-
| BR-167P || HVAP-T || 960 || 0.62 || N/A || N/A || N/A || +1.5° || 66° || 70° || 72°
|-
| UO-167 || HEFI-T || 866 || 0.735 || 0.2 || 0.1 || 34 || +0.0° || 79° || 80° || 81°
|-
|}

==== [[Ammo racks]] ====

{| class="wikitable" style="text-align:center"
|-
! Full ammo
! 1st rack empty
! 2nd rack empty
! 3rd rack empty
! 4th rack empty
! 5th rack empty
! 6th rack empty
! Visual discrepancy
|-
| '''390''' || ?? ''(+??)'' || ?? ''(+??)'' || ?? ''(+??)'' || ?? ''(+??)'' || ?? ''(+??)'' || ?? ''(+??)'' || ??
|-
|}

==== [[Optics]] ====
{| class="wikitable" style="text-align:center"
! colspan="3" | {{PAGENAME}} Optics
|-
!
! Default magnification
! Maximum magnification
|-
! Main Gun optics
| X3.8 || X4.0
|-
! Comparable optics
| colspan="2" | ???
|-
|}

== Usage in battles ==
''Describe the tactics of playing in the vehicle, the features of using vehicles in the team and advice on tactics. Refrain from creating a "guide" - do not impose a single point of view but instead give the reader food for thought. Describe the most dangerous enemies and give recommendations on fighting them. If necessary, note the specifics of the game in different modes (AB, RB, SB).''

=== Pros and cons ===
''Summarise and briefly evaluate the vehicle in terms of its characteristics and combat effectiveness. Mark its pros and cons in a bulleted list. Try not to use more than 6 points for each of the characteristics. Avoid using categorical definitions such as "bad", "good" and the like - use substitutions with softer forms such as "inadequate" and "effective".''

'''Pros:'''
*

'''Cons:'''
*

== History ==
''Describe the history of the creation and combat usage of the vehicle in more detail than in the introduction. If the historical reference turns out to be too long, take it to a separate article, taking a link to the article about the vehicle and adding a block "/History" (example: <nowiki>https://wiki.warthunder.com/(Vehicle-name)/History</nowiki>) and add a link to it here using the <code>main</code> template. Be sure to reference text and sources by using <code><nowiki><ref></ref></nowiki></code>, as well as adding them at the end of the article with <code><nowiki><references /></nowiki></code>. This section may also include the vehicle's dev blog entry (if applicable) and the in-game encyclopedia description (under <code><nowiki>=== In-game description ===</nowiki></code>, also if applicable).''

The ''Type 65 Self Propelled Anti Aircraft Gun'' is a bit of an enigma, as no official documentation exists concerning its design or construction. Even today, almost half a century after the type first became known, little is known about it - so perhaps it is best to first focus on what little is known about this unique and T-34-based SPAAG.

During the 1972 Spring-Summer Offensive of the Vietnam War, a single example of a SPAAG was captured by the 4th Infantry Regiment of the Army of the Republic of Vietnam on August 13th 1972. This vehicle was subsequently transferred to the United States military, who eventually shipped it to the Aberdeen Proving Ground for technical evaluation. After testing was concluded, the vehicle was put on display at the Aberdeen Proving Ground, where it stood until the early 2010s when it was transferred along with the rest of the collection to the Air Defence Artillery Museum in Fort Sill, Oklahoma.

Evaluation of this single example showed that it consisted of a T-34-85 chassis which was made at UTZ 183 (Uralsky Tankovij Zavod) in the USSR sometime between 1944 and 1947, featuring a number of modifications. The most important one concerned the removal of the turret, with a solid reinforced steel slab being bolted onto the turret aperture on top of which a twin AA gun was mounted. Other modifications included the removal of the hull-mounted 7.62 mm machine gun, and the removal of part of the engine top deck to allow the gun turret to freely rotate.

The most common designations applied to this vehicle refer to the gun used: a Chinese-built copy of the Soviet M1939 (61-K). NORINCO of China copied this design, originally building it as the Type 55 (most likely after the year it was first constructed); later on a twin mount was designed around the same gun, which was put into production as the Type 65. As mounted on the tank, the Type 65 gun mount was surrounded by a box-like open-topped structure composed of 16-mm thick armor plates, large enough to house both the gun and a crew of five. Similar in concept to the US-built [[M42|M42 Duster]], the vehicle lacked any advanced aiming system or power-assisted gun traverse or elevation, making it less efficient in use against low-flying high-speed jets, but still deadly to slower attackers and helicopters.

The lack of any official documentation, combined with the use of a Chinese-built AA gun, soon led to speculation in the US Military that this vehicle was a Chinese-built dedicated SPAAG. As such, the vehicle commonly became known as the ''Type 63 SPAAG'', this name first appearing in the 1987 publication ''A Compendium of Armaments and Military Hardware'' by Christopher Chant, after the assumption that the ''Type 63'' was a variant of the ''Type 65'' specifically built for use on this SPAAG. However, more recently the vehicle has become known as the Type 65 - or Type 63/65 - after the NORINCO-built gun.

With the lifting of the US embargo on North Vietnam in 1994, new information about the Vietnam War from (formerly North) Vietnamese sources finally became available, and visitors to the Vietnam People’s Air Force Museum in Hanoi noticed a photograph on display which gives an entirely different turn to the Type 65's story. This singular photograph, ''three SPAAG's moving to the front'', shows three tank-mounted anti aircraft guns, one mounted on a T-34-85, the two others on the chassis of an Su-76. The nature of their construction seems to indicate that they - and the captured Type 65 - were in fact locally-built improvised vehicles, combining the hulls of discarted or damaged tanks with AA guns to increase the number of available anti aircraft guns for use against US forces, the Hanoi-displayed picture showing a T-34-85 hull with a 57mm S-60 AA gun rather than the Type 65 used on the captured vehicle.

As such, it can be concluded that the Type 65 was in fact an improvised locally-built SPAAG, possibly an attempt at creating a cheap alternative to the more advanced [[ZSU-57-2|Soviet ZSU-57-2]], using the hulls of T-34-85s that had been delivered to North Vietnam in 1965.

== Media ==
''Excellent additions to the article would be video guides, screenshots from the game, and photos.''

== See also ==
''Links to the articles on the War Thunder Wiki that you think will be useful for the reader, for example:''
* ''reference to the series of the vehicles;''
* ''links to approximate analogues of other nations and research trees.''

== External links ==
''Paste links to sources and external resources, such as:''
* ''topic on the official game forum;''
* ''encyclopedia page on the tank;''
* ''other literature.''

{{China anti-aircraft vehicles}}

T-34 (1943) (China)

2019-10-18T11:34:22Z

U80255841: /* History */

{{Specs-Card|code=cn_t_34_1942}}

== Description ==


The '''{{Specs|name}}''' is a rank {{Specs|rank}} Chinese medium tank {{Battle-rating}}. It was introduced in [[Update 1.91 "Night Vision"]].

== General info ==
=== Survivability and armour ===
''Describe armour protection. Note the most well protected and key weak areas. Appreciate the layout of modules as well as the number and location of crew members. Is the level of armour protection sufficient, is the placement of modules helpful for survival in combat? If necessary use a visual template to indicate the most secure and weak zones of the armour.''

=== Mobility ===
''Write about the mobility of the ground vehicle. Estimate the specific power and manoeuvrability, as well as the maximum speed forward and backwards.''

== Armaments ==
=== Main armament ===
''Give the reader information about the characteristics of the main gun. Assess its effectiveness in a battle based on the reloading speed, ballistics and the power of shells. Do not forget about the flexibility of the fire, that is how quickly the cannon can be aimed at the target, open fire on it and aim at another enemy. Add a link to the main article on the gun: <code><nowiki>{{main|Name of the weapon}}</nowiki></code>. Describe in general terms the ammunition available for the main gun. Advise about how to use them and how to fill the ammunition storage.''

=== Additional armament ===
''Some tanks are armed with several guns in one or more turrets. Evaluate the additional weaponry and give advice on its use. Describe the ammunition available for additional weaponry. Give advice on about how to use them and how to fill the ammunition storage. If there is no additional weaponry remove this subsection.''

=== Machine guns ===
''Offensive and anti-aircraft machine guns not only allow you to fight some aircraft but also are effective against lightly armoured vehicles. Evaluate machine guns and give recommendations on its use.''

== Usage in battles ==
''Describe the tactics of playing in the vehicle, the features of using vehicles in the team and advice on tactics. Refrain from creating a "guide" - do not impose a single point of view but instead give the reader food for thought. Describe the most dangerous enemies and give recommendations on fighting them. If necessary, note the specifics of the game in different modes (AB, RB, SB).''

=== Pros and cons ===
''Summarise and briefly evaluate the vehicle in terms of its characteristics and combat effectiveness. Mark its pros and cons in a bulleted list. Try not to use more than 6 points for each of the characteristics. Avoid using categorical definitions such as "bad", "good" and the like - use substitutions with softer forms such as "inadequate" and "effective".''

'''Pros:'''
*

'''Cons:'''
*

== History ==
''Describe the history of the creation and combat usage of the vehicle in more detail than in the introduction. If the historical reference turns out to be too long, take it to a separate article, taking a link to the article about the vehicle and adding a block "/History" (example: <nowiki>https://wiki.warthunder.com/(Vehicle-name)/History</nowiki>) and add a link to it here using the <code>main</code> template. Be sure to reference text and sources by using <code><nowiki><ref></ref></nowiki></code>, as well as adding them at the end of the article with <code><nowiki><references /></nowiki></code>. This section may also include the vehicle's dev blog entry (if applicable) and the in-game encyclopedia description (under <code><nowiki>=== In-game description ===</nowiki></code>, also if applicable).''

For a full history of the development of the T-34 (1943), it is best to reference the article on the [[T-34_(1942)#History|Soviet T-34 (1942)]] as this almost is identical. In Soviet official documents, little difference was made between the T-34 Model 1942 (German designation T-34/76C) and the T-34 Model 1943 (German designations T-34/76D, E and F); most of the differences between the models was due to them being produced at different facilities.

Despite its position in the Chinese tech tree, it has to be noted that the T-34 (1943) is not in fact a Chinese vehicle. All currently available sources indicate that the PLA never operated the F-34 armed version of the T-34, and the best available documents, compiled by Dr. Martin Andrew, indicate that 1837 T-34s were delivered by the Soviets to the PLA between 1950 and 1954, all of which were the T-34-85 variant.

However, the T-34 (1943) ''did'' see service in North Korea, with deliveries starting in 1949. Following the proclamation of the Democratic People's Republic of Korea on September 9th 1948, North Korea's first armored unit, the ''105th Armored Battalion'' was established in October of 1948, increasing to regimental strength in May of 1949 before being rebaptised as the ''105th Armored Brigade'' prior to the outbreak of the Korean War in 1950. Due to the lack of official North Korean sources on the subject, it is unclear how many T-34 (1943) saw service with the DPRK; evidence does exist that a number of them were committed to the original June 1950 assault on South Korea, with a number of knocked-out short-barrelled T-34s being photographed on the battlefield.

The nature of combat in Korea meant that tank losses were high for the DPRK, and out of 120 tanks reported on strength in June of 1950, nearly all had been lost by December that year. Replacements were delivered by the Soviet Union, all of these later deliveries covering the T-34-85 variant.

Following the end of the Korean War, a reconstruction program was started to bring the DPRK's army back to strength, with additional deliveries of T-34s arriving from the Soviet Union. Again the lack of reliable North Korean sources makes it impossible to work out what was delivered, but sources indicates that despite the delivery of T-34-85s, which remained the mainstay of the North Korean Army until it first received T-54/55s and Type 59 tanks in 1967, a number of older T-34-76s remained in service, either being rebuilds of recovered vehicles or, more likely, new deliveries from their Soviet allies. Most tellingly, a widely circulated still from a late 1960s North Korean propaganda film shows military manoeuvres involving at least two T-34-76s, both showing signs of modernisation such as T-34-85-type saddle fuel tanks and starfish roadwheels (first introduced 1969). As such, it can be surmised that at least some T-34 (1943)s remained in North Korean service into the 1970s in some sort of reserve or training capacity.

== Media ==
''Excellent additions to the article would be video guides, screenshots from the game, and photos.''

== See also ==
''Links to the articles on the War Thunder Wiki that you think will be useful for the reader, for example:''
* ''reference to the series of the vehicles;''
* ''links to approximate analogues of other nations and research trees.''

== External links ==
''Paste links to sources and external resources, such as:''
* ''topic on the official game forum;''
* ''encyclopedia page on the tank;''
* ''other literature.''

{{China medium tanks}}

LVT(A)(4) (ZiS-2)

2019-10-17T22:18:58Z

U80255841: /* History */

{{Specs-Card|code=cn_lvt_4_zis_2}}

== Description ==


The '''{{Specs|name}}''' is a rank {{Specs|rank}} Chinese tank destroyer {{Battle-rating}}. It was introduced in [[Update 1.91 "Night Vision"]].

== General info ==
=== Survivability and armour ===

'''Armour type:'''

*Rolled homogeneous armour
*Cast homogeneous armour (Gun mantlet, Machine gun shield)

{| class="wikitable"
|-
!Armour!!Front (Slope angle°)!!Sides!!Rear!!Roof
|-
|Hull||12.7 mm (31°) ''Front plate''
6.35 mm (83-84°) ''Upper glacis''
6.35 mm (41-81°) ''Lower glacis''||6.35 mm (11-51°) ''Top''
6.35 + 6.35 mm ''Bottom''
|6.35 mm (0-62°)||6.35 mm
|-
|Turret||38 mm (10°) ''Turret front''
5 mm (1-81°) ''Gun mantlet''
|25 mm||25 mm||N/A
|-
|}

'''''Notes:'''''

* ''Suspension wheels and tracks are 15 mm thick.''
* ''Front hull has flat armour area where driver & co-driver sits.''

=== Mobility ===

{| class="wikitable"
! colspan="3" |Mobility characteristic
|-
!Weight (tons)
! colspan="1" |Add-on Armor
weight (tons)
! colspan="1" |Max speed (km/h)
|-
| rowspan="2" |14.9
| colspan="1" rowspan="2" |N/A
| colspan="1" |44 (AB)
|-
|40 (RB/SB)
|-
! colspan="3" |Engine power (horsepower)
|-
! colspan="1" |Mode
!Stock
!Upgraded
|-
|''Arcade''
|387
|477
|-
|''Realistic/Simulator''
|221
|250
|-
! colspan="3" |Power-to-weight ratio (hp/ton)
|-
! colspan="1" |Mode
!Stock
!Upgraded
|-
|''Arcade''
|25.97
|32.01
|-
|''Realistic/Simulator''
|14.83
|16.78
|}

== Armaments ==
=== Main armament ===
''Give the reader information about the characteristics of the main gun. Assess its effectiveness in a battle based on the reloading speed, ballistics and the power of shells. Do not forget about the flexibility of the fire, that is how quickly the cannon can be aimed at the target, open fire on it and aim at another enemy. Add a link to the main article on the gun: <code><nowiki>{{main|Name of the weapon}}</nowiki></code>. Describe in general terms the ammunition available for the main gun. Advise about how to use them and how to fill the ammunition storage.''

=== Additional armament ===
''Some tanks are armed with several guns in one or more turrets. Evaluate the additional weaponry and give advice on its use. Describe the ammunition available for additional weaponry. Give advice on about how to use them and how to fill the ammunition storage. If there is no additional weaponry remove this subsection.''

=== Machine guns ===
''Offensive and anti-aircraft machine guns not only allow you to fight some aircraft but also are effective against lightly armoured vehicles. Evaluate machine guns and give recommendations on its use.''

== Usage in battles ==
''Describe the tactics of playing in the vehicle, the features of using vehicles in the team and advice on tactics. Refrain from creating a "guide" - do not impose a single point of view but instead give the reader food for thought. Describe the most dangerous enemies and give recommendations on fighting them. If necessary, note the specifics of the game in different modes (AB, RB, SB).''

=== Pros and cons ===
''Summarise and briefly evaluate the vehicle in terms of its characteristics and combat effectiveness. Mark its pros and cons in a bulleted list. Try not to use more than 6 points for each of the characteristics. Avoid using categorical definitions such as "bad", "good" and the like - use substitutions with softer forms such as "inadequate" and "effective".''

'''Pros:'''
*

'''Cons:'''
*

== History ==
''Describe the history of the creation and combat usage of the vehicle in more detail than in the introduction. If the historical reference turns out to be too long, take it to a separate article, taking a link to the article about the vehicle and adding a block "/History" (example: <nowiki>https://wiki.warthunder.com/(Vehicle-name)/History</nowiki>) and add a link to it here using the <code>main</code> template. Be sure to reference text and sources by using <code><nowiki><ref></ref></nowiki></code>, as well as adding them at the end of the article with <code><nowiki><references /></nowiki></code>. This section may also include the vehicle's dev blog entry (if applicable) and the in-game encyclopedia description (under <code><nowiki>=== In-game description ===</nowiki></code>, also if applicable).''

The LVT series of tracked amphibious vehicles originated from a pre-war civilian design, the ''Alligator'' hurricane rescue vehicle which had been designed by Donald Roebling (1908-1959) in 1935. An article on a further development of this vehicle in 1937 caught the attention of the US Marine Corps, but initially the proposal of militarising the Alligator met resistance both from the US Navy, who felt conventional landing craft could do the job just as well, and from Roebling himself, who disliked the idea of his vehicle being used for military purposes. The outbreak of war in Europe persuaded Roebling into building it anyway, and by May of 1940 he had completed a militarised prototype, which was tested in November 1940 and subsequently approved for production.

Even before the first prototype had been tested, Roebling had started designing a turret-equipped armed version of his LVT, intended for providing fire support for landings. Originally the design languished, but in June of 1941 the USMC recommended the development of a fire support version of the LVT. Development of this variant was slow, as the entire LVT had to be redesigned: light armor was added to the hull and a 37-mm armed turret similar to that of the M3 Stuart light tank was mounted on top, resulting in the initial fire support variant, the LVT(A)(1).

Combat experience with the LVT(A)(1) soon showed that the 37-mm gun was insufficient for fire support purposes, so the original M3 Stuart turret was replaced by that of a 75 mm Howitzer Motor Carriage M8, creating the LVT(A)(4) variant, of which 1890 were built. Of these, several dozen were delivered to Nationalist China under the Lend-Lease Agreement.

In KMT service, the LVT(A)(4) ended up being used both against the Japanese forces during World War II, as well as against the PLA during the ensuing civil war. Most of them eventually fell into PLA hands. The lack of western supplies meant that ammo soon became sparse for the 75 mm M3 Howitzer gun mounted by the LVT(A)(4); to keep them useful as well as to bolster the number of available armored vehicles in the PLA inventory, the LVT(A)(4)s were locally converted to either accept the 37 mm M6 tank gun - essentially retrofitting them to LVT(A)(1) status - or the 57 mm ZiS-2 anti-tank gun - identical to the gun used on the [[ZiS-30]] tank destroyer, and technically similar to the ZiS-4 gun used on both the [[T-34-57]] and the [[SU-57B]].

The haphazard way in which these conversions took place, as well as the lack of official documents on them, make it unclear how many LVT(A)(4)s were converted. The lack of available spares for their automotive components makes it unlikely that they were used for long, and it is likely they were withdrawn from frontline use as soon as Soviet deliveries of tanks and armored vehicles started in the early 1950s.

== Media ==
''Excellent additions to the article would be video guides, screenshots from the game, and photos.''

== See also ==
''Links to the articles on the War Thunder Wiki that you think will be useful for the reader, for example:''
* ''reference to the series of the vehicles;''
* ''links to approximate analogues of other nations and research trees.''

== External links ==
''Paste links to sources and external resources, such as:''
* ''topic on the official game forum;''
* ''encyclopedia page on the tank;''
* ''other literature.''

{{China tank destroyers}}