War Thunder Wiki - User contributions [en]

Leopard 2A5

2019-07-22T01:13:41Z

U79922989: /* Survivability and armour */

{{Specs-Card|code=germ_leopard_2a5}}
{{About
| about = medium tank '''{{PAGENAME}}'''
| usage = other uses
| link = Leopard (Family)
}}

== Description ==

[[File:GarageImage_{{PAGENAME}}.jpg|420px|thumb|left]]
{{break}}
The '''{{Specs|name}}''' is a Rank {{Specs|rank}} German medium tank {{Battle-rating}}. It was introduced in [[Update 1.87 "Locked On"]].

The succeeding variant of the [[Leopard 2A4]], the Leopard 2A5 is distinguished by an overall improved turret front armour, most notably with the add-on armour bulks in the turret front, giving a wedge-shape rather than the flat shapes that the 2A4 variant presented.

== General info ==
=== Survivability and armour ===


The Leopard 2A5 has improved armour compared to its predecessor, the hull is much better protected and the already impenetrable turret cheeks have more protection on the side of the turret. Add-on armour boosts the ability to protect against HEAT-FS and early ADFSDS rounds. The wedges on the front of the turret are able to be blown off if a round with enough energy hits it.The gunners optic is also moved into the roof to eliminate the weak spot which was easily penetrated by any tank.

One big changeover along with the armour wedges in the front is the repositioning of the gunner's sight. In the 2A4, the gunner's sight in the turret front presented a weakness that was easily compromised. In the 2A5, the gunner's sight was relocated to the turret roof, and so this weakness is no longer present on the 2A5.

Be aware of Russian tanks though! Most of them will carry their HE rounds that can easily destroy you anywhere they hit. A hit directly to the turret will most likely send fragments into your hull, penetrate and lets your fuel tank explode or at least set a fire and knock out the gun barrel.

{| class="wikitable"
|-
!Armour !! Front (Slope angle)!!Sides!!Rear!!Roof
|-
|Hull
|35 mm (53-82°) ''Upper glacis'' 40 mm (50-51°) ''Lower glacis''
|10 mm (5°) ''Upper hull'' 35 mm (0°) ''Lower forward hull'' 20 mm (0°) ''Lower rear hull''
|20 mm (12-50°) ''All rear''
|20 mm (0-8°) ''Hull roof incl. engine deck''
|-
|Turret
|80 mm (57-59°) ''Right cheek add-on'' 80 mm (55-58°) ''Left cheek add-on'' 30 mm (63°) ''Upper mantlet add-on'' 400 mm (1°) ''Mantlet armour'' 250 mm (9°) ''Mantlet shroud''
|80 mm (20-22°) ''Right add-on'' 80 mm (22°) ''Left add-on'' 35 mm (0°) ''Forward'' 15 mm (0°) ''Rear''
|20 mm (10°) ''Basket'' 20 mm (70°) ''Turret underside''
|35 - 40 mm (80-89°) ''Forehead Armour'' 14 mm (68-82°) ''Forward sides'' 20 mm (89°) ''Rear turret'' 20 mm (83°) ''Basket''
|-
!Composite armour
! colspan="2" |Front
! colspan="2" |Sides
|- style="vertical-align:top;"
|Hull
| colspan="2" |'''''Upper+Lower glacis''''' 400 mm ''Kinetic'' 600 mm ''Chemical''
| colspan="2" | N/A
|- style="vertical-align:top;"
|Turret
| colspan="2" | '''''turret cheeks''''' 800 mm ''Kinetic'' 1200 mm ''Chemical''

'''''Gun mantlet (Center)''''' 
260 - 325 mm ''Kinetic'' 
600 - 690 mm ''Chemical''

'''''Gun mantlet (Outer)''''' 
425 - 460 mm ''Kinetic'' 
825 - 905 ''Chemical''

| colspan="2" | '''''Side armour''''' 260 mm ''Kinetic'' 230 - 285 mm ''Chemical''
|-
|}
'''Notes:'''

* ''Upper hull'' and ''Lower rear hull'' overlap (10 + 20 mm thick)
* ''Upper mantlet add-on'' and ''Mantlet armour'' overlap (30 + 400 mm thick)
* Holes in the engine deck are covered by 8 mm of mesh

=== Mobility ===

The only drawback compared to the previous model would be the Leopard 2A5's mobility since despite the 4 tons increase in weight, the engine remains the same, so the Leopard 2A5 is both slower and less manoeuvrable compared to the Leopard 2A4, but it can still keep up with the other nations MBTs

Keep in mind that the neutral steering is quite underperforming (way slower than on the Leopard 2A4).

== Armaments ==
=== Main armament ===

{{main|Rheinmetall L44 (120 mm)}}

The Leopard 2A5 has access to the DM33 APFSDS shells which make it a deadlier foe as few tanks can stand against it with the exception of the Challenger 2 and T-80U.

{| class="wikitable" style="text-align:center"
|-
! colspan="6" | [[Rheinmetall L44 (120 mm)|120 mm Rheinmetall L44]]
|-
! colspan="3" rowspan="1" style="width:5em" |Capacity
! rowspan="1" | Vertical guidance
! rowspan="1" | Horizontal guidance
! rowspan="1" | Stabilizer
|-
| colspan="3" | 42 || -9°/+20° || ±180° || Two-plane
|-
! colspan="6" | Turret rotation speed (°/s)
|-
! style="width:4em" |Mode
! style="width:4em" |Stock
! style="width:4em" |Upgraded
! style="width:4em" |Prior + Full crew
! style="width:4em" |Prior + Expert qualif.
! style="width:4em" |Prior + Ace qualif.
|-
| ''Arcade'' || 38.08 || 52.71 || 64.00 || __.__ || 75.29
|-
| ''Realistic'' || 23.80 || 28.00 || 34.00 || 37.60 || 40.00
|-
! colspan="4" | Reloading rate (seconds)
|-
! colspan="1" style="width:4em" |Stock
! colspan="1" style="width:4em" |Prior + Full crew
! colspan="1" style="width:4em" |Prior + Expert qualif.
! colspan="1" style="width:4em" |Prior + Ace qualif.
|-
| 7.80 || __.__ || __.__ || __.__
|-
|}

===== Ammunition =====
{| class="wikitable sortable" style="text-align:center" width="100%"
! colspan="8" | Penetration statistics
|-
! rowspan="2" data-sort-type="text" | Ammunition
! rowspan="2" class="unsortable" | Type of warhead
! colspan="6" | '''Penetration''' '''''in mm''''' '''@ 0° Angle of Attack'''
|-
! 10m
! 100m
! 500m
! 1000m
! 1500m
! 2000m
|-
| DM23 || APFSDS || 410 || 408 || 401 || 393 || 384 || 376
|-
| DM12A1 || HEATFS || 650 || 650 || 650 || 650 || 650 || 650
|-
| DM33 || APFSDS || 481 || 478 || 470 || 461 || 450 || 440
|-
|}
{| class="wikitable sortable" style="text-align:center" width="100%"
! colspan="11" | Shell details
|-
! rowspan="2" data-sort-type="text" | Ammunition
! rowspan="2" class="unsortable" | Type of warhead
! rowspan="2" |Velocity in m/s
! rowspan="2" |Projectile Mass in kg
! rowspan="2" | ''Fuse delay''
''in m:''
! rowspan="2" | ''Fuse sensitivity''
''in mm:''
! rowspan="2" | ''Explosive Mass in g (TNT equivalent):''
! rowspan="2" | ''Normalization At 30° from horizontal:''
! colspan="3" | ''Ricochet:''
|-
! 0%
! 50%
! 100%
|-
| DM23 || APFSDS || 1,640 || 4.3 || N/A || N/A || N/A || +1.5° || 78° || 80° || 81°
|-
| DM12A1 || HEATFS || 1,140 || 13.5 || 0.0 || 0.1 || 1,640 || +0° || 65° || 72° || 75°
|-
| DM33 || APFSDS || 1,640 || 4.3 || N/A || N/A || N/A || +1.5° || 78° || 80° || 81°
|-
|}

===== [[Ammo racks|Ammo racks]] =====
{| class="wikitable sortable" style="text-align:center"
|-
! class="wikitable unsortable" |Full ammo
! class="wikitable unsortable" |1st rack empty
! class="wikitable unsortable" |2nd rack empty
! class="wikitable unsortable" |Visual discrepancy
|-
|| '''42''' || XX ''(+XX)'' || XX ''(+XX)'' || style="text-align:left" | No
|-
|}

=== Machine guns ===

{{main|MG 3A1 (7.62 mm)}}

{| class="wikitable" style="text-align:center"
|-
! colspan="7" | [[MG 3A1 (7.62 mm)|7.62 mm MG 3A1]]
|-
! colspan="7" | ''Coaxial mount''
|-
! colspan="4" rowspan="1" style="width:5em" |Capacity (Belt capacity)
! rowspan="1" | Fire rate (shots/minute)
! rowspan="1" | Vertical guidance
! rowspan="1" | Horizontal guidance
|-
| colspan="4" | 4,500 (1,000) || 1,200 || N/A || N/A
|-
! colspan="7" | ''Pintle mount (Loader)''
|-
! colspan="4" rowspan="1" style="width:5em" |Capacity (Belt capacity)
! rowspan="1" | Fire rate (shots/minute)
! rowspan="1" | Vertical guidance
! rowspan="1" | Horizontal guidance
|-
| colspan="4" | 2,000 (1,000) || 1,200 || -8°/+20° || ±120°
|-
|}

== Usage in battles ==


The Leopard 2A5 is slower, but it has much better armor and access to the DM33 round. With these new changes, the playstyle changes a bit too:

* ''Hull down'': In the 2A4, the gunners optic was easily penetrated so the hull-down was still vulnerable. However, in the 2A5, this weak spot is eliminated and the armor of the turret is much better, so a hull-down position can now leave the Leopard 2A5 invulnerable.
* ''Sniping'': With the DM33 APFSDS round, the Leopard 2A5 can now make use of the great distance in combat to deal damage while tanking incoming shots.
* ''Flanking'': Due to the worse mobility compared to the 2A4, it is better to stick to more stationary tactics like ''hull down'' and ''sniping''. However, with a little bit caution, flanking can still be successful.

=== Pros and cons ===


'''Pros:'''

* Excellent 120 mm gun, DM33 APFSDS is capable of penetrating up to 481 mm maximum at point-blank range
* Impenetrable turret cheeks, the add-on wedge armour makes the turret immune from every shell in the game (average of 850 mm against long rod APFSDS and 1,450 mm against HEAT)
* Extremely good armour on the UFP (430mm against long rod APFSDS), immune to every shell in the game except DM33, M829, L26, OFL 120 G1 and 3BM42
* Great gun handling: 40°/s turret rotation speed (with Ace crew) and -9°/+20° of vertical guidance
* Side turret covered by add-on armour can bounce early APFSDS shells
* Gunner optics are now mounted on top of the turret, removing the annoying weak spot present on the Leopard 2A4

'''Cons:'''

* Lower glacis can still be penetrated by most shells
* Huge hull ammo-rack if more than 16 shells are carried
* Hull ammo-rack consequently makes the tank extremely vulnerable to HE shells
* A penetrating shot on the left side of the hull will most likely knock out the driver, gunner and commander, thus destroying the tank
* DM12A1 HEAT-FS, though very useful against light vehicles, costs 410 SL
* 8x/12x sight can be tricky to use in close quarters engagements
* The wedges can be shot off with several hits, though the turret cheeks alone provides 650 mm against KE
* Tank's weight is 4 tons increased while the engine is still the same, making the Leopard 2A5 slower compared to the 2A4
* Despite all the added armour, the turret ring and driver's hatch are both easily penetrated, and the enemy will most likely aim at these two spots to disable or destroy the tank

== History ==

In 1988, German engineers began work on modernizing the Leopard 2 main battle tank. Improvements were made to the tank’s defensive capabilities, primarily the turret armour. Moreover, the 2A5 model was fitted with an electric stabiliser instead of the electro-hydraulic variant that the previous versions used.

The gunner received improved and less vulnerable optics, and the tank commander – a panoramic periscope with thermal imaging. The build of the driver’s hatch was also modified, along with several other minor improvements made to the general design.

Leading to the 2A5 modernization program being officially approved by the military officials of Germany, Sweden and the Netherlands. It is interesting to note that the models exported to the last two countries on the list were actually different from the ones issued to the German army – for instance, the Bundeswehr tanks received no extra frontal hull armour. Production of Leopard 2A5 tanks began in 1995. Overall, 350 earlier-version Leopards were upgraded as a result of the program.

''- From [https://warthunder.com/en/news/6098-development-leopard-2a5-this-time-we-are-dead-serious-en Devblog]''

== Media ==
''Excellent additions to the article would be video guides, screenshots from the game, and photos.''

== See also ==


* [[Leopard 2A4]] - Preceding vehicle

== External links ==


* [https://warthunder.com/en/news/6098-development-leopard-2a5-this-time-we-are-dead-serious-en [Devblog<nowiki>]</nowiki> Leopard 2A5: This Time We Are Dead Serious]

{{Germany medium tanks}}

Armour

2019-07-07T17:41:42Z

U79922989: /* Types of armour in-game */

=Armour=
'''Armour''' is the basic defense an entity has against threats. Armour can be found in both air and ground vehicles in War Thunder and plays a very important role to the vehicle's survivability.

==Types of armour in-game==
{| class="wikitable"
! Material or Component
! Armor Modifier
! Noteworthy Users
|-
|(Rolled Homogeneous Armour) '''RHA'''
|x1.00 KE
|
|-
|'''Modern RHA'''
|x1.01 KE
|[[MBT-70]], [[KPz-70|KPz 70]], [[T-64A (1971)]]
|-
|(Cast Homogeneous Armour) '''CHA'''
|x0.94 KE
|
|-
|'''Modern CHA'''
|x0.98 KE
|[[MBT-70|MBT-70]], [[KPz-70|KPz 70]], [[Т-64А_(1971)|T-64A (1971)]], [[Chieftain Mk 10]]
|-
|(Explosive Reactive Armor) '''ERA'''
|x0.10 KE x3.50 SPAL
|[[M60A1 RISE (P)]] [[T-64B]]* [[T-80B]]* [[T-80U]] [[Challenger Mk.3]]
[[Sho't Kal Dalet (Great Britain)|Sho't Kal Dalet]] [[AMX-30B2 BRENUS]] [[Leclerc]]

[[Centauro ROMOR]]
|-
|'''Spaced Armour''' (Air)
|x0.05 KE x0.10 HEAT
|[[MBT-70|MBT-70]], [[KPz-70|KPz 70]]
|-
|'''High hardness RHA'''
|x1.25 KE
|[[Pz.III_L|Pz.III L]], [[Pz.III_M|Pz.III M]] [[Leopard 2K]] [[Leopard 2A4]] [[Leopard 2A5]]
[[T-80B]] [[T-80U]] [[OF-40]] [[OF-40 Mk.2A]] [[OF-40 (MTCA)]] [[Ariete (P)]]

[[Ariete]]
|-
|'''Face hardened armour'''
|x1.05 KE
|
|-
|(Aluminium Alloy) '''AA 7039'''
|x0.47 KE
|
|-
|(Aluminium Alloy) '''AA 7017'''
|x0.80 KE
|
|-
|(Aluminium Alloy) '''ABT-101'''
|x0.53 KE
|[[Object 906]]
|-
|'''Aluminium'''
|x0.20 KE
|
|-
|'''Structural steel'''
|x0.45 KE
|
|-
|'''Concrete'''
|x0.35 KE
|
|-
|'''Armoured glass'''
|x0.28 KE
|
|-
|'''Rubber'''
|x0.05 KE
|[[Chieftain Mk 10]]
|-
|'''Textolite'''
|x0.50 KE x1.2 HEAT
|[[Т-64А_(1971)|T-64A (1971)]] [[T-64B]] [[T-80B]] [[T-80U]] [[T-55AM-1]] [[T-62M-1]]
|-
|'''NBC liner'''
|x0.05 KE
|
|-
|(Car) '''Wheels'''
|x0.30 KE
|
|-
|(Tank) '''Tracks'''
|x0.75 KE
|
|-
|(Tank) '''Barrel'''
|x1.10 KE x2.50 HE
|
|-
|(Tank) '''Suspension wheels'''
|x0.60 KE
|
|-
|'''Optics'''
|x0.4 KE
|
|-
|(Ship) '''Wood'''
|x0.08 KE
|[[Sailing_fleet_in_War_Thunder!#Proposed_Tech_Tree|Golden Hind]] (April Fool's)
|-
|(Non Explosive Reactivate Armor) '''NERA'''
|x0.575 KE x0.716 HEAT
|
|-
|}
<nowiki>*</nowiki>Armor comes as a modification that needs research

* KE: Kinetic Energy
* HEAT: High-Explosive Anti-Tank
* SPAL: Spalling

=Aircraft=
Armour on aircraft are often minimum and focused on vital sections rather than on the overall air frame. Armour are often not taken into consideration in the design as armour constitutes more material and thus a heavier aircraft which would inhibit its performance due to weight penalty.<ref name="BismarckArmour">Bismarck 2017</ref>

Armour for pilots are thus usually never beyond the usage of bullet-resistant glass on the cockpit that could provide protection against rifle calibre ammunition. Though some armour plating are present in the back on some planes like the P-47, these were only thick enough for small calibers and serve more to slow down the incoming round so that it has little energy once it punches through. Other important areas that armour could be present on aircraft is around the engine. Important design features that dictate whether an aircraft design is more durable than others was in the air frame build quality, the air frame's ability to take damage, and adequate protections around vital components such as the engine, pilot, and fuel tanks.<ref name="BismarckArmour" />

=Tank=
==History==
===Interwar period===
Armour plays a very important role on tanks as they were conceived by it. The armour on the tanks at its inception made them invulnerable to the basic small arms fire, a trait that broke the stalemate of the trench warfare in World War I. During the interwar period, tank armour was prioritized on protection against firearms and artillery shrapnel. However, experience in the Spanish Civil War showed that this concept leaves the tank vulnerable to heavier guns. This is demonstrated when Italian tankettes and German Panzer I's, armed with only machine guns and simple 13 mm armour, went up against the Soviet [[T-26|T-26]], which had a 45 mm gun on its turret. The tank arms race increased armament and armour, evident on the German [[Pz.IV C|Panzer IV]] when armour increased from the initial 14.5 mm in 1936 to 30 mm in 1938 before World War II broke out.

===Early World War II===
During World War II, tank armour played a huge part in tank design. More armour means more weight on the tank and thus must be sparingly used to the tank mobility in acceptable margins. Tank armour in this period is separated by the three tank categories, light, medium, and heavy tanks. It was in this period that tank armour went through many technological advances. One of the perfect example is the French SOMUA S35 and the Soviet [[T-34 (1940)|T-34]]. The two vehicles made extensive usage of the concept of "sloped armour", which increased the armour effective thickness due to the difference in the line-of-sight thickness (See [[Armour#Sloped_armour|"Concepts"]] section). The Germans, which mainly used vertical-faced armour on their [[Pz.III F|Panzers]], struggled to take these vehicles out due to their strong armour against their inadequate guns. While the Battle of France did not incite Germany to quickly upgrade their armour and armament due to the small quantities of these kinds of tanks, the encounter with the T-34's in Operation Barbarossa came as a great shock due to the large number of T-34's available in Soviet inventory. The Germans, in a stage informally known as a "tank panic", rushed development to complete weapons able to destroy the T-34 and uparmour their tanks to withstand the Soviet 76 mm cannons. The Soviet T-34 and American [[M4A1|M4 Shermans]] caused great headaches in the German armoured forces due to their strong, sloped front armour in 1942, but that all changed in 1943 and beyond.

===Late World War II===
The year 1943 changed everything in the balance of tank power from the Allies with their T-34 and Shermans to the Germans. Germany introduced their newest tanks in large quantities, the [[Panther D|Panther]] and the [[Tiger H1|Tiger I]] tanks. These vehicles introduced powerful cannons and a new redefinition of the term "armour" for tanks. The Tiger I came with an astounding 100 mm armour thickness in front. Though vertical-faced and thus did not have the benefit of "sloped armour", the guns on Shermans and T-34 at the time could not penetrate the front plate at standard combat ranges, forcing the Allied medium tanks to close in for a kill. The Panther had 80 mm of frontal armour, but that armour was sloped at a 55° from vertical and caused the effective armour to instead be ''140 mm'' thick. Thus, the Panther was basically invulnerable in the hull front from any anti-tank weapon in existent in Allied inventory. The Germans also started to extensively used an armour called ''Schürzen'', which is a form of "spaced armour" that provided additional protection to their tank's weak side armour. The two new tanks, plus a new one in the form of the [[Tiger II (H)|Tiger II]] with 150 mm of frontal armour sloped for effective thickness of ~230 mm, caused turmoil in the Allied armoured forces as they find a way to easily destroy the new tanks. They were never able to compete against the German's in terms of armour thickness until after World War II.

===Cold War===
By the end of World War II, sloping armour had become a ubiquitous concept and every tank designed has it from the American [[M60|M60]], British [[Centurion Mk 3|Centurion]], and Soviet [[T-54 (1951)|T-54/55]] tanks. With increasing tank armour equaling to increased weight, countries try to keep their tank weight in manageable ranges while making the armour up to date with current threats. By early 1960s, anti-tank technology such as the [[Anti-tank_guided_missiles|anti-tank guided missiles (ATGM)]] has grown to the point where it requires a large amount of steel to make the armour thick enough to resist the threat, but the amount was prohibitive and made the tank too heavy. Some nations such as Germany tried to solve this by relying on mobility at the expense of armour such as the [[Leopard I]], but it became clear a new type of armour is needed. It came in the form of "composite armour", which used steel combined with a variety of material such as plastic and ceramic that can resist penetration more effectively at a lighter weight. Composite armour soon became the new standard of tank armour throughout the world. Another armour developed in the Cold War was the "explosive reactive armour", which used an explosive to deflect a penetration property. Explosive reactive armour, or ERA, was highly effective against the ubiquitous HEATFS rounds used as anti-tank weapons. These armour technology saved the tanks from becoming obsolete during the Cold War against the new anti-tank missile threat that allows a small infantry crew to destroy a tank as far as 2000 meters away. Composite armour, ERA, and the increasing lethality of tank armament helped revolutionize the tank concept from light, medium, and heavy tanks into the new, universal "main battle tank".

==Concepts==
===Sloped armour===
[[File:T-54 Training Parola Tank Museum.jpg|x200px|thumb|right|A cut-out of a [[T-54 (1951)|T-54]] to show the effectiveness of sloping armour.]]

Sloped armour is effectively angling the armour of a tank on an angle rather than placed for a flat surface.

Slope armour presents the advantage of having a much thicker effective armour on a tanks for a lighter weight due to using a thinner armour plate. The sloped nature also increases the chance of the impacting shell to simply ricochet or deflect off, doing no effect to the armour. The disadvantage of the sloped armour was its more complicated manufacturing process and a reduction in internal space.

====Calculating sloped armour effective thickness====
A simple formula to calculate a tank's effective thickness (Line Of Sight, or LOS) due to sloping armour is with this: 

[LOS Effective Thickness vs Projectile Type] = ([Armour Thickness] × [Armor Modifier vs Projectile Type]) / cos ([Armour Angle]) 
'''Note:''' This formula does '''not''' factor in the possible horizontal '''or''' vertical angle of the target's armor plate relative to the shot's origin '''or''' deviations of the shell's angle of inclination due to bullet drop at longer ranges. We assume the target is placed on an even field and shot at from straight ahead at distance where the shell will hit the armor with 0° of bullet drop. 

For example: A '''Panther''' has an '''80 mm''' (armor thickness) front armour plate, sloped at an angle of '''55°''' (armor angle) and made out of '''RHA''' (armor modifier), being shot at by an AP projectile (armor modifier vs projectile = 1.0 vs KE). Thus, we input the values: 

(80 mm × 1.0) / cos (55°) = 80 mm / cos (55°) = 80 mm / 0.574 = 139.4 mm ≈ 140 mm (vs Kinetic AP) 

Thus, we get the value of how thick the Panther's sloped frontal armour is in a line-of-sight angle.

===Armour angling===
Outside of sloped armour, another way to improve the effective armour thickness on tanks is simply angling the armour towards the opponent. This means instead of sloping the armour in a vertical plane, instead angle sideways.

[[File:TigerIHTank Armour Angling.png|x200px|thumb|left|An example of armour angling with the [[Tiger_H1|Tiger I]], angled towards the opponent in its most optimum degree for best all-around armour.]]

This gives another form of thickness as not only does the round have to pass through a plane of armour, but two plane of the same armour, which would boost the effective thickness. This is best seen in vertical-faced armoured tanks like the [[Tiger H1|Tiger I tank]]. Though their vertical faced 100 mm front plate would only give 100 mm effectiveness, it was recommended in the ''Tigerfibel'' crew manual that a 45 degree diamond angle position would provide a front armour of nearly 130 mm of effective thickness.<ref name="Tigerfibel">Carruthers 2011</ref> This gives tank a chance to improve their effective front armour thickness especially when against enemies that would penetrate their front with little difficulty. However, beware of angling to much towards the enemy that it exposes the weaker side armour to enemy fire, which may have a chance of penetrating.

Some tanks attempt to implement this concept into the designs itself. One example is the Soviet [[IS-3]] with its "pike nose" front armour. Due to the sloping effect not only going back, but sweeping to the sides, this improves the IS-3 front armour effectiveness and ricochet chances.

===Spaced armour===
Spaced armour helps against anti-tank rounds in a form of disruption and denial. Spaced armour was first widely used by the Germans in the form of ''Schürzen'', attaching metal sheets away from the base armour of their Panzers. These metal sheets were intended to disrupt the kinetic energy of the Soviet 14.5 mm anti-tank rifles, which could penetrate the weaker side armour of their tanks. It does this by forcing much of the energy on the rifle round to be expelled on the ''Schürzen'' sheets, passing through and causing negligible damage on the base side armour. The ''Schürzen'' may also disrupt tank rounds as well, but the much greater kinetic energy of tank shells means that its disruption will be ineffective to all but the most sloped shots. Though there is a belief that the ''schürzen'' plates were meant to stop HEAT rounds from shoulder-launched weapons, the plates were not intentionally designed for this task.

Spaced armour was used in various formats in the Cold War tank designs. It was used as a form of protection against HEAT rounds from tank guns and rocket launchers, with the air separating the tank's base armour and the spaced armour acting to dissipate the HEAT's power before it reaches the hull. Spaced armour also works against kinetic penetrators by shattering the round on impact with the first layer. Though early kinetic rounds using brittle materials like tungsten were affected by this armour, better material like depleted uranium made the rounds more durable and proof against this type of armour.<ref name="MM.Spaced">M.m. 2015</ref>

===Explosive reactive armour (ERA)===
Explosie reactive armour (ERA) works by using an explosive force to disrupt an incoming armour-piercing ammunition. The construction of ERA usually takes the form of individual tiles made up of "reactive elements", which are sandwiched explosives in between sheets of metal. These tiles would be used around vulnerable points of a tank to provide protection at these locations.

Though ERA provides good protection against HEAT ammunition, high-velocity kinetic penetrators like APDS and APFSDS penetrates too quickly for the explosive force to be effective against them. This was a problem in early ERA designs, but more modern ERA types have been able to resist these ammunition. Even so, ERA still has drawbacks in that each explosive tile were one-time use against the incoming round, leaving the exposed tank metal underneath once expended. ERA also has become vulnerable to tandem-charge ammunition, which use a two-stage detonation sequence with the first charge destroying the ERA plate and the second penetrating the armour underneath the plate. Finally, the ERA plates rarely cover the entire tank sections due to contouring and moving parts, so the armour is still exposed in various degrees to be hit and penetrated.

====History====
The first efforts in discovering this form of protection reach back to 1949 in the Soviet Union at the Nii Stali facility, although nothing much came out of it after failed tests and it was discontinued on the belief that the current armour on their main battle tanks was good enough. The traction did not continue again until German researcher Dr.Manfred Held, a shaped charge (HEAT) specialist, traveled to Israel on the conclusion of their 1967 Six-Day War. Examining several of the destroyed tanks from the conflict, he discovered that the force from exploding ammunition slightly reduced the effect of the shaped charge used. He then developed the first working ERA plate in 1970. Though this was the first effective iteration of the ERA, Held's design required the explosive mesh to be fitted inside empty cavities, integrated into the tank armour. Held improved on the design in the same year which consisted of a tiles formed with the reactive elements. This model would become the fundamental design of modern ERA.<ref name="MM.Era">M.m. 2016</ref>

The majority of the NATO countries did not buy into the explosive reactive armour that Held presented. He did not find anyone interested until he returned back to Israel in 1974, after the 1973 Yom-Kippur War. There, the Israeli government and the Israeli Defense Force were persuaded, perhaps from their combat experiences, to adopt the ERA as a protection for their tanks. The Israelis then produced the ''Blazer ERA'' plates which followed Held's design with reactive elements. The Blazer ERA will first see usage in the 1982 Lebanon War, the tiles attached onto M60 tanks to protect the steel hull against anti-tank weaponry.<ref name="MM.Era" />

The Soviet Union was the next country to use ERA, under the name ''Kontakt ERA''. It was first introduced in 1984 and featured a tile design similar to Blazers, though using one or two reactive elements stacked together for better effectiveness. Like the Blazer, these plates were highly effective against HEAT rounds, but were generally ineffective against kinetic penetrators. Following the Soviets, the reactive armour was soon adopted by many other countries in the 1980s, from mainly Eastern bloc countries such as Czechoslovakia, Ukraine, and Poland. Today the ERA plates are still viable against modern anti-tank weaponry, especially when complemented with other tank defensive measures.<ref name="MM.Era" />

===Composite armour===
''To be filled''

===[[Add-on Armor|Add-on armor]]===
{{main|Add-on Armor}}

Add-on armour is a form of improvisation of the tank armour usually done by the crew or a maintenance unit in the front lines. Due to the rushed nature of tank technology in World War II, armour once considered adequate on tanks can quickly become obsolete with the introduction of a new gun piece in the field or a new equipment, such as the [[KwK 36 (88 mm)]] on the [[Tiger H1|Tiger I]] and the ''Panzerfaust'' anti-tank launcher, both could cut through Sherman and T-34 armour with little resistance. The declining armour effectiveness against these weapons prompted the tank crews to attempt an expedient method to improve the armour quality of their tanks. Troops went and attached logs, sand bags, tracks, concrete, and metal sheets onto their tanks to improve its effective thickness. The usefulness against anti-tank rounds from tank shells and HEAT rounds are controversial. Some tankers swear by it and claim they were saved by their improvised armour while analysts say that the add-on armour has no effect at all in interfering with incoming rounds. What was universally accepted was that these add-on armour helped improve the tank crew morale when fighting the enemy, renewed in confidence with their "improved" tank armour. However, add-on armour increases the weight of the tank due to the add-on of materials and thus can cause a strain on the power train and suspension of tanks, prompting some commanders like General George S. Patton to ban the usage of improvised armour to improve tank reliability. The most useful add-on armour was the welding of additional sheets of metal onto the tank, as seen in the well-received reception of the up-armoured M4 Sherman in the form of the [[M4A3E2|"Jumbos"]].

From Update 1.57, a modification known as the ''Add-on Armour'' was added onto certain vehicles. The modification adds spare track links along the hull and turret of the vehicle. The track links, when added, give an average of 17 - 20 mm of additional armour where they are attached.

=Additional links=

==References==
<references />

==Sources==

* Bismarck. "⚜ | Yes, World War 2 Planes Had Armour BUT..." YouTube. YouTube, 17 Aug. 2017. Web. 26 Sept. 2017. [https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=-v5aMayFrRE Video].
* Carruthers, Bob. Tiger I: Official Wartime Crew Manual (the Tigerfibel). Warwickshire: Coda, 2011. Print.
* M.m. "Explosive Reactive Armor - Some History, Some Types." Below The Turret Ring. Blogger, 28 Apr. 2016. Web. 25 Sept. 2017. [https://below-the-turret-ring.blogspot.com/2016/04/explosive-reactive-armor-some-history.html Website].
* M.m. "The Truth about Spaced Armor on Modern Tanks and AFVs." Below The Turret Ring. Blogger, 31 Dec. 2015. Web. 26 Sept. 2017. [https://below-the-turret-ring.blogspot.com/2015/12/the-truth-about-spaced-armor-on-modern.html Website].

[[Category:Game mechanics]]

Armour

2019-02-17T22:31:04Z

U79922989: /* Armour */

=Armour=
'''Armour''' is the basic defense an entity has against threats. Armour can be found in both air and ground vehicles in War Thunder and plays a very important role to the vehicle's survivability.

==Types of armour in-game==
{| class="wikitable"
! Material or Component
! Armor Modifier
! Noteworthy Users
|-
|(Rolled Homogeneous Armour) '''RHA'''
|x1.00 KE
|
|-
|'''Modern RHA'''
|x1.01 KE
|[[MBT-70]], [[KPz-70|KPz 70]], [[T-64A (1971)]]
|-
|(Cast Homogeneous Armour) '''CHA'''
|x0.94 KE
|
|-
|'''Modern CHA'''
|x0.98 KE
|[[MBT-70|MBT-70]], [[KPz-70|KPz 70]], [[Т-64А_(1971)|T-64A (1971)]], [[Chieftain Mk 10]]
|-
|(Explosive Reactive Armor) '''ERA'''
|x0.10 KE x3.50 SPAL
|[[M60A1 RISE (P)]]
|-
|'''Spaced Armour''' (Air)
|x0.05 KE x0.10 HEAT
|[[MBT-70|MBT-70]], [[KPz-70|KPz 70]]
|-
|'''High hardness RHA'''
|x1.25 KE
|[[Pz.III_L|Pz.III L]], [[Pz.III_M|Pz.III M]]
|-
|'''Face hardened armour'''
|x1.05 KE
|
|-
|(Aluminium Alloy) '''AA 7039'''
|x0.47 KE
|
|-
|(Aluminium Alloy) '''AA 7017'''
|x0.80 KE
|
|-
|(Aluminium Alloy) '''ABT-101'''
|x0.53 KE
|[[Object 906]]
|-
|'''Aluminium'''
|x0.20 KE
|
|-
|'''Structural steel'''
|x0.45 KE
|
|-
|'''Concrete'''
|x0.35 KE
|
|-
|'''Armoured glass'''
|x0.28 KE
|
|-
|'''Rubber'''
|x0.05 KE
|
|-
|'''Textolite'''
|x0.16 KE x0.55 HEAT
|[[Т-64А_(1971)|T-64A (1971)]]
|-
|'''NBC liner'''
|x0.05 KE
|
|-
|(Car) '''Wheels'''
|x0.30 KE
|
|-
|(Tank) '''Tracks'''
|x0.75 KE
|
|-
|(Tank) '''Barrel'''
|x1.10 KE x2.50 HE
|
|-
|(Tank) '''Suspension wheels'''
|x0.60 KE
|
|-
|'''Optics'''
|x0.4 KE
|
|-
|(Ship) '''Wood'''
|x0.08 KE
|[[Sailing_fleet_in_War_Thunder!#Proposed_Tech_Tree|Golden Hind]] (April Fool's)
|-
|(Non Explosive Reactivate Armor) '''NERA'''
|x0.575 KE x0.716 HEAT
|
|-
|}

* KE: Kinetic Energy
* HEAT: High-Explosive Anti-Tank
* SPAL: Spalling

=Aircraft=
Armour on aircraft are often minimum and focused on vital sections rather than on the overall air frame. Armour are often not taken into consideration in the design as armour constitutes more material and thus a heavier aircraft which would inhibit its performance due to weight penalty.<ref name="BismarckArmour">Bismarck 2017</ref>

Armour for pilots are thus usually never beyond the usage of bullet-resistant glass on the cockpit that could provide protection against rifle calibre ammunition. Though some armour plating are present in the back on some planes like the P-47, these were only thick enough for small calibers and serve more to slow down the incoming round so that it has little energy once it punches through. Other important areas that armour could be present on aircraft is around the engine. Important design features that dictate whether an aircraft design is more durable than others was in the air frame build quality, the air frame's ability to take damage, and adequate protections around vital components such as the engine, pilot, and fuel tanks.<ref name="BismarckArmour"/>

=Tank=
==History==
===Interwar period===
Armour plays a very important role on tanks as they were conceived by it. The armour on the tanks at its inception made them invulnerable to the basic small arms fire, a trait that broke the stalemate of the trench warfare in World War I. During the interwar period, tank armour was prioritized on protection against firearms and artillery shrapnel. However, experience in the Spanish Civil War showed that this concept leaves the tank vulnerable to heavier guns. This is demonstrated when Italian tankettes and German Panzer I's, armed with only machine guns and simple 13 mm armour, went up against the Soviet [[T-26|T-26]], which had a 45 mm gun on its turret. The tank arms race increased armament and armour, evident on the German [[Pz.IV C|Panzer IV]] when armour increased from the initial 14.5 mm in 1936 to 30 mm in 1938 before World War II broke out.

===Early World War II===
During World War II, tank armour played a huge part in tank design. More armour means more weight on the tank and thus must be sparingly used to the tank mobility in acceptable margins. Tank armour in this period is separated by the three tank categories, light, medium, and heavy tanks. It was in this period that tank armour went through many technological advances. One of the perfect example is the French SOMUA S35 and the Soviet [[T-34 (1940)|T-34]]. The two vehicles made extensive usage of the concept of "sloped armour", which increased the armour effective thickness due to the difference in the line-of-sight thickness (See [[Armour#Sloped_armour|"Concepts"]] section). The Germans, which mainly used vertical-faced armour on their [[Pz.III F|Panzers]], struggled to take these vehicles out due to their strong armour against their inadequate guns. While the Battle of France did not incite Germany to quickly upgrade their armour and armament due to the small quantities of these kinds of tanks, the encounter with the T-34's in Operation Barbarossa came as a great shock due to the large number of T-34's available in Soviet inventory. The Germans, in a stage informally known as a "tank panic", rushed development to complete weapons able to destroy the T-34 and uparmour their tanks to withstand the Soviet 76 mm cannons. The Soviet T-34 and American [[M4A1|M4 Shermans]] caused great headaches in the German armoured forces due to their strong, sloped front armour in 1942, but that all changed in 1943 and beyond.

===Late World War II===
The year 1943 changed everything in the balance of tank power from the Allies with their T-34 and Shermans to the Germans. Germany introduced their newest tanks in large quantities, the [[Panther D|Panther]] and the [[Tiger H1|Tiger I]] tanks. These vehicles introduced powerful cannons and a new redefinition of the term "armour" for tanks. The Tiger I came with an astounding 100 mm armour thickness in front. Though vertical-faced and thus did not have the benefit of "sloped armour", the guns on Shermans and T-34 at the time could not penetrate the front plate at standard combat ranges, forcing the Allied medium tanks to close in for a kill. The Panther had 80 mm of frontal armour, but that armour was sloped at a 55° from vertical and caused the effective armour to instead be ''140 mm'' thick. Thus, the Panther was basically invulnerable in the hull front from any anti-tank weapon in existent in Allied inventory. The Germans also started to extensively used an armour called ''Schürzen'', which is a form of "spaced armour" that provided additional protection to their tank's weak side armour. The two new tanks, plus a new one in the form of the [[Tiger II (H)|Tiger II]] with 150 mm of frontal armour sloped for effective thickness of ~230 mm, caused turmoil in the Allied armoured forces as they find a way to easily destroy the new tanks. They were never able to compete against the German's in terms of armour thickness until after World War II.

===Cold War===
By the end of World War II, sloping armour had become a ubiquitous concept and every tank designed has it from the American [[M60|M60]], British [[Centurion Mk 3|Centurion]], and Soviet [[T-54 (1951)|T-54/55]] tanks. With increasing tank armour equaling to increased weight, countries try to keep their tank weight in manageable ranges while making the armour up to date with current threats. By early 1960s, anti-tank technology such as the [[Anti-tank_guided_missiles|anti-tank guided missiles (ATGM)]] has grown to the point where it requires a large amount of steel to make the armour thick enough to resist the threat, but the amount was prohibitive and made the tank too heavy. Some nations such as Germany tried to solve this by relying on mobility at the expense of armour such as the [[Leopard I]], but it became clear a new type of armour is needed. It came in the form of "composite armour", which used steel combined with a variety of material such as plastic and ceramic that can resist penetration more effectively at a lighter weight. Composite armour soon became the new standard of tank armour throughout the world. Another armour developed in the Cold War was the "explosive reactive armour", which used an explosive to deflect a penetration property. Explosive reactive armour, or ERA, was highly effective against the ubiquitous HEATFS rounds used as anti-tank weapons. These armour technology saved the tanks from becoming obsolete during the Cold War against the new anti-tank missile threat that allows a small infantry crew to destroy a tank as far as 2000 meters away. Composite armour, ERA, and the increasing lethality of tank armament helped revolutionize the tank concept from light, medium, and heavy tanks into the new, universal "main battle tank".

==Concepts==
===Sloped armour===
[[File:T-54 Training Parola Tank Museum.jpg|x200px|thumb|right|A cut-out of a [[T-54 (1951)|T-54]] to show the effectiveness of sloping armour.]]

Sloped armour is effectively angling the armour of a tank on an angle rather than placed for a flat surface.

Slope armour presents the advantage of having a much thicker effective armour on a tanks for a lighter weight due to using a thinner armour plate. The sloped nature also increases the chance of the impacting shell to simply ricochet or deflect off, doing no effect to the armour. The disadvantage of the sloped armour was its more complicated manufacturing process and a reduction in internal space.

====Calculating sloped armour effective thickness====
A simple formula to calculate a tank's effective thickness (Line Of Sight, or LOS) due to sloping armour is with this: 

[LOS Effective Thickness vs Projectile Type] = ([Armour Thickness] × [Armor Modifier vs Projectile Type]) / cos ([Armour Angle]) 
'''Note:''' This formula does '''not''' factor in the possible horizontal '''or''' vertical angle of the target's armor plate relative to the shot's origin '''or''' deviations of the shell's angle of inclination due to bullet drop at longer ranges. We assume the target is placed on an even field and shot at from straight ahead at distance where the shell will hit the armor with 0° of bullet drop. 

For example: A '''Panther''' has an '''80 mm''' (armor thickness) front armour plate, sloped at an angle of '''55°''' (armor angle) and made out of '''RHA''' (armor modifier), being shot at by an AP projectile (armor modifier vs projectile = 1.0 vs KE). Thus, we input the values: 

(80 mm × 1.0) / cos (55°) = 80 mm / cos (55°) = 80 mm / 0.574 = 139.4 mm ≈ 140 mm (vs Kinetic AP) 

Thus, we get the value of how thick the Panther's sloped frontal armour is in a line-of-sight angle.

===Armour angling===
Outside of sloped armour, another way to improve the effective armour thickness on tanks is simply angling the armour towards the opponent. This means instead of sloping the armour in a vertical plane, instead angle sideways.

[[File:TigerIHTank Armour Angling.png|x200px|thumb|left|An example of armour angling with the [[Tiger_H1|Tiger I]], angled towards the opponent in its most optimum degree for best all-around armour.]]

This gives another form of thickness as not only does the round have to pass through a plane of armour, but two plane of the same armour, which would boost the effective thickness. This is best seen in vertical-faced armoured tanks like the [[Tiger H1|Tiger I tank]]. Though their vertical faced 100 mm front plate would only give 100 mm effectiveness, it was recommended in the ''Tigerfibel'' crew manual that a 45 degree diamond angle position would provide a front armour of nearly 130 mm of effective thickness.<ref name="Tigerfibel">Carruthers 2011</ref> This gives tank a chance to improve their effective front armour thickness especially when against enemies that would penetrate their front with little difficulty. However, beware of angling to much towards the enemy that it exposes the weaker side armour to enemy fire, which may have a chance of penetrating.

Some tanks attempt to implement this concept into the designs itself. One example is the Soviet [[IS-3]] with its "pike nose" front armour. Due to the sloping effect not only going back, but sweeping to the sides, this improves the IS-3 front armour effectiveness and ricochet chances.

===Spaced armour===
Spaced armour helps against anti-tank rounds in a form of disruption and denial. Spaced armour was first widely used by the Germans in the form of ''Schürzen'', attaching metal sheets away from the base armour of their Panzers. These metal sheets were intended to disrupt the kinetic energy of the Soviet 14.5 mm anti-tank rifles, which could penetrate the weaker side armour of their tanks. It does this by forcing much of the energy on the rifle round to be expelled on the ''Schürzen'' sheets, passing through and causing negligible damage on the base side armour. The ''Schürzen'' may also disrupt tank rounds as well, but the much greater kinetic energy of tank shells means that its disruption will be ineffective to all but the most sloped shots. Though there is a belief that the ''schürzen'' plates were meant to stop HEAT rounds from shoulder-launched weapons, the plates were not intentionally designed for this task.

Spaced armour was used in various formats in the Cold War tank designs. It was used as a form of protection against HEAT rounds from tank guns and rocket launchers, with the air separating the tank's base armour and the spaced armour acting to dissipate the HEAT's power before it reaches the hull. Spaced armour also works against kinetic penetrators by shattering the round on impact with the first layer. Though early kinetic rounds using brittle materials like tungsten were affected by this armour, better material like depleted uranium made the rounds more durable and proof against this type of armour.<ref name="MM.Spaced">M.m. 2015</ref>

===Explosive reactive armour (ERA)===
Explosie reactive armour (ERA) works by using an explosive force to disrupt an incoming armour-piercing ammunition. The construction of ERA usually takes the form of individual tiles made up of "reactive elements", which are sandwiched explosives in between sheets of metal. These tiles would be used around vulnerable points of a tank to provide protection at these locations.

Though ERA provides good protection against HEAT ammunition, high-velocity kinetic penetrators like APDS and APFSDS penetrates too quickly for the explosive force to be effective against them. This was a problem in early ERA designs, but more modern ERA types have been able to resist these ammunition. Even so, ERA still has drawbacks in that each explosive tile were one-time use against the incoming round, leaving the exposed tank metal underneath once expended. ERA also has become vulnerable to tandem-charge ammunition, which use a two-stage detonation sequence with the first charge destroying the ERA plate and the second penetrating the armour underneath the plate. Finally, the ERA plates rarely cover the entire tank sections due to contouring and moving parts, so the armour is still exposed in various degrees to be hit and penetrated.

====History====
The first efforts in discovering this form of protection reach back to 1949 in the Soviet Union at the Nii Stali facility, although nothing much came out of it after failed tests and it was discontinued on the belief that the current armour on their main battle tanks was good enough. The traction did not continue again until German researcher Dr.Manfred Held, a shaped charge (HEAT) specialist, traveled to Israel on the conclusion of their 1967 Six-Day War. Examining several of the destroyed tanks from the conflict, he discovered that the force from exploding ammunition slightly reduced the effect of the shaped charge used. He then developed the first working ERA plate in 1970. Though this was the first effective iteration of the ERA, Held's design required the explosive mesh to be fitted inside empty cavities, integrated into the tank armour. Held improved on the design in the same year which consisted of a tiles formed with the reactive elements. This model would become the fundamental design of modern ERA.<ref name="MM.Era">M.m. 2016</ref>

The majority of the NATO countries did not buy into the explosive reactive armour that Held presented. He did not find anyone interested until he returned back to Israel in 1974, after the 1973 Yom-Kippur War. There, the Israeli government and the Israeli Defense Force were persuaded, perhaps from their combat experiences, to adopt the ERA as a protection for their tanks. The Israelis then produced the ''Blazer ERA'' plates which followed Held's design with reactive elements. The Blazer ERA will first see usage in the 1982 Lebanon War, the tiles attached onto M60 tanks to protect the steel hull against anti-tank weaponry.<ref name="MM.Era"/>

The Soviet Union was the next country to use ERA, under the name ''Kontakt ERA''. It was first introduced in 1984 and featured a tile design similar to Blazers, though using one or two reactive elements stacked together for better effectiveness. Like the Blazer, these plates were highly effective against HEAT rounds, but were generally ineffective against kinetic penetrators. Following the Soviets, the reactive armour was soon adopted by many other countries in the 1980s, from mainly Eastern bloc countries such as Czechoslovakia, Ukraine, and Poland. Today the ERA plates are still viable against modern anti-tank weaponry, especially when complemented with other tank defensive measures.<ref name="MM.Era"/>

===Composite armour===
''To be filled''

===[[Add-on Armor|Add-on armor]]===
{{main|Add-on Armor}}

Add-on armour is a form of improvisation of the tank armour usually done by the crew or a maintenance unit in the front lines. Due to the rushed nature of tank technology in World War II, armour once considered adequate on tanks can quickly become obsolete with the introduction of a new gun piece in the field or a new equipment, such as the [[KwK 36 (88 mm)]] on the [[Tiger H1|Tiger I]] and the ''Panzerfaust'' anti-tank launcher, both could cut through Sherman and T-34 armour with little resistance. The declining armour effectiveness against these weapons prompted the tank crews to attempt an expedient method to improve the armour quality of their tanks. Troops went and attached logs, sand bags, tracks, concrete, and metal sheets onto their tanks to improve its effective thickness. The usefulness against anti-tank rounds from tank shells and HEAT rounds are controversial. Some tankers swear by it and claim they were saved by their improvised armour while analysts say that the add-on armour has no effect at all in interfering with incoming rounds. What was universally accepted was that these add-on armour helped improve the tank crew morale when fighting the enemy, renewed in confidence with their "improved" tank armour. However, add-on armour increases the weight of the tank due to the add-on of materials and thus can cause a strain on the power train and suspension of tanks, prompting some commanders like General George S. Patton to ban the usage of improvised armour to improve tank reliability. The most useful add-on armour was the welding of additional sheets of metal onto the tank, as seen in the well-received reception of the up-armoured M4 Sherman in the form of the [[M4A3E2|"Jumbos"]].

From Update 1.57, a modification known as the ''Add-on Armour'' was added onto certain vehicles. The modification adds spare track links along the hull and turret of the vehicle. The track links, when added, give an average of 17 - 20 mm of additional armour where they are attached.

=Additional links=

==References==
<references />

==Sources==
* Bismarck. "⚜ | Yes, World War 2 Planes Had Armour BUT..." YouTube. YouTube, 17 Aug. 2017. Web. 26 Sept. 2017. [https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=-v5aMayFrRE Video].
* Carruthers, Bob. Tiger I: Official Wartime Crew Manual (the Tigerfibel). Warwickshire: Coda, 2011. Print.
* M.m. "Explosive Reactive Armor - Some History, Some Types." Below The Turret Ring. Blogger, 28 Apr. 2016. Web. 25 Sept. 2017. [https://below-the-turret-ring.blogspot.com/2016/04/explosive-reactive-armor-some-history.html Website].
* M.m. "The Truth about Spaced Armor on Modern Tanks and AFVs." Below The Turret Ring. Blogger, 31 Dec. 2015. Web. 26 Sept. 2017. [https://below-the-turret-ring.blogspot.com/2015/12/the-truth-about-spaced-armor-on-modern.html Website].

[[Category:Game mechanics]]

BMP-1

2019-02-16T01:07:34Z

U79922989: /* Ammunition */

{{Specs-Card|code=ussr_bmp_1}}

== Description ==

[[File:GarageImage_{{PAGENAME}}.jpg|420px|thumb|left]]
{{Break}}
The '''{{Specs|name}}''' is a Rank {{Specs|rank}} Russian light tank {{Battle-rating|1}}. This vehicle was introduced in [[Update 1.71 "New E.R.A."]].

Shoot and scoot. Alone, exposed BMP-1 is a dead one. Use your mobility to find reasonable sniping spots (for your ATGM) and only use your cannon if an enemy is close and unaware of your presence. Remember that if ANYTHING sees you, it can kill you, even a .50 cal from an American tank can devastate you.

== General info ==
=== Survivability and armour ===


=== [[Armour]] ===
{| class="wikitable"
|-
! Armour !! Front (Slope angle) !! Sides !! Rear !! Roof
|-
| Hull || 7-12 mm (80°) ''Front glacis'' 19 mm (56°) ''Lower glacis'' || 16 mm (3-18°) ''Top'' 18 + 4 mm ''Bottom'' || 16 mm (12°) ''Top'' 12 mm (48°) ''Bottom'' 12 mm (8-51°) ''Doors'' || 6 mm 5 mm ''Engine exhausts''
|-
| Turret || 23 mm (0-53°) ''Turret front'' 33 + 26 mm ''Gun mantlet'' || 13-23 mm (24-37°) || 13 mm (23-26°) || 6 mm
|-
! Armour !! Sides !! Roof
|-
| Cupola || 7 mm || 7 mm
|-
|}
'''Notes:'''
* Suspension wheels and tracks are 10 mm thick.
* Belly armour is 6 mm thick.

=== Mobility ===

{| class="wikitable" style="text-align:center"
|-
!colspan="3" | Mobility characteristic
|-
! Weight (tons)
!colspan="1" | Add-on Armour weight (tons)
!colspan="1" | Max speed (km/h)
|-
|rowspan="2" | 13.0 || colspan="1" rowspan="2" | N/A || colspan="1" | 65 (AB)
|-
|72 (RB/SB)
|-
!colspan="3" | Engine power (horsepower)
|-
!colspan="1" | Mode
!Stock
!Upgraded
|-
|''Arcade''
|465
|572
|-
|''Realistic/Simulator''
|265
|300
|-
!colspan="3" | Power-to-weight ratio (hp/ton)
|-
!colspan="1" | Mode
!Stock
!Upgraded
|-
|''Arcade''
|35.77
|44.00
|-
|''Realistic/Simulator''
|20.38
|23.07
|-
|}

== Armaments ==
=== Main armament ===

{{main|2A28 (73 mm)}}

{| class="wikitable" style="text-align:center"
|-
! colspan="6" | 73 mm 2A28 Cannon
|-
! colspan="2" rowspan="1" style="width:5em" |Capacity
! rowspan="1" | Fire rate (shots/minute)
! rowspan="1" | Vertical guidance
! rowspan="1" | Horizontal guidance
! rowspan="1" | Stabilizer
|-
| colspan="2" | 40 || 7 || N/A || N/A || ?
|-
! colspan="6" | Turret rotation speed (°/s)
|-
! style="width:4em" |Mode
! style="width:4em" |Stock
! style="width:4em" |Upgraded
! style="width:4em" |Prior + Full crew
! style="width:4em" |Prior + Expert qualif.
! style="width:4em" |Prior + Ace qualif.
|-
| ''Arcade'' || 11.9 ||N/A|| __.__ || __.__ || __.__
|-
| ''Realistic'' || 11.9 ||N/A|| __.__ || __.__ || __.__
|-
! colspan="4" | Reloading rate (seconds)
|-
! colspan="1" style="width:4em" |Stock
! colspan="1" style="width:4em" |Prior + Full crew
! colspan="1" style="width:4em" |Prior + Expert qualif.
! colspan="1" style="width:4em" |Prior + Ace qualif.
|-
| 7.8 || __.__ || __.__ || __.__
|-
|}

===== Ammunition =====
{| class="wikitable sortable" style="text-align:center" width="100%"
! colspan="8" | Penetration statistics
|-
! rowspan="2" data-sort-type="text" | Ammunition
! rowspan="2" class="unsortable" | Type of warhead
! colspan="6" | '''Penetration''' '''''in mm''''' '''@ 90°'''
|-
! 10 m
! 100 m
! 500 m
! 1,000 m
! 1,500 m
! 2,000 m
|-
| PG-9 || HEAT || 300 || 300 || 300 || 300 || 300 || 300
|-
| OG-9 || HE || 10 || 10|| 10|| 10|| 10 || 10
|-
|}
{| class="wikitable sortable" style="text-align:center" width="100%"
! colspan="12" | Shell details
|-
! rowspan="2" data-sort-type="text" | Ammunition
! rowspan="2" class="unsortable" | Type of warhead
! rowspan="2" |Maximum Velocity in m/s
! rowspan="2" |Projectile Mass in kg
! rowspan="2" | Range (m)
! rowspan="2" | ''Fuse delay''
''in m:''
! rowspan="2" | ''Fuse sensitivity''
''in mm:''
! rowspan="2" | ''Explosive Mass in g (TNT equivalent):''
! rowspan="2" | ''Normalization At 30° from horizontal:''
! colspan="3" | ''Ricochet:''
|-
! 0%
! 50%
! 100%
|-
| PG-6 || HEAT || 665 || 2.6 || ?,000 || 0.0 || 0.0 || 1,250 || +0° || 25° || 18° || 15°
|-
| OG-9 || HE || 290 || 3.7 || ?.000 || 0.05 || 0.1 || 735 || +0° || 11° || 10° || 9°
|-
|}

===== [[Ammo racks|Ammo racks]] =====
{| class="wikitable sortable" style="text-align:center"
|-
! class="wikitable unsortable" |Full ammo
! class="wikitable unsortable" |1st rack empty
! class="wikitable unsortable" |2nd rack empty
! class="wikitable unsortable" |3rd rack empty
! class="wikitable unsortable" |4th rack empty
! class="wikitable unsortable" |5th rack empty
! class="wikitable unsortable" |6th rack empty
! class="wikitable unsortable" |Visual discrepancy
|-
|| '''40''' || XX ''(X+)'' ||  ''(+)'' ||  ''(+)'' ||  ''(+)'' ||  ''(+)'' ||  ''(+)'' || style="text-align:left" | no
|-
|}

=== Additional armament ===


4 x 9M14 ATGM
*Guidance type: MCLOS
*Firing range: 3 km
4 x 9M113 ATGM (BMP-1P)
*Guidance type: SACLOS
*Firing range: 3 km

===== Ammunition =====
{| class="wikitable sortable" style="text-align:center" width="100%"
! colspan="8" | Penetration statistics
|-
! rowspan="2" data-sort-type="text" | Ammunition
! rowspan="2" class="unsortable" | Type of warhead
! colspan="6" | '''Penetration''' '''''in mm''''' '''@ 90°'''
|-
! 10 m
! 100 m
! 500 m
! 1,000 m
! 1,500 m
! 2,000 m
|-
| 9M14 || AGTM || 400 || 400 || 400 || 400 || 400 || 400
|-
| 9M113 || AGTM || 600 || 600|| 600|| 600|| 600 || 600
|-
|}
{| class="wikitable sortable" style="text-align:center" width="100%"
! colspan="12" | Shell details
|-
! rowspan="2" data-sort-type="text" | Ammunition
! rowspan="2" class="unsortable" | Type of warhead
! rowspan="2" |Maximum Velocity in m/s
! rowspan="2" |Projectile Mass in kg
! rowspan="2" | Range (m)
! rowspan="2" | ''Fuse delay''
''in m:''
! rowspan="2" | ''Fuse sensitivity''
''in mm:''
! rowspan="2" | ''Explosive Mass in g (TNT equivalent):''
! rowspan="2" | ''Normalization At 30° from horizontal:''
! colspan="3" | ''Ricochet:''
|-
! 0%
! 50%
! 100%
|-
| 9M14 || AGTM || 120 || 11 || ?,000 || 0.0 || 0.1 || 3,410 || +0° || 0° || 8° || 8°
|-
| 9M113 || AGTM || 205 || 25 || ?.000 || 0.0 || 0.1 || 4,860 || +0° || 0° || 8° || 8°
|-
|}

===== [[Ammo racks|Ammo racks]] =====
{| class="wikitable sortable" style="text-align:center"
|-
! class="wikitable unsortable" |Full ammo
! class="wikitable unsortable" |1st rack empty
! class="wikitable unsortable" |2nd rack empty
! class="wikitable unsortable" |3rd rack empty
! class="wikitable unsortable" |4th rack empty
! class="wikitable unsortable" |5th rack empty
! class="wikitable unsortable" |6th rack empty
! class="wikitable unsortable" |Visual discrepancy
|-
|| '''4''' || XX ''(X+)'' ||  ''(+)'' ||  ''(+)'' ||  ''(+)'' ||  ''(+)'' ||  ''(+)'' || style="text-align:left" | no
|-
|}

=== Machine guns ===

{{main|PKT (7.62 mm)}}

The {{PAGENAME}} comes equipped with a coaxial 7.62 mm PKT machine gun.

{| class="wikitable" style="text-align:center"
|-
! colspan="7" | PKT 7.62
|-
! colspan="7" | ''Coaxial''
|-
! colspan="4" rowspan="1" style="width:5em" |Capacity (Belt capacity)
! rowspan="1" | Fire rate (shots/minute)
! rowspan="1" | Vertical guidance
! rowspan="1" | Horizontal guidance
|-
| colspan="4" | ?,?00 (?00) || ??? || -?°/+??° || ±??°
|-
|}

== Usage in the battles ==

The most distinctive features of the BMP-1 is its shape, cannon and ATGM system. The BMP-1 is just a giant box (barn) and is relatively easy to hit, even from long distances. This vehicle utilises a small crew of three (no commander), but is very spacious, so shots from the side are likely only to damage or destroy one module at a time. However, with only 23 mm AT MOST protecting the tank, you can bet hull breaks will be plentiful, especially when facing enemies equipped with APFSDS. Unlike most vehicles, the BMP-1 is equipped with a short-barreled 73 mm gun (an odd calibre) firing exclusively anti-tank grenades. While the drop is extreme (though not worse than a German howitzer) it can be used to great effect at lower (or similar) tiers due to the penetration at any distance is 300 mm. The standard PG-9 ammunition has an explosive mass of about 1.25 kg. The trade-off, in this case, is the low velocity and relatively poor slope characteristics (the penetration drop in half if more than 60 degrees of slope). Finally, as standard, the BMP-1 is equipped with the 9M14 ATGM, capable of penetrating 400mm and carrying an explosive mass of 2.6 kg. It is WASD guided, and therefore somewhat tricky to use at first (and ''especially'' difficult to use in high packet-loss or high ping matches). An optional modification for the BMP-1 allows it to use turret-mounted smoke grenades as well as a next-generation missile, the 9M113. The BMP-1 (as of 1.77.2.149) is the earliest vehicle in-game to be able to use a SACLOS (mouse-guided) system for an ATGM. Not only is the missile nearly twice as fast as the 9M14, but it carries a slightly larger explosive payload, and can penetrate up to 600 mm at 90 degrees, at any range.

=== Pros and cons ===


'''Pros:'''
* Very mobile, useful in higher rank engagements where armour doesn't matter
* One of the earliest ATGM vehicle available in-game and the earliest to have access to mouse-guided (SACLOS) missiles at 7.3
* Devastating HEAT round, with 300 mm of penetration at any distance
* Amphibious
* Thin armour doesn't detonate most fuses of armour piercing ammunition
* Functional in both up-tiers and down-tiers
* Can face 6.3 vehicles often
* Reasonably fast turret traverse
* The BMP-1P's next generation SACLOS (Mouse-Guided) ATGM can be used to great effect in CQB when firing a missile following a shot from the main cannon
* None of the ammo types (even ATGM) costs SL to replenish, very economical

'''Cons:'''
* Slower reverse speed than most tanks of Rank V
* SACLOS missiles have to be unlocked, and hinder performance and add a significant repair cost
* Virtually no armour, can be easily hull-broken
* No kinetic shell
* All ammo types have a high sensitive fuse, they cannot be shot through even the most flimsy wooden fence
* Enemy tanks will more than likely have HEAT-FS or HESH ammo, with one hit easily able to hull-break BMP-1
* Large, boxy silhouette, making sniping a BMP-1 relatively easy
* Very little gun depression
* Without stabiliser, it is rather difficult to shoot accurately in the water
* Only three crew members
* Two of the three crew sit behind each other, high potential to be knocked out simultaneously
* It is possible to kill crew with HMG fire, especially from the sides and top
* VERY vulnerable to aerial machinegun fire and rockets
* Anti-air can demolish a BMP-1
* Bomb shrapnel and artillery can easily penetrate

== History ==
''Describe the history of the creation and combat usage of the ground vehicle in more detail than in the introduction. If the historical reference turns out to be too big, take it to a separate article, taking a link to an article about the vehicle and adding a block "/historical reference" (example: https://wiki.warthunder.com/Name-vehicles/historical reference) and add a link to it here using the <code>main</code> template. Be sure to include links to sources at the end of the article.''

== Media ==
''An excellent addition to the article will be video guides, as well as screenshots from the game and photos.''

== Read also ==

* [https://warthunder.com/en/news/4909-development-bmp-1-master-of-adaptation-en [Devblog<nowiki>]</nowiki> BMP-1 - “Master of Adaptation”] 

== Sources ==
''Paste links to sources and external resources, such as:''
* ''topic on the official game forum;''
* ''other literature.''

{{USSR light tanks}}

[[Category:ATGM vehicles]]

Armour

2019-02-16T00:35:08Z

U79922989: /* Types of armour in-game */

=Armour=
'''Armour''' is the basic defense an entity has against threats. Armour can be found in both air and ground vehicles in War Thunder and plays a very important role to the vehicle's survivability.

==Types of armour in-game==
{| class="wikitable"
! Material or Component
! Armor Modifier
! Noteworthy Users
|-
|(Rolled Homogeneous Armour) '''RHA'''
|x1.00 KE
|
|-
|'''Modern RHA'''
|x1.01 KE
|[[MBT-70]], [[KPz-70|KPz 70]], [[T-64A (1971)]]
|-
|(Cast Homogeneous Armour) '''CHA'''
|x0.94 KE
|
|-
|'''Modern CHA'''
|x0.98 KE
|[[MBT-70|MBT-70]], [[KPz-70|KPz 70]], [[Т-64А_(1971)|T-64A (1971)]], [[Chieftain Mk 10]]
|-
|(Explosive Reactive Armor) '''ERA'''
|x0.10 KE x3.50 SPAL
|[[M60A1 RISE (P)]]
|-
|'''Spaced Armour''' (Air)
|x0.05 KE x0.10 HEAT
|[[MBT-70|MBT-70]], [[KPz-70|KPz 70]]
|-
|'''High hardness RHA'''
|x1.25 KE
|[[Pz.III_L|Pz.III L]], [[Pz.III_M|Pz.III M]]
|-
|'''Face hardened armour'''
|x1.05 KE
|
|-
|(Aluminium Alloy) '''AA 7039'''
|x0.47 KE
|
|-
|(Aluminium Alloy) '''AA 7017'''
|x0.80 KE
|
|-
|(Aluminium Alloy) '''ABT-101'''
|x0.53 KE
|[[Object 906]]
|-
|'''Aluminium'''
|x0.20 KE
|
|-
|'''Structural steel'''
|x0.45 KE
|
|-
|'''Concrete'''
|x0.35 KE
|
|-
|'''Armoured glass'''
|x0.28 KE
|
|-
|'''Rubber'''
|x0.05 KE
|
|-
|'''Textolite'''
|x0.16 KE x0.55 HEAT
|[[Т-64А_(1971)|T-64A (1971)]]
|-
|'''NBC liner'''
|x0.05 KE
|
|-
|(Car) '''Wheels'''
|x0.30 KE
|
|-
|(Tank) '''Tracks'''
|x0.75 KE
|
|-
|(Tank) '''Barrel'''
|x1.10 KE x2.50 HE
|
|-
|(Tank) '''Suspension wheels'''
|x0.60 KE
|
|-
|'''Optics'''
|x0.4 KE
|
|-
|(Ship) '''Wood'''
|x0.08 KE
|[[Sailing_fleet_in_War_Thunder!#Proposed_Tech_Tree|Golden Hind]] (April Fool's)
|
|(Non Explosive Reactivate Armor) '''NERA'''
|x0.6 KE x0.716... HEAT

* KE: Kinetic Energy
* HEAT: High-Explosive Anti-Tank
* SPAL: Spalling

=Aircraft=
Armour on aircraft are often minimum and focused on vital sections rather than on the overall air frame. Armour are often not taken into consideration in the design as armour constitutes more material and thus a heavier aircraft which would inhibit its performance due to weight penalty.<ref name="BismarckArmour">Bismarck 2017</ref>

Armour for pilots are thus usually never beyond the usage of bullet-resistant glass on the cockpit that could provide protection against rifle calibre ammunition. Though some armour plating are present in the back on some planes like the P-47, these were only thick enough for small calibers and serve more to slow down the incoming round so that it has little energy once it punches through. Other important areas that armour could be present on aircraft is around the engine. Important design features that dictate whether an aircraft design is more durable than others was in the air frame build quality, the air frame's ability to take damage, and adequate protections around vital components such as the engine, pilot, and fuel tanks.<ref name="BismarckArmour"/>

=Tank=
==History==
===Interwar period===
Armour plays a very important role on tanks as they were conceived by it. The armour on the tanks at its inception made them invulnerable to the basic small arms fire, a trait that broke the stalemate of the trench warfare in World War I. During the interwar period, tank armour was prioritized on protection against firearms and artillery shrapnel. However, experience in the Spanish Civil War showed that this concept leaves the tank vulnerable to heavier guns. This is demonstrated when Italian tankettes and German Panzer I's, armed with only machine guns and simple 13 mm armour, went up against the Soviet [[T-26|T-26]], which had a 45 mm gun on its turret. The tank arms race increased armament and armour, evident on the German [[Pz.IV C|Panzer IV]] when armour increased from the initial 14.5 mm in 1936 to 30 mm in 1938 before World War II broke out.

===Early World War II===
During World War II, tank armour played a huge part in tank design. More armour means more weight on the tank and thus must be sparingly used to the tank mobility in acceptable margins. Tank armour in this period is separated by the three tank categories, light, medium, and heavy tanks. It was in this period that tank armour went through many technological advances. One of the perfect example is the French SOMUA S35 and the Soviet [[T-34 (1940)|T-34]]. The two vehicles made extensive usage of the concept of "sloped armour", which increased the armour effective thickness due to the difference in the line-of-sight thickness (See [[Armour#Sloped_armour|"Concepts"]] section). The Germans, which mainly used vertical-faced armour on their [[Pz.III F|Panzers]], struggled to take these vehicles out due to their strong armour against their inadequate guns. While the Battle of France did not incite Germany to quickly upgrade their armour and armament due to the small quantities of these kinds of tanks, the encounter with the T-34's in Operation Barbarossa came as a great shock due to the large number of T-34's available in Soviet inventory. The Germans, in a stage informally known as a "tank panic", rushed development to complete weapons able to destroy the T-34 and uparmour their tanks to withstand the Soviet 76 mm cannons. The Soviet T-34 and American [[M4A1|M4 Shermans]] caused great headaches in the German armoured forces due to their strong, sloped front armour in 1942, but that all changed in 1943 and beyond.

===Late World War II===
The year 1943 changed everything in the balance of tank power from the Allies with their T-34 and Shermans to the Germans. Germany introduced their newest tanks in large quantities, the [[Panther D|Panther]] and the [[Tiger H1|Tiger I]] tanks. These vehicles introduced powerful cannons and a new redefinition of the term "armour" for tanks. The Tiger I came with an astounding 100 mm armour thickness in front. Though vertical-faced and thus did not have the benefit of "sloped armour", the guns on Shermans and T-34 at the time could not penetrate the front plate at standard combat ranges, forcing the Allied medium tanks to close in for a kill. The Panther had 80 mm of frontal armour, but that armour was sloped at a 55° from vertical and caused the effective armour to instead be ''140 mm'' thick. Thus, the Panther was basically invulnerable in the hull front from any anti-tank weapon in existent in Allied inventory. The Germans also started to extensively used an armour called ''Schürzen'', which is a form of "spaced armour" that provided additional protection to their tank's weak side armour. The two new tanks, plus a new one in the form of the [[Tiger II (H)|Tiger II]] with 150 mm of frontal armour sloped for effective thickness of ~230 mm, caused turmoil in the Allied armoured forces as they find a way to easily destroy the new tanks. They were never able to compete against the German's in terms of armour thickness until after World War II.

===Cold War===
By the end of World War II, sloping armour had become a ubiquitous concept and every tank designed has it from the American [[M60|M60]], British [[Centurion Mk 3|Centurion]], and Soviet [[T-54 (1951)|T-54/55]] tanks. With increasing tank armour equaling to increased weight, countries try to keep their tank weight in manageable ranges while making the armour up to date with current threats. By early 1960s, anti-tank technology such as the [[Anti-tank_guided_missiles|anti-tank guided missiles (ATGM)]] has grown to the point where it requires a large amount of steel to make the armour thick enough to resist the threat, but the amount was prohibitive and made the tank too heavy. Some nations such as Germany tried to solve this by relying on mobility at the expense of armour such as the [[Leopard I]], but it became clear a new type of armour is needed. It came in the form of "composite armour", which used steel combined with a variety of material such as plastic and ceramic that can resist penetration more effectively at a lighter weight. Composite armour soon became the new standard of tank armour throughout the world. Another armour developed in the Cold War was the "explosive reactive armour", which used an explosive to deflect a penetration property. Explosive reactive armour, or ERA, was highly effective against the ubiquitous HEATFS rounds used as anti-tank weapons. These armour technology saved the tanks from becoming obsolete during the Cold War against the new anti-tank missile threat that allows a small infantry crew to destroy a tank as far as 2000 meters away. Composite armour, ERA, and the increasing lethality of tank armament helped revolutionize the tank concept from light, medium, and heavy tanks into the new, universal "main battle tank".

==Concepts==
===Sloped armour===
[[File:T-54 Training Parola Tank Museum.jpg|x200px|thumb|right|A cut-out of a [[T-54 (1951)|T-54]] to show the effectiveness of sloping armour.]]

Sloped armour is effectively angling the armour of a tank on an angle rather than placed for a flat surface.

Slope armour presents the advantage of having a much thicker effective armour on a tanks for a lighter weight due to using a thinner armour plate. The sloped nature also increases the chance of the impacting shell to simply ricochet or deflect off, doing no effect to the armour. The disadvantage of the sloped armour was its more complicated manufacturing process and a reduction in internal space.

====Calculating sloped armour effective thickness====
A simple formula to calculate a tank's effective thickness (Line Of Sight, or LOS) due to sloping armour is with this: 

[LOS Effective Thickness vs Projectile Type] = ([Armour Thickness] × [Armor Modifier vs Projectile Type]) / cos ([Armour Angle]) 
'''Note:''' This formula does '''not''' factor in the possible horizontal '''or''' vertical angle of the target's armor plate relative to the shot's origin '''or''' deviations of the shell's angle of inclination due to bullet drop at longer ranges. We assume the target is placed on an even field and shot at from straight ahead at distance where the shell will hit the armor with 0° of bullet drop. 

For example: A '''Panther''' has an '''80 mm''' (armor thickness) front armour plate, sloped at an angle of '''55°''' (armor angle) and made out of '''RHA''' (armor modifier), being shot at by an AP projectile (armor modifier vs projectile = 1.0 vs KE). Thus, we input the values: 

(80 mm × 1.0) / cos (55°) = 80 mm / cos (55°) = 80 mm / 0.574 = 139.4 mm ≈ 140 mm (vs Kinetic AP) 

Thus, we get the value of how thick the Panther's sloped frontal armour is in a line-of-sight angle.

===Armour angling===
Outside of sloped armour, another way to improve the effective armour thickness on tanks is simply angling the armour towards the opponent. This means instead of sloping the armour in a vertical plane, instead angle sideways.

[[File:TigerIHTank Armour Angling.png|x200px|thumb|left|An example of armour angling with the [[Tiger_H1|Tiger I]], angled towards the opponent in its most optimum degree for best all-around armour.]]

This gives another form of thickness as not only does the round have to pass through a plane of armour, but two plane of the same armour, which would boost the effective thickness. This is best seen in vertical-faced armoured tanks like the [[Tiger H1|Tiger I tank]]. Though their vertical faced 100 mm front plate would only give 100 mm effectiveness, it was recommended in the ''Tigerfibel'' crew manual that a 45 degree diamond angle position would provide a front armour of nearly 130 mm of effective thickness.<ref name="Tigerfibel">Carruthers 2011</ref> This gives tank a chance to improve their effective front armour thickness especially when against enemies that would penetrate their front with little difficulty. However, beware of angling to much towards the enemy that it exposes the weaker side armour to enemy fire, which may have a chance of penetrating.

Some tanks attempt to implement this concept into the designs itself. One example is the Soviet [[IS-3]] with its "pike nose" front armour. Due to the sloping effect not only going back, but sweeping to the sides, this improves the IS-3 front armour effectiveness and ricochet chances.

===Spaced armour===
Spaced armour helps against anti-tank rounds in a form of disruption and denial. Spaced armour was first widely used by the Germans in the form of ''Schürzen'', attaching metal sheets away from the base armour of their Panzers. These metal sheets were intended to disrupt the kinetic energy of the Soviet 14.5 mm anti-tank rifles, which could penetrate the weaker side armour of their tanks. It does this by forcing much of the energy on the rifle round to be expelled on the ''Schürzen'' sheets, passing through and causing negligible damage on the base side armour. The ''Schürzen'' may also disrupt tank rounds as well, but the much greater kinetic energy of tank shells means that its disruption will be ineffective to all but the most sloped shots. Though there is a belief that the ''schürzen'' plates were meant to stop HEAT rounds from shoulder-launched weapons, the plates were not intentionally designed for this task.

Spaced armour was used in various formats in the Cold War tank designs. It was used as a form of protection against HEAT rounds from tank guns and rocket launchers, with the air separating the tank's base armour and the spaced armour acting to dissipate the HEAT's power before it reaches the hull. Spaced armour also works against kinetic penetrators by shattering the round on impact with the first layer. Though early kinetic rounds using brittle materials like tungsten were affected by this armour, better material like depleted uranium made the rounds more durable and proof against this type of armour.<ref name="MM.Spaced">M.m. 2015</ref>

===Explosive reactive armour (ERA)===
Explosie reactive armour (ERA) works by using an explosive force to disrupt an incoming armour-piercing ammunition. The construction of ERA usually takes the form of individual tiles made up of "reactive elements", which are sandwiched explosives in between sheets of metal. These tiles would be used around vulnerable points of a tank to provide protection at these locations.

Though ERA provides good protection against HEAT ammunition, high-velocity kinetic penetrators like APDS and APFSDS penetrates too quickly for the explosive force to be effective against them. This was a problem in early ERA designs, but more modern ERA types have been able to resist these ammunition. Even so, ERA still has drawbacks in that each explosive tile were one-time use against the incoming round, leaving the exposed tank metal underneath once expended. ERA also has become vulnerable to tandem-charge ammunition, which use a two-stage detonation sequence with the first charge destroying the ERA plate and the second penetrating the armour underneath the plate. Finally, the ERA plates rarely cover the entire tank sections due to contouring and moving parts, so the armour is still exposed in various degrees to be hit and penetrated.

====History====
The first efforts in discovering this form of protection reach back to 1949 in the Soviet Union at the Nii Stali facility, although nothing much came out of it after failed tests and it was discontinued on the belief that the current armour on their main battle tanks was good enough. The traction did not continue again until German researcher Dr.Manfred Held, a shaped charge (HEAT) specialist, traveled to Israel on the conclusion of their 1967 Six-Day War. Examining several of the destroyed tanks from the conflict, he discovered that the force from exploding ammunition slightly reduced the effect of the shaped charge used. He then developed the first working ERA plate in 1970. Though this was the first effective iteration of the ERA, Held's design required the explosive mesh to be fitted inside empty cavities, integrated into the tank armour. Held improved on the design in the same year which consisted of a tiles formed with the reactive elements. This model would become the fundamental design of modern ERA.<ref name="MM.Era">M.m. 2016</ref>

The majority of the NATO countries did not buy into the explosive reactive armour that Held presented. He did not find anyone interested until he returned back to Israel in 1974, after the 1973 Yom-Kippur War. There, the Israeli government and the Israeli Defense Force were persuaded, perhaps from their combat experiences, to adopt the ERA as a protection for their tanks. The Israelis then produced the ''Blazer ERA'' plates which followed Held's design with reactive elements. The Blazer ERA will first see usage in the 1982 Lebanon War, the tiles attached onto M60 tanks to protect the steel hull against anti-tank weaponry.<ref name="MM.Era"/>

The Soviet Union was the next country to use ERA, under the name ''Kontakt ERA''. It was first introduced in 1984 and featured a tile design similar to Blazers, though using one or two reactive elements stacked together for better effectiveness. Like the Blazer, these plates were highly effective against HEAT rounds, but were generally ineffective against kinetic penetrators. Following the Soviets, the reactive armour was soon adopted by many other countries in the 1980s, from mainly Eastern bloc countries such as Czechoslovakia, Ukraine, and Poland. Today the ERA plates are still viable against modern anti-tank weaponry, especially when complemented with other tank defensive measures.<ref name="MM.Era"/>

===Composite armour===
''To be filled''

===[[Add-on Armor|Add-on armor]]===
{{main|Add-on Armor}}

Add-on armour is a form of improvisation of the tank armour usually done by the crew or a maintenance unit in the front lines. Due to the rushed nature of tank technology in World War II, armour once considered adequate on tanks can quickly become obsolete with the introduction of a new gun piece in the field or a new equipment, such as the [[KwK 36 (88 mm)]] on the [[Tiger H1|Tiger I]] and the ''Panzerfaust'' anti-tank launcher, both could cut through Sherman and T-34 armour with little resistance. The declining armour effectiveness against these weapons prompted the tank crews to attempt an expedient method to improve the armour quality of their tanks. Troops went and attached logs, sand bags, tracks, concrete, and metal sheets onto their tanks to improve its effective thickness. The usefulness against anti-tank rounds from tank shells and HEAT rounds are controversial. Some tankers swear by it and claim they were saved by their improvised armour while analysts say that the add-on armour has no effect at all in interfering with incoming rounds. What was universally accepted was that these add-on armour helped improve the tank crew morale when fighting the enemy, renewed in confidence with their "improved" tank armour. However, add-on armour increases the weight of the tank due to the add-on of materials and thus can cause a strain on the power train and suspension of tanks, prompting some commanders like General George S. Patton to ban the usage of improvised armour to improve tank reliability. The most useful add-on armour was the welding of additional sheets of metal onto the tank, as seen in the well-received reception of the up-armoured M4 Sherman in the form of the [[M4A3E2|"Jumbos"]].

From Update 1.57, a modification known as the ''Add-on Armour'' was added onto certain vehicles. The modification adds spare track links along the hull and turret of the vehicle. The track links, when added, give an average of 17 - 20 mm of additional armour where they are attached.

=Additional links=

==References==
<references />

==Sources==
* Bismarck. "⚜ | Yes, World War 2 Planes Had Armour BUT..." YouTube. YouTube, 17 Aug. 2017. Web. 26 Sept. 2017. [https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=-v5aMayFrRE Video].
* Carruthers, Bob. Tiger I: Official Wartime Crew Manual (the Tigerfibel). Warwickshire: Coda, 2011. Print.
* M.m. "Explosive Reactive Armor - Some History, Some Types." Below The Turret Ring. Blogger, 28 Apr. 2016. Web. 25 Sept. 2017. [https://below-the-turret-ring.blogspot.com/2016/04/explosive-reactive-armor-some-history.html Website].
* M.m. "The Truth about Spaced Armor on Modern Tanks and AFVs." Below The Turret Ring. Blogger, 31 Dec. 2015. Web. 26 Sept. 2017. [https://below-the-turret-ring.blogspot.com/2015/12/the-truth-about-spaced-armor-on-modern.html Website].

[[Category:Game mechanics]]

T-64B

2019-02-15T02:47:12Z

U79922989: /* Survivability and armour */

{{Specs-Card|code=ussr_t_64_b_1984}}

== Description ==

[[File:GarageImage_T-64B.jpg|420px|thumb|left]]
{{break}}
The '''{{specs|name}}''' is a Rank {{specs|rank}} Soviet medium tank {{Battle-rating|1}}. It was introduced in [[Update 1.77 "Advancing Storm"]]. In [[Update 1.79 "Project X"]], the vehicle gained the modification to equip "Kontakt-1" ERA blocks, transforming the variant into a '''T-64BV'''.

The T-64 "Bravo" is a fearsome opponent on the battlefield that improves on the infamy of its older brother, the T-64 "Alpha". Its triple-layer composite armour is capable of shrugging off hits from most of the other top rank cannons and its decent mobility allows it to traverse the battlefield fairly swiftly. The 125mm 2A46M-1 "Sprut" cannon comes with ammunition perfectly capable of perforating almost all forms of armour on the battlefield, regardless of operating range. The low profile of the Bravo allows it to avoid detection and utilize forms of cover that other tanks cannot hide behind. One of the most notable feature to identify a T-64B is a lack of a feature. The side panels seen on the T-64A is not available on the T-64B so it is a very effective way to identify the "Bravo" from the "Alpha" on the battlefield. The T-64B also has a lot of equipment at the back such as a snorkel and boxes, giving it a rather nice look and in some cases, protection from low pen chemical munitions. The addition of the 12.7mm NSVT machine gun is also another notable feature compared to the T-64A. Other differences visually is the the T-64B has a much larger turret compared to the T-64A.

With the "Kontakt-1" ERA upgrade, the tank's appearance drastically changes. The ERA is fitted in a "pike" or triangular prism shape. The hull is also different as its covered with ERA and thee distinctive triangle at the front is gone. There is also an extra armour plate on the lower plate.

== General info ==
=== Survivability and armour ===

'''Armour type:'''
* Composite armour (Hull front, Turret front)
* Cast homogeneous armour (Turret)
* Rolled homogeneous armour (Hull, Turret roof)
* Armour radiation material (Roof)
{| class="wikitable"
|-
! Armour !! Front (Slope angle) !! Sides !! Rear !! Roof
|-
| Hull || 60* mm (68°) ''Front glacis'' 80 mm (62°) ''Lower glacis'' || 85 mm ''Front'' 70 mm ''Rear'' <br. 20 mm (33°) ''Bottom'' || 20 mm (4-54°) ''Top'' 45 mm ''Center'' 20 mm (21-57°) ''Bottom'' || 30 + 30 mm ''Front'' 20 mm ''Engine deck''
|-
| Turret || 50-330 mm (0-80°) || 65-140* mm (12-29°) || 65 + 30 mm (0-65°) || 45-140 + 30 mm
|-
! Armour !! Sides !! Roof
|-
| Cupola || 45 mm || 40 + 30 mm
|-
! Composite armour* !! Front !! Sides !! Rear !! Roof
|-
| Hull || 403 mm ''Kinetic'' 476 mm ''Chemical'' || N/A || N/A || N/A
|-
| Turret || ''Angles +0-0°:'' 440 mm ''Kinetic'' 500 mm ''Chemical'' ''Angles +30-30°:'' 400 mm ''Kinetic'' 450 mm ''Chemical'' || 200 mm ''Kinetic'' 220 mm ''Chemical'' || N/A || N/A
|-
|}
'''Notes:'''
* Suspension wheels are 20 mm thick, torsion bars are 10 mm thick, and tracks are 30 mm thick.
* Belly armour is 20 mm thick.
* A 5 mm RHA plate separates the engine from the crew compartment
* A log providing 100 mm thickness in wood is mounted on the rear.
* The snorkel tube on the turret rear provide 4 mm of structural steel.
* Hull composite armour configuration is 60 mm RHA + 35 mm Textolite + 30 mm RHA + 35 mm Textolite + 45 mm RHA.
* Turret composite armour configuration is 130-140 mm CHA + 150 mm Ultra porcelain + 100-110 mm CHA.
* Turret side composite armour configuration is 90 mm CHA + 80 mm Ultra porcelain + 60 mm CHA.

To fight the T-64B:
* Disable the gun. Gun mantle is very weak against top tier shells so it will be destroyed. Even if a shell can penetrate the composite armour, make sure the T-64B can not hit you back as it will penetrate most tanks currently in the game.
* The drivers port does not contain composite armour. Rounds with 200 mm of penetration can penetrate effectively, almost guaranteed kill. However at long ranges this is a very small target so try and hit the T-64B's gun.
* Lower plate is a very big weak spot as there is no composite armour there. Any top tier shell will penetrate at close to medium range. However at long ranges the lower plate is a very small target so try and disable the T-64B's gun.
* However if you are using the AMX-40 or Type-90 with APFSDS you don't really need to aim. A centre of mass shot will destroy a T-64B and T-64BV almost every time.
* Fighting the T-64BV (T-64B with "Kontakt-1" ERA) is a different situation. With the ERA, protection against chemical is 850mm and above meaning it can stop the HOT missile and DM12 HEAT-FS. If you have an auto-cannon fire at the ERA to destroy it. Once it is gone you the value will drop to 500mm against chemical rounds. In some cases, a if a projectile with lots of explosive hits the breach or the ERA on turret, some shrapnel will deflect downwards into the ammunition, destroying the tank even though the projectile was stopped. However, the provides minimal protection against kinetic rounds

=== Mobility ===

{| class="wikitable" style="text-align:center"
|-
!colspan="3" | Mobility characteristic
|-
! Weight (tons)
!colspan="1" | Add-on Armour weight (tons)
!colspan="1" | Max speed (km/h)
|-
|rowspan="2" | 39.0 || colspan="1" rowspan="2" | N/A || colspan="1" | 67 (AB)
|-
|60 (RB/SB)
|-
!colspan="3" | Engine power (horsepower)
|-
!colspan="1" | Mode
!Stock
!Upgraded
|-
|''Arcade''
|1,085
|_,___
|-
|''Realistic/Simulator''
|619
|700
|-
!colspan="3" | Power-to-weight ratio (hp/ton)
|-
!colspan="1" | Mode
!Stock
!Upgraded
|-
|''Arcade''
|27.82
|__.__
|-
|''Realistic/Simulator''
|15.87
|17.95
|-
|}

== Armaments ==
=== Main armament ===

{{main|2A46M-1 (125 mm)}}

{| class="wikitable" style="text-align:center"
|-
! colspan="6" | [[2A46M-1 (125 mm)|125 mm 2A46M-1]]
|-
! colspan="3" rowspan="1" style="width:5em" |Capacity
! rowspan="1" | Vertical guidance
! rowspan="1" | Horizontal guidance
! rowspan="1" | Stabilizer
|-
| colspan="3" | 36 || -6°/+14° || ±180° || Two-plane
|-
! colspan="6" | Turret rotation speed (°/s)
|-
! style="width:4em" |Mode
! style="width:4em" |Stock
! style="width:4em" |Upgraded
! style="width:4em" |Prior + Full crew
! style="width:4em" |Prior + Expert qualif.
! style="width:4em" |Prior + Ace qualif.
|-
| ''Arcade'' || 14.28 || 19.80 || 24.0 || 26.60 || 28.20
|-
| ''Realistic'' || 14.28 || 16.80 || 20.4 || 22.60 || 24.00
|-
! colspan="4" | Reloading rate (seconds)
|-
! colspan="1" style="width:4em" |Stock
! colspan="1" style="width:4em" |Prior + Full crew
! colspan="1" style="width:4em" |Prior + Expert qualif.
! colspan="1" style="width:4em" |Prior + Ace qualif.
|-
| 7.50 || 7.50 || 7.50 || 7.50
|-
|}

===== Ammunition =====
{| class="wikitable sortable" style="text-align:center" width="100%"
! colspan="8" | Penetration statistics
|-
! rowspan="2" data-sort-type="text" | Ammunition
! rowspan="2" class="unsortable" | Type of warhead
! colspan="6" | '''Penetration''' '''''in mm''''' '''@ 90°'''
|-
! 10m
! 100m
! 500m
! 1000m
! 1500m
! 2000m
|-
| 3BM15 || APFSDS || 440 || 430 || 420 || 410 || 405 || 400
|-
| 3BM22 || APFSDS || 475 || 470 || 465 || 455 || 442 || 430
|-
| 3BK18M || HEATFS || 550 || 550 || 550 || 550 || 550 || 550
|-
| 3OF19 || HE || 35 || 35 || 35 || 35 || 35 || 35
|-
| 3OF26 || HE || 47 || 47 || 47 || 47 || 47 || 47
|-
| 9M112 || ATGM || 650 || 650 || 650 || 650 || 650 || 650
|-
|}
{| class="wikitable sortable" style="text-align:center" width="100%"
! colspan="11" | Shell details
|-
! rowspan="2" data-sort-type="text" | Ammunition
! rowspan="2" class="unsortable" | Type of warhead
! rowspan="2" |Velocity in m/s
! rowspan="2" |Projectile Mass in kg
! rowspan="2" | ''Fuse delay''
''in m:''
! rowspan="2" | ''Fuse sensitivity''
''in mm:''
! rowspan="2" | ''Explosive Mass in g (TNT equivalent):''
! rowspan="2" | ''Normalization At 30° from horizontal:''
! colspan="3" | ''Ricochet:''
|-
! 0%
! 50%
! 100%
|-
| 3BM15 || APFSDS || 1780 || 3.9 || N/A || N/A || N/A || ° || 76° || 77° || 78°
|-
| 3BM22 || APFSDS || 1760 || 4.8 || N/A || N/A || N/A || ° || 76° || 77° || 78°
|-
| 3BK18M || HEATFS || 905 || 19 || 0.0 || 0.1 || 2,790 || ° || 65° || 72° || 75°
|-
| 3OF19 || HE || 850 || 23 || 0.1 || 0.5 || 3,150 || +0° || 79° || 80° || 81°
|-
| 3OF26 || HE || 850 || 23 || 0.1 || 0.5 || 5,780 || +0° || 79° || 80° || 81°
|-
| 9M112 || ATGM || 400 || 28 || 0.0 || 0.01 || 3,600 || +0° || 80° || 82° || 90°
|-
|}

===== [[Ammo racks|Ammo racks]] =====
{| class="wikitable sortable" style="text-align:center"
|-
! class="wikitable unsortable" |Full ammo
! class="wikitable unsortable" |1st rack empty
! class="wikitable unsortable" |2nd rack empty
! class="wikitable unsortable" |3rd rack empty
! class="wikitable unsortable" |Visual discrepancy
|-
|| '''36''' || 35 ''(+1)'' || 28 ''(+8)'' || 1 ''(+35)'' || no
|-
|}

Only First Stage:28-20

=== Machine guns ===

{{main|NSVT (12.7 mm)|PKT (7.62 mm)}}

{| class="wikitable" style="text-align:center"
|-
! colspan="7" | [[NSVT (12.7 mm)|12.7 mm NSVT]]
|-
! colspan="7" | ''Pintle mount''
|-
! colspan="4" rowspan="1" style="width:5em" |Capacity (Belt capacity)
! rowspan="1" | Fire rate (shots/minute)
! rowspan="1" | Vertical guidance
! rowspan="1" | Horizontal guidance
|-
| colspan="4" | 300 (150) || 700 || -10°/+60° || ±180°
|-
|}
{| class="wikitable" style="text-align:center"
|-
! colspan="7" | [[PKT (7.62 mm)|7.62 mm PKT]]
|-
! colspan="7" | ''Coaxial mount''
|-
! colspan="4" rowspan="1" style="width:5em" |Capacity (Belt capacity)
! rowspan="1" | Fire rate (shots/minute)
! rowspan="1" | Vertical guidance
! rowspan="1" | Horizontal guidance
|-
| colspan="4" | 1,250 (250) || 700 || N/A || N/A
|-
|}

== Usage in the battles ==

You should play the T-64B as a sniper or at least a support tank. The armour on the T-64B may be the best in the game in terms of kinetic and even more with the T-64BV for chemical but with the introduction of the Type 90 and AMX-40, the armour is neglected. The DM23 can in some situation can defeat the armour on the Bravo at close range. The gun is very good with a wide range of ammunition choices even with the stock shell making sniping very easy. The kinetic rounds also have some of the best velocity in-game which makes hitting moving targets easier. Also use the low profile of the tank to hide in the surrounding. However, you should not brawl or flank in the T-64B. It can be done but it is not recommended. As mentioned the armour in neglected by the newer tanks from patch 1.79 "Project X" however if you are facing just America and Britain you can brawl with you armour. But this depends on the type of map and your preferred play style. You can flank but the other vehicles are so much faster you can find yourself getting flanked while flanking. The mobility by itself is very good, especially for Soviet tanks. However the T-64B is one of the least mobile vehicle at top-tier and the reverse speed of -4km/h is unbearable in some situation. Due to the horrible reverse speed, sniping might be difficult on some maps as you cannot fire-retreat-reload-fire-repeat. Other tanks are much faster than it, have neutral steering, decent reverse speed, better turret rotation and gun handling. The ERA upgrade slows the tank down even more due to extra weight. That being said, on larger maps like Kursk or Maginot Line, you can rely on distance to help you so the tank might bounce some shots,

'''T-64BV'''

Same rules apply as tanks are identical except the ERA. The ERA("Kontakt-1") provides around 370mm of chemical protection meaning that altogether the total along with 500mm base armour is 870mm protection against chemical. This protection will protect you from all chemical rounds currently in the game. However, once the ERA is hit, it is gone meaning you are left with the base armour. The ERA will not make you invincible as the tank is still weak against kinetic rounds. It will help you in first engagements but you should not rely heavily on the ERA.

Anything can be a threat to the T-64B due to it's poor mobility and poor suitability.

M1 Abrams-if you have the 3BM22 APFSDS unlocked shoot to the left turret cheek to disable commander and gunner.

Type 90: Unless you do not have the ERA modification, the stock round will pen you at any range. However with the JM33, the Type-90 can pen he T-64B and BV at any range.
''How to deal with it''-if the hull is presentable, aim for the right side(when looking at the tank frontally) to kill the driver and gunner, knocking out the tank as it has only 3 crew members. If hull down, the 3BM22 can pen turret cheeks at close range so aim for the right side(when looking at the tank frontally) to disable gunner however at long range, disable the gun if possible.

Leopard 2A4: One of the most common tanks to face. Same thing as the Type-90, unless you have ERA upgrade, the stock shell will pen you at any range. The DM23 APFSDS can pen the T-64B and BV but that is at close range or if the Leo2A4 is shooting down into the hull, neglecting the angle. ''How to deal with it-''if the hull is presentable, shoot a bit left of the centre of the tank(when looking at the tank frontally). The shrapnel will kill 3/4 crew members or detonate ammo rack if there is ammo there. If you can only see turret aim for the optics to knock out gunner.

Without the "Kontakt-1" ERA modification, DM12 HEAT-FS (650mm pen) can easily kill the T-64B at any range. Also be mindful that the JM33 and OFL 120 G1 can pen you at any range regardless of the upgrade modification.

=== Pros and cons ===

'''Pros:'''
*Stock-friendly grind. Very good stock APFSDS shell.
*Ability to mount the Kontakt-1 Explosive Reactive Armour package which enhances first-hit protection against chemical munitions.
*Upgraded armour allows it to shrug off hits from other top rank cannons.
*Lower profile compared to other MBTs, allows the user to utilize cover and tactics that other players cannot use.
*Upgraded 125mm cannon inherited from the previous model.
*Upgraded loadout of ammunition allows it to engage at any distance or playstyle that the user prefers.
*9M112 "Kobra" ATGM capable of penetrating 650mm of armour. Also fastest ATGM in the game.
*Replaces the "oil barrel" smoke grenades with two sets of four-barelled 81mm smoke grenade launchers.
*Compared to other MBTs the T-64B has one of the best accuracy at long ranges. This is due to the fast muzzle velocity, making the T-64B an excellent sniper.
*3BM22 APFSDS is one of the highest penetrating kinetic shells in the game at 470mm at 100m. Very easy to deal with Western tanks, even at long range.
'''Cons:'''
*Bad gun depression.
*Horrible reverse speed (-4km/h).
*HEAT-FS shell requires skill against its contemporaries' armour, simply pointing and firing it will not guarantee a penetration.
*If the tank gets penetrated from the front, the shell will most likely end up hitting an ammo-rack due to the autoloader arrangement.
*Angling the tank causes the weak side armour to be exposed.
*Maximum of five 9M112 "Kobra" ATGMs allowed in tank.
*Gun elevation/depression speed is very slow compared to other MBT's (2.5 degrees per second).
*Armour is easily pierced by the AMX-40, Type 90 and Leopard 2A4.

== History ==

===Development===
The '''T-64B''' or ''Object 447'' was an improvement to the currently existing T-64A and T-72A. The T-64B model was now fitted with a better laser range finder along with improved fire control systems. In addition, it had the 2A46M-1 cannon (aka the D-81TM gun) with a 2E26M stabilizer, 6ETs40 autoloader, 1A33 FCS (fire control system) comprising a ballistic calculator, and a sight with laser telemetry and cross-wind sensor. The ATGMs were eight 9M112 “Kobra” (radio-guided, NATO “AT-8 Songster”). The turret armour had a new design consisting of ceramic balls designed to absorb or reduce chemical munitions. However the T-64B still had the unreliable and complicated 5TDF engine. Designers added a more powerful engine which led to the T-72B and T-80 series.

===Combat usage===
Although there is no hard evidence, some sources saw the T-64B saw action in Afghanistan in the 80's. This could have been for testing but there are no official records. Russia had 4,000 T-64Bs, but 2,000 were put out of service in 2000 and used for scrap. The T-64B and BV-1 model is currently used by The Democratic Republic of Congo. 50 were purchased from Ukraine in 2014. The T-64B saw heavy action in the 2014 Ukraine Civil War and Invasion of Crimea. 17 confirmed T-64B's were destroyed, including the "Bulat" model. Ukraine is now upgrading there there fleet of T-64B's to a more modernized version called the T-64BM "Bulat"

== Media ==
''An excellent addition to the article will be video guides, as well as screenshots from the game and photos.''
[[File:T-64B Snow.JPG|x250px|thumb|none|The T-64B (1984) in War Thunder with Winter Camoflage]]
[[File:GarageImage T-64BV.jpg|x250px|thumb|none|The T-64BV with the "Kontakt-1" ERA in the garage.]]

== Read also ==
''Links to the articles on the War Thunder Wiki that you think will be useful for the reader, for example,''
* ''reference to the series of the vehicles;''
* ''links to approximate analogues of other nations and research trees.''
''ETC.''

== Sources ==
''Paste links to sources and external resources, such as:''
* ''topic on the official game forum;''
* ''other literature.''

{{USSR medium tanks}}

Black Prince

2019-01-31T01:19:06Z

U79922989: /* Machine guns */

{{Specs-Card|code=uk_a_43_black_prince}}

== Description ==

[[File:GarageImage_Black Prince.jpg|420px|thumb|left]]
{{break}}
The '''A.43 Black Prince''' is a Rank IV gift British infantry tank with a battle rating of 6.0. The tank was added in [[Update_1.53_"Firestorm"|Update 1.53 "Firestorm"]] and is one of the first British tanks to be introduced into the game. The vehicle is a modified Churchill tank, featuring heavier armour and a heavier primary armament, which gives it superior firepower and protection at the cost of the vehicle's mobility.

The A43 Black Prince has the legendary OQF-17 Pounder Cannon; this cannon was made famous by the '''[[Sherman Firefly|Sherman Firefly]]''', '''[[Achilles|M10 Achilles]]''' and its ability to destroy the German 8.8 cm heavy tanks such as the [[Tiger_H1|Tiger tank]] It also features a single 7.62 mm BESA machine gun, which works great for destroying light tanks and SPAA vehicles.

The A43 Black prince makes enemy players retreat in fear, as it offers one of the most powerful guns available in the game, capable of destroying a [[Ferdinand|Ferdinand]], [[IS-2]] and other tanks from over 1 km away. The reloading time is great for its rank, at a mere 7.6s and when coupled with the tank's heavy armour, can stand as quite a lethal opponent.

However, the Black Prince does have some negatives. The extra armour adds extra weight to the vehicle, which makes it rather slow with a top speed of 10MPH and only -1MPH reverse speed. With the tank's low profile, it makes it difficult to see over foreign obstacles such as debris, hills and walls. The A43 is a rather long tank, and as such, it's not impossible to get wedged between ditches, or get stuck when climbing over an obstacle, as the vehicle lacks sufficient engine power required to pull itself over the obstacles. The only weakness in the Black Prince's excellent armour is along the sides, and its vulnerability to HE rounds, which will often bounce and enter through the roof. The ammunition is located along the sides of the vehicle, making these a primary weakspot for enemy players to target.

== General info ==
=== Survivability and armour ===

'''Armour type:'''

* Rolled homogeneous armour
* Cast homogeneous armour (Turret front, Turret sides, Cupola)

{| class="wikitable" style="text-align:center"
| colspan="6" align="center" | '''Tank Armour Table'''
|-
! Armour !! Front !! Sides !! Rear !! Roof
|-
| Hull || 152 mm ''Front plate'' 57 mm (70°) ''Front glacis'' 139 mm (20-60°) ''Lower glacis'' || 82 mm ''Top'' 95 mm ''Bottom'' || 51 mm (20°) ''Top'' 25 mm (60°) ''Bottom'' || 25 mm ''Front'' 18 mm ''Engine deck''
|-
| Turret || 152 mm (6-83°) ''Turret front'' 152 mm (0-25°) ''Gun mantlet'' || 95 mm || 101 + 4 mm || 38 mm (73°) ''Front'' 18 mm ''Bottom''
|-
! Armour !! Sides !! Roof
|-
| Cupola || 100 mm || 38 mm
|-
|}
'''Notes:'''

* Suspension wheels and chassis construction are 20 mm thick while tracks are 30 mm thick.
* Belly armour is 18-25 mm thick.
* There is a 19 mm thick plate separating the engine compartment to the crew's.
* A 50 mm turret ring shield is present on the front of the turret.

=== Mobility ===

{| class="wikitable" style="text-align:center"
|-
! colspan="3" | Mobility characteristic
|-
! Weight (tons)
! colspan="1" | Add-on Armour weight (tons)
! colspan="1" | Max speed (km/h)
|-
| rowspan="2" | 50.0 || colspan="1" rowspan="2" | N/A || colspan="1" | 18.3 (AB)
|-
|17.2 (RB/SB)
|-
! colspan="3" | Engine power (horsepower)
|-
! colspan="1" | Mode
!Stock
!Upgraded
|-
|''Arcade''
|452
|556
|-
|''Realistic/Simulator''
|310
|350
|-
! colspan="3" | Power-to-weight ratio (hp/ton)
|-
! colspan="1" | Mode
!Stock
!Upgraded
|-
|''Arcade''
|9.04
|11.12
|-
|''Realistic/Simulator''
|6.20
|7.00
|-
|}

== Armaments ==
=== Main armament ===

{{main|Ordnance QF 17-pounder (76 mm)}}

{| class="wikitable" style="text-align:center"
|-
! colspan="6" | [[Ordnance QF 17-pounder (76 mm)|76 mm OQF 17-pounder]]
|-
! colspan="3" rowspan="1" style="width:5em" |Capacity
! rowspan="1" | Vertical guidance
! rowspan="1" | Horizontal guidance
! rowspan="1" | Stabilizer
|-
| colspan="3" | 89 || -10°/+20° || ±180° || N/A
|-
! colspan="6" | Turret rotation speed (°/s)
|-
! style="width:4em" |Mode
! style="width:4em" |Stock
! style="width:4em" |Upgraded
! style="width:4em" |Prior + Full crew
! style="width:4em" |Prior + Expert qualif.
! style="width:4em" |Prior + Ace qualif.
|-
| ''Arcade'' || 10.1 || 14.0 || _._ || _._ || _._
|-
| ''Realistic'' || 10.1 || 11.9 || _._ || _._ || _._
|-
! colspan="4" | Reloading rate (seconds)
|-
! colspan="1" style="width:4em" |Stock
! colspan="1" style="width:4em" |Prior + Full crew
! colspan="1" style="width:4em" |Prior + Expert qualif.
! colspan="1" style="width:4em" |Prior + Ace qualif.
|-
| 7.6 || _._ || _._ || _._
|-
|}

===== Ammunition =====
{| class="wikitable sortable" style="text-align:center" width="100%"
! colspan="8" | Penetration statistics
|-
! rowspan="2" data-sort-type="text" | Ammunition
! rowspan="2" class="unsortable" | Type of warhead
! colspan="6" | '''Penetration''' '''''in mm''''' '''@ 90°'''
|-
! 10m
! 100m
! 500m
! 1000m
! 1500m
! 2000m
|-
| Shot Mk.6 || AP || 160 || 157 || 133 || 112 || 96 || 86
|-
| Shell Mk.1 || HE || 9 || 9 || 9 || 9 || 9 || 9
|-
| Shot Mk.4 || APC || 165 || 160 || 138 || 108 || 94 || 81
|-
| Shot Mk.8 || APCBC || 171 || 168 || 156 || 143 || 130 || 120
|-
| Shot SV Mk.1 || APDS || 228 || 226 || 207 || 189 || 159 || 134
|-
|}
{| class="wikitable sortable" style="text-align:center" width="100%"
! colspan="11" | Shell details
|-
! rowspan="2" data-sort-type="text" | Ammunition
! rowspan="2" class="unsortable" | Type of warhead
! rowspan="2" |Velocity in m/s
! rowspan="2" |Projectile Mass in kg
! rowspan="2" | ''Fuse delay''
''in m:''
! rowspan="2" | ''Fuse sensitivity''
''in mm:''
! rowspan="2" | ''Explosive Mass in g (TNT equivalent):''
! rowspan="2" | ''Normalization At 30° from horizontal:''
! colspan="3" | ''Ricochet:''
|-
! 0%
! 50%
! 100%
|-
| Shot Mk.6 || AP || 883 || 7.7 || N/A || N/A || N/A || -1° || 47° || 60° || 65°
|-
| Shell Mk.1 || HE || 883 || 7.0 || 0.4 || 0.5 || 883 || +0° || 79° || 80° || 81°
|-
| Shot Mk.4 || APC || 883 || 7.7 || N/A || N/A || N/A || -1° || 48° || 63° || 71°
|-
| Shot Mk.8 || APCBC || 883 || 7.7 || N/A || N/A || N/A || +4° || 48° || 63° || 71°
|-
| Shot SV Mk.1 || APDS || 1203 || 1.7 || N/A || N/A || N/A || +1.5° || 75° || 78° || 80°
|-
|}
{| class="wikitable sortable" style="text-align:center"
! colspan="7" | Smoke characteristic
|-
! Ammunition
! Velocity in m/s
! Projectile Mass in kg
! ''Screen radius in m''
! ''Screen time in s''
! ''Screen hold time in s:''
! ''Explosive Mass in g (TNT equivalent):''
|-
| 17pdr Shell SS Mk.1 || 754 || 8.4 || 13 || 5 || 20 || 50
|-
|}

===== Shell types =====
The Black Prince is equipped with some of the most lethal ammunition types in the game. It can carry a combination of different type or just a single type of projectiles.

{| class="wikitable"
|-
! Round !! Shell composition !! Combat usage
|-
| Shell Mk.1 || '''HE''' - '''H'''igh '''E'''xplosive ('''HE''') || It is ideal for destroying SPAA and Lightly armoured tanks
|-
| Shot Mk.4 || '''APC''' - '''A'''rmor '''P'''iercing '''C'''ap || When the standard round fails to penetrate
|-
| Shot Mk.6 || '''AP''' - '''A'''rmour '''P'''iercing || It is able to to knocking out crew and vital parts such as engines, tract, cannons etc.
|-
| Shot Mk.8 || '''APCBC''' - '''A'''rmour '''P'''iercing '''C'''apped '''B'''allistic '''C'''ap || It is able to penetrate and detonated inside of the enemy tank causing maximum damage.
|-
| Shot SV Mk.1 || '''APDS''' - '''A'''rmour '''P'''iercing '''D'''iscarding '''S'''abot || This is able to cause maximum damage to enemy tanks.
|-
|}

===== [[Ammo racks|Ammo racks]] =====
{| class="wikitable sortable" style="text-align:center"
|-
! class="wikitable unsortable" |Full ammo
! class="wikitable unsortable" |1st rack empty
! class="wikitable unsortable" |2nd rack empty
! class="wikitable unsortable" |3rd rack empty
! class="wikitable unsortable" |Visual discrepancy
|-
|| '''XX''' || XX ''(+XX)'' || XX ''(+XX)'' || XX ''(+XX)'' || style="text-align:center" | No
|-
|}

=== Machine guns ===

{{main|BESA (7.92 mm)}}

{| class="wikitable" style="text-align:center"
|-
! colspan="7" | [[BESA (7.92 mm)|7.92 mm BESA]]
|-
! colspan="7" | ''Coaxial mount''
|-
! colspan="4" rowspan="1" style="width:5em" |Capacity (Belt capacity)
! rowspan="1" | Fire rate (shots/minute)
! rowspan="1" | Vertical guidance
! rowspan="1" | Horizontal guidance
|-
| colspan="4" | 8,100 (225) || 600 ||
{| class="wikitable"
| -10°/+20°
|}
| N/A
|-
|}

== Usage in the battles ==

When playing this tank you will, immediately notice the speed and length, it is not a fast tank. You will also notice that it can sometimes struggle to get up hills and small embankments. It is recommended, to stay on flat terrain and to make small sharp turns. This will keep more momentum than a single big turn which will lose most of your much needed momentum.

The A43 Black Prince has one of the thickest armour installations of any tanks. The front is able to be continuously hit by larger and more powerful calibre tanks at close range without taking much, if any damage. However, if you come up against a tank shooting HEAT or HE rounds they will likely penetrate the armour with ease. Do not expose the sides to the enemy player, as it is one of the weakest parts of the tank, seconded only to the lower front part of the turret. Not only that, the sides contain the location of the ammunition; If it is hit, it is likely to detonate. If the ammunition does not detonate, the vehicle's crew will be incapacitated.

The Black Prince has a slow transverse turret at 10.5 degrees a second. This is one of the most heavily armoured turrets in the game. With the only weakness being the machine Gun port located in turret at 10mm, the lower front under the cannon being only 50 mm thick, and the roof.
It lacks a top-mounted machine gun, which is normally a deterrent against low flying aircraft, making the vehicle more vulnerable to be attacks by a planes, and an easy target for bombers. The turret's slow traverse speed also makes the use of the internal machine gun useless against aircraft attacks.
Due to the low profile of this tank, being hit in the lower front turret is a rare occurrence. You still need to be careful of HEAT and HE rounds, as the low profile design will allow the enemy rounds to enter the turret's machine gun port and either knock out the loader: if using an APCR or solid shot round, OR, if using other rounds such as APCBC, APBC and HEAT, it is very likely that all the turret crew will be eliminated.

However, the A43 Black Prince does have one of the most powerful cannons in the game, and is capable of destroying tiger tanks and other heavily armoured vehicles from short to long distances, and is equipped with many different ammunition types which are viable for different situations. The APDS is the recommended choice for giving the gun the full potential of being capable of destroying more heavily armoured targets at longer ranges.

When engaged in combat with heavier and more lethal vehicles, using the APDS rounds will allow you to cause major/critical damage. In-order to get the most protection for the tank and crew, do not expose the sides or allow enemies to get to the rear of the vehicle. Instead, turn the front of tank towards the enemy player but give it a slight angle. The enemy rounds will have a higher chance of richocheting off of the frontal plate, however, if the enemy tank uses HE ammunition, there is a high chance that the round may bounce and enter the vehicle's roof.

If engaged in close quarters combat, do not allow the other tank to circle and flank you, instead aim for the vehicle's tracks and destroy them and move away, then finish it off. Most importantly, do not allow them to get the rear of the tank, as you will be unable to effectively hit the enemy due to the twin radiators on the back of the vehicle, and the turret's slow traverse.

In terms of tactics:

'''Offensive:''' Keep your distance from enemy tanks, as the cannon is capable of destroying most tanks from long distances with relative ease. Combined with the slow speed of the vehicle, you'll find yourself being capable of firing on the move despite the lack of a stabiliser. The tank's low profile makes it difficult to see over terrain and obstacles, so it is often best to remain on level ground.

Avoid letting the enemy flank you at all costs, as the sides of the Black Prince are the softest weak points, containing the ammunition storage. If the sides of the vehicle are penetrated by enemy rounds, the ammunition will likely detonate, or the crew will be knocked out/critically injured, making you an easy target.

It's best to avoid letting enemy players flank you from behind, as the turret's traverse will prevent you from being able to hit them quick enough, and the twin radiators on the back of the vehicle will prevent the turret from rotating all the way.

 '''Defensive:''' When playing the Black Prince, it is often best to find a well-protected and concealed place, I.E. an ally tank, dense woodland or between rubble. Make sure the front of the tank is facing the enemy with a slight angle in order to get the most out of the vehicle's armour, whilst the cannon will allow you to destroy the enemy tanks from long distances. However don’t expose the sides or the rear due to weakness and some vulnerability in the design of the tank.

=== Pros and cons ===

'''Pros:'''

* Powerful primary armament
** High weapon accuracy
** Ammunition is not stored in the turret
** APDS is able to penetrate and cause major damage to enemies from long distances, and is capable of destroying most tanks in a single shot at close ranges. (As long as you know where to hit)
** Various ammunition types which can be lethal
** Good reloading speed of 7.6s with stock crew, with further crew skills and qualifications, it becomes one of the fastest in the rank.
* Great Armour
** Effective at long ranges
** Frontal armour can often only be penetrated at close range
** The turret's armour is strong compared to others in the same rank
** The lower front of the turret has an additional 50mms of armour
* Repair times
**The vehicle can often be repaired quickly
* Crew
** With advancement on crew skills and qualifications, the tank can be a lethal opponent
* Good Rewards
** Being a premium vehicle, the Silver Lion and Research Point output can be quite high

'''Cons:'''

* Mobility.
** The vehicle's traverse is slow compared to others in the same rank
** It struggles to climb hills without losing significant speed
** Max speed 10 Mph (16 Kph).
** Max reverse speed of -1 Mph (-1.6 Kph).
** The vehicle can often not be able to climb steep hills
** The length of the vehicle can get it stuck in ditches easily
*Ammunition.
** Ammunition is stored in the sides of the tank, making it easy to hit
* Armour
** The vehicle's side armour is weak, allowing it to be easily damaged from the sides.
* Turret
** The turret's traverse is slow compared to others at only 10.5/s
** The rear mounted radiators make shooting from behind tedious
** The low profile can make shooting over obstacles hard
** The vehicle is vulnerable to most HE and explosive-based ammunition
** The turret machine gun port is only 10mms thick, and can be penetrated easily
** Lacks any form of top-mounted anti-aircraft weaponry

== History ==

===Development===
The '''Black Prince''' is an experimental design that was to use the British Infantry tank, the [[Churchill Mk VII|Churchill]], as the basis with much more armour and a better gun. The name originates from Edward of Woodstock, otherwise known as the “Black Prince”, a 14th century military leader. The Churchill and its branch of infantry tanks, in the course of World War II, was becoming slightly obsolete in the highly mobile style of warfare the cruiser tanks proved much better at. The infantry tanks were originally made for heavy, breakthrough style of warfare with infantry, so they were kept around in a style of “heavy tanks”, but the Axis’ gradually increasing anti-tank capacity caused the armour of the infantry tanks to be considered insufficient.

To keep the infantry tanks relevant in the course of World War II, the Churchill was upgraded in armour and armament to better compete against the changing anti-tank warfare, starting in 1943. The original Churchill tank in the later part of World War II had the QF 75 mm cannon (British-produced 75 mm from the Americans) and about 102 mm of armour average, and weighed about 38 tons. The Black Prince upgraded the armour to 152 mm thick, widened the tracks by 10 inches, modified the suspensions for the new weight. The 75 mm gun was instead replaced by the QF 17-pounder cannon, which was one of the best Allied anti-tank guns in service. The larger gun required a larger turret and a larger turret ring on the hull. All these modifications increased the tank weight by ten tons, but kept the engine used in the regular Churchill, so the tank was considered under-powered, only able to reach up to 10 mph on roads and this limited the tank’s operational radius. The tank was designated the '''Tank, Infantry, Black Prince (A43)''' and the A43 model was for a Staff Specification number issued in 1943 for an interim tank that could be made until the development of a “Universal Tank”.

===Deployment===
However, by the time the Black Prince was ready in May 1945; it was too late for it to see service in World War II. Even if it had, many more tank designs such as the [[Sherman Firefly|Sherman Firefly]] and the [[Comet I|Comet]] are much more mobile and effective, yet have the same 17-pounder gun available. Also, a new tank about to be introduced, the [[Centurion Mk 1|Centurion]], has the same protection level as the Black Prince, yet with the same gun and is way more mobile than the Black Prince. This caused the Black Prince to fall into obsolescence and the project, along with the entire line of the infantry tank concept in British tank doctrine, was abandoned in favor of a concept of more mobile tanks with great firepower and protection, which would eventually form the idea of the main battle tanks.

== Media ==

'''Skins''' and camouflages for the Black Prince from http://live.warthunder.com:

*[http://live.warthunder.com/feed/camouflages/?q=%23A43 '''#A43''' Keyword]
*[http://live.warthunder.com/feed/camouflages/?q=%23black_prince '''#black_prince''' Keyword] (more choses)
{{Youtube-gallery|OPzYg0Ely_Y|Review War Thunder Black Prince Gameplay & Review by ''DigitalDigging''|jAIrKnD83YY|Review War Thunder Black Prince Spotlight by ''Minoxen''}}

===Obtainable===
This tank can only be obtained; exclusively with the purchase of, one of the following British tank packs. The packs are currently available to buy; from the official war thunder store. For Playstation 4 it can indeed be brought from the official PSN store. 
[https://store.gaijin.net/story.php?title=A43-Black-Prince-Advanced-Pack War Thunder A43 Black Prince Adanced Pack] [https://store.gaijin.net/story.php?title=Royal-Guard-Advanced-Pack War Thunder Royal Guard Advanced Pack]

[https://warthunder.com/en/devblog/current/827/ [Devblog<nowiki>]</nowiki> Pioneering British Tanks in War Thunder with developer's answers]

== Read also ==
''Links to the articles on the War Thunder Wiki that you think will be useful for the reader, for example,''

* ''reference to the series of the vehicles;''
* ''links to approximate analogues of other nations and research trees.''

''ETC.''

== Sources ==
''Paste links to sources and external resources, such as:''

* ''topic on the official game forum;''
* ''other literature.''

{{Britain heavy tanks}}
{{Britain premium ground vehicles}}

PT-810

2019-01-31T01:11:09Z

U79922989: /* Pros and cons */

{{Specs-Card|code=us_pt810}}

== Description ==
''In the first part of the description, cover the history of the ship’s creation and military application. In the second part, tell the reader about using this ship in the game. Add a screenshot. If a beginner player has a hard time remembering vehicles by name, a picture will help them understand which ship is being discussed.''

== General info ==
=== Survivability and armour ===
''Talk about the vehicle’s armor. Note the most well-defended and most vulnerable zones, e.g. the ammo magazine. Evaluate the composition of components and assemblies responsible for movement and maneuverability. Evaluate the survivability of the primary and secondary armament separately. Don’t forget to mention the size of the crew, which plays an important role in fleet mechanics. Tips for preserving survivability should be saved for the “Use in battle” section.''
If necessary, use a graphic template to show the most well-protected or most vulnerable points in the armor.

=== Mobility ===
''Write about the ship’s mobility. Evaluate its power and maneuverability, rudder rerouting speed, stopping speed at full tilt, with its maximum forward speed and reverse speed.''

== Armament ==
=== Primary armament ===
''Provide information about the characteristics of the primary armament. Evaluate their efficacy in battle based on their reload speed, ballistics and the capacity of their shells. Add a link to the main article about the weapon: <nowiki>{{main|Weapon name}}</nowiki>.''
Broadly describe the ammunition available for the primary armament, and provide recommendations on how to use it and which ammunition to choose.

=== Secondary armament ===
''Some ships are fitted with weapons of various calibers. Evaluate the secondary armament and give advice on how to use them. Describe the ammunition available for the secondary armament. Provide recommendations on how to use them and which ammunition to choose. Remember that anti-air armament, even heavy caliber weapons, belong in the next section.''

''If there is no secondary armament, remove this section.''

=== Anti-aircraft armament ===
''An important part of the ship’s armament responsible for air raid defense. Talk about the ship’s anti-air cannons and machine guns, the number of guns and their positions, their effective range, and about their overall effectiveness – including against surface targets.''

''If there is no anti-aircraft artillery, remove this section.''

=== Torpedo armament ===
''Many ships are armed with torpedo launchers, and for some vessels such as boats, torpedoes are an extremely important means of defeating an opponent. Evaluate the position of the torpedo launchers, discuss the ammunition available, firing specifics such as dead zones, features of the torpedoes themselves, etc.''

''If there is no torpedo armament, remove this section.''

=== Special armament ===
''Depth charges, mines, rocket launchers and missiles are also effective in skilled hands and can be an unexpected surprise for an opponent. Evaluate the ammunition of this type of armament and rate its performance in combat.''

== Usage in the battles ==
''Describe the technique of using this ship, the characteristics of her use in a team and tips on strategy. Abstain from writing an entire guide – don’t get try to provide a single point of view, but give the reader food for thought. Talk about the most dangerous opponents for this vehicle and provide recommendations on fighting them. If necessary, note the specifics of playing with this vehicle in various modes (AB, RB, SB).''

=== Pros and cons: ===

'''Pros: Has very effective armament of 2 single 40mm bofors Cannon and 2 double 20mm Oerlikon autocannon, which can destroy vessels and aircraft quickly if aimed correctly.'''

*

'''Cons: slow speed can kill it if caught off guard by torpedoes'''

*

== History ==
''Talk about the history of the creation and military application of the ship in greater detail than in the introduction. If there turns out to be too much historical information, put it in a separate article, taking the link to the vehicle article and adding the “/historical” block to it (e.g. https://wiki.warthunder.ru/Vehicle-name/historical) and add a link to it here using the main template. Links to sources must be provided at the end of the article.''

== Media ==
''An excellent addition to the article will be video guides, as well as screenshots from the game and photos.''

== Read also ==
''Links to the articles on the War Thunder Wiki that you think will be useful for the reader, for example,''

* ''reference to the series of the ship;''
* ''links to approximate analogues of other nations and research trees.''

''ETC.''

== Sources ==
''Paste links to sources and external resources, such as:''

* ''topic on the official game forum;''
* ''page on ship encyclopedia;''
* ''other literature.''