War Thunder Wiki - User contributions [en]

P-51A

2020-06-01T20:03:54Z

U2363119: Copy, adjusted and generalized information from P-51: performance, combat role

{{Specs-Card
|code=p-51a_tl
|cockpit=334232/1110010
}}
{{About
| about = American fighter '''{{PAGENAME}}'''
| usage = other versions
| link = P-51 (Family)
}}

== Description ==

[[File:GarageImage_{{PAGENAME}}.jpg|420px|thumb|left]]
{{Break}}
The '''{{Specs|name}}''' is a premium gift rank {{Specs|rank}} American fighter {{Battle-rating}}. It was a special vehicle offered during the 2015 Thunder League as a reward for completing five Air challenges. The P-51A TL comes with a high-powered engine and with four 12.7 mm Browning machine guns.

A faster, but lesser armed successor to the [[P-51]], best used as air-superiority fighter utilizing [[BnZ|Boom and Zoom]] tactics. The [[A-36]] is the up-gunned attacker variant featuring ground ordnance.
== General info ==
=== Flight performance ===

"The Need for Speed" is a worthy credo for all [[P-51 (Family)|Mustangs]]. This initial iteration boasts a significant speed advantage over all [[:Category:Second rank aircraft|Rank II]] aircraft, but sacrifices are obvious. On the upside, the good maximum velocity greatly benefits the energy retention coming out of dives and for staying out of trouble.

This version features the Allison V-1710-81 Engine with improved performance at altitude at a small cost to horsepower output on the ground. However it is also, by a small margin, the lightest variant and more aerodynamic, off-setting this loss.

Manoeuvrability is nothing to write home about (except roll-rate), especially without speed to burn. The control surfaces lock up at high speeds which makes the Mustang a comparatively agile fighter when initiating combat, but this is quickly lost. Fortunately the combat flaps have a very high speed tolerance and greatly benefit it in dogfights. Overall the P-51 likes to bleed speed in manoeuvres and the lost energy cannot be easily regained. For another downside is the sluggish acceleration which further causes a low rate of climb. Managing both disadvantage is the Ace's true skill for this elite [[Boom & Run|Boom and Run]] fighter. However this is for an altitude range up to 4,000 m (13,000 ft). High altitude performance suffers which in combat, due the slow climb rate, is rarely reached anyway.

Thus all engagements, may they be ''Boom & Zoom'' or ''Boom & Run'' style, should be performed below said altitudes.

{| class="wikitable" style="text-align:center" width="70%"
! rowspan="2" | Characteristics
! colspan="2" | Max Speed<br>(km/h at 3,170 m)
! rowspan="2" | Max altitude<br>(metres)
! colspan="2" | Turn time<br>(seconds)
! colspan="2" | Rate of climb<br>(metres/second)
! rowspan="2" | Take-off run<br>(metres)
|-
! AB !! RB !! AB !! RB !! AB !! RB
|-
! Stock
| 627 || 612 || rowspan="2" | {{Specs|ceiling}} || 21.2 || 22.0 || 11.3 || 11.3 || rowspan="2" | 370
|-
! Upgraded
| 712 || 668 || 19.1 || 20.0 || 26.0 || 15.7
|-
|}

==== Details ====
{| class="wikitable" style="text-align:center" width="50%"
|-
! colspan="5" | Features
|-
! Combat flaps !! Take-off flaps !! Landing flaps !! Air brakes !! Arrestor gear
|-
| ✓ || ✓ || ✓ || X || X 
|-
|}

{| class="wikitable" style="text-align:center" width="50%"
|-
! colspan="7" | Limits
|-
! rowspan="2" | Wings (km/h)
! rowspan="2" | Gear (km/h)
! colspan="3" | Flaps (km/h)
! colspan="2" | Max Static G
|-
! Combat !! Take-off !! Landing !! + !! -
|-
| {{Specs|destruction|body}} || {{Specs|destruction|gear}} || 652 || 450 || 279 || ~12 || ~6
|-
|}

{| class="wikitable" style="text-align:center"
|-
! colspan="4" | Optimal velocities (km/h)
|-
! Ailerons !! Rudder !! Elevators !! Radiator
|-
| < 550 || < 230 || < 550 || > 360
|-
|}

=== Survivability and armour ===

While the Mustang looks quite defensive on first glance, it is a deceptive one. The fuel tanks are wing-mounted and prone to fires (the D-series has got an inline one). The very small engine cowl plate could just as well be absent. Both issues combined leave many pilots a gliding and/or burning example of why to avoid bomber's defensive fire. The P-51's prime form of defence is speed. As a ''Boom & Run'' fighter, avoiding air-drag inducing bullet holes by not getting hit is a far preferable option anyway. Whilst setting up another attack (a.k.a. retreating from combat) the very generous backseat armour will absorb any stray shots. In general the pilot's survivability is great.
== Armaments ==
=== Offensive armament ===

{{main|M2 Browning (12.7 mm)}}

The '''''{{PAGENAME}}''''' is armed with:
* 4 x 12.7 mm M2 Browning machine guns, wing-mounted (350 rpg inner + 280 outer = 1,260 total)
In terms of weapons, there aren't many to speak of. Nearly all US fighters from this point on feature at least six M2 Brownings. Thus the burst mass is quite light. A detriment for quick attack passes. Use the tracer belt or the omnipurpose belts, as they contain the most incendiary bullets. For Realistic and Simulator battles the ammo count is quite miniscule, controlled bursts are in order.
== Usage in battles ==


The start of each battle can be quite similar, thus in general proceed as follows: WEP and climb until you are higher than most enemy aircraft. Then proceed to destroy fighters. Do NOT turn fight with any aircraft except for bombers, though the latter is an ill-advised target with the lack of heavy firepower. If someone is on your tail, proceed in a shallow dive. The plane<nowiki>'</nowiki>s exceptional top speed should allow it to outrun almost everything. Note that while this Mustang variant features improved high altitude ability, it is still not comparable to true altitude fighters like the [[MiG-3 (Family)|MiG-3]].

In Arcade Battles the option for in-air reloads may tempt the pilot to spray & pray and dump all the ammunition. However, a more deliberate and aimed approach is often more succesful. Waiting outside a furball or dogfight for the right moment to intercept is key. Due to the lack of climb rate and firepower bombers should not be sought out. In general the P-51 plays akin to the [[He 100 D-1|He-100]].

In Realistic Battles the combat role is a tricky game. Lacking climb rate and good high altitude performance the Mustang pilot needs to wait for the combat to come down to about 4,000 m (13,000 ft). Climbing should be done away from the expected combat zone (a.k.a. side-climbing) . At this point initial combat should be Boom & Run, utilizing the superior top speed to avoid combat while the enemy is focused on other team mates. Once the hostiles have dropped to a lower altitude Boom & Zooming can be engaged in. With only four HMGs and 1260 rounds, ammo can run sparse after three kills. Keep to 30 min of fuel minimum and returning to base will be a rare occurrence. Overall this is a support fighter, as in the current climbing meta engagements against higher flying interceptor-fighters are often deadly, as the Mustang then lacks the critical ability to choose the time of engagement.

Simulator Battles is where the P-51A truly shines. Flying at top speed with military rated power (100%) keeps the engine cool and enemies usually far away at one<nowiki>'</nowiki>s tail. Most of all combat happens slightly below the Mustang's preferred altitude and the cockpit view is great, albeit with limited rearward view. Only the lack of acceleration in prolonged dogfights is a trap that even experienced pilots still fall into. An emergency dive to top speed will however fix this, if the pilot remembered to keep some altitude. And one should, for the greatest advantage is the ability to disengage any unfavourable battle and like with many things, the early Mustangs do not disappoint.

=== Manual Engine Control ===
{| class="wikitable" style="text-align:center"
|-
! colspan="7" | MEC elements
|-
! rowspan="2" | Mixer
! rowspan="2" | Pitch
! colspan="3" | Radiator
! rowspan="2" | Supercharger
! rowspan="2" | Turbocharger
|-
! Oil !! Water !! Type
|-
| Not controllable || Controllable<br>Auto control available || Not controllable<br>Not auto controlled || Controllable<br>Auto control available || Combined || Not controllable<br>1 gear || Not controllable
|-
|}

=== Modules ===
{| class="wikitable"
! Tier
! colspan="2" | Flight performance
! Survivability
! Weaponry
|-
| I
| Fuselage Repair
| Radiator
|
| Offensive 12 mm
|-
| II
|
| Compressor
| Airframe
|
|-
| III
| Wings Repair
| Engine
|
| New 12 mm MGs
|-
| IV
|
| Engine Injection
| Cover
|
|-
|}

=== Pros and cons ===


'''Pros:'''

* Extremely fast in level flight or in a dive
* Gets access to the late-war .50 cal belts
* Awesome looking skin: Lightning strips and red (magenta) make it go faster
* Little lockup at highspeeds
* Hard to wingrip

'''Cons:'''

* Not very manoeuvrable
* Only four Browning HMGs
* Fast engine overheating
* No payload options

== History ==
''Describe the history of the creation and combat usage of the aircraft in more detail than in the introduction. If the historical reference turns out to be too long, take it to a separate article, taking a link to the article about the vehicle and adding a block "/History" (example: <nowiki>https://wiki.warthunder.com/(Vehicle-name)/History</nowiki>) and add a link to it here using the <code>main</code> template. Be sure to reference text and sources by using <code><nowiki><ref></ref></nowiki></code>, as well as adding them at the end of the article with <code><nowiki><references /></nowiki></code>. This section may also include the vehicle's dev blog entry (if applicable) and the in-game encyclopedia description (under <code><nowiki>=== In-game description ===</nowiki></code>, also if applicable).''

== Media ==
''Excellent additions to the article would be video guides, screenshots from the game, and photos.''

== See also ==
''Links to the articles on the War Thunder Wiki that you think will be useful for the reader, for example:''
* ''reference to the series of the aircraft;''
* ''links to approximate analogues of other nations and research trees.''

== External links ==
''Paste links to sources and external resources, such as:''
* ''topic on the official game forum;''
* ''encyclopedia page on the aircraft;''
* ''other literature.''

{{AirManufacturer NAA}}
{{USA fighters}}
{{USA premium aircraft}}

A2D-1

2020-06-01T18:53:50Z

U2363119: Performance; Usage in battle; Some reformating

{{Specs-Card
|code=a2d
|cockpit=411794/1438667
}}

== Description ==

[[File:GarageImage_{{PAGENAME}}.jpg|420px|thumb|left]]
{{break}}
The '''{{Specs|name}}''' is a premium rank {{Specs|rank}} American attacker {{Battle-rating}}. It was introduced in [[Update 1.89 "Imperial Navy"]].

The {{PAGENAME}} was outfitted with the Allison XT40A turboprop engine, effectively doubling the horsepower over the [[AD-2|AD-2 ''Skyraider'']], however, installation of contra-rotating propellers was needed to harness all of that power. To accommodate this new thrust, the wing roots were decreased in their thickness while the tail section became larger and taller in order to stabilize the aircraft when under power. With the new engine situated, it was time to focus on the armament of the aircraft. Basic offensive 20 mm cannons were implemented, placing two in each wing with each gun being loaded with 400 rounds of ammunition, twice the firepower as on the Skyraider!

The Douglas {{PAGENAME}} did not have the same legacy as the A-1 Skyraider, however here in War Thunder new life has been given to this hybrid turbo-prop fighter allowing it to find a niche as an attacker turned fighter and/or bomber, all depending on the ordnance outfitted by the pilot. Not to be underestimated, though having a bulky airframe, the {{PAGENAME}} has the speed and ordnance which can help in turning the tide of a battle. Often this aircraft will come up against jet aircraft, but its lack of speed can be made up in manoeuvrability and skill of the pilot in command.

== General info ==
=== Flight performance ===

'''5500 shaft horsepower''' (!sic) — Let this sink in for a moment. Nigh triple that of the another contra-rotating propeller machine in the game, the [[Seafire FR 47|Seafire Mk.47]] - queen of the Spitfires. Furthermore looking at the statistics, one sees more to be gay about. The top speed rivals early jets, rate of climb is phenomenal and the short take off run speaks for a great acceleration. Every characteristic tells the tale of a great [[energy fighting]] machine. This [[:Category:Attackers|attacker]] is very much unlike its older cousin the [[AD-2|AD-2 ''Skyraider'']].

But the devil is in the detail. The wing loading is exceptional high >220 kg/m², sitting even above the [[P-47 (Family)|P-47 ''Thunderbolt'']]. It further does so in category of weight and size. Make no mistake, the Skyshark is a Sky''whale'' and flies appropriately at times. Due the weight, the elevator authority feels weak amd one will kiss the ground more than once, before learning to fly with the momentum properly. Rapid pitch changes are not the Skysharks forte, an abusable fact known to aces. Worse still is the jittery behaviour while maneuvering or taking aim. Again the aircraft<nowiki>'</nowiki>s mass will delay any inputs, especially noticeable in [[Simulator Battles|simulator mode]]. Another quirk is the engine itself: As a turboprop the jets require a spool-up time when going from low to high power.

Of course one wants to exploit the A2D ''Skysharks''' advantages. From above we can notice a plane much simuilar to it: The [[P-47M-1-RE|P-47M ''Thunderbolt'']]. However, in one thing they are apart: Their climb rate, the Bolt<nowiki>'</nowiki>s Achilles heel. Further the acceleration is better, thanks to the 5500 shaft-hp allowing for a better sustained turn rate despite mediocre maneuverbility. This allows the A2D to outshine many early jets in turn dogfights. Maintaining a Yo-Yo with 350 km/h IAS is possible and sadly necessary, any slower than this and the aircraft becomes less responsive. A rare case were lower speeds reduce overall controllability. Again the max weight rears its ugly head.

{| class="wikitable" style="text-align:center"
|-
! colspan="8" | Characteristics
|-
! colspan="8" | ''Stock''
|-
! colspan="2" | Max Speed<br>(km/h at 8,534 m)
! rowspan="2" | Max altitude<br>(meters)
! colspan="2" | Turn time<br>(seconds)
! colspan="2" | Rate of climb<br>(meters/second)
! rowspan="2" | Take-off run<br>(meters)
|-
! AB
! RB
! AB
! RB
! AB
! RB
|-
| 796 || 796 || {{Specs|ceiling}} ||20.6|| 21.2 || 32.4 || 32.1 || 350
|-
! colspan="8" | ''Upgraded''
|-
! colspan="2" | Max Speed<br>(km/h at 8,534 m)
! rowspan="2" | Max altitude<br>(meters)
! colspan="2" | Turn time<br>(seconds)
! colspan="2" | Rate of climb<br>(meters/second)
! rowspan="2" | Take-off run<br>(meters)
|-
! AB
! RB
! AB
! RB
! AB
! RB
|-
| 796 || 796 || {{Specs|ceiling}} || 19.5 || 20.0 || 36.4 || 34.4 || 350
|-
|}

==== Details ====
{| class="wikitable" style="text-align:center"
|-
! colspan="5" | Features
|-
! Combat flaps
! Take-off flaps
! Landing flaps
! Air brakes
! Arrestor gear
|-
| ✓ || ✓ || ✓ || ✓ || ✓ 
|-
|}

{| class="wikitable" style="text-align:center"
|-
! colspan="5" | Limits
|-
! rowspan="2" | Wing-break speed<br>(km/h)
! rowspan="2" | Gear limit<br>(km/h)
! rowspan="2" | Combat flaps<br>(km/h)
! colspan="2" | Max Static G
|-
! +
! -
|-
| {{Specs|destruction|constructions}} || {{Specs|destruction|chassis}} || 600 || ~9 || ~4
|-
|}

{| class="wikitable" style="text-align:center"
|-
! colspan="4" | Optimal velocities
|-
! Ailerons<br>(km/h)
! Rudder<br>(km/h)
! Elevators<br>(km/h)
! Radiator<br>(km/h)
|-
| < 460 || < 480 || < 460 || N/A
|-
|}

{| class="wikitable" style="text-align:center"
|-
! colspan="3" | Compressor (RB/SB)
|-
! colspan="3" | Setting 1
|-
! Optimal altitude
! 100% Engine power
! WEP Engine power
|-
| 1,000 m || 5,034 hp || N/A
|-
|}

=== Survivability and armour ===


The A2D1 has no protection for the Pilot which makes it very vulnerable to AAA and other Aircraft. The radar is also vulnerable. Belly landings normally result in the tail being ripped off and the aircraft breaking the wings. The engines perform well even when damaged and can fly with one heavily damaged and one operational. Rolling with negative G<nowiki>'</nowiki>s can rip the wings off. Fires can be quite common.

== Armaments ==
=== Offensive armament ===

{{main|T31 (20 mm)}}

The '''''{{PAGENAME}}''''' is armed with:

* 4 x 20 mm T31 cannons, wing-mounted (200 rpg = 800 total)

The T31 is a modification of the Hispano-Suiza system and an improvement from the AN-M2 cannon, mostly in weight though. The quadrupple punch is a welcomed upgrade from the Skyraiders. However as the autocannons are mounted in the wings, the pilot must be cognizant of their range to the target and their convergence setting to ensure the ammunition hits the target and doesn’t just fly on by.
=== Suspended armament ===

{{main|AN-M57 (250 lb)|AN-M64A1 (500 lb)|AN-M65A1 (1,000 lb)|AN-M66A2 (2,000 lb)}}
{{main|HVAR|Mk.13/44}}

The '''''{{PAGENAME}}''''' can be outfitted with the following ordnance:

* Without load
* 20 x 250 lb AN-M57 bombs (5,000 lb total)
* 20 x HVAR rockets
* 10 x 500 lb AN-M64A1 bombs (5,000 lb total)
* 2 x 1,000 lb AN-M65A1 bombs (2,000 lb total)
* 2 x 2,000 lb AN-M66A2 bombs (4,000 lb total)
* 2 x 2,000 lb AN-M66A2 bombs + 8 x 500 lb AN-M64A1 bombs (8,000 lb total)
* 2 x 2,000 lb AN-M66A2 bombs + 20 x HVAR rockets (4,000 lb total)
* 2 x Mk.13/44 torpedoes

Twenty-two total hardpoints allow the {{PAGENAME}} to carry an abundance of suspended ordnance much like the Skyraider. Choices of bombs, rockets and torpedoes open up the possibility of targets which can be engaged. Choices in bombs provide options with either 250 lb, 500 lb, 1,000 lb and 2,000 lb bombs. With these targets can range from mobile light trucks, anti-aircraft artillery, tanks, pillboxes and even bases. HVAR rockets provide flexibility to allow the {{PAGENAME}} to fire them from any angle (a restriction which bombs have) as the aircraft descends towards the target. The Mk.13/44 torpedoes are outfitted with a special frangible wooden drag ring and box stabilizer which allow for the torpedo to be dropped at high speeds and from higher altitudes than unmodified torpedoes making them a perfect option for the {{PAGENAME}} when taking on an anti-shipping role.
== Usage in battles ==

In [[Arcade Battles|Arcade]] and [[Realistic Battles]], the A2D-1 can climb with no extra armament to become top cover for the allied fighters, or alternatively escort bombers to their designation. It can also carry one of its most hard hitting armaments and destroy several ground targets or destroy two bases. Though in [[Simulator Battles]] the jittery controls and lack of control make it more akin to a [[B-57B]] fast jet bomber.

;''Dogfights''
With its outstanding acceleration and climb-rate the Skyshark can safely assault hostile ground forces and then decide to join the fray, by either assault climbing the closest hostile, relying on its acceleration to gain an energy advantage mid dogfight, or return to allied fighter pack to rejoin their climb. Going straight for the climb from the start will put the A2D at an immense energy advantage should the fight start.

Preferred combat styles are [[energy fighting]], due its aforementioned acceleration and climb-rate, but also [[BnZ|Boom and Zoom]] for the Skyshark is a heavy weight, note though it can easily reach its terminal velocity and loose all wings, coupled with the slow spool-up-time of the engine from low power, a provident engine and air-brake control is paramount! The G-Suit is a welcomed addition, but will often lead to ripped wings via g-forces in diving maneuvers.

Combat versus Jets differs amusingly little than versus propeller crafts. After easily gaining an altitude advantage, dive on the hostile and force it to break away (turn), hence losing speed and energy. Three things could happen now.
# the enemy jet dives - do not try follow too long, your terminal speed is lesser than most jets -> regain altitude,
# the enemy jet runs - hostile didn't lose too much speed, or assumes the A2D<nowiki>'</nowiki>s speed and acceleration to be lesser. If it is the latter -> outpace and kill it,
# the enemy jet breaks more - hostile is either trying to force an overshoot or prepares for a dogfight, either way -> engage in manoeuvre combat.
Versus propeller fighters one should engage in turnfights, otherwise the Skyshark is most dominant against most WW2 fighters. Few Rank 4 fighters can challenge the A2D on equal terms, so stay sharp.

;''Strafing''
The A2D-1 can be a very valuable asset to teams looking to win by destroying ground troops or assaulting the airfield.
However the Skyshark is so heavy weight and hence slugish that every strafing attempt is an inch away from a crash. The momentum change comes later than expected and is more akin to a medium bomber like the [[B-25J-20|B-25]]. One is not surprised the US Navy stuck with the older AD-2, as in the ground attacker role the Skyshark must play a slow game. Take time for every attack run and try to maintain a speed way above 300 km/h IAS with combat flaps. This is a very high velocity for strafing runs, however any less and the plane will not rise above the newly explosive laden ground...

===Radars===
{{main|AN/APS-19}}
The A2D-1 is equipped with an [[AN/APS-19]] search and tracking radar. The radar is mounted in nose, inside the propeller hub.

{| class="wikitable" style="text-align:center"
! colspan="4" | [[AN/APS-19]] - Target Detection Radar
|-
! {{Annotation|Maximum<br/>Detection<br/>Range|The maximum possible range at which a target can be detected}}
! {{Annotation|Guaranteed<br/>Detection<br/>Range|The range, below which, detection of a target is practically guaranteed}}
! {{Annotation|Max Azimuth<br/>Scan Angle|How far to each side the radar can scan (widest search mode)}}
! {{Annotation|Max Elevation<br/>Scan Angle|How far up and down the radar can scan (widest search mode)}}
|-
| 60,000 m<br />(theoretical) || 7,200 m || ±67.5° || ±67.5°
|-
! colspan="4" | [[AN/APS-19]] - Target Tracking Radar
|-
! {{Annotation|Maximum<br/>Tracking<br/>Range|The maximum range at which a target can be tracked}}
! {{Annotation|Minimum<br/>Tracking<br/>Range|The range below which targets cannot be tracked by the radar}}
! {{Annotation|Azimuth Tracking<br/>Angle|How far to each side the radar can track a target}}
! {{Annotation|Elevation Tracking<br/>Angle|How far up and down the radar can track a target}}
|-
| 1,500 m || 150 m || ±15° || ±15°
|-
|}

=== Manual Engine Control ===
{| class="wikitable" style="text-align:center"
|-
! colspan="7" | MEC elements
|-
! rowspan="2" | Mixer
! rowspan="2" | Pitch
! colspan="3" | Radiator
! rowspan="2" | Supercharger
! rowspan="2" | Turbocharger
|-
! Oil
! Water
! Type
|-
| Not controllable || rowspan="2" | Not controllable<br>Not auto controlled || rowspan="2" | Not controllable<br>Auto control available || rowspan="2" | Not controllable<br>Auto control available || rowspan="2" | Combined || rowspan="2" | Not controllable<br>1 gear || rowspan="2" | Not controllable
|-
|}

=== Modules ===
{| class="wikitable"
! colspan="1" | Tier
! colspan="2" | Flight performance
! colspan="1" | Survivability
! colspan="3" | Weaponry
|-
| I
| Fuselage repair
| Radiator
|
| Offensive 20 mm
| M64
|
|-
| II
|
| Compressor
| Airframe
|
| M65
| FRC mk.2
|-
| III
| Wings repair
| Engine
|
| New 20 mm cannons
| Mk.13
|
|-
| IV
|
|
| Cover
|
| M66
|
|-
|}

* As a premium aircraft, the A2D-1<nowiki>'</nowiki>s modifications are automatically unlocked upon purchase of the aircraft.

=== Pros and cons ===


'''Pros:'''

* Powerful turboprop dual engines
* Quad 20 mm cannon armament
* Possesses tracking and search Radar
* Impressive payload
* Premium bonuses
* Naval aircraft capable of carrier-landing

'''Cons:'''

* Quite slugish
* Extremely large profile
* Time limit on radar
* Tracking Radar only works at < 1 km
* Extremely large profile for an attacker
* Tail of aircraft is fragile

== History ==

The Douglas A-1 Skyraider was an impressive aircraft for a piston-driven propeller-powered aircraft which survived into the jet age, being used by the United States Navy, Marine Corps and Air Force and around nine other countries over its 40-year service. Like many aircraft which were successful, they went through many iterations and variants to keep them up to date with new requirements and technology as they came about. In an age where jet aircraft were beginning to overtake propeller-driven aircraft in all aspects of military service, the Bureau of Aeronautics which was the U.S. Navy’s material-support organization was looking for a suitable option for an attack aircraft which would be more fuel-efficient than the upcoming jet fighters. To meet the Navy’s requirement, Douglas Aircraft looked to their AD Skyraider airframe and considered modifying it to accept a more fuel economical turboprop engine.

In the early years following the war, jet engines underwent rapid development. This attracted the interest of the US Navy, which sought to arm itself with aircraft that were superior to that of potential opponents in speed, altitude, payload, and flight range.

As it turned out, jet engines were perfect for fighter aircraft but too “voracious” for strike aircraft, as they significantly reduced their range. The best engineering solution was to introduce the turboprop engine, which was a task the Douglas company undertook.

Initially, engineers simply wanted to replace the piston engine of the Skyraider attack aircraft with a turboprop engine. However, this led nowhere and the vehicle required significant modification. In the end, the engineers settled on a prototype with Allison Т-40А-2 turboprop engines and coaxial propellers.

The first flight of the XA2D-1 prototype, called the Skyshark, took place on May 26, 1950, but engine vibration nearly destroyed the aircraft and it was forced to land after only two minutes. By December 1950, the prototype had already completed over a dozen flights. However, a routine flight on December 19, 1950, ended in tragedy. Due to issues with the engine, the vehicle and pilot crashed. Nevertheless, testing continued and, despite the many technical problems that plagued the aircraft, the army ordered 10 pre-production models of the A2D-1. However, on August 5, 1954, another accident occurred when the main gearbox failed, and the aircraft crashed a short distance outside Los Angeles. This time, the pilot managed to escape the aircraft, but the project was closed and it was decided to dismantle any existing prototypes. Apparently, this decision was influenced by the fact that in the same year for the first time Douglas got another project in the air, this later became the famous A4D Skyhawk - a new generation of jets.

''- From [[wt:en/news/6210-development-douglas-a2d-1-skyshark-wyvern-to-the-max-en|Devblog]]''

== Media ==


;Images
<div><ul>
<li style="display: inline-block;"> [[File:A2D-1_WTWallpaper_001.jpg|thumb|none|250px|]] </li>
<li style="display: inline-block;"> [[File:A2D-1_WTWallpaper_002.jpg|thumb|none|250px|]] </li>
<li style="display: inline-block;"> [[File:A2D-1_WTWallpaper_003.jpg|thumb|none|250px|]] </li>
<li style="display: inline-block;"> [[File:A2D-1_WTWallpaper_004.jpg|thumb|none|250px|]] </li>
<li style="display: inline-block;"> [[File:A2D-1_WTWallpaper_005.jpg|thumb|none|250px|]] </li>
</ul></div>

;Videos
{{Youtube-gallery|osh4KS9yodw|'''The Shooting Range #158''' - ''Metal Beasts'' section at 00:35 discusses the A2D-1.|DsUqjuBUWko|'''Is It Worth Your Money? War Thunder 1.89 A2D-1 Commentary''' - ''DEFYN''|Br0MqMHurKQ|'''Jaws With Wings - A2D-1 SkyShark - Ground Forces RB Gameplay''' - ''CyberDeath Gaming''}}

== See also ==


;Related development

* [[AD-2|AD-2 ''Skyraider'']]
* [[AD-4|AD-4 ''Skyraider'']]

;Aircraft of comparable role, configuration and era

* [[Wyvern S4|Westland Wyvern S4]]
* [[P-47M-1-RE|P-47M ''Thunderbolt'']]

== External links ==


* [[wt:en/news/6210-development-douglas-a2d-1-skyshark-wyvern-to-the-max-en|<nowiki>[</nowiki>Devblog<nowiki>]</nowiki> Douglas A2D-1 Skyshark: Wyvern to the Max!]]
* [[https://forum.warthunder.com/index.php?/topic/453543-douglas-a2d-1-skyshark/|<nowiki>[</nowiki>WT Aircraft Data Sheets<nowiki>]</nowiki> Douglas A2D-1 Skyshark]]

{{AirManufacturer Douglas}}
{{USA attackers}}
{{USA premium aircraft}}

A13 Mk II 1939

2019-11-25T23:48:19Z

U2363119: Copy and restructure of the A13_Mk_II, missing segments added. Differences are too minor, can be copy pasted to A13_Mk_II too.

{{Specs-Card
|code=uk_a_13_mk2_1939
|market=Mark IV A13 Mk.II (Britain)
}}
{{About
|about=light tank '''{{PAGENAME}}'''
|usage=other uses
|link=A13 (Family)
}}

== Description ==


The '''{{Specs|name}}''' is a rank {{Specs|rank}} British light tank {{Battle-rating}}. The tank was added in [[Update_1.53_"Firestorm"|Update 1.53 "Firestorm"]] and was one of the first British tanks introduced in the game. It was available for purchase during the early stages of the British tanks introduction, but has since been removed from the store. However, it briefly became available on two different occasions: first, during the 2017 April Fools event when Gaijin made it available in the "A Very British Exit" Pack; second, during the War Thunder 7 Years anniversary event. It is now only obtainable through the Gaijin Marketplace.

As a British Cruiser style tank the {{Specs|name}} focuses on mobility, agility and flanking. Armour is in this concept is literal dead weight and foregone. Compared to the tech tree [[A13_Mk_II|A13 Mk II]], this version features an additional armour plate for the turret.
== General info ==
=== Survivability and armour ===

'''Armour type:'''

* Rolled homogeneous armour
* Cast homogeneous armour (Gun mantlet)

{| class="wikitable"
|-
! Armour !! Front !! Sides !! Rear !! Roof
|-
| Hull || 14 mm ''Front plate'' <br> 14 mm (0-62°) ''Front glacis'' <br> 14 mm (64°) ''Lower glacis'' || 7 mm || 14 mm (0-62°) || 14 mm
|-
| Turret || 14 mm (0-15°) ''Turret front'' <br> 14 mm (1-63°) ''Gun mantlet'' || 14 (40°) + 14 mm (21°) || 14 (21-30°) + 14 mm (2°) || 14 mm
|-
|}
'''Notes:'''
* Cupola is 14 mm incl. roof hatches
* Suspension wheels and tracks are 15 mm thick.

While the A13 is in many ways very similar to the Soviet [[BT-7|BT series]] in regards to armour and mobility, it is however unlike it by featuring four crew men. This difference is quite noticable despite their cramped conditions.

Further the A13 Mk II 1939 features an improved turret armour to the standard A13 Mk II. Another 14 mm plate was added to the turret's face. It does not make a significant difference to survivability, neither does angling the hull against incomming fire. Even machine gun fire poses a significant threat, hence the preferred means of survival (alike for all Cruiser style British tanks) is to not be seen. Luckily the low profile and small size benefit this playstyle greatly.
=== Mobility ===

{| class="wikitable" style="text-align:center" width="70%"
! rowspan="2" | Game Mode
! colspan="3" | Mobility characteristics
! colspan="2" | Engine power (horsepower)
! colspan="2" | Power-to-weight ratio (hp/ton)
|-
! Max Speed
! {{Annotation|Weight|Vehicle Weight (Tons)}}
! {{Annotation|AoA Weight|Add on Armour Weight (Tons)}}
! Stock
! Upgraded
! Stock
! Upgraded
|-
! Arcade
| 53 km/h || rowspan="2" | 14.5 || rowspan="2" | n/a || 527 || 649 || 36.34 || 44.76
|-
! {{Annotation|Realistic|Simulator uses Realistic FMs}}
| 48 km/h || 301 || 340 || 20.76 || 23.45
|}
Even though the A13 has good mobility, it sometimes feels weird to drive. It loses speed on turns, does not accelerates quite as fast as it's overpowered engine(RB stock: 20 HP/tonne) should provide it. Hill-climbing and other inclination have it struggle to pick up a proper pace. All of these flaws come from the gearbox, which has bad and uneven ratios, resulting in a kick when changing speed. Knowing that keep an eye on the "gear" counter top-left of the screen (activate it in the options menu) since it provides crucial information on how the tank will react to commands. With a bit of practice, one should swiftly masters these peculiarities.
== Armaments ==
=== Main armament ===

{{main|Ordnance QF 2-pounder (40 mm)}}

{| class="wikitable" style="text-align:center"
|-
! colspan="6" | [[Ordnance QF 2-pounder (40 mm)|40 mm OQF 2-pounder]]
|-
! colspan="3" rowspan="1" style="width:5em" |Capacity
! rowspan="1" | Vertical <br> guidance
! rowspan="1" | Horizontal <br> guidance
! rowspan="1" | Stabilizer
|-
| colspan="3" | 87 || -15°/+20° || ±180° || Vertical
|-
! colspan="6" | Turret rotation speed (°/s)
|-
! style="width:4em" |Mode
! style="width:4em" |Stock
! style="width:4em" |Upgraded
! style="width:4em" |Prior + Full crew
! style="width:4em" |Prior + Expert qualif.
! style="width:4em" |Prior + Ace qualif.
|-
| ''Arcade'' || 15.2 || __.__ || _.__ || _.__ || _.__
|-
| ''Realistic'' || 9.50 || 11.20 || _.__ || _.__ || _.__
|-
! colspan="4" | Reloading rate (seconds)
|-
! colspan="1" style="width:4em" |Stock
! colspan="1" style="width:4em" |Prior + Full crew
! colspan="1" style="width:4em" |Prior + Expert qualif.
! colspan="1" style="width:4em" |Prior + Ace qualif.
|-
| 3.64 || _.__ || _.__ || 2.8
|-
|}

Since the [[Ordnance QF 2-pounder (40 mm)|QF 2-pounder]] is used on most British tanks of Rank 1, it is important to know it well. This cannon has a major disadvantage at distances since its bullet lose around 20 mm of penetration for every 500 m it travels, which is a lot. As if this was not enough, it has poor accuracy, even with Adjustment of fire, hence, one should target large components (crewmen, engine, transmission), of the enemy or, as distance increases (500m or more), the general centre of the foe. Firing the 2-Pounder, one will easily notice its last but not least flaw: it does almost no post-penetration damage, which rewuires the need to snipe, crew members, one by one. Combine this difficulty with a bit of distance and this task can prove tricky pretty quick, sometimes leaving the enemy enough time to replenish its crew before being finished off.

On the other hand, this cannon has 5 major advantages: reload speed, close-quarter penetration, a primitive stabilizing system, LOTS of ammo and awesome gun depression. Its fast reloading speed allows the 2-Pounder to compensate its poor accuracy: missed a shot? why not take another even before you can reposition! Close quarter penetration, one of the best at its tier, is also a plus: enemies will only block a shot if it happen to hit a steep-angled plate of armour. With the hand stabilizer it can fire on the move too, at low speeds and on relatively flat road, though. Doing so it is much more precise than the comparable [[BT-7]] with the [[20-K (45 mm)|20-K]]. Last but not least, small shells mean more shells: the A13 can bring up to 87 bullets into the game, much more than needed to knock out 3-4 tanks, which means one can try to suppress an enemy and keep it in cover by constantly firing near it (at this rank, this tactic can prove effective against new players). Finally, the great gun depression enables it to fire over hills, peeking only it's a small turret, shooting and disappearing swiftly. Use these features cunningly.
===== Ammunition =====
{| class="wikitable sortable" style="text-align:center" width="100%"
! colspan="8" | Penetration statistics
|-
! rowspan="2" data-sort-type="text" | Ammunition
! rowspan="2" class="unsortable" | Type of <br /> warhead
! colspan="6" | '''Penetration''' '''''in mm''''' '''@ 90°'''
|-
! 10m
! 100m
! 500m
! 1000m
! 1500m
! 2000m
|-
| Shot Mk.1 AP/T || AP || 71 || 68 || 52 || 37 || 27 || 19
|-
| Shot Mk.1 APCBC/T || APCBC || 88 || 83 || 64 || 46 || 33 || 24
|-
| Shot Mk.1 APHV/T || AP || 80 || 78 || 67 || 56 || 47 || 40
|-
| Shell Mk.1 AP/T || APHE || 65 || 62 || 49 || 36 || 26 || 20
|-
|}
{| class="wikitable sortable" style="text-align:center" width="100%"
! colspan="11" | Shell details
|-
! rowspan="2" data-sort-type="text" | Ammunition
! rowspan="2" class="unsortable" | Type of <br /> warhead
! rowspan="2" |Velocity <br /> in m/s
! rowspan="2" |Projectile<br />Mass in kg
! rowspan="2" | ''Fuse delay''
''in m:''
! rowspan="2" | ''Fuse sensitivity''
''in mm:''
! rowspan="2" | ''Explosive Mass in g<br /> (TNT equivalent):''
! rowspan="2" | ''Normalization At 30° <br> from horizontal:''
! colspan="3" | ''Ricochet:''
|-
! 0%
! 50%
! 100%
|-
| Shot Mk.1 AP/T || AP || 792 || 1.08 || N/A || N/A || N/A || -1° || 47° || 60° || 65°
|-
| Shot Mk.1 APCBC/T || APCBC || 792 || 1.24 || N/A || N/A || N/A || +4° || 48° || 63° || 71°
|-
| Shot Mk.1 APHV/T || AP || 853 || 1.08 || N/A || N/A || N/A || -1° || 47° || 60° || 65°
|-
| Shell Mk.1 AP/T || APHE || 792 || 1.08 || 1.2 || 9 || 19 || +4° || 47° || 60° || 65°
|-
|}
The QF-2 pounder is not starved for armour piercing shells. The APCBC, APHV and the APHE "Shell Mk.1" all fill different niches. The APCBC has great performace at close range and against angled slopes. It does well for sniping modules up to medium ranges, but is here quickly outshined by the APHV shot. Depending on the map size, several of these should be kept as back up for combat above 500 m. Ultimatively the Shell Mk.1 APHE is objectively the hardest hitting of the bunch with the explosive filler. However the penetration goes down to an average 60 mm @ 100 m which unlike the other shots requires aiming for weakpoint more often. The delay can be unwanted in close range combat, but so is an enemy able to shoot back. As the HE filler is underwhelming in firepower, larger vehicles such as the [[Pz.IV C]] and [[LVT(A)(1)|LVT]] will survive initial hits. Given the British tech tree's tendency for solid AP shot, sticking with the APCBC shot for training purposes might be for the best. The lack of a dedicated high explosive shell is negligible as the small bore diameter would have rendered it quite impotent, the coaxial LMG does the job adequately already.
===== [[Ammo racks|Ammo racks]] =====
'''Last updated: 1.77.2.128'''
[[File:Ammoracks_A13MkI.png|right|thumbnail|x250px|[[Ammo racks|Ammo racks]] of the A13 Mk I.]]
{| class="wikitable sortable" style="text-align:center"
|-
! class="wikitable unsortable" |Full<br /> ammo
! class="wikitable unsortable" |1st<br /> rack empty
! class="wikitable unsortable" |2nd<br /> rack empty
! class="wikitable unsortable" |3rd<br /> rack empty
! class="wikitable unsortable" |4th<br /> rack empty
! class="wikitable unsortable" |5th<br /> rack empty
! class="wikitable unsortable" |6th<br /> rack empty
! class="wikitable unsortable" |7th<br /> rack empty
! class="wikitable unsortable" |8th<br /> rack empty
! class="wikitable unsortable" |9th<br /> rack empty
! class="wikitable unsortable" |10th<br /> rack empty
! class="wikitable unsortable" |11th<br /> rack empty
! class="wikitable unsortable" |12th<br /> rack empty
! class="wikitable unsortable" |13th<br /> rack empty
! class="wikitable unsortable" |14th<br /> rack empty
! class="wikitable unsortable" |15th<br /> rack empty
! class="wikitable unsortable" |16th<br /> rack empty
! class="wikitable unsortable" |Visual<br /> discrepancy
|-
|| '''87''' || 78 ''(+9)'' || 75 ''(+12)'' || 72 ''(+15)'' || 69 ''(+18)'' || 66 ''(+21)'' || 62 ''(+25)'' || 60 ''(+27)'' || 56 ''(+31)'' || 51 ''(+36)'' || 47 ''(+40)'' || 43 ''(+44)'' || 41 ''(+46)'' || 36 ''(+51)'' || 31 ''(+56)'' || 16 ''(+71)'' || 1 ''(+86)'' || style="text-align:left" | No
|-
|}

Center hull empty: 41 ''(+46)''

=== Optics ===



{| class="wikitable" style="text-align:center" width="50%"
! colspan="3" | {{PAGENAME}} [[Optics]]
|-
! Which ones
! Default magnification
! Maximum magnification
|-
! Main Gun optics
| x1.85 || x3.5 
|-
! Comparable optics
| colspan="2;" style="text-align:center;" | [[AMR.35 ZT3]]
|-
|}

The sights are very weak in magnification. While this correlates in a wide field of view, beneficial for the close-quarters combat style of the A13, it is a major downside for medium and long range battles. Without the binoculars (or the penetration indicator in Arcade Mode) any far ranged combat becomes a sore to the eyes. Yet this is great training for spotting hostiles with the binoculars and aligning the gun to the target.
=== Machine guns ===

{{main|Vickers (7.7 mm)}}

{| class="wikitable" style="text-align:center"
|-
! colspan="7" | [[Vickers (7.7 mm)|7.7 mm Vickers]]
|-
! colspan="7" | ''Coaxial mount''
|-
! colspan="4" rowspan="1" style="width:5em" |Capacity (Belt capacity)
! rowspan="1" | Fire rate <br> (shots/minute)
! rowspan="1" | Vertical <br> guidance
! rowspan="1" | Horizontal <br> guidance
|-
| colspan="4" | 3,500 (250) || 390 || N/A || N/A
|-
|}
In these low tiers the meagre 9 mm of penetration is plenty to damage a wide range of armoured vehicles from the side and rear. Having an easy to reach key bind is recommended anyway, as it pays off quickly, from highlighting enemies on the map in Realistic Battles, clearing bushes and obstacles to finishing off open top vehicles.
== Usage in the battles ==

This vehicle's role is that of a light tank in the truest sense, sporting an acceptable gun, great mobility and virtually no armour to speak of. The main difference from the Mk II to the Mk I is that the former has better turret protection, adding about 0.8 tonnes of steel without hindering mobility.

The A13 has a very active playstyle and should not be used in the front lines. Instead, use the mobility to its advantage: Spot, flank and provide artillery support for the team, blind enemies with well-placed smokes screens in key avenues. Make sure to only target secluded enemies in flanking tactics to take full advantage of the element of surprise and outflank opponents. Never expose yourself for too long , as even light machine gun fire is a potential threat to survivability . The QF-2 pounder has an awful long-range accuracy, so get close to the enemy to actually land a shot. Load up this agile (but reluctant) cat with ammo and flank the enemies with a constant flow of bullets.

Since the addition of smoke in War Thunder, light tanks have it easier. Use the forward-launching smoke to create a wall of smoke in a strategic place. It can be used to cover allies, when capturing a point, flanking in a street (urban environment), or when the situation gets to hot.
=== Pros and cons ===

'''Pros:'''

* Fast
* Good HP/tonne ratio
* Slim target
* Better turret armour than [[A13 Mk II]]
* Good gun for its rank
* Primitive gun stabilisation
* Brings lots of ammo
* Forward-launching smoke launchers
* Coaxial MG
* Decent turret sewing rate
* -15° gun depression

'''Cons:'''

* Thin armour
* Poor post penetration damage
* Barely any response from the engine
* Loses speed when turning
* Wiggles when trying to turn on 5th gear
* Regular LMGs can penetrate side armour

== History ==

===Development===
The British development on their cruiser tanks advanced greatly with the implementation of the Christie suspension system, which they acquired from an American firm. The tank underwent a development program under the name ''Cruiser Mk III (A13)'' and the first accepted variant for the military was the ''[[A13 Mk I|A13 Mk.I]]''. The Mk.I featured 15 mm of armour, a 2-pounder cannon, and a Vickers machine gun as its coaxial armament. An order of 65 of these tanks were asked for in 1939 at the Nuffield Mechanization & Auto Limited, but only 30 were made before the a decision was made to upgrade the existing model with more armour and different armament.

The redesigned cruiser tank, the ''' A13 Mk.II, Cruiser Tank Mk IV''', had a new armour thickness of 30 mm and additional sloping armour was put onto the sides and rear of the turret. The Vickers machine gun used as the coaxial armament was also replaced by the BESA machine gun, a licensed Czech ZB-53 machine gun, due to issues with the Vickers gun. Around 225 to 665 A13 Mk.II tanks were produced from 1940 until late 1941.

===Combat Usage===
The A13 first saw combat in the Battle of France under the British Expeditionary Force in 1940. The A13 encountered many trouble during its employment, the crew have little to no training with the new tanks due to their rushed adoption into service, the tanks were in poor condition and some were even missing parts. The A13s were used in the 1st Armoured Division, but many were either destroyed by the superior German armoured forces or abandoned at Calais during the evacuation of Allied troops at Dunkirk, which forced the units to leave behind their heavier equipment.

After the disaster at France, the A13 were still used to support the war. Some were sent to Greece to support their defense against Germany in the Battle of Greece, but a majority were sent to North Africa as part of the Western Desert Campaign near Libya under the 7th Armoured Division. Compared to the time in France, the A13s in North Africa fared much better, ironing out most of its initial defects, and was even more suited to the environment than other tank designs. The A13 was popular with the crew for its high speed, reliability, and a powerful 2-pounder cannon that could engage a majority of Axis tanks in 1941. However, there was an insufficient number of A13s available for use, so tank units were mixed with the faster cruiser tanks and slower infantry tanks, which caused tactical and logistical difficulties trying to accommodate all of the tanks. Another deficiency with the tank and every other British tank with the 2-pounder was the lack of high-explosive shell issued to the tankers, which made them vulnerable to anti-tank guns, which caused a majority of British tank losses in the North African Campaign. Still, the A13 fared very well with its armour and armament until the late 1941 where better armoured [[Pz.III L|Panzer IIIs]] and [[Pz.IV G|Panzer IVs]] began to appear on the battlefield.

Due to its growing obsolesce on the battlefield, the A13 was replaced in 1941 by the better armoured [[Crusader Mk II|A15 Crusader tank]].

== Media ==

* [https://live.warthunder.com/post/289336/en/ <nowiki>[</nowiki>Skin<nowiki>]</nowiki> "Girls und Panzer St. Gloriana" - by ''CmdNomad'']
* [https://live.warthunder.com/post/309253/en/ <nowiki>[</nowiki>Skin<nowiki>]</nowiki> 2nd Royal Tank Regiment 7th Armour Brig (Egypt 1941) - by ''Tiger<nowiki>_</nowiki>VI'']
* [https://live.warthunder.com/post/285005/en/ <nowiki>[</nowiki>Skin<nowiki>]</nowiki> "Pz.Kpf.Wg.A13 (e)" "144" 100. Pz.Abt. (Russia 1941) - by ''Tiger<nowiki>_</nowiki>VI'']

== See also ==

;Related British Cruiser style tanks
* [[Crusader (Family)|Crusader series]]
* [[Tetrarch Mk I]]

;Vehicles of comparable role, configuration and era
* [[BT-7]]

== External links ==

* [https://warthunder.com/en/devblog/current/827 <nowiki>[</nowiki>WT Mainpage<nowiki>]</nowiki> Devblog "Pioneering British Tanks in War Thunder with developer's answers"]
* [[wikipedia:Cruiser_Mk_IV|<nowiki>[</nowiki>Wikipedia<nowiki>]</nowiki> Cruiser Mk IV (A13 Mk II)]

{{Britain light tanks}}

P-51

2019-11-13T22:34:50Z

U2363119: edit See also

{{Specs-Card
|code=p-51_mk1a_usaaf
|cockpit=334579/1111224
}}
{{About
| about = American fighter '''{{PAGENAME}}'''
| usage = other uses
| link = P-51 (Family)
}}

== Description ==

[[File:GarageImage_{{PAGENAME}}.jpg|420px|thumb|left]]
{{break}}
The '''{{Specs|name}}''' is a rank {{Specs|rank}} American fighter {{Battle-rating}}. It was introduced in [[Update 1.49 "Weapons of Victory"]].

The P-51 Mustang retains a lot of the traits that may be found in its later variants. The main difference comes from the limited Allison power plant and its formidable armament of 4 x [[Hispano Mk.II (20 mm)|Hispano Mk.II]] 20 mm cannons. The plane may not climb very well but does retain the traits of an energy fighter. Even with is limited climb rate the aircraft's dive-speed is excellent. The aircraft's manoeuvrability is average at best. The armament is the true advantage of this aircraft. The best way to use the P-51 is for [[Boom & Zoom]]. The 20 mm cannons are powerful, but with only 500 rounds do not try to go for more than what the P-51 can handle.

The P-51, when fully upgraded, is an extremely deadly opponent, especially as a rank II. The engine will have a hard time hitting the "overheated" mark, even when using WEP. Use caution though, as the engine will retain its heat when constantly on 100% power, so it takes a bit to cool down. Also be sure to utilise the flaps: They are a major asset to the plane's overall turn-fighting ability and sometimes allow it to survive a Russian turn-fight. This is an awesome plane for those just starting out in Realistic Battles, as the 20 mm cannons are good at scoring quick victories.

== General info ==
=== Flight performance ===

"The Need for Speed" is a worthy credo for all [[P-51 (Family)|Mustangs]]. This initial iteration boasts a significant speed advantage over many [[Category:Third rank aircraft|Rank III]] vehicles, but sacrifices are obvious. On the upside the good maximum velocity greatly benefits the energy retetion coming out of dives and for staying out of trouble.

Manoeuvrability is nothing to write home about (except roll-rate), especially without speed to burn. The control surfaces lock up at high speeds which makes the Mustang a comparatively agile fighter when initiating combat, but this is quickly lost. Fortunately the combat flaps have a very high speed tolerance and greatly benefit it in dogfights. Overall the P-51 likes to bleed speed in manoeuvres and the lost energy cannot be easily regained. For another downside is the sluggish acceleration which further causes a low rate of climb. Managing both disadvantage is the Ace's true skill for this elite [[Boom & Run|Boom and Run]] fighter. However this is for an altitude range up to 4,000 m (13,000 ft). High altitude performance suffers which in combat, due the slow climb rate, is rarely reached anyway.
Thus all engagements, may they be Boom & Zoom or Boom & Run style, should be performed below said altitudes.
{| class="wikitable" style="text-align:center"
! rowspan="2" | Characteristics
! colspan="2" | Max Speed<br />(km/h at _,___ m)
! rowspan="2" | Max altitude<br />(meters)
! colspan="2" | Turn time<br />(seconds)
! colspan="2" | Rate of climb<br />(meters/second)
! rowspan="2" | Take-off run<br />(meters)
|-
! AB !! RB !! AB !! RB !! AB !! RB
|-
! Stock
| 591 || 578 || rowspan="2" | 8839 || 21.3 || 22.2 || 8.5 || 8.5 || rowspan="2" | 491
|-
! Upgraded
| 679 || 631 || 19.6 || 20.0 || 19.9 || 13.1
|-
|}

====Details====
{| class="wikitable" style="text-align:center"
|-
! colspan="6" | Features
|-
! Combat flaps !! Take-off flaps !! Landing flaps !! Air brakes !! Arrestor gear !! Drogue chute
|-
| ✓ || ✓ || ✓ || X || X || X 
|-
|}

{| class="wikitable" style="text-align:center"
|-
! colspan="7" | Limits
|-
! rowspan="2" | Wings (km/h)
! rowspan="2" | Gear (km/h)
! colspan="3" | Flaps (km/h)
! colspan="2" | Max Static G
|-
! Combat !! Take-off !! Landing !! + !! -
|-
| 845 || 310 || 652 || 565 || 285 || ~12 || ~6
|-
|}

{| class="wikitable" style="text-align:center"
|-
! colspan="4" | Optimal velocities (km/h)
|-
! Ailerons !! Rudder !! Elevators !! Radiator
|-
| < 600 || < 425 || < 440 || > 325
|-
|}

{| class="wikitable" style="text-align:center"
|-
! Compressor
! Optimal altitude
! 100% Engine power
! WEP Engine power
|-
! Setting 1
| 3,597 m || 1,150 hp || 1,598 hp
|-
|}

=== Survivability and armour ===

* 19.5 mm Steel - Upper engine cowl armour plate
* 6.35 mm Steel - Fore cockpit armour plate
* 15.87 mm Steel - Armour plate behind pilot's seat
* 38 mm Bulletproof glass - Armoured windscreen

While the Mustang looks quite defensive on first glance, it is a deceptive one. The fuel tanks are wing mounted and prone to fires (the D-series has got an inline one). The very small engine cowl plate could just as well be absent. Both issues combine leave many pilots a gliding and/or burning example of why to avoid bomber's defensive fire. The P-51's prime form of defence is speed. As ''Boom & Run'' fighter avoiding air-drag inducing bullet holes by not getting hit is a far preferable option anyway. Whilst setting up another attack (a.k.a. retreating from combat) the very generous backseat armour will absorb any stray shots. In general the pilot's survivability is great.
== Armaments ==
=== Offensive armament ===

{{main|Hispano Mk.II (20 mm)}}

The '''''{{PAGENAME}}''''' is armed with:
* 4 x 20 mm Hispano Mk.II cannons, wing-mounted (125 rpg = 500 total)

Quadrupple Hispanos are devastating: Pressing the trigger will significantly slow down the P-51. Now how is that for firepower? Although this is caused by the too light airframe which further causes vibrations and heavy shaking due the wing mounted position of all arms. Hence the accuracy is appalling after the first shots leave the barrels. Trigger control is important, even more so as the Hispanos like to overheat.
== Usage in battles ==

In an RPG the Mustang would be a rogue, the damage dealer. Quickly darting in and out of combat to deal devastating blows, the P-51 in War Thunder is a DPS main, too. Featured playstyles are [[Boom & Zoom]], repeatedly diving on enemies and returning up high, and [[Boom & Run]], flying into danger zone, picking of a target and retreating, all while running at top speed. Coupled with its manoeuvrability and acceleration deficits, the P-51 punishes any pilot who does not play to its strength, namely the top speed. Only late war or diving aircraft are able to catch a Mustang on the run and for the latter only with the correct timing and plenty of altitude to burn. Maintaining a cool head and areal observation are important. Retreating may look the cowardice choice, but with the speed to disengage many options open up for reversals. Note, do not perform flat turns, but rather slow, deliberate high Yo-Yos or Immelmanns for turning around. A careful approach when leading up for a shot helps in conserving precious momentum, too.

In [[Arcade Battles|Arcade mode]] the option for in air reloads may tempt the pilot to spray & pray and dump all the ammunition. However with the inaccuracy issues and the short fire windows a more deliberate approach is necessary. Waiting outside a furball or dogfight for the right moment to intercept is key, as the key role for the Mustang is heavy fire support. This is especially helpful against armoured Attackers such as the [[Ju 87 (Family)|Stuka]] or [[IL-2 (Family)|IL-2]]. Due the lack of climb rate and poor altitude performance bombers should not be sought out. In general the P-51 plays akin to many [[:Category:Twin-engine fighters|heavy fighters]] in Arcade mode.

In [[Realistic Battles]] the combat role is a tricky game. Lacking climb rate and high altitude performance the Mustang pilot needs to wait for the combat to come down to about 4,000 m (13,000 ft). Climbing should be done away from the expected combat zone (a.k.a. side-climbing) and at 20° with or 14° without WEP. At this point initial combat should be Boom & Run, utilizing the superior top speed to avoid combat while the enemy is focused on other team mates. Once the hostiles have dropped to a lower altitude Boom & Zooming can be engaged in. With 125 rounds per gun the fighter has got plenty of ammo to kill about six vehicles and with 30 min of fuel minimum, returning to base will be a rare occurrence. Overall this is a support fighter as in the current climbing meta engagements against higher flying interceptor-fighters are often deadly, as the Mustang then lacks the critical ability to choose the time of engagement.

[[Simulator Battles]] is where the P-51 (NA-91) truly shines. Flying at top speed with military rated power (100 %) keeps the engine cool and enemies usually far away at one's tail. Most of all combat happens slightly below the Mustang's preferred altitude and the cockpit view is great, albeit with limited rearward view. Without the instructor the manoeuvrability markedly improves in comparison, for the P-51 has got generous stall characteristics and is an overall stable gun platform, as long as one does not pull the trigger. Only the lack of acceleration in prolonged dogfights is a trap many pilots still fall into. An emergency dive to top speed will however fix this, if the pilot remembered to keep some altitude. And one should, for the greatest advantage is the ability to disengage any unfavourable battle and like with many things, the early Mustangs do not disappoint.
===Manual Engine Control===
{| class="wikitable" style="text-align:center"
|-
! colspan="7" | MEC elements
|-
! rowspan="2" | Mixer
! rowspan="2" | Pitch
! colspan="3" | Radiator
! rowspan="2" | Supercharger
! rowspan="2" | Turbocharger
|-
! Oil !! Water !! Type
|-
| Not controllable || Controllable<br>Not auto controlled || Not controllable<br>Not auto controlled || Controllable<br>Not auto controlled || Separate || Not controllable<br>1 gear || Not controllable
|-
|}

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<div style="position: absolute; left: 22px; top: 515px; width: 18px; height: 1em;" align="right">0</div>
<div style="position: absolute; left: 22px; top: 465px; width: 18px; height: 1em;" align="right">1</div>
<div style="position: absolute; left: 22px; top: 415px; width: 18px; height: 1em;" align="right">2</div>
<div style="position: absolute; left: 22px; top: 365px; width: 18px; height: 1em;" align="right">3</div>
<div style="position: absolute; left: 22px; top: 315px; width: 18px; height: 1em;" align="right">4</div>
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<div style="position: absolute; left: 22px; top: 115px; width: 18px; height: 1em;" align="right">8</div>
<div style="position: absolute; left: 22px; top: 65px; width: 18px; height: 1em;" align="right">9</div>
<div style="position: absolute; left: 22px; top: 15px; width: 18px; height: 1em;" align="right">10</div>
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<div style="position: absolute; left: 150px; top:525px; width: 10px;" align="left">0.34</div>
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<div style="position: absolute; left: 250px; top:525px; width: 10px;" align="left">0.68</div>
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<div style="position: absolute; left: 350px; top:525px; width: 10px;" align="left">1.02</div>
<div style="position: absolute; left: 400px; top:525px; width: 10px;" align="left"> </div>
<div style="position: absolute; left: 450px; top:525px; width: 10px;" align="left">1.36</div>
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<div style="position: absolute; left: 550px; top:525px; width: 10px;" align="left">1.7</div>
<div style="position: absolute; left: 220px; top:540px; width: 150px;" align="right">Horsepower in 1000hp</div>
<div style="-ms-transform: rotate(90deg); -webkit-transform: rotate(90deg); transform: rotate(90deg); position: absolute; left: -140px; top:375px; width: 300px; word-wrap: break-word;" align="left">Altitude in 1000m</div>
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<p>Supercharger Stage #1: 100%
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<p>Supercharger Stage #1: WEP
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===Modules===
{| class="wikitable"
! Tier
! colspan="2" | Flight performance
! Survivability
! Weaponry
|-
| I
| Fuselage repair
| Radiator
|
| Offensive 20 mm
|-
| II
|
| Compressor
| Airframe
| New 20 mm cannons
|-
| III
| Wings repair
| Engine
|
| Mk.II year 1942
|-
| IV
|
| Engine injection
| Cover
| Mk.II year 1943
|-
|}

The P-51 Mustang can seem a very underwhelming aircraft at first. The primary module to focus on for early success is the 20 mm Ammo Belts. Ground attack belts will give a more consistent results as an attacker and the Air Target belts can be devastating against flying opponents. After improving the firepower on the aircraft, begin focusing on performance upgrades.

=== Pros and cons ===


'''Pros:'''
* Great performance
** Great dive-speed and acceleration
** High energy retention
** Good performance at high speeds
** Good roll rate
* Powerful armament
** Gains access to British belt load-outs, incl. the devastating air-targets belt
** Very efficient at destroying bombers
* 20 mm guns on the Mustang are mounted in close proximity, dealing a deadly double punch when hitting
* Can easily tackle higher BR foes
* Can be very deadly in the hands of a skilled pilot

'''Cons:'''
* Mediocre climb rate
* Low maximum altitude
* No separate gun control
* No payload options available
* Firing guns slows the plane down
* Poor visibility in simulator mode
* Hispano cannons overheat extremely quickly and are inaccurate unless upgraded
* Low ammo capacity compared to machine gun-armed variants
* Priority target when in AB mode due to its reputation of destroying planes with relative ease, smart players will try to eliminate the P-51 first.
* Minimal elevator authority without the engine producing net thrust as the plane relies heavily on streamline effect along the tail for elevator authority. Aircraft should not be landed with flaps down without an engine.

== History ==

The North American P-51 was born when the British Government showed interest in purchasing the Curtiss P-40C. Curtiss was at max production capacity, so the British inquired to North American Aviation if they would build it under license for them. North American agreed, but they wanted to build a better aircraft. A condition of the sale from North American to the British was to supply the U.S. Army with two samples free of charge. The original prototypes were designated XP-51. The U.S. Army was given fourth and tenth aircraft. One of them can still be found at the EAA Museum in OshKosh, Wisconsin. Testing of the two prototypes started in October of 1941. The new aircraft received high marks and were clearly superior to other U.S. fighters at that time. Although, the U.S. Army decided to not immediately place orders.

The first order of Mustangs to the British were designated Mustang I. The RAF received these aircraft behind schedule in October of 1941. Problems showed up immediately including the Allison power-plant and other design flaws. It is also important to note the Mustang Mk I's armament consisting of four .30 Cal machine guns mounted in the wings, as well as a set of two .50 Cal mounted in the wings and two .50 Cal machine guns mounted in the nose.

The next evolution of this aircraft was designated [[Mustang Mk IA (Great Britain)|Mustang Mk IA]]. Due to the recently signed Lend Lease Act the U.S. Army was able to place an order for 150 more Mustangs on behalf of the British. These aircraft were equipped with four 20 mm [[Hispano Mk.II (20 mm)|Hispano Mk.II]] cannons mounted in the wings. Only 93 of the new Mustangs made it to the RAF. The U.S. Army pulled 55 for themselves and they immediately saw service. Two were kept by North American Aviation for internal use.

These P-51 Mustangs first saw service in April 9th of 1943 and the first combat loss came shortly afterwards on April 23rd. Mustangs saw action against the Japanese in the Aleutian Islands but a majority of them found their way to the Mediterranean theatre. The Mustang saw combat early on in the country of Algeria. Over time these P-51 Mustangs were converted to Reconnaissance planes. A K-24 camera was placed in the left window behind the pilot. The camera faced towards the back and down and took pictures providing battlefield reconnaissance. These aircraft saw continued service until the later part of 1944 continuing to fill the Attacker and Recon role.

=== In-game description ===
The North American P-51 Mustang was a single seat fighter which was designed, developed and entered service all during the course of the Second World War. The origins of the aircraft came about in April 1940, when the British Purchasing Commission approached the North American aviation company to design a fighter to augment those already in service with RAF Fighter Command. The prototype first flew on October 26th 1940 and, after a highly successful test and evaluation period, 320 aircraft were ordered and the first production aircraft flew on May 1st 1941. Delivered to No.26 Squadron at Gatwick, the new American fighter was designated the Mustang Mk.I by the RAF. It was considered to be superior to any other American fighter at the time, particularly at low level. However, the 1100 hp Allison V-1710 engine had a poorer performance at high altitude, particularly above 15,000 feet which was above where the engine supercharger was optimized for.

For this reason, the Mustangs were used in support of ground operations rather than in their intended original role as a fighter. The Mustang was very successful in this role and an additional order for a further 300 aircraft was placed. The new batch was modified by fitting self sealing fuel tanks and replacing the earlier Mustang's eight machine guns with a new armament of four 20 mm cannon, to create the Mustang Mk.IA. The RAF's successes with the Mustang led to a good deal of attention from the United States Army Air Force; after highlighting the fighter's only serious shortcoming as its high altitude performance, inquiries were made into fitting the aircraft with a different engine. The British Rolls-Royce Merlin was selected for testing in five converted Mustangs, and the performance of the fighter increased dramatically. The airframe and wings were strengthened to harness the power of the Merlin engine, which also resulted in the fitting of under wing stores now being an option. Mustangs could now carry bombs, rockets or long range drop tanks. Now more than capable of competing across all altitude bands and boasting a particularly long range for a single engine fighter, the Mustang was rapidly evolving into one of the most capable air assets of the entire war. However, with British and American interest in the fighter still growing, future variants of the Mustang would show yet more improvements.

Generally regarded as the greatest American fighter of the Second World War, Mustang pilots were to claim nearly 5,000 air-to-air kills by the end of the conflict. The Mustang would go on to serve the USAF in the Korean War, and was exported to over 50 foreign air forces.

== Media ==

{{Youtube-gallery|qsWhqJrd4og|'''"War Thunder Realistic: P-51 Mustang [Speed is Vital]"''' by ''Jengar''|aKgfzlJMxQU|'''"P-51: The Altitude Advantage (Lite New Player Tutorial)"''' by ''MagzTV''}}
* [https://live.warthunder.com/post/393387/en/ <nowiki>[</nowiki>Skin<nowiki>]</nowiki> "Big Mac Junior" - by ''PROx'']
* [https://live.warthunder.com/post/359448/en/ <nowiki>[</nowiki>Skin<nowiki>]</nowiki> Fictional; USAAF motto "Aim high... fly, fight, win" - by ''pathaber'']
* [https://live.warthunder.com/post/508720/en/ <nowiki>[</nowiki>Skin<nowiki>]</nowiki> RAF experimental marking scheme - by ''JohnnyAlpha65'']

== See also ==

;Related development
* North American [[P-51 (Family)|P-51 Mustang]] all variants
** [[P-51A|P-51A ''TL'']] Thunder League Event vehicle, [[M2 Browning (12.7 mm)|M2 Browning HMG]] armed version
** [[Mustang Mk IA (Great Britain)|Mustang Mk IA]] for Great Britain, better horse power due higher manifold pressure
** [[A-36]] Attacker variant, bomb pylons and six 12.7 mm [[M2 Browning (12.7 mm)|M2 Brownings]]
** [[P-51D-5|P-51''D'']] successor with British Merlin engine

;Aircraft of comparable role, configuration and era
* [[Fw 190 A-5]]
* [[Typhoon Mk Ib]]

== External links ==

* [[wikipedia:North_American_P-51_Mustang_variants#P-51/Mustang_IA_(NA-91)|<nowiki>[</nowiki>Wikipedia<nowiki>]</nowiki> P-51 (NA-91)]]
* [http://www.wwiiaircraftperformance.org/mustang/mustang-I.html <nowiki>[</nowiki>wwiiaircraftperformance.org<nowiki>]</nowiki> P-51 Mustang (Allison Engine) Performance Trials]

{{USA fighters}}

P-51

2019-11-13T22:32:38Z

U2363119: fixed YT name, updated See also

{{Specs-Card
|code=p-51_mk1a_usaaf
|cockpit=334579/1111224
}}
{{About
| about = American fighter '''{{PAGENAME}}'''
| usage = other uses
| link = P-51 (Family)
}}

== Description ==

[[File:GarageImage_{{PAGENAME}}.jpg|420px|thumb|left]]
{{break}}
The '''{{Specs|name}}''' is a rank {{Specs|rank}} American fighter {{Battle-rating}}. It was introduced in [[Update 1.49 "Weapons of Victory"]].

The P-51 Mustang retains a lot of the traits that may be found in its later variants. The main difference comes from the limited Allison power plant and its formidable armament of 4 x [[Hispano Mk.II (20 mm)|Hispano Mk.II]] 20 mm cannons. The plane may not climb very well but does retain the traits of an energy fighter. Even with is limited climb rate the aircraft's dive-speed is excellent. The aircraft's manoeuvrability is average at best. The armament is the true advantage of this aircraft. The best way to use the P-51 is for [[Boom & Zoom]]. The 20 mm cannons are powerful, but with only 500 rounds do not try to go for more than what the P-51 can handle.

The P-51, when fully upgraded, is an extremely deadly opponent, especially as a rank II. The engine will have a hard time hitting the "overheated" mark, even when using WEP. Use caution though, as the engine will retain its heat when constantly on 100% power, so it takes a bit to cool down. Also be sure to utilise the flaps: They are a major asset to the plane's overall turn-fighting ability and sometimes allow it to survive a Russian turn-fight. This is an awesome plane for those just starting out in Realistic Battles, as the 20 mm cannons are good at scoring quick victories.

== General info ==
=== Flight performance ===

"The Need for Speed" is a worthy credo for all [[P-51 (Family)|Mustangs]]. This initial iteration boasts a significant speed advantage over many [[Category:Third rank aircraft|Rank III]] vehicles, but sacrifices are obvious. On the upside the good maximum velocity greatly benefits the energy retetion coming out of dives and for staying out of trouble.

Manoeuvrability is nothing to write home about (except roll-rate), especially without speed to burn. The control surfaces lock up at high speeds which makes the Mustang a comparatively agile fighter when initiating combat, but this is quickly lost. Fortunately the combat flaps have a very high speed tolerance and greatly benefit it in dogfights. Overall the P-51 likes to bleed speed in manoeuvres and the lost energy cannot be easily regained. For another downside is the sluggish acceleration which further causes a low rate of climb. Managing both disadvantage is the Ace's true skill for this elite [[Boom & Run|Boom and Run]] fighter. However this is for an altitude range up to 4,000 m (13,000 ft). High altitude performance suffers which in combat, due the slow climb rate, is rarely reached anyway.
Thus all engagements, may they be Boom & Zoom or Boom & Run style, should be performed below said altitudes.
{| class="wikitable" style="text-align:center"
! rowspan="2" | Characteristics
! colspan="2" | Max Speed<br />(km/h at _,___ m)
! rowspan="2" | Max altitude<br />(meters)
! colspan="2" | Turn time<br />(seconds)
! colspan="2" | Rate of climb<br />(meters/second)
! rowspan="2" | Take-off run<br />(meters)
|-
! AB !! RB !! AB !! RB !! AB !! RB
|-
! Stock
| 591 || 578 || rowspan="2" | 8839 || 21.3 || 22.2 || 8.5 || 8.5 || rowspan="2" | 491
|-
! Upgraded
| 679 || 631 || 19.6 || 20.0 || 19.9 || 13.1
|-
|}

====Details====
{| class="wikitable" style="text-align:center"
|-
! colspan="6" | Features
|-
! Combat flaps !! Take-off flaps !! Landing flaps !! Air brakes !! Arrestor gear !! Drogue chute
|-
| ✓ || ✓ || ✓ || X || X || X 
|-
|}

{| class="wikitable" style="text-align:center"
|-
! colspan="7" | Limits
|-
! rowspan="2" | Wings (km/h)
! rowspan="2" | Gear (km/h)
! colspan="3" | Flaps (km/h)
! colspan="2" | Max Static G
|-
! Combat !! Take-off !! Landing !! + !! -
|-
| 845 || 310 || 652 || 565 || 285 || ~12 || ~6
|-
|}

{| class="wikitable" style="text-align:center"
|-
! colspan="4" | Optimal velocities (km/h)
|-
! Ailerons !! Rudder !! Elevators !! Radiator
|-
| < 600 || < 425 || < 440 || > 325
|-
|}

{| class="wikitable" style="text-align:center"
|-
! Compressor
! Optimal altitude
! 100% Engine power
! WEP Engine power
|-
! Setting 1
| 3,597 m || 1,150 hp || 1,598 hp
|-
|}

=== Survivability and armour ===

* 19.5 mm Steel - Upper engine cowl armour plate
* 6.35 mm Steel - Fore cockpit armour plate
* 15.87 mm Steel - Armour plate behind pilot's seat
* 38 mm Bulletproof glass - Armoured windscreen

While the Mustang looks quite defensive on first glance, it is a deceptive one. The fuel tanks are wing mounted and prone to fires (the D-series has got an inline one). The very small engine cowl plate could just as well be absent. Both issues combine leave many pilots a gliding and/or burning example of why to avoid bomber's defensive fire. The P-51's prime form of defence is speed. As ''Boom & Run'' fighter avoiding air-drag inducing bullet holes by not getting hit is a far preferable option anyway. Whilst setting up another attack (a.k.a. retreating from combat) the very generous backseat armour will absorb any stray shots. In general the pilot's survivability is great.
== Armaments ==
=== Offensive armament ===

{{main|Hispano Mk.II (20 mm)}}

The '''''{{PAGENAME}}''''' is armed with:
* 4 x 20 mm Hispano Mk.II cannons, wing-mounted (125 rpg = 500 total)

Quadrupple Hispanos are devastating: Pressing the trigger will significantly slow down the P-51. Now how is that for firepower? Although this is caused by the too light airframe which further causes vibrations and heavy shaking due the wing mounted position of all arms. Hence the accuracy is appalling after the first shots leave the barrels. Trigger control is important, even more so as the Hispanos like to overheat.
== Usage in battles ==

In an RPG the Mustang would be a rogue, the damage dealer. Quickly darting in and out of combat to deal devastating blows, the P-51 in War Thunder is a DPS main, too. Featured playstyles are [[Boom & Zoom]], repeatedly diving on enemies and returning up high, and [[Boom & Run]], flying into danger zone, picking of a target and retreating, all while running at top speed. Coupled with its manoeuvrability and acceleration deficits, the P-51 punishes any pilot who does not play to its strength, namely the top speed. Only late war or diving aircraft are able to catch a Mustang on the run and for the latter only with the correct timing and plenty of altitude to burn. Maintaining a cool head and areal observation are important. Retreating may look the cowardice choice, but with the speed to disengage many options open up for reversals. Note, do not perform flat turns, but rather slow, deliberate high Yo-Yos or Immelmanns for turning around. A careful approach when leading up for a shot helps in conserving precious momentum, too.

In [[Arcade Battles|Arcade mode]] the option for in air reloads may tempt the pilot to spray & pray and dump all the ammunition. However with the inaccuracy issues and the short fire windows a more deliberate approach is necessary. Waiting outside a furball or dogfight for the right moment to intercept is key, as the key role for the Mustang is heavy fire support. This is especially helpful against armoured Attackers such as the [[Ju 87 (Family)|Stuka]] or [[IL-2 (Family)|IL-2]]. Due the lack of climb rate and poor altitude performance bombers should not be sought out. In general the P-51 plays akin to many [[:Category:Twin-engine fighters|heavy fighters]] in Arcade mode.

In [[Realistic Battles]] the combat role is a tricky game. Lacking climb rate and high altitude performance the Mustang pilot needs to wait for the combat to come down to about 4,000 m (13,000 ft). Climbing should be done away from the expected combat zone (a.k.a. side-climbing) and at 20° with or 14° without WEP. At this point initial combat should be Boom & Run, utilizing the superior top speed to avoid combat while the enemy is focused on other team mates. Once the hostiles have dropped to a lower altitude Boom & Zooming can be engaged in. With 125 rounds per gun the fighter has got plenty of ammo to kill about six vehicles and with 30 min of fuel minimum, returning to base will be a rare occurrence. Overall this is a support fighter as in the current climbing meta engagements against higher flying interceptor-fighters are often deadly, as the Mustang then lacks the critical ability to choose the time of engagement.

[[Simulator Battles]] is where the P-51 (NA-91) truly shines. Flying at top speed with military rated power (100 %) keeps the engine cool and enemies usually far away at one's tail. Most of all combat happens slightly below the Mustang's preferred altitude and the cockpit view is great, albeit with limited rearward view. Without the instructor the manoeuvrability markedly improves in comparison, for the P-51 has got generous stall characteristics and is an overall stable gun platform, as long as one does not pull the trigger. Only the lack of acceleration in prolonged dogfights is a trap many pilots still fall into. An emergency dive to top speed will however fix this, if the pilot remembered to keep some altitude. And one should, for the greatest advantage is the ability to disengage any unfavourable battle and like with many things, the early Mustangs do not disappoint.
===Manual Engine Control===
{| class="wikitable" style="text-align:center"
|-
! colspan="7" | MEC elements
|-
! rowspan="2" | Mixer
! rowspan="2" | Pitch
! colspan="3" | Radiator
! rowspan="2" | Supercharger
! rowspan="2" | Turbocharger
|-
! Oil !! Water !! Type
|-
| Not controllable || Controllable<br>Not auto controlled || Not controllable<br>Not auto controlled || Controllable<br>Not auto controlled || Separate || Not controllable<br>1 gear || Not controllable
|-
|}

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<p><br>
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<div style="position: absolute; left: 22px; top: 515px; width: 18px; height: 1em;" align="right">0</div>
<div style="position: absolute; left: 22px; top: 465px; width: 18px; height: 1em;" align="right">1</div>
<div style="position: absolute; left: 22px; top: 415px; width: 18px; height: 1em;" align="right">2</div>
<div style="position: absolute; left: 22px; top: 365px; width: 18px; height: 1em;" align="right">3</div>
<div style="position: absolute; left: 22px; top: 315px; width: 18px; height: 1em;" align="right">4</div>
<div style="position: absolute; left: 22px; top: 265px; width: 18px; height: 1em;" align="right">5</div>
<div style="position: absolute; left: 22px; top: 215px; width: 18px; height: 1em;" align="right">6</div>
<div style="position: absolute; left: 22px; top: 165px; width: 18px; height: 1em;" align="right">7</div>
<div style="position: absolute; left: 22px; top: 115px; width: 18px; height: 1em;" align="right">8</div>
<div style="position: absolute; left: 22px; top: 65px; width: 18px; height: 1em;" align="right">9</div>
<div style="position: absolute; left: 22px; top: 15px; width: 18px; height: 1em;" align="right">10</div>
<div style="position: absolute; left: 50px; top:525px; width: 10px;" align="left">0</div>
<div style="position: absolute; left: 100px; top:525px; width: 10px;" align="left"> </div>
<div style="position: absolute; left: 150px; top:525px; width: 10px;" align="left">0.34</div>
<div style="position: absolute; left: 200px; top:525px; width: 10px;" align="left"> </div>
<div style="position: absolute; left: 250px; top:525px; width: 10px;" align="left">0.68</div>
<div style="position: absolute; left: 300px; top:525px; width: 10px;" align="left"> </div>
<div style="position: absolute; left: 350px; top:525px; width: 10px;" align="left">1.02</div>
<div style="position: absolute; left: 400px; top:525px; width: 10px;" align="left"> </div>
<div style="position: absolute; left: 450px; top:525px; width: 10px;" align="left">1.36</div>
<div style="position: absolute; left: 500px; top:525px; width: 10px;" align="left"> </div>
<div style="position: absolute; left: 550px; top:525px; width: 10px;" align="left">1.7</div>
<div style="position: absolute; left: 220px; top:540px; width: 150px;" align="right">Horsepower in 1000hp</div>
<div style="-ms-transform: rotate(90deg); -webkit-transform: rotate(90deg); transform: rotate(90deg); position: absolute; left: -140px; top:375px; width: 300px; word-wrap: break-word;" align="left">Altitude in 1000m</div>
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<p>Supercharger Stage #1: 100%
</p>
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<p>Supercharger Stage #1: WEP
</p>
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===Modules===
{| class="wikitable"
! Tier
! colspan="2" | Flight performance
! Survivability
! Weaponry
|-
| I
| Fuselage repair
| Radiator
|
| Offensive 20 mm
|-
| II
|
| Compressor
| Airframe
| New 20 mm cannons
|-
| III
| Wings repair
| Engine
|
| Mk.II year 1942
|-
| IV
|
| Engine injection
| Cover
| Mk.II year 1943
|-
|}

The P-51 Mustang can seem a very underwhelming aircraft at first. The primary module to focus on for early success is the 20 mm Ammo Belts. Ground attack belts will give a more consistent results as an attacker and the Air Target belts can be devastating against flying opponents. After improving the firepower on the aircraft, begin focusing on performance upgrades.

=== Pros and cons ===


'''Pros:'''
* Great performance
** Great dive-speed and acceleration
** High energy retention
** Good performance at high speeds
** Good roll rate
* Powerful armament
** Gains access to British belt load-outs, incl. the devastating air-targets belt
** Very efficient at destroying bombers
* 20 mm guns on the Mustang are mounted in close proximity, dealing a deadly double punch when hitting
* Can easily tackle higher BR foes
* Can be very deadly in the hands of a skilled pilot

'''Cons:'''
* Mediocre climb rate
* Low maximum altitude
* No separate gun control
* No payload options available
* Firing guns slows the plane down
* Poor visibility in simulator mode
* Hispano cannons overheat extremely quickly and are inaccurate unless upgraded
* Low ammo capacity compared to machine gun-armed variants
* Priority target when in AB mode due to its reputation of destroying planes with relative ease, smart players will try to eliminate the P-51 first.
* Minimal elevator authority without the engine producing net thrust as the plane relies heavily on streamline effect along the tail for elevator authority. Aircraft should not be landed with flaps down without an engine.

== History ==

The North American P-51 was born when the British Government showed interest in purchasing the Curtiss P-40C. Curtiss was at max production capacity, so the British inquired to North American Aviation if they would build it under license for them. North American agreed, but they wanted to build a better aircraft. A condition of the sale from North American to the British was to supply the U.S. Army with two samples free of charge. The original prototypes were designated XP-51. The U.S. Army was given fourth and tenth aircraft. One of them can still be found at the EAA Museum in OshKosh, Wisconsin. Testing of the two prototypes started in October of 1941. The new aircraft received high marks and were clearly superior to other U.S. fighters at that time. Although, the U.S. Army decided to not immediately place orders.

The first order of Mustangs to the British were designated Mustang I. The RAF received these aircraft behind schedule in October of 1941. Problems showed up immediately including the Allison power-plant and other design flaws. It is also important to note the Mustang Mk I's armament consisting of four .30 Cal machine guns mounted in the wings, as well as a set of two .50 Cal mounted in the wings and two .50 Cal machine guns mounted in the nose.

The next evolution of this aircraft was designated [[Mustang Mk IA (Great Britain)|Mustang Mk IA]]. Due to the recently signed Lend Lease Act the U.S. Army was able to place an order for 150 more Mustangs on behalf of the British. These aircraft were equipped with four 20 mm [[Hispano Mk.II (20 mm)|Hispano Mk.II]] cannons mounted in the wings. Only 93 of the new Mustangs made it to the RAF. The U.S. Army pulled 55 for themselves and they immediately saw service. Two were kept by North American Aviation for internal use.

These P-51 Mustangs first saw service in April 9th of 1943 and the first combat loss came shortly afterwards on April 23rd. Mustangs saw action against the Japanese in the Aleutian Islands but a majority of them found their way to the Mediterranean theatre. The Mustang saw combat early on in the country of Algeria. Over time these P-51 Mustangs were converted to Reconnaissance planes. A K-24 camera was placed in the left window behind the pilot. The camera faced towards the back and down and took pictures providing battlefield reconnaissance. These aircraft saw continued service until the later part of 1944 continuing to fill the Attacker and Recon role.

=== In-game description ===
The North American P-51 Mustang was a single seat fighter which was designed, developed and entered service all during the course of the Second World War. The origins of the aircraft came about in April 1940, when the British Purchasing Commission approached the North American aviation company to design a fighter to augment those already in service with RAF Fighter Command. The prototype first flew on October 26th 1940 and, after a highly successful test and evaluation period, 320 aircraft were ordered and the first production aircraft flew on May 1st 1941. Delivered to No.26 Squadron at Gatwick, the new American fighter was designated the Mustang Mk.I by the RAF. It was considered to be superior to any other American fighter at the time, particularly at low level. However, the 1100 hp Allison V-1710 engine had a poorer performance at high altitude, particularly above 15,000 feet which was above where the engine supercharger was optimized for.

For this reason, the Mustangs were used in support of ground operations rather than in their intended original role as a fighter. The Mustang was very successful in this role and an additional order for a further 300 aircraft was placed. The new batch was modified by fitting self sealing fuel tanks and replacing the earlier Mustang's eight machine guns with a new armament of four 20 mm cannon, to create the Mustang Mk.IA. The RAF's successes with the Mustang led to a good deal of attention from the United States Army Air Force; after highlighting the fighter's only serious shortcoming as its high altitude performance, inquiries were made into fitting the aircraft with a different engine. The British Rolls-Royce Merlin was selected for testing in five converted Mustangs, and the performance of the fighter increased dramatically. The airframe and wings were strengthened to harness the power of the Merlin engine, which also resulted in the fitting of under wing stores now being an option. Mustangs could now carry bombs, rockets or long range drop tanks. Now more than capable of competing across all altitude bands and boasting a particularly long range for a single engine fighter, the Mustang was rapidly evolving into one of the most capable air assets of the entire war. However, with British and American interest in the fighter still growing, future variants of the Mustang would show yet more improvements.

Generally regarded as the greatest American fighter of the Second World War, Mustang pilots were to claim nearly 5,000 air-to-air kills by the end of the conflict. The Mustang would go on to serve the USAF in the Korean War, and was exported to over 50 foreign air forces.

== Media ==

{{Youtube-gallery|qsWhqJrd4og|'''"War Thunder Realistic: P-51 Mustang [Speed is Vital]"''' by ''Jengar''|aKgfzlJMxQU|'''"P-51: The Altitude Advantage (Lite New Player Tutorial)"''' by ''MagzTV''}}
* [https://live.warthunder.com/post/393387/en/ <nowiki>[</nowiki>Skin<nowiki>]</nowiki> "Big Mac Junior" - by ''PROx'']
* [https://live.warthunder.com/post/359448/en/ <nowiki>[</nowiki>Skin<nowiki>]</nowiki> Fictional; USAAF motto "Aim high... fly, fight, win" - by ''pathaber'']
* [https://live.warthunder.com/post/508720/en/ <nowiki>[</nowiki>Skin<nowiki>]</nowiki> RAF experimental marking scheme - by ''JohnnyAlpha65'']

== See also ==

* North American [[P-51 (Family)|P-51 Mustang]] all variants
** [[P-51A|P-51A ''TL'']] Thunder League Event vehicle, [[M2 Browning (12.7 mm)|M2 Browning HMG]] armed version
** [[Mustang Mk IA (Great Britain)|Mustang Mk IA]] for Great Britain, better horse power due higher manifold pressure
** [[A-36]] Attacker variant, bomb pylons and six 12.7 mm [[M2 Browning (12.7 mm)|M2 Brownings]]

;Aircraft of comparable role, configuration and era
* [[Fw 190 A-5]]
* [[Typhoon Mk Ib]]

== External links ==

* [[wikipedia:North_American_P-51_Mustang_variants#P-51/Mustang_IA_(NA-91)|<nowiki>[</nowiki>Wikipedia<nowiki>]</nowiki> P-51 (NA-91)]]
* [http://www.wwiiaircraftperformance.org/mustang/mustang-I.html <nowiki>[</nowiki>wwiiaircraftperformance.org<nowiki>]</nowiki> P-51 Mustang (Allison Engine) Performance Trials]

{{USA fighters}}

IL-2 (1941)

2019-11-13T22:16:58Z

U2363119: Copy paste from Old Wiki, minor edits in See also & External links

{{Specs-Card|code=il_2_1941}}
{{About
| about = Russian attacker '''{{PAGENAME}}'''
| usage = other versions
| link = IL-2 (Family)
}}

== Description ==

[[File:GarageImage_IL-2_1941.jpg|420px|thumb|left]]
{{break}}
The '''{{Specs|name}}''' is a rank {{Specs|rank}} Russian attacker {{Battle-rating}}. It was introduced in [[Update 1.47 "Big Guns"]].

The IL-2 1941 is the first [[IL-2 (Family)|IL-type attacker]] a pilot will get in the Soviet aircraft tree. Players will quickly find out that this plane is very durable, but somewhat slow and unwieldy... although with some skill this plane can surprise attacking enemies. Players should research bombs and rockets as soon as they can, followed by ammo belts to augment your ground-attack role. This plane, as well as the following IL-type aircraft, have roughly the same base attributes you will find in the Pros and Cons below, with a few minor differences between models.
== General info ==
=== Flight performance ===


{| class="wikitable" style="text-align:center"
|-
! colspan="8" | Characteristics
|-
! colspan="8" | ''Stock''
|-
! colspan="2" | Max Speed<br>(km/h at 2,500 m)
! rowspan="2" | Max altitude<br>(meters)
! colspan="2" | Turn time<br>(seconds)
! colspan="2" | Rate of climb<br>(meters/second)
! rowspan="2" | Take-off run<br>(meters)
|-
! AB
! RB
! AB
! RB
! AB
! RB
|-
| 405 || 390 || {{Specs|ceiling}} || 25.9 || 26.7 || 6.1 || 6.1 || 450
|-
! colspan="8" | ''Upgraded''
|-
! colspan="2" | Max Speed<br>(km/h at 2,500 m)
! rowspan="2" | Max altitude<br>(meters)
! colspan="2" | Turn time<br>(seconds)
! colspan="2" | Rate of climb<br>(meters/second)
! rowspan="2" | Take-off run<br>(meters)
|-
! AB
! RB
! AB
! RB
! AB
! RB
|-
| 447 || 425 || {{Specs|ceiling}} || 24.1 || 24.9 || 11.3 || 8.6 || 450
|-
|}

==== Details ====
{| class="wikitable" style="text-align:center"
|-
! colspan="5" | Features
|-
! Combat flaps
! Take-off flaps
! Landing flaps
! Air brakes
! Arrestor gear
|-
| X || X || ✓ || X || X 
|-
|}

{| class="wikitable" style="text-align:center"
|-
! colspan="5" | Limits
|-
! rowspan="2" | Wing-break speed<br>(km/h)
! rowspan="2" | Gear limit<br>(km/h)
! rowspan="2" | Combat flaps<br>(km/h)
! colspan="2" | Max Static G
|-
! +
! -
|-
| {{Specs|destruction|constructions}} || {{Specs|destruction|chassis}} || 470 || ~15 || ~15
|-
|}

{| class="wikitable" style="text-align:center"
|-
! colspan="4" | Optimal velocities
|-
! Ailerons<br>(km/h)
! Rudder<br>(km/h)
! Elevators<br>(km/h)
! Radiator<br>(km/h)
|-
| < 320 || < 320 || < 370 || > 360
|-
|}

{| class="wikitable" style="text-align:center"
|-
! colspan="3" | Compressor (RB/SB)
|-
! colspan="3" | Setting 1
|-
! Optimal altitude
! 100% Engine power
! WEP Engine power
|-
| 1,750 m || 1,500 hp || 1,593 hp
|-
|}

=== Survivability and armour ===
''Examine the survivability of the aircraft. Note how vulnerable the structure is and how secure the pilot is, whether the fuel tanks are armoured, etc. Describe the armour, if there is any, and also mention the vulnerability of other critical aircraft systems.''

== Armaments ==
=== Offensive armament ===

{{main|ShVAK (20 mm)|ShKAS (7.62 mm)}}

The '''''{{PAGENAME}}''''' is armed with:
* 2 x 20 mm ShVAK cannons, wing-mounted (210 rpg = 420 total)
* 2 x 7.62 mm ShKAS machine guns, wing-mounted (750 rpg = 1,500 total)

=== Suspended armament ===

{{main|AO-25M-1 (25 kg)|FAB-50 (50 kg)|FAB-100 (100 kg)|FAB-250M43 (250 kg)}}
{{main|RS-82|RBS-82|RS-132|RBS-132}}

The '''''{{PAGENAME}}''''' can be outfitted with the following ordnance:
* Without load
* 12 x 25 kg AO-25M-1 bombs (300 kg total)
* 4 x 50 kg FAB-50 bombs (200 kg total)
* 4 x 100 kg FAB-100 bombs (400 kg total)
* 2 x 250 kg FAB-250M43 bombs (500 kg total)
* 8 x RS-82 rockets
* 8 x RBS-82 rockets
* 8 x RS-132 rockets
* 8 x RBS-132 rockets
* 12 x 25 kg AO-25M-1 bombs + 8 x RS-82 rockets (300 kg total)
* 12 x 25 kg AO-25M-1 bombs + 8 x RBS-82 rockets (300 kg total)
* 4 x 50 kg FAB-50 bombs + 8 x RS-82 rockets (200 kg total)
* 4 x 50 kg FAB-50 bombs + 8 x RBS-82 rockets (200 kg total)
* 12 x 25 kg AO-25M-1 bombs + 4 x RS-132 rockets (300 kg total)
* 12 x 25 kg AO-25M-1 bombs + 4 x RBS-132 rockets (300 kg total)
* 4 x 50 kg FAB-50 bombs + 4 x RS-132 rockets (200 kg total)
* 4 x 50 kg FAB-50 bombs + 4 x RBS-132 rockets (200 kg total)
* 4 x 100 kg FAB-100 bombs + 8 x RS-82 rockets (400 kg total)
* 4 x 100 kg FAB-100 bombs + 8 x RBS-82 rockets (400 kg total)
* 4 x 100 kg FAB-100 bombs + 4 x RS-132 rockets (400 kg total)
* 4 x 100 kg FAB-100 bombs + 4 x RBS-132 rockets (400 kg total)
* 4 x 100 kg FAB-100 bombs + 8 x RS-132 rockets (400 kg total)
* 4 x 100 kg FAB-100 bombs + 8 x RBS-132 rockets (400 kg total)

== Usage in battles ==

For tactics, IL-2s are built to be close to the ground. Fly very low for IL-2 pilots in reality were known to skim treetops. Further try to stay out of sight of enemy planes. As tough as you are, you cannot take concentrated fire from enemy fighters, especially heavy fighters. As you near your target (about 3 km away) go into a slight climb, then nose down into a moderate dive toward your target. Imagine yourself gliding in, not diving. It is generally recommended that you use bombs first, as this will immediately lighten the plane and make you more maneuverable. Because the IL-2 flies so close to the ground, some pilots have destroyed themselves by bombing targets right under them. To avoid this, set the bomb fuses to around 2 seconds.

Use bombs against tanks and pillboxes, rockets against groups of light armored vehicles (and occasionally enemy aircraft), and use your MGs/Cannons for AAA, Artillery, Armoured cars, and enemy aircraft. If you equip certain ammo belts, you may also be able to destroy pillboxes and light tanks with your primary guns alone! Experience gained with this aircraft will be invaluable for later models, who get larger cannons, rear gunners, and other handy upgrades.

Lastly, due to the extraordinary low-altitude style of the IL-2 line of planes, equipping a camouflage that matches the map actually helps in the Realistic/Simulator modes, as you need to get close to enemy planes before they become "spotted". Equipping a white camo on a winter map, then flying very low as the IL-2 is made to do, can help keep players from spotting you. Remember that player-made skins are not seen by other players, so you have to choose between the ingame skins.
=== Manual Engine Control ===
{| class="wikitable" style="text-align:center"
|-
! colspan="7" | MEC elements
|-
! rowspan="2" | Mixer
! rowspan="2" | Pitch
! colspan="3" | Radiator
! rowspan="2" | Supercharger
! rowspan="2" | Turbocharger
|-
! Oil
! Water
! Type
|-
| Controllable || rowspan="2" | Controllable<br>Not auto controlled || rowspan="2" | Controllable<br>Auto control available || rowspan="2" | Controllable<br>Auto control available || rowspan="2" | Separate || rowspan="2" | Not controllable<br>1 gear || rowspan="2" | Not controllable
|-
|}

=== Modules ===
{| class="wikitable"
! colspan="1" | Tier
! colspan="2" | Flight performance
! colspan="1" | Survivability
! colspan="2" | Weaponry
|-
| I
| Fuselage repair
| Radiator
|
| Offensive 7 mm
|
|-
| II
|
| Compressor
| Airframe
| New 7 mm MGs
| RO-82
|-
| III
| Wings repair
| Engine
|
| Offensive 20 mm
| Der-21
|-
| IV
|
| Engine injection
| Cover
| New 20 mm cannons
| RO-132
|-
|}

=== Pros and cons ===


'''Pros:'''
* Heavily armed with large ammo pool
* Armoured & tough
* Surprisingly manoeuvrable with flaps and WEP
* Diverse payload options - allows for varied playstyles

'''Cons:'''

* Slow
* No rear gunner
* Somewhat a big target
* Priority target for the enemy team in "Ground Strike" maps
* ShVAK cannons lack the AP penetration of later YVA-23 (cannot harm Medium Tanks)
* Limited view from cockpit due to armour plates
* Large drop in performance compared to [[Yak-2 KABB|Yak-2]]

== History ==

The famous IL-2 Sturmovik was a Soviet WWII-era attack aircraft created by the Ilyushin Design Bureau and nicknamed ''Hunchback'' by Red Army troops due to the distinct fuselage shape. While the designers nicknamed their aircraft the ''Flying Tank'', Luftwaffe pilots, due to the IL-2's incredible ability to withstand battle damage, instead called it the ''Betonflugzeug'' (Concrete Plane). German ground troops, conversely, despised and feared the IL-2, giving it a slew of unpleasant nicknames, such as ''Schlachter'' (Butcher); ''Fleischwolf'' (Meatgrinder); ''Eiserner Gustav'' (Iron Gustav) and ''Schwarzer Tod'' (the Black Death). Some historians believe that the ''Black Death'' was actually a successful invention of the Soviet propaganda machine that caught on with the Germans.

The IL-2 was the most mass-produced military aircraft in history. However, early in the war German air superiority coupled with the absence of rear gunners on early variants and poorly organized Soviet fighter escorts led to high rates of losses for the type. A favourite attack tactic for IL-2 pilots was a low-level attack run, first letting loose with rockets at 600-700 meters, then firing on-board armament from a distance of 400 to 600 meters. Bombs would be dropped in subsequent passes from an altitude of 100-200 meters, using an impact fuse. The recommended tactic for attacking concentrations of soft targets was a strafing run in a shallow dive from 100-200 meters and a subsequent dropping of bombs at a low level when exiting the dive.

== Media ==
''Excellent additions to the article would be video guides, screenshots from the game, and photos.''

== See also ==

* [[IL-2_(1942)|IL-2 (1942)]] succeeding model
* [[Ju 87 D-5]]
* [[Hs 129B-2]]
* [[A-36]]
== External links ==

* [https://warthunder.com/en/devblog/current/745 <nowiki>[</nowiki>War Thunder Mainpage<nowiki>]</nowiki> IL-2 AM-38 1941 and Pz.Kpfw. VI Ausf. E Tiger - Development blog]
{{USSR attackers}}

P-51

2019-11-13T21:55:05Z

U2363119: Flight Performance, Survivability, Armaments, Usage in Battle, Media, minor edits, Updated chart formatting

{{Specs-Card
|code=p-51_mk1a_usaaf
|cockpit=334579/1111224
}}
{{About
| about = American fighter '''{{PAGENAME}}'''
| usage = other uses
| link = P-51 (Family)
}}

== Description ==

[[File:GarageImage_{{PAGENAME}}.jpg|420px|thumb|left]]
{{break}}
The '''{{Specs|name}}''' is a rank {{Specs|rank}} American fighter {{Battle-rating}}. It was introduced in [[Update 1.49 "Weapons of Victory"]].

The P-51 Mustang retains a lot of the traits that may be found in its later variants. The main difference comes from the limited Allison power plant and its formidable armament of 4 x [[Hispano Mk.II (20 mm)|Hispano Mk.II]] 20 mm cannons. The plane may not climb very well but does retain the traits of an energy fighter. Even with is limited climb rate the aircraft's dive-speed is excellent. The aircraft's manoeuvrability is average at best. The armament is the true advantage of this aircraft. The best way to use the P-51 is for [[Boom & Zoom]]. The 20 mm cannons are powerful, but with only 500 rounds do not try to go for more than what the P-51 can handle.

The P-51, when fully upgraded, is an extremely deadly opponent, especially as a rank II. The engine will have a hard time hitting the "overheated" mark, even when using WEP. Use caution though, as the engine will retain its heat when constantly on 100% power, so it takes a bit to cool down. Also be sure to utilise the flaps: They are a major asset to the plane's overall turn-fighting ability and sometimes allow it to survive a Russian turn-fight. This is an awesome plane for those just starting out in Realistic Battles, as the 20 mm cannons are good at scoring quick victories.

== General info ==
=== Flight performance ===

"The Need for Speed" is a worthy credo for all [[P-51 (Family)|Mustangs]]. This initial iteration boasts a significant speed advantage over many [[Category:Third rank aircraft|Rank III]] vehicles, but sacrifices are obvious. On the upside the good maximum velocity greatly benefits the energy retetion coming out of dives and for staying out of trouble.

Manoeuvrability is nothing to write home about (except roll-rate), especially without speed to burn. The control surfaces lock up at high speeds which makes the Mustang a comparatively agile fighter when initiating combat, but this is quickly lost. Fortunately the combat flaps have a very high speed tolerance and greatly benefit it in dogfights. Overall the P-51 likes to bleed speed in manoeuvres and the lost energy cannot be easily regained. For another downside is the sluggish acceleration which further causes a low rate of climb. Managing both disadvantage is the Ace's true skill for this elite [[Boom & Run|Boom and Run]] fighter. However this is for an altitude range up to 4,000 m (13,000 ft). High altitude performance suffers which in combat, due the slow climb rate, is rarely reached anyway.
Thus all engagements, may they be Boom & Zoom or Boom & Run style, should be performed below said altitudes.
{| class="wikitable" style="text-align:center"
! rowspan="2" | Characteristics
! colspan="2" | Max Speed<br />(km/h at _,___ m)
! rowspan="2" | Max altitude<br />(meters)
! colspan="2" | Turn time<br />(seconds)
! colspan="2" | Rate of climb<br />(meters/second)
! rowspan="2" | Take-off run<br />(meters)
|-
! AB !! RB !! AB !! RB !! AB !! RB
|-
! Stock
| 591 || 578 || rowspan="2" | 8839 || 21.3 || 22.2 || 8.5 || 8.5 || rowspan="2" | 491
|-
! Upgraded
| 679 || 631 || 19.6 || 20.0 || 19.9 || 13.1
|-
|}

====Details====
{| class="wikitable" style="text-align:center"
|-
! colspan="6" | Features
|-
! Combat flaps !! Take-off flaps !! Landing flaps !! Air brakes !! Arrestor gear !! Drogue chute
|-
| ✓ || ✓ || ✓ || X || X || X 
|-
|}

{| class="wikitable" style="text-align:center"
|-
! colspan="7" | Limits
|-
! rowspan="2" | Wings (km/h)
! rowspan="2" | Gear (km/h)
! colspan="3" | Flaps (km/h)
! colspan="2" | Max Static G
|-
! Combat !! Take-off !! Landing !! + !! -
|-
| 845 || 310 || 652 || 565 || 285 || ~12 || ~6
|-
|}

{| class="wikitable" style="text-align:center"
|-
! colspan="4" | Optimal velocities (km/h)
|-
! Ailerons !! Rudder !! Elevators !! Radiator
|-
| < 600 || < 425 || < 440 || > 325
|-
|}

{| class="wikitable" style="text-align:center"
|-
! Compressor
! Optimal altitude
! 100% Engine power
! WEP Engine power
|-
! Setting 1
| 3,597 m || 1,150 hp || 1,598 hp
|-
|}

=== Survivability and armour ===

* 19.5 mm Steel - Upper engine cowl armour plate
* 6.35 mm Steel - Fore cockpit armour plate
* 15.87 mm Steel - Armour plate behind pilot's seat
* 38 mm Bulletproof glass - Armoured windscreen

While the Mustang looks quite defensive on first glance, it is a deceptive one. The fuel tanks are wing mounted and prone to fires (the D-series has got an inline one). The very small engine cowl plate could just as well be absent. Both issues combine leave many pilots a gliding and/or burning example of why to avoid bomber's defensive fire. The P-51's prime form of defence is speed. As ''Boom & Run'' fighter avoiding air-drag inducing bullet holes by not getting hit is a far preferable option anyway. Whilst setting up another attack (a.k.a. retreating from combat) the very generous backseat armour will absorb any stray shots. In general the pilot's survivability is great.
== Armaments ==
=== Offensive armament ===

{{main|Hispano Mk.II (20 mm)}}

The '''''{{PAGENAME}}''''' is armed with:
* 4 x 20 mm Hispano Mk.II cannons, wing-mounted (125 rpg = 500 total)

Quadrupple Hispanos are devastating: Pressing the trigger will significantly slow down the P-51. Now how is that for firepower? Although this is caused by the too light airframe which further causes vibrations and heavy shaking due the wing mounted position of all arms. Hence the accuracy is appalling after the first shots leave the barrels. Trigger control is important, even more so as the Hispanos like to overheat.
== Usage in battles ==

In an RPG the Mustang would be a rogue, the damage dealer. Quickly darting in and out of combat to deal devastating blows, the P-51 in War Thunder is a DPS main, too. Featured playstyles are [[Boom & Zoom]], repeatedly diving on enemies and returning up high, and [[Boom & Run]], flying into danger zone, picking of a target and retreating, all while running at top speed. Coupled with its manoeuvrability and acceleration deficits, the P-51 punishes any pilot who does not play to its strength, namely the top speed. Only late war or diving aircraft are able to catch a Mustang on the run and for the latter only with the correct timing and plenty of altitude to burn. Maintaining a cool head and areal observation are important. Retreating may look the cowardice choice, but with the speed to disengage many options open up for reversals. Note, do not perform flat turns, but rather slow, deliberate high Yo-Yos or Immelmanns for turning around. A careful approach when leading up for a shot helps in conserving precious momentum, too.

In [[Arcade Battles|Arcade mode]] the option for in air reloads may tempt the pilot to spray & pray and dump all the ammunition. However with the inaccuracy issues and the short fire windows a more deliberate approach is necessary. Waiting outside a furball or dogfight for the right moment to intercept is key, as the key role for the Mustang is heavy fire support. This is especially helpful against armoured Attackers such as the [[Ju 87 (Family)|Stuka]] or [[IL-2 (Family)|IL-2]]. Due the lack of climb rate and poor altitude performance bombers should not be sought out. In general the P-51 plays akin to many [[:Category:Twin-engine fighters|heavy fighters]] in Arcade mode.

In [[Realistic Battles]] the combat role is a tricky game. Lacking climb rate and high altitude performance the Mustang pilot needs to wait for the combat to come down to about 4,000 m (13,000 ft). Climbing should be done away from the expected combat zone (a.k.a. side-climbing) and at 20° with or 14° without WEP. At this point initial combat should be Boom & Run, utilizing the superior top speed to avoid combat while the enemy is focused on other team mates. Once the hostiles have dropped to a lower altitude Boom & Zooming can be engaged in. With 125 rounds per gun the fighter has got plenty of ammo to kill about six vehicles and with 30 min of fuel minimum, returning to base will be a rare occurrence. Overall this is a support fighter as in the current climbing meta engagements against higher flying interceptor-fighters are often deadly, as the Mustang then lacks the critical ability to choose the time of engagement.

[[Simulator Battles]] is where the P-51 (NA-91) truly shines. Flying at top speed with military rated power (100 %) keeps the engine cool and enemies usually far away at one's tail. Most of all combat happens slightly below the Mustang's preferred altitude and the cockpit view is great, albeit with limited rearward view. Without the instructor the manoeuvrability markedly improves in comparison, for the P-51 has got generous stall characteristics and is an overall stable gun platform, as long as one does not pull the trigger. Only the lack of acceleration in prolonged dogfights is a trap many pilots still fall into. An emergency dive to top speed will however fix this, if the pilot remembered to keep some altitude. And one should, for the greatest advantage is the ability to disengage any unfavourable battle and like with many things, the early Mustangs do not disappoint.
===Manual Engine Control===
{| class="wikitable" style="text-align:center"
|-
! colspan="7" | MEC elements
|-
! rowspan="2" | Mixer
! rowspan="2" | Pitch
! colspan="3" | Radiator
! rowspan="2" | Supercharger
! rowspan="2" | Turbocharger
|-
! Oil !! Water !! Type
|-
| Not controllable || Controllable<br>Not auto controlled || Not controllable<br>Not auto controlled || Controllable<br>Not auto controlled || Separate || Not controllable<br>1 gear || Not controllable
|-
|}

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<div style="position: absolute; left: 22px; top: 515px; width: 18px; height: 1em;" align="right">0</div>
<div style="position: absolute; left: 22px; top: 465px; width: 18px; height: 1em;" align="right">1</div>
<div style="position: absolute; left: 22px; top: 415px; width: 18px; height: 1em;" align="right">2</div>
<div style="position: absolute; left: 22px; top: 365px; width: 18px; height: 1em;" align="right">3</div>
<div style="position: absolute; left: 22px; top: 315px; width: 18px; height: 1em;" align="right">4</div>
<div style="position: absolute; left: 22px; top: 265px; width: 18px; height: 1em;" align="right">5</div>
<div style="position: absolute; left: 22px; top: 215px; width: 18px; height: 1em;" align="right">6</div>
<div style="position: absolute; left: 22px; top: 165px; width: 18px; height: 1em;" align="right">7</div>
<div style="position: absolute; left: 22px; top: 115px; width: 18px; height: 1em;" align="right">8</div>
<div style="position: absolute; left: 22px; top: 65px; width: 18px; height: 1em;" align="right">9</div>
<div style="position: absolute; left: 22px; top: 15px; width: 18px; height: 1em;" align="right">10</div>
<div style="position: absolute; left: 50px; top:525px; width: 10px;" align="left">0</div>
<div style="position: absolute; left: 100px; top:525px; width: 10px;" align="left"> </div>
<div style="position: absolute; left: 150px; top:525px; width: 10px;" align="left">0.34</div>
<div style="position: absolute; left: 200px; top:525px; width: 10px;" align="left"> </div>
<div style="position: absolute; left: 250px; top:525px; width: 10px;" align="left">0.68</div>
<div style="position: absolute; left: 300px; top:525px; width: 10px;" align="left"> </div>
<div style="position: absolute; left: 350px; top:525px; width: 10px;" align="left">1.02</div>
<div style="position: absolute; left: 400px; top:525px; width: 10px;" align="left"> </div>
<div style="position: absolute; left: 450px; top:525px; width: 10px;" align="left">1.36</div>
<div style="position: absolute; left: 500px; top:525px; width: 10px;" align="left"> </div>
<div style="position: absolute; left: 550px; top:525px; width: 10px;" align="left">1.7</div>
<div style="position: absolute; left: 220px; top:540px; width: 150px;" align="right">Horsepower in 1000hp</div>
<div style="-ms-transform: rotate(90deg); -webkit-transform: rotate(90deg); transform: rotate(90deg); position: absolute; left: -140px; top:375px; width: 300px; word-wrap: break-word;" align="left">Altitude in 1000m</div>
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<p>Supercharger Stage #1: 100%
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<p>Supercharger Stage #1: WEP
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===Modules===
{| class="wikitable"
! Tier
! colspan="2" | Flight performance
! Survivability
! Weaponry
|-
| I
| Fuselage repair
| Radiator
|
| Offensive 20 mm
|-
| II
|
| Compressor
| Airframe
| New 20 mm cannons
|-
| III
| Wings repair
| Engine
|
| Mk.II year 1942
|-
| IV
|
| Engine injection
| Cover
| Mk.II year 1943
|-
|}

The P-51 Mustang can seem a very underwhelming aircraft at first. The primary module to focus on for early success is the 20 mm Ammo Belts. Ground attack belts will give a more consistent results as an attacker and the Air Target belts can be devastating against flying opponents. After improving the firepower on the aircraft, begin focusing on performance upgrades.

=== Pros and cons ===


'''Pros:'''
* Great performance
** Great dive-speed and acceleration
** High energy retention
** Good performance at high speeds
** Good roll rate
* Powerful armament
** Gains access to British belt load-outs, incl. the devastating air-targets belt
** Very efficient at destroying bombers
* 20 mm guns on the Mustang are mounted in close proximity, dealing a deadly double punch when hitting
* Can easily tackle higher BR foes
* Can be very deadly in the hands of a skilled pilot

'''Cons:'''
* Mediocre climb rate
* Low maximum altitude
* No separate gun control
* No payload options available
* Firing guns slows the plane down
* Poor visibility in simulator mode
* Hispano cannons overheat extremely quickly and are inaccurate unless upgraded
* Low ammo capacity compared to machine gun-armed variants
* Priority target when in AB mode due to its reputation of destroying planes with relative ease, smart players will try to eliminate the P-51 first.
* Minimal elevator authority without the engine producing net thrust as the plane relies heavily on streamline effect along the tail for elevator authority. Aircraft should not be landed with flaps down without an engine.

== History ==

The North American P-51 was born when the British Government showed interest in purchasing the Curtiss P-40C. Curtiss was at max production capacity, so the British inquired to North American Aviation if they would build it under license for them. North American agreed, but they wanted to build a better aircraft. A condition of the sale from North American to the British was to supply the U.S. Army with two samples free of charge. The original prototypes were designated XP-51. The U.S. Army was given fourth and tenth aircraft. One of them can still be found at the EAA Museum in OshKosh, Wisconsin. Testing of the two prototypes started in October of 1941. The new aircraft received high marks and were clearly superior to other U.S. fighters at that time. Although, the U.S. Army decided to not immediately place orders.

The first order of Mustangs to the British were designated Mustang I. The RAF received these aircraft behind schedule in October of 1941. Problems showed up immediately including the Allison power-plant and other design flaws. It is also important to note the Mustang Mk I's armament consisting of four .30 Cal machine guns mounted in the wings, as well as a set of two .50 Cal mounted in the wings and two .50 Cal machine guns mounted in the nose.

The next evolution of this aircraft was designated [[Mustang Mk IA (Great Britain)|Mustang Mk IA]]. Due to the recently signed Lend Lease Act the U.S. Army was able to place an order for 150 more Mustangs on behalf of the British. These aircraft were equipped with four 20 mm [[Hispano Mk.II (20 mm)|Hispano Mk.II]] cannons mounted in the wings. Only 93 of the new Mustangs made it to the RAF. The U.S. Army pulled 55 for themselves and they immediately saw service. Two were kept by North American Aviation for internal use.

These P-51 Mustangs first saw service in April 9th of 1943 and the first combat loss came shortly afterwards on April 23rd. Mustangs saw action against the Japanese in the Aleutian Islands but a majority of them found their way to the Mediterranean theatre. The Mustang saw combat early on in the country of Algeria. Over time these P-51 Mustangs were converted to Reconnaissance planes. A K-24 camera was placed in the left window behind the pilot. The camera faced towards the back and down and took pictures providing battlefield reconnaissance. These aircraft saw continued service until the later part of 1944 continuing to fill the Attacker and Recon role.

=== In-game description ===
The North American P-51 Mustang was a single seat fighter which was designed, developed and entered service all during the course of the Second World War. The origins of the aircraft came about in April 1940, when the British Purchasing Commission approached the North American aviation company to design a fighter to augment those already in service with RAF Fighter Command. The prototype first flew on October 26th 1940 and, after a highly successful test and evaluation period, 320 aircraft were ordered and the first production aircraft flew on May 1st 1941. Delivered to No.26 Squadron at Gatwick, the new American fighter was designated the Mustang Mk.I by the RAF. It was considered to be superior to any other American fighter at the time, particularly at low level. However, the 1100 hp Allison V-1710 engine had a poorer performance at high altitude, particularly above 15,000 feet which was above where the engine supercharger was optimized for.

For this reason, the Mustangs were used in support of ground operations rather than in their intended original role as a fighter. The Mustang was very successful in this role and an additional order for a further 300 aircraft was placed. The new batch was modified by fitting self sealing fuel tanks and replacing the earlier Mustang's eight machine guns with a new armament of four 20 mm cannon, to create the Mustang Mk.IA. The RAF's successes with the Mustang led to a good deal of attention from the United States Army Air Force; after highlighting the fighter's only serious shortcoming as its high altitude performance, inquiries were made into fitting the aircraft with a different engine. The British Rolls-Royce Merlin was selected for testing in five converted Mustangs, and the performance of the fighter increased dramatically. The airframe and wings were strengthened to harness the power of the Merlin engine, which also resulted in the fitting of under wing stores now being an option. Mustangs could now carry bombs, rockets or long range drop tanks. Now more than capable of competing across all altitude bands and boasting a particularly long range for a single engine fighter, the Mustang was rapidly evolving into one of the most capable air assets of the entire war. However, with British and American interest in the fighter still growing, future variants of the Mustang would show yet more improvements.

Generally regarded as the greatest American fighter of the Second World War, Mustang pilots were to claim nearly 5,000 air-to-air kills by the end of the conflict. The Mustang would go on to serve the USAF in the Korean War, and was exported to over 50 foreign air forces.

== Media ==

{{Youtube-gallery|qsWhqJrd4og|'''"War Thunder Realistic: P-51 Mustang [Speed is Vital]tCiqB569rTg"''' by ''Jengar''|aKgfzlJMxQU|'''"P-51: The Altitude Advantage (Lite New Player Tutorial)"''' by ''MagzTV''}}
* [https://live.warthunder.com/post/393387/en/ <nowiki>[</nowiki>Skin<nowiki>]</nowiki> "Big Mac Junior" - by ''PROx'']
* [https://live.warthunder.com/post/359448/en/ <nowiki>[</nowiki>Skin<nowiki>]</nowiki> Fictional; USAAF motto "Aim high... fly, fight, win" - by ''pathaber'']
* [https://live.warthunder.com/post/508720/en/ <nowiki>[</nowiki>Skin<nowiki>]</nowiki> RAF experimental marking scheme - by ''JohnnyAlpha65'']

== See also ==

* [[P-51 (Family)|North American P-51 all variants]]
* [[Fw 190 A-5]]
* [[Typhoon Mk Ib]]

== External links ==

* [[wikipedia:North_American_P-51_Mustang_variants#P-51/Mustang_IA_(NA-91)|<nowiki>[</nowiki>Wikipedia<nowiki>]</nowiki> P-51 (NA-91)]]
* [http://www.wwiiaircraftperformance.org/mustang/mustang-I.html <nowiki>[</nowiki>wwiiaircraftperformance.org<nowiki>]</nowiki> P-51 Mustang (Allison Engine) Performance Trials]

{{USA fighters}}

Turn & Burn

2019-11-07T15:36:45Z

U2363119: Added Favoured Turn Direction, added sections for maneuvers (US Eng muahahaha), do NOT yet APPROVE, safety safe

{{DISPLAYTITLE: Turn and Burn aerial combat style}}
__TOC__

== Overview ==
Turn and Burn is a method of flying commonly known as ''"Turn fighting,"'' though said term is a rather limited description. In essence, the name already tells a lot. Most manoeuvres are loops of various lengths and angles (''"turn"'') and involve the reduction of energy in altitude and/or speed (''"burn"''). This can be further split into two categories depending on the flown aircraft.

;Turn fighters<br>
The first thing that comes to mind when hearing the term "dogfights." It involves low wing-loading (big wing & light), low stall speed, high angle of attack and high control-authority/manoeuvrable aircraft. The goal is to manoeuvre inside the enemy's turn and get a firing lead, either at the tail or as a deflection shot. All biplanes and the [[A6M (Family)|Zero]] fighter are examples for this style. Many fighters may look like favourable machines for this playstyle but lack a sustainable turn rate, i.e. they literally fall out of the sky after a few tight turns.

;Energy fighters<br>
Turn and Burn is also favoured by those aircraft which are considered ''energy fighters''. For example, the German [[Bf 109 (Family)|Bf 109 fighters]]. These interceptors maximise the ability to execute vertical reverses to include the Immelmann (half loop flying up), Split-S (half loop flying down) and the Yo-Yo (any turn angled below or above the horizon) manoeuvres. The energy fighters typically have a good power-to-weight ratio, as shown in their excellent climb rate. Thus they can take advantage of typical Boom & Zoom fighters, which cannot regain any altitude or speed advantage they had after an energy costly manoeuvre. In a nutshell, the energy fighter pilot is awaiting the enemy to make the mistake of overextending. Turn and Burn may hence be seen as counter to Boom & Zoom, yet it is a far more mentally taxing combat style, relying on mind games, the pilot's morale and to a certain extent the foe's eagerness to kill.

== Stratagem ==


Getting inside the enemy's turn for a target solution requires good positioning, maintaining one's vehicle's favourable speed and preferably a manoeuvrability advantage.

# Gain energy advantage.
# Seek a fitting target.
# Turn into the enemy.
## Maintain or gain preferred turn speed by using high/low Yo-Yo or even Immelmann/Split-S.
## If the hostile does not want to engage in a turn fight, scare the foe with a few warning shots. The enemy's evasive manoeuvres will decrease the distance too.
# "Burn" the chased aircraft's energy by continuous turning, taking away options and speedy escape routes. Leaving the pursuer on the tail and hence in control.
## Take time and adjust the Yo-Yo's angle to not get into control surface compression speeds, or even force the foe into it.
## Yet be quick. Turn fights lose altitude quickly and may put the survivor in a low energy state competitively.
## Do not blackout. Investing in [[Crew_skills#Air_vehicles_crew_skills|crew skills]] is beneficial, but avoiding prolonged high G-forces is desirable, for one never knows who will black out first.
# Taking the shot. Either a deflection or tail-lead shot.
## Deflection shots require either good timing or plenty of ammo. A high rate of fire important and will leave the enemy severely crippled, almost certainly ensuring a victory.
## Tailgating or tail-leading shots are the classic cinema "have you in my sight" kills. Sitting in a turn fight directly behind the foe's tail does however requires fast-flying projectiles. Otherwise, the necessary lead increases with distance and inverse bullet velocity. Also, the silhouette or profile of the aircraft becomes smaller and thinner, necessitating good aim. The volume of fire may, however, be exchanged for harder-hitting armament such as high calibre cannons.
# Regain lost energy as speed or altitude, favourably both.

=== Offensive Manoeuvres ===

==== Yo-Yo ====
;High Yo-Yo

;Low Yo-Yo

;Straight Pursuit Yo-Yo

==== Barrel Roll Attack ====
Originally called the "Immelmann turn" and also known as "Rollaway."

==== Off-set Head-on Pass ====

=== Defensive Manoeuvres ===

==== Break ====
Effective against tailing enemies with high kinetic energy (speed), this tactic lures the pursuer in and has it lose fire oppertunity due to reduced manoeuvrability at high-speeds. Further it overcommits and burns energy of the BnR or BnZ fighter.

==== Scissors ====

==== Scissors ====

==== Scissors ====

=== Favoured Turn Direction ===
A seldom seen oddity are counter-clockwise rotating propellers, as seen from the pilot. The propeller creates an rotating air slipstream known as "Prop wash." This corkscrew wind stream pushes on the tail fin. Depending on the prop rotation this force either applies from the left or right-hand side, yawing the nose left for clockwise (common) and right for counter-clockwise rotating props. The immidiate and sustained turn rate is better in said direction. The prop wash effect is strongest at low speeds and high engine power, as incomming wind speed does not weaken the slipstream. Aircraft with wing mounted engines, pushing design or contra-rotating props (i.e. two sets of propellers in row) do not see this effect.

In conclusion aircraft with clockwise turning propellers, as seen from the cockpit, favour left turns. Aircraft with counter-clockwise turning props favour right-hand turns. When facing a hostile with a different prop rotation, engage in the favoured turn direction. When encountering aircraft with the same revolution direction, the turn's side matters less.

Fighters with counter-clockwise propeller rotation:
* Very common among [[:Category:USSR aircraft|Russian fighters]]
* Hawker [[Typhoon (Family)|Typhoon]] and [[Tempest (Family)|Tempest]]
* Griffon engine powered [[Spitfire (Family)|Spitfires]]: [[Spitfire F Mk XIVc|Mk.XIV]], [[Seafire_F_Mk_XVII|Mk.XVII]] [[Spitfire F Mk XVIIIe|Mk.XVIII]], [[Spitfire F Mk 22|Mk.22]] & [[Spitfire F Mk 24|Mk.24]]

== Countering ==
All of the following considers a flown vehicle of worse manoeuvrability, especially in regards to stall speed and general turn characteristics.

Fending off against any potential Turn and Burn pilots is, unlike most other combat styles, rather easy, in concept: Do '''not''' turn, maintain '''higher''' speed or altitude, and disengage. Of course not fighting the enemy is often not an option, either for being surprised or for actively seeking combat. The latter is easy and mentioned before: Do not overextend, maintain energy advantage and important patience. The former case is a much harder issue to resolve, as engaging in any manoeuvre is a lost cause. For one the hostile engaged in knowing it can manoeuvre better at lower speeds and second any turn, evasion and dodging done reduces energy, see problem one. This (often literally) downward spiralling chain can only be broken if an edge can be found. This can be a piloting skill or a vehicle's flight characteristics.

=== Skill Counter ===
A classic manoeuvre to gain the upper hand against a Turn & Burner is the '''"Overshoot"'''. Via various means, dropping gear, landing flaps, air brakes, stall manoeuvres (like the Cobra) or simply lowering the throttle, the enemy pursuer is caught off guard and cannot compensate for the speed loss. With the gained speed difference the hostile overshoots into one's field of fire. Several downsides exist though: The energy loss is often substantial and in the wider picture unacceptable, for other enemies could be close by or the ground even closer. Further, it leaves only a short window of opportunity at such speeds which may not be favourable to manoeuvrability. Worse these lower speeds are the desired ones for the turn fighter. However, this tactic has a far superior variant, alas, an even more difficult one: ''The Barrel Roll''!

The '''Barrel Roll''' or horizontal Corkscrew is a rather complex manoeuvre to fly properly. If done well nearly all energy is retained while ostensibly losing speed in the horizontal to force an overshoot. If done badly it will burn up all energy and leave the aircraft stalling upside down... though in this case nearly guaranteeing an overshoot. A barrel roll can be performed at any speed as long as the necessary control authority is not lost due to compression. Yet downsides persist here as well. The initiation of a barrel roll is rather obvious to skilled pilots and countered by performing a barrel roll, too. The proper spatial manoeuvring is rather difficult with mouse and keyboard and is best done with a flight stick or joypad. If both aircraft entered a barrel roll, the similar Scissor may help.

'''Scissoring''' is roll dependant and speed consuming. During this manoeuvre, both aircraft are performing semi-turns followed by half-rolls to maintain engagement. From above scissoring looks like a continuous eight, or a two-string braid. A scissor fight can easily be exited by performing either a low Yo-Yo or a half turn but is only recommended once inside the hostile's rolling induced blind spot.

=== Performance Counter ===
An edge can be found in the flown vehicle if compared to the enemy. '''Roll rate''' is a common one and lends itself for scissoring. This manoeuvre is an art of its own, see above. Another common characteristic is control surface lock up speed, or compression. If at sufficient speed, either through diving or starting out fast, a momentary edge is given. A classic example is the [[P-51D-5|P-51D]]'s out turning [[Bf 109 G-6|Bf 109]]s and even [[Spitfire F Mk IX|Spitfires]] at speeds above 500 km/h (310 mi/h).

Another one is a suicidal dive towards the ground in a [[Fw 190 (Family)|Fw 190]] and then pulling up. Many hostile pilots are too eager for the kill and follow, only to perish as they can no longer safely pull up, ramming the earth. In a similar manner follows a version of this fool's chase. Forcing an over-stepping of the '''wing's G-tolerances''' will result in the fatal static failure and a wingless descent to earth.

'''Boom and Zoom''' tactics are not lost just because one is chased by a turn fighter. Superior energy retention or top speed can be used for the following manoeuvre: Diving and exceeding the hostile's top speed will result in a loss of energy with every metre the foes loses in altitude and gains in speed. For the coup, the dive is now slowly exited and reversed into a zoom climb. After gaining enough separation normal Boom & Zooming can commence. Alternatively, the zoom climb is exited into the horizontal at speed for Boom & Run tactics. Note that in dives aerodynamics and engine power matter. Initially, many energy fighters can pull ahead of dedicated Boom & Zoomers!

If the propeller's rotation is different, engaging a turn and burning enemy in its opposing '''favourable turn direction'' (see above) may not only even the odds, but tip them over, too. A turnfight featuring the [[Fw 190 A-1|Fw 190A]] versus [[La-5]] can hence be quite equal.

=== Common Misconceptions ===
* Turn fighting is not ''only'' done in the horizontal. Doing so is called "flat-turning" and is known as the telltale sign of beginners. Yo-Yos are a specific manoeuvre in which many aces use it as a lure less experienced players.
* Using a Turn & Burn strategy does not mean negating climbing, in fact, most well-turning planes do well at [[Energy fighting]] due to a high rate of climb owed to their thrust to weight ratio.
* Some attackers, like the [[IL-2 (Family)|IL-2]] or the [[Ju 87 (Family)|Ju 87 D]] have a very good turning circle.
* Turn fighting is not all about turning circles, as planes with poor power loading end up too slow to manoeuvre in a sustained turn fight, they have ''burn''ed all their energy.
* Depending on the propeller's rotation direction, a left or right-hand turn may be shorter!

==Relation to other styles==
;Boom & Zoom
*[[Boom & Zoom]] is the name of a playstyle which aims for an attacking aircraft to take advantage of a high energy state in order to attack (''Boom'') an enemy target and avoids any prolonged fighting by immediately returning (''Zoom'') to a higher altitude in order to conserve speed and/or altitude. Differing from Turn & Burn, this type of manoeuvre attempts to return the attacking aircraft to a higher perch in the sky to prepare for another attack. Instead of burning through both prey's and hunter's energy to control the engagement, this style trades off potential and kinetic energy through diving and climbing during attacks, always maintaining an ''advantage in potential energy''.

;Boom & Run
* During a [[Boom & Run]] type of manoeuvre, the attacking aircraft is not necessarily interested in returning to a higher altitude, this could be due to the aircraft already has a speed advantage over the other aircraft in the match. Either way, dropping in from a higher altitude or overall being faster, the attacking aircraft lines up a target, attacks and then attempts to speed away either in a horizontal flight path or in a shallow dive. The goal here is to put as much distance between the target and the attacker to allow the attacker to have enough safe distance in which to turn around or manoeuvre into another attack position. All without the threat of being attacked during this high-velocity process and always maintaining an ''advantage in kinetic energy''. For aircraft which their control surfaces start to lock up at higher speeds during a dive, they may have a better chance with a Boom & Run tactic. Thus

== Aircraft which benefit from Turn & Burn techniques==

* Most reserve and [[:Category:First_rank_aircraft|Rank I]] aircraft
** As always exceptions break the monotony. The [[P-26 (Family)|P-26 ''Peashooter'']] is a fair [[Boom & Zoom]]'er and the [[Ki-10 (Family)|Ki-10]]'s rate of climb enables it to do [[Energy fighting]] very well.
* Non-reserve biplane fighters
* [[G.50 (Family)|G.50 ''Freccia'']]
* The [[:Category:Japan_aircraft|Japanese]] put great emphasis manoeuvrability and nearly all fighters are very capable in this style
** Classic example: [[A6M (Family)|A6M ''Zero/Reisen'']] series
** Exceptions: [[J2M (Family)|J2M series]] and [[J7W1]]
* Every [[Spitfire (Family)|Spitfire]] with the Merlin Engine: [[Spitfire Mk Ia|Mk.I]], [[Spitfire Mk IIa|Mk.II]], [[Spitfire Mk Vc|Mk.V]], [[Spitfire F Mk IX|Mk.IX]] and [[Spitfire F Mk XVI|Mk.XVI]]
* [[I-16 (Family)|I-16 ''Ishak'']]

== Aircraft NOT to engage a turn fight in ==
Please note the following list is '''INCOMPLETE''' and should be seen as a guidance tool. All aircraft can perform Turn & Burn combat. However, the following fighters are very often misused for various reasons like flat-turning and hence are listed below:
* Many US fighters:
** The entire US [[:Category:USA_aircraft|Navy fighter tree]] starting with the [[F4U-1A]]
** All [[P-51 (Family)|P-51 Mustangs]]
** All [[P-47 (Family)|P47 Thunderbolts]]
* All [[Fw 190 (Family)|Fw 190s]]
* [[MiG-3 (Family)|MiG-3s]]
* [[Typhoon (Family)|Typhoons]]

==Additional information (links)==
* [[:Category:Aerial fighting styles|Aerial fighting styles]]
* This page could be endless, further material and guides can be found at [https://forum.warthunder.com/index.php?/forum/161-the-academy-players-helping-players/ '''War Thunder Forum'''] which is an excellent place to learn much more and engage with seasoned War Thunder pilots.

==Media==
{{Youtube-gallery|KB68ZWG35hc|'''Turn and Burn''' - ''GrmlZGaming''|NNgqRLrp8VI|'''Turning & Burning'''- ''SorcererDave''|pjeqk1h_WU8|'''How not to get Boomed and Zoomed in a turn fighter''' - ''Green Fury''}}

[[Category:Game mechanics]]
[[Category:Aerial fighting styles]]

Turn & Burn

2019-11-07T01:43:02Z

U2363119: New. Completely rewritten and filled. Requires a proof reader. Still needs a few images (Yo-Yo, Barrel roll, Scissors, Dog fight banner)

{{DISPLAYTITLE: Turn and Burn aerial combat style}}

__TOC__

== Overview ==
Turn and Burn is a method of flying commonly known as ''"Turn fighting,"'' though said term is a rather limited description. In essence the name already tells a lot. Most manoeuvres are loops in various length and angles (''"turn"'') and involve the reduction of energy in altitude and/or speed (''"burn"''). This can be further split into two categories depending on the flown aircraft.

;Turn fighters<br>
The first thing that comes to mind when hearing the term "dogfights." It involves low wing-loading (big wing & light), low stall speed, high angle of attack and high control-authority/manoeuvreable aircaft. The goal is to manoeuvre inside the enemies turn and get a firing lead, either at the tail or as a deflection shot. All biplanes and the [[A6M (Family)|Zero]] fighter are examples for this style. Many fighters may look like favourable machines for this playstyle but lack a sustainable turn rate, i.e. they literally fall out of the sky after a few tight turns.

;Energy fighters<br>
Turn and Burn is also favoured by those aircraft which are considered ''energy fighters''. For example, the German [[Bf 109 (Family)|Bf 109 fighters]]. These interceptors maximize the ability to execute vertical reverses to include the Immelmann (half loop flying up), Split-S (half loop flying down) and the Yo-Yo (any turn angled below or above the horizon) manoeuvres. The energy fighters typically have a good power-to-weight ratio, as shown in their excellent climbrate. Thus they can take advantage of typical Boom & Zoom fighters which cannot regain any altitude or speed advantage they had, after an energy costly manoeuvre. In a nutshell the energy fighter pilot is awaiting the enemy to make the mistake of overextending. Turn and Burn may hence be seen as counter to Boom & Zoom, yet it is a far more mentally taxing combat style, relying on mind games, the pilot's morale and to a certain extend the foe's eagerness to kill.

== Strategem ==


Getting inside the enemy's turn for a target solution, requires good positioning, maintaining one's vehicle favourable speed and preferably manoeuvrability advantage.

# Gain energy advantage
# Seek a fitting target
# Turn into enemy.
## Maintain or gain preferred turn speed by using high/low Yo-Yo or even Immelmann/Split-S.
## If the hostile does not want to engage in a turn fight, scare the foe with a few warning shots. The enemy's evasive manoeuvres will decrease the distance, too.
# "Burn" the chased aircraft's energy by continues turning, taking away options and a speedy escape routes. Leaving the pursuer on the tail and hence in control.
## Take time and adjust the Yo-Yo's angle to not get into control surface compression speeds, or even force the foe into it.
## Yet be quick. Turn fights loose altitude quickly and may put the survivor in a low energy state competitively.
## Do not black out. Investing into [[Crew_skills#Air_vehicles_crew_skills|crew skills]] is beneficial, but avoiding prolonged high G-forces is desirable. For one never knows who will black out first.
# Taking the shot. Either a deflection or tail-lead shot
## Deflection shots require either good timing or plenty of ammo. A high rate of fire important and will leave the enemy severely crippled, almost certainly ensuring a victory.
## Tail-gaiting or tail-leading shots are the classic cinema "have you in my sight" kills. Sitting in a turn fight directly behind the foe's tail does however requires fast flying projectiles. Otherwise the necessary lead increases with distance and inverse bullet velocity. Also the silouhette or profile of the aircraft becomes smaller and thinner, necessitating good aim. Volume of fire may however be exchanged for harder hitting armament such as high calibre cannons.
# Regain lost energy as speed or altitude, favourably both.

=== Countering ===
All of the following considers a flown vehicle of worse manoeuvrebility, especially in regards to stall speed and general turn characteristics.

Fending off against any potential Turn and Burn pilots is unlike most other combat styles rather easy, in concept: Do '''not''' turn, maintain '''higher''' speed or altitude, and disengage. Of course not fighting the enemy is often not an option, either for being surprised, or for actively seeking combat. The latter is easy and mentioned before: Do not overextend, maintain energy advantage and important patience. The former case is a much harder issue to resolve, as engaging in any manoeuvre is a lost cause. For one the hostile engaged in knowing it can manoeuvre better at lower speeds and second any turn, evasion and dodging done reduces energy, see problem one. This (often literally) downward spiralling chain can only be broken, if an edge can be found. This can be piloting skill, or a vehicle's flight characteristics.

==== Skill Counter ====
A classic manoeuvre to gain the upper hand against a Turn & Burner is the '''"Overshoot."''' Via various means, dropping gear, landing flaps, air brakes, stall manoeuvres (like the Cobra) or simply lowering the throttle, the enemy pursuer is caught off guard and cannot compensate for the speed loss. With the gained speed difference the hostile overshoots into one's field of fire. Several downsides exist though: The energy loss is often substantial and in the wider picture unacceptable, for other enemies could be close by or the ground even closer. Further it leaves only a short window of oppertunity at such speeds which may not be favourable to manoeuvrability. Worse these lower speeds are the desired one's for the turnfighter. However this tactic has a far superior variant, alas, an even more difficult one: ''The Barrel Roll!''

The '''Barrel Roll!''' or horizontal Corkscrew is a rather complex manoeuvre to fly properly. If done well nearly all energy is retained while ostensibly losing speed in the horizontal to force an overshoot. If done bad it will burn up all energy and leave the aircraft stalling upside down... though in this case nearly guaranteeing an overshoot. A barrel roll can be performed at any speed as long as the necessary control authority is not lost due to compression. Yet downsides persist here as well. The initiation of a barrel roll is rather obvious to skilled pilots and countered by performing a barrel roll, too. The proper spacial manoeuvreing is rather difficult with mouse and keyboard and is best done with a flight stick or joypad. If both aircraft entered a barrel roll, the similar Scissor may help.

'''Scissoring''' is roll dependant and speed consuming. During it both aircraft are performing semi-turns followed by half-rolls to maintain engagement. From above scissoring looks like a continues eight, or a two string braid. A scissor fight can easily be exited by performing either a low Yo-Yo or a half turn, but is only recommended once inside the hostile's rolling induced blind spot.

==== Performance Counter ====
An edge can be found in the flown vehicle, if compared to the enemy's. '''Rollrate''' is a common one and lend's itself for scissoring. This manoeuvre is an art of its own, see above. Another common characteristic is control surface lock up speed, or compression. If at sufficient, either through diving or starting out fast a momentary edge is given. A classic example is the [[P-51D-5|P-51D]]'s outturning [[Bf 109 G-6|Bf 109]]s and even [[Spitfire F Mk IX|Spitfires]] at speeds above 500 km/h (310 mi/h). Another one is suicicide diving to the ground in a [[Fw 190 (Family)|Fw 190]] and then pulling up. Many hostile pilots are too eager for the kill and follow, only to perish as they can no longer safely pull up, ramming the earth. In a similar manner follows a version of this fool's chase. Forcing an over stepping of the '''wing's G-tolerances''' will result in the fatal static failure and a wingless descent to earth. '''Boom and Zoom''' tactics are not lost just because one is chased by a turn fighter. A superior energy retention or top speed can be used for the following manoeuvre: Diving and exceeding the hostile's top speed, will result in a loss of energy with every meter the foes loses in altitude and gains in speed. For the coup the dive is now slowly exited and reversed into a Zoom climb. After gaining enough seperation normal Boom and Zooming can commence. Alternatively the Zoom climb is exited into the horizontal at speed for Boom and Run tactics. Note that in dives aerodynamics and engine power matter. Initially many energy fighters can pull ahead of dedicated Boom and Zoomers!

=== Common Misconceptions ===
* Turn fighting is not ''only'' done in the horizontal. Doing so is called "flat-turning" and is known as the telltale sign of beginners. Yo-Yos are a thing. However many aces use it as a lure, too.
* Using a Turn & Burn strategy does not mean negating climbing, in fact, most well turning planes do well at [[Energy fighting]] due to a high rate of climb owed to their thrust to weight ratio.
* Some attackers, like the [[IL-2 (Family)|IL-2]] or the [[Ju 87 (Family)|Ju 87 D]] have a very good turning circle.
* Turn fighting is not all about turning circles, as planes with poor power loading end up too slow to manoeuvre in a sustained turnfight, they have ''burn''ed all their energy.
* Depending on the propeller's rotation direction, a left or right hand turn may be shorter!

==Relation to other styles==
;Boom & Zoom
*[[Boom & Zoom]] is the name of a playstyle which aims for an attacking aircraft to take advantage of a high energy state in order to attack (''Boom'') an enemy target and avoids any prolonged fighting by immediately returning (''Zoom'') to a higher altitude in order to conserve speed and/or altitude. Differing from Turn & Burn, this type of manoeuvre attempts to return the attacking aircraft to a higher perch in the sky to prepare for another attack. Instead of burning through both preys and haunters energy to control the engagement, this style trades off potential and kinetic energy through diving and climbing during attacks, always maintaining an ''advantage in potential energy''.

;Boom & Run
* During a [[Boom & Run]] type of manoeuvre, the attacking aircraft is not necessarily interested in returning to a higher altitude, this could be due to the aircraft already has a speed advantage over the other aircraft in the match. Either way, dropping in from a higher altitude or overall being faster, the attacking aircraft lines up a target, attacks and then attempts to speed away either in a horizontal flight path or in a shallow dive. The goal here is to put as much distance between the target and the attacker to allow the attacker to have enough safe distance in which to turn around or manoeuvre into another attack position. All without the threat of being attacked during this high velocity process and always maintaining an ''advantage in kinetic energy''. For aircraft which their control surfaces start to lock up at higher speeds during a dive, they may have a better chance with a Boom & Run tactic. Thus

== Aircraft which benefit from Turn & Burn techniques==

* Most reserve and [[:Category:First_rank_aircraft|Rank I]] aircraft
** As always exceptions break the monotony. The [[P-26 (Family)|P-26 ''Peashooter'']] is a fair [[Boom & Zoom|B'nZ]]'er and the [[Ki-10 (Family)|Ki-10]]'s rate of climb enables it to do [[Energy fighting]] very well.
* Non-reserve biplane fighters
* [[G.50 (Family)|G.50 ''Freccia'']]
* The [[:Category:Japan_aircraft|Japanese]] but great emphasis manoeuvrability and nearly all fighters are very capable in this style
** Classic example: [[A6M (Family)|A6M ''Zero/Reisen'']] series
** Exceptions: [[J2M (Family)|J2M series]] and [[J7W1]]
* Every Spitfire with the Merlin Engine: [[Spitfire Mk Ia|Mk.I]], [[Spitfire Mk IIa|Mk.II]], [[Spitfire Mk Vc|Mk.V]], [[Spitfire F Mk IX|Mk.IX]] and [[Spitfire F Mk XVI|Mk.XVI]]
* [[I-16 (Family)|I-16 ''Ishak'']]

== Aircraft NOT to turnfight in ==
Please note the following list is '''INCOMPLETE''' and should be seen as a guidance tool. All aircraft can perform Turn and Burn combat. However the following fighters are very often misused for various reasons like flat-turning and hence are listed below:
* Many US fighters:
** The entire US [[:Category:USA_aircraft|Navy fighter tree]] starting with the [[F4U-1A]]
** All [[P-51 (Family)|P-51 Mustangs]]
** All [[P-47 (Family)|P47 Thunderbolts]]
* All [[Fw 190 (Family)|Fw 190s]]
* [[MiG-3 (Family)|MiG-3]]
* [[Typhoon (Family)|Typhoons]]

==Aditional information (links)==
* [[:Category:Aerial fighting styles|Aerial fighting styles]]
* This page could be endless, but shan't for brevity. For more material and guides the [https://forum.warthunder.com/index.php?/forum/161-the-academy-players-helping-players/ '''War Thunder Forum'''] is an excellent place to learn much more and engage with seasoned War Thunder pilots.
==Media==
{{Youtube-gallery|KB68ZWG35hc|'''''War Thunder - Turn and Burn''''' - by ''GrmlZGaming''|NNgqRLrp8VI|'''''War Thunder Ep. 2 - Turning & Burning''''' - by ''SorcererDave''|pjeqk1h_WU8|'''''How not to get Boomed and Zoomed in a turn fighter - War Thunder''''' - by ''Green Fury''}}

[[Category:Game mechanics]]
[[Category:Aerial fighting styles]]

B-25J-20

2019-11-06T19:52:14Z

U2363119: Armament long text

{{Specs-Card|code=b_25j_20}}
{{About
| about = American bomber '''{{PAGENAME}}'''
| usage = other versions
| link = B-25 (Family)
}}

== Description ==

[[File:GarageImage_{{PAGENAME}}.jpg|420px|thumb|left]]
{{break}}
The '''{{Specs|name}}''' is a rank {{Specs|rank}} American bomber {{Battle-rating}}. It was introduced in [[Update 1.29]].

Design of the B-25 was the result of years of work and failed bids to win contracts with the United States Army Air Corps (USAAC). Initially designed to meet requirements for a payload of 1,200 lb (540 kg), a range of 1,200 mi (1,900 km) and flying at speeds faster than 200 mph (320 kph), prototypes were built, tested and refined. Although the original XB-21 and NA-40 never materialized into a production aircraft, requirements from the USAAC came out in March of 1939 for a medium bomber carrying a payload of 2,400 lb (1,100 kg) over 1,200 mi (1,900 km) at speeds around 300 mph (480 kph), North American modified their design of NA-40 and developed the NA-62 which went into prototype testing as the YB-25 and then ordered into production as the B-25.

The B-25 turned out to be the archetype of the medium bomber, carrying upwards of 3,000 lb (1,361 kg) of bombs and could fly at speeds up to 340 mph (547 kph). This twin-engine bomber was fast, it could carry a large payload for its size and had several defensive turrets and gunner stations at which it could defend itself from almost any angle. To increase its versatility, several models had forward-facing fixed machine guns fitted into the nose and the cheeks of the aircraft. Later models opted to removed the glazed nose and bombardier/nose-gunner station and outfit more machine guns and even a 75 mm autocannon for strafing ground targets and especially ships. This medium bomber at times acted more like a heavy attacker opting for low-level flights which would skim treetops and the ocean to sneak up on unwary targets. It was not uncommon for B-25s to fly just above the mast/smokestack height of enemy ships when attacking.

[[File:B-25j-20 bomberpilot1784 001.jpg ‎|400px|thumb|left|Front view of the '''{{PAGENAME}}''' displaying the nose art for ''Briefing Time''.]]

As later models moved from the dedicated bomber position and morphed into more of an attacker role, bomb payloads were reduced to allow for more armour around the cockpit and more offensive weapons and ammunition to fill the attacker mode it took on, especially under the command of U.S. Marine Corps squadrons. With more than 10,000 B-25 aircraft variants built, they saw action in all theatres of war and were even subject to part of the lend-lease program which China and the USSR benefitted from. So versatile was this aircraft that a flight of them were specifically outfitted and their crews trained to take off from an aircraft carrier and bomb mainland Japan in a daring raid. Impressive for an aircraft not meant to take off from an aircraft carrier.

The B-25 is a fantastic bomber, attacker or both and will suit many different pilots and their different approaches to the battlefields found in War Thunder. The tail gunner has been known to set many fighters alight with their dual .50 calibre machine guns and help to prolong the life of this bomber to allow the pilot to make it to their target whether it is to bomb it or strafe it.

== General info ==
=== Flight performance ===


[[File:B-25j-20 nagatoo bf 001.jpg ‎|500px|thumb|right|'''{{PAGENAME}}''' searching for enemy Japanese ships to sink.]]

{| class="wikitable" style="text-align:center"
|-
! colspan="8" | Characteristics
|-
! colspan="8" | ''Stock''
|-
! colspan="2" | Max Speed<br>(km/h at 3,049 m)
! rowspan="2" | Max altitude<br>(meters)
! colspan="2" | Turn time<br>(seconds)
! colspan="2" | Rate of climb<br>(meters/second)
! rowspan="2" | Take-off run<br>(meters)
|-
! AB !! RB !! AB !! RB !! AB !! RB
|-
| 420 || 407 || {{Specs|ceiling}} || 32.4 || 33.8 || 5.4 || 5.3 || 750
|-
! colspan="8" | ''Upgraded''
|-
! colspan="2" | Max Speed<br>(km/h at 3,049 m)
! rowspan="2" | Max altitude<br>(meters)
! colspan="2" | Turn time<br>(seconds)
! colspan="2" | Rate of climb<br>(meters/second)
! rowspan="2" | Take-off run<br>(meters)
|-
! AB !! RB !! AB !! RB !! AB !! RB
|-
| 472 || 444 || {{Specs|ceiling}} || 29.7 || 31.0 || 10.6 || 7.7 || 750
|-
|}

==== Details ====
{| class="wikitable" style="text-align:center"
|-
! colspan="5" | Features
|-
! Combat flaps !! Take-off flaps !! Landing flaps !! Air brakes !! Arrestor gear
|-
| ✓ || ✓ || ✓ || X || X 
|-
|}

{| class="wikitable" style="text-align:center"
|-
! colspan="5" | Limits
|-
! rowspan="2" | Wing-break speed<br>(km/h)
! rowspan="2" | Gear limit<br>(km/h)
! rowspan="2" | Combat flaps<br>(km/h)
! colspan="2" | Max Static G
|-
! + !! -
|-
| {{Specs|destruction|constructions}} || {{Specs|destruction|chassis}} || 430 || ~4 || ~2
|-
|}

{| class="wikitable" style="text-align:center"
|-
! colspan="4" | Optimal velocities
|-
! Ailerons<br>(km/h)
! Rudder<br>(km/h)
! Elevators<br>(km/h)
! Radiator<br>(km/h)
|-
| < 270 || < 320 || < 350 || > 320
|-
|}

{| class="wikitable" style="text-align:center"
|-
! colspan="3" | Compressor (RB/SB)
|-
! colspan="3" | Setting 1
|-
! Optimal altitude
! 100% Engine power
! WEP Engine power
|-
| 1,676 m || 1,700 hp || 1,850 hp
|-
! colspan="3" | Setting 2
|-
! Optimal altitude
! 100% Engine power
! WEP Engine power
|-
| 4,115 m || 1,450 hp || N/A
|-
|}

=== Survivability and armour ===


* 10 mm steel - front, sides & rear of the cockpit
* 10 mm steel - the rim of pilot seats
* 8 mm steel - below nose gunner
* 8 mm steel - pilot seats
* 9.5 mm - bulkhead after of dorsal turret
* 6.35 mm steel - aft of waist gunners
* 9.5 mm steel - tail turret
* 38 mm bulletproof glass - tail turret

Rugged, sturdy, though, the B-25 is all of those things. Featuring crew armour protection that outclasses the [[B-17G-60-VE|B-17 ''Flying Fortress'']] in a handier, smaller design, the Mitchell is a tough nut to crack and even harder to devoid of the crew. Calibres above 20 mm are a must for a quick kill, otherwise, the B-25 will repay in kind. Gunner positions throughout the bomber effectively cover the front, sides, top and rear of the aircraft with just the underbelly left relatively unprotected to fighters rising in a power climb. The rear gunner with his dual .50 calibre machine guns is especially devastating when they are trained on a tailing enemy fighter.

The two Wright R-2600 air-cooled radial engines are themself hard to destroy and with dropped payload, the Mitchell can keep flying on just a single damaged engine, denying under armed fighters the ability to lethally cripple it. Yet this aircraft does have an Achilles heel, its fuel tanks. While present in all planes, the armour, crew and bomb bay take up all the necessary space within the fuselage, while leaving only space in the wings to house the fuel tanks. A common downfall of this aircraft is the structural failure of the wing spar due to wing fires of the fuel tanks.
== Armaments ==
[[File:B-25j-20 darvaen ita 001.jpg|450px|thumb|right|'''{{PAGENAME}}''' flying at its cruising altitude.]]
=== Offensive armament ===

{{main|Browning M2 (12.7 mm)}}

The '''''{{PAGENAME}}''''' is armed with:
* 2 x 12.7 mm Browning M2 machine guns, nose-mounted (400 rpg = 800 total)
* 4 x 12.7 mm Browning M2 machine guns, cheek-mounted (400 rpg = 1,600 total)

Intended for strafing ground targets the sextuple AN/M2 heavy machine guns do an excellent job. Situated in the nose and along the cheeks the fire power is not as concentrated as on the [[A-20G-25|A-20G]] or [[A-26 (Family)|A-26 Invader]], but quite better than on many US fighter designs. And many potential intercepters quickly realised this difference, too. Unlike with wing placed armament which has to content with gun convergence, the nose mounted design always aims true in the horizontal. Thus fire can be opened at any range and as the B-25 is blessed with substantial amount of ammunition can afford to miss. Head-ons are hence more often than not a sure fire bet for the Mitchell quite unlike for a medium bomber.

Dousing an enemy in gun fire sure looks impressive with the B-25's Tracers belt. A shame all versions only receive the pre-war M1 Tracer bullet in their belts. The true champion in destruction power and fire chance is the M8 AP-I bullet found in the Omni-Purpose and Stealth belts. Both come recommended for any use, may it be air, ground or naval. The M2 AP bullet found in the Ground belt adds little in penetration and may safely be foregone even in Mixed battles for the flexibility the other two belts offer.
=== Suspended armament ===

{{main|AN-M30A1 (100 lb)|AN-M57 (250 lb)|AN-M64A1 (500 lb)|AN-M65A1 (1,000 lb)}}

The '''''{{PAGENAME}}''''' can be outfitted with the following ordnance:
* 12 x 100 lb AN-M30A1 bombs (1,200 lb total)
* 4 x 250 lb AN-M57 bombs (1,000 lb total)
* 4 x 250 lb AN-M57 bombs + 8 x 100 lb AN-M30A1 bombs (1,800 lb total)
* 8 x 250 lb AN-M57 bombs (2,000 lb total)
* 2 x 500 lb AN-M64A1 bombs + 8 x 100 lb AN-M30A1 bombs (1,800 lb total)
* 4 x 500 lb AN-M64A1 bombs (2,000 lb total)
* 1 x 1,000 lb AN-M65A1 bomb + 10 x 100 lb AN-M30A1 bombs (2,000 lb total)
* 3 x 1,000 lb AN-M65A1 bombs (3,000 lb total)

Featuring a wide variety of options the B-25 offers a payload for every job. Triple one thousand pounders for bases or medium altitude pillbox hunting, quadruple five hundred pounders for low altitude pillbox and heavy tank strafing and the eigth times two hundred fifties for convoy soft targets or medium tanks. But please do not forget to set a fuse timer before spawn, if going for a low altitude strafing run.
=== Defensive armament ===

{{main|Browning M2 (12.7 mm)}}

The '''''{{PAGENAME}}''''' is defended by:
* 1 x 12.7 mm Browning M2 machine gun, nose turret (300 rpg)
* 2 x 12.7 mm Browning M2 machine guns, dorsal turret (400 rpg = 800 total)
* 1 x 12.7 mm Browning M2 machine gun, 2 x beam turrets (250 rpg)
* 2 x 12.7 mm Browning M2 machine guns, tail turret (600 rpg = 1,200 total)

The defensive fire of the B-25 quite excellent, but only quite. The rearward field of fire of the dorsal and tail turret overlap significantly and are a serious concern for even heavy fighters. The beam turrets have decent vertical arcs and about 45° starting from the rudder. For whatever reason the B-25 maintains a nose gunner, too, despite blistering with offensive heavy machine guns. Intended for use in formation flight, the nose gunner offers little benefit ingame except for further demonstrating the concept of overkill.

However the defensive firing arcs have a blindspot: The belly. Starting from around -20° the tail gunner can no longer take aim at any pursuit aircraft. Its horizontal arc is also very limiting only encompassing about 10° total. This leaves not only the belly open, but also an approach window 15° offset from the tail where both the beam and tail gunner cannot aim. While the latter is easily resolved with a slight change of direction, the former is the true weakspot of the B-25 and found on all [[B-25 (Family)|derivatives]]. This makes it sadly a rather well known weakness, too.
== Usage in battles ==
[[File:B-25j-20 primethebomber 001.jpg|450px|thumb|right|Flaps down in preparation for landing.]]

The airframe makes this plane a particularly difficult target to bring down, however, there are four main blindspots to be considered: Level with the leading edges of the wings, the complete underside, and each side in the rear presented by the twin tail. These are the easiest areas to kill an opposing B-25. With a max speed of 444 km/h (275 mph) under ideal conditions and a max airframe speed of 580 km/h (360 mph), the B-25 is relatively fast for a bomber, but while climbing, can go no faster than 280 km/h (175 mph) with optimal pitch. The twin engines make for good acceleration and allow the plane to get to an airfield to land, given you are at altitude and can maintain airspeed.

This plane makes a great strategic bomber, but its wings make for nice large targets. The best way to ward off enemy fighters is to bank in toward them, giving your top gunner a chance to damage them before they can cause any real damage. Always try to fly at treetop level to cover the blind spot on the underside, or fly with bombers that have belly gunners, so you are fully covered. Also try to fly with friendly fighters, as they will prove invaluable to your survival. If you wind up with an enemy fighter or attacker on your tail, reduce engine power and adjust trim so you retain level flight, but give all rear facing gunners the ability to damage your opponent. ''Never fly in a straight line while fending off attackers!!''

=== Manual Engine Control ===
{| class="wikitable" style="text-align:center"
|-
! colspan="7" | MEC elements
|-
! rowspan="2" | Mixer
! rowspan="2" | Pitch
! colspan="3" | Radiator
! rowspan="2" | Supercharger
! rowspan="2" | Turbocharger
|-
! Oil !! Water !! Type
|-
| Controllable || Controllable<br>Not auto controlled || Not controllable<br>Not auto controlled || Controllable<br>Auto control available || Separate || Controllable<br>2 gears || Not controllable
|-
|}
[[File:B-25j-20 iscari 001.jpg |450px|thumb|right|'''{{PAGENAME}}''' flying above the clouds returning from a bombing run.]]
=== Modules ===
{| class="wikitable"
! Tier
! colspan="2" | Flight performance
! Survivability
! colspan="2" | Weaponry
|-
| I
| Fuselage repair
| Radiator
| Protective vest
| Offensive 12 mm
| SBC-25
|-
| II
|
| Compressor
| Airframe
| New 12 mm MGs
| MBC-25
|-
| III
| Wings repair
| Engine
|
| Turret 12 mm
|
|-
| IV
|
| Engine injection
| Cover
| New 12 mm MGs (turret)
| LBC-25
|-
|}

=== Pros and cons ===


'''Pros:'''
* Very effective front facing armament of 6 x 12.7 mm machine guns allows for engaging enemy bombers at the start of the match, or incoming fighters
* Durable airframe
* Heavy defensive armament on both left and rights sides and especially on the rear
* Can provide initial cover for other bombers until fighters reach their altitude
* Can be used as both a tactical and strategic bomber
* Able to land on an aircraft carrier

'''Cons:'''
* The belly of the aircraft is a massive blind spot in the aircraft's defence
* Slow
* Poor climb rate and energy retention
* For the most part, the offensive armament will only be useful in attacking enemy bombers, ground targets, or engaging fighters head-on, as the plane is too unmanoeuvrable for any real dogfighting of any kind
* Steel construction makes this plane particularly heavy, and a small payload limits this plane's ability to be used as a tactical or strategic bomber
* The elevator can be shot off by an enemy plane easily. This can cause it to become uncontrollable in certain situations. However, it can still be controlled by operating flaps or adjusting engine power

== History ==
''Describe the history of the creation and combat usage of the aircraft in more detail than in the introduction. If the historical reference turns out to be too long, take it to a separate article, taking a link to the article about the vehicle and adding a block "/History" (example: <nowiki>https://wiki.warthunder.com/(Vehicle-name)/History</nowiki>) and add a link to it here using the <code>main</code> template. Be sure to reference text and sources by using <code><nowiki><ref></ref></nowiki></code>, as well as adding them at the end of the article with <code><nowiki><references /></nowiki></code>. This section may also include the vehicle's dev blog entry (if applicable) and the in-game encyclopedia description (under <code><nowiki>=== In-game description ===</nowiki></code>, also if applicable).''

=== In-game description ===
North American B-25J-20 Mitchell twin-engine medium bomber/ground-attack aircraft

As its mass production progressed, the B-25J was continually improved, but in most cases this concerned the aircraft's equipment or armament and not its airframe or power unit. Aircraft of the B-25J-5 series had new multi-purpose N-3C gunsights (everywhere but on the waist turrets) and a newly introduced alcohol windshield washing system for the pilot's cockpit. Also, blast reducers were installed on the barrel muzzles of the upper and waist machine guns.

Aircraft of the B-25J-10 series were equipped with external bomb racks under the wings. The heaters at the waist gun positions were found to be inefficient and were no longer installed.

Replacement of the sights was completed with the B-25J-15 bombers; now, the waist turrets were also equipped with the new N-8A optical sights. In addition, a backup iron sight was installed for the pilots. All machines of these series were produced with one fixed machine gun in the bombardier's cockpit.

Aircraft of the B-25J-20 series had a second fixed 12.7 mm Colt-Browning ANM2.5 machine gun, with 400 rounds of ammunition, mounted in the bombardier's cockpit. An additional armor plate was provided in the floor under the bombardier's seat. The cap glazing of the upper turret was reinforced. The mobile 12.7 mm Colt-Browning ANM2.5 machine gun in the front cockpit was shifted upward slightly so that the ammunition box of the second fixed machine gun would not interfere with its operation.

An emergency brake system was also installed. Beginning with machine No. 44-29340, Holley 1685RB carburettors were fitted on the bomber's engines.

A Norden M-9 bombsight was mounted on the aircraft built for the USAAF, and a simpler Wimperis D-8 on the machines to be exported. In the USSR, locally produced OPB-1 (daylight version) and NKPB-7 (night version) bombsights were mounted on В-25s.

In addition, В-25 aircraft in the Soviet Union were equipped with an inert (exhaust) gas fire suppression system for the fuel tanks.

B-25J aircraft were not only supplied to the USAAF. 314 machines were delivered to the British RAF, where they were operated under the designation of Mitchell Mk.III. It was under the Lend-Lease Agreement that these bombers were also supplied to the USSR, Canada, Australia, and China. After the war, В-25Js were supplied to France, the Netherlands, Peru, Venezuela, and Indonesia.

== Media ==

;Videos
{{Youtube-gallery|NuU-Vz0UqMc|'''B-25J-20 Mitchell [Rugged Versatility!]''' - ''Jengar''}}

== See also ==

;Aircraft of comparable role, configuration and era
* de Haviland [[Mosquito (Family)|Mosquito]]
* Douglas [[DB-7 (Family)|DB-7]] and its many derivatives (such as [[A-20G-25|A-20G]])
* Douglas [[A-26 (Family)|A-26 ''Invader'']]
* Tupolev [[Tu-2 (Family)|Tu-2]]

;Other B-25 variants in-game
* [[B-25J-1]] - Very little difference between the J-1 and J-20, the J-1 has one less nose-mounted machine gun, slight armour difference.
* [[B-25J-30_(China)|B-25J-30]] (Chinese lend-lease) - Virtually same as J-20 variant.
* [[B-25J-30_(USSR)|B-25J-30]] (Soviet lend-lease) - Same as Chinese lend-lease version with the exception it utilises Soviet bombs.
* [[PBJ-1H]] - U.S. Marine variant - 75 mm autocannon and eight nose-mounted machine guns, lower service ceiling, reduced bomb load compared to J-1, J-20 and J-30 variants, increased armour around the cockpit.
* [[PBJ-1J]] - U.S. Marine variant - Identical to PBJ-1H in-flight characteristics and bomb loadout, no 75 mm cannon, a total of 12 nose-mounted machine guns.

== External links ==

* [[wikipedia:Doolittle_Raid|[Wikipedia<nowiki>]</nowiki> Doolittle Raid]]

{{USA bombers}}

B-25J-30 (USSR)

2019-11-06T18:50:11Z

U2363119: added Armour section from B-25J-20

{{Specs-Card|code=b_25j_30_vvs_ussr}}
{{About
| about = premium Russian bomber '''{{Specs|name}}'''
| usage = other uses
| link = B-25 (Family)
}}

== Description ==


[[File:GarageImage_B-25J-30_USSR.jpg|420px|thumb|left|]]
{{break}}
The '''{{Specs|name}}''' is a rank {{Specs|rank}} premium Russian bomber {{Battle-rating}}. This aircraft was introduced in [[Update 1.35]]. It costs 1,450 Golden Eagles. The B-25J-30 is a lend-lease vehicle for the Soviets and is essentially identical in-game to the [[B-25J-20|USAAF counterpart]]. The minor differences are the reinforced steel pilot seats and extra armour for the dorsal gunner.

Design of the B-25 was the result of years of work and failed bids to win contracts with the United States Army Air Corps (USAAC). Initially designed to meet requirements for a payload of 1,200 lb (540 kg), a range of 1,200 mi (1,900 km) and flying at speeds faster than 200 mph (320 kph), prototypes were built, tested and refined. Although the original XB-21 and NA-40 never materialized into a production aircraft, requirements from the USAAC came out in March of 1939 for a medium bomber carrying a payload of 2,400 lb (1,100 kg) over 1,200 mi (1,900 km) at speeds around 300 mph (480 kph), North American modified their design of NA-40 and developed the NA-62 which went into prototype testing as the YB-25 and then ordered into production as the B-25.

The B-25 turned out to be the archetype of the medium bomber, carrying upwards of 3,000 lb (1,361 kg) of bombs and could fly at speeds up to 340 mph (547 kph). This twin-engine bomber was fast, it could carry a large payload for its size and had several defensive turrets and gunner stations at which it could defend itself from almost any angle. To increase its versatility, several models had forward-facing fixed machine guns fitted into the nose and the cheeks of the aircraft. Later models opted to removed the glazed nose and bombardier/nose-gunner station and outfit more machine guns and even a 75 mm autocannon for strafing ground targets and especially ships. This medium bomber at times acted more like a heavy attacker opting for low-level flights which would skim treetops and the ocean to sneak up on unwary targets. It was not uncommon for B-25s to fly just above the mast/smokestack height of enemy ships when attacking.

As later models moved from the dedicated bomber position and morphed into more of an attacker role, bomb payloads were reduced to allow for more armour around the cockpit and more offensive weapons and ammunition to fill the attacker mode it took on, especially under the command of U.S. Marine Corps squadrons. With more than 10,000 B-25 aircraft variants built, they saw action in all theatres of war and were even subject to part of the lend-lease program which China and the USSR benefitted from. So versatile was this aircraft that a flight of them were specifically outfitted and their crews trained to take off from an aircraft carrier and bomb mainland Japan in a daring raid. Impressive for an aircraft not meant to take off from an aircraft carrier.

The B-25 is a fantastic bomber, attacker or both and will suit many different pilots and their different approaches to the battlefields found in War Thunder. The tail gunner has been known to set many fighters alight with their dual .50 calibre machine guns and help to prolong the life of this bomber to allow the pilot to make it to their target whether it is to bomb it or strafe it.
== General info ==
=== Flight Performance ===

{| class="wikitable" style="text-align:center"
|-
! colspan="8" | Characteristics
|-
! colspan="8" | ''Stock''
|-
! colspan="2" | Max Speed<br>(km/h at ?,000 m)
! rowspan="2" | Max altitude<br>(meters)
! colspan="2" | Turn time<br>(seconds)
! colspan="2" | Rate of climb<br>(meters/second)
! rowspan="2" |Take-off run<br>(meters)
|-
! AB
! RB
! AB
! RB
! AB
! RB
|-
| ? || ? || {{Specs|ceiling}} || ??.? || ??.? || ??.? || ??.? || ???
|-
! colspan="8" | ''Upgraded''
|-
! colspan="2" | Max Speed<br>(km/h at ?,000 m)
! rowspan="2" |Max altitude (meters)
! colspan="2" | Turn time (seconds)
! colspan="2" | Rate of climb<br>(meters/second)
! rowspan="2" |Take-off run (meters)
|-
! AB
! RB
! AB
! RB
! AB
! RB
|-
| ? || ? || {{Specs|ceiling}} || ??.? || ??.? || ??.? || ??.? || ???
|-
|}

====Details====
{| class="wikitable" style="text-align:center"
|-
! colspan="5" | Features
|-
! Combat flap
! Take-off flap
! Landing flap
! Air brakes
! Arrestor gear
|-
| X || X || X || X || X 
|-
|}

{| class="wikitable" style="text-align:center"
|-
! colspan="5" | Limits
|-
! rowspan="2" | Wing-break speed<br>(km/h)
! rowspan="2" | Gear limit<br>(km/h)
! rowspan="2" | Combat flap<br> (km/h)
! colspan="2" | Max Static G
|-
! +
! -
|-
| {{Specs|разрушение|конструкции}} || {{Specs|разрушение|шасси}} || ??? || ~?? || ~?
|-
|}

{| class="wikitable" style="text-align:center"
|-
! colspan="4" | Optimal velocities
|-
! Ailerons<br>(km/h)
! Rudder<br>(km/h)
! Elevators<br>(km/h)
! Radiator<br>(km/h)
|-
| < ??? || < ??? || < ??? || > ???
|-
|}

{| class="wikitable" style="text-align:center"
|-
! colspan="3" | Compressor (RB/SB)
|-
! colspan="3" | Setting 1
|-
! Optimal altitude
! 100% Engine power
! WEP Engine power
|-
| ?,??? m || ??? hp || ?,??? hp
|-

|}

=== Survivability and armour ===


* 10 mm steel - front, sides & rear of the cockpit
* 10 mm steel - the rim of pilot seats
* 8 mm steel - below nose gunner
* 8 mm steel - pilot seats
* 9.5 mm - bulkhead after of dorsal turret
* 6.35 mm steel - aft of waist gunners
* 9.5 mm steel - tail turret
* 38 mm Bulletproof glass - tail turret

Rugged, sturdy, though, the B-25 is all of those things. Featuring crew armour protection that outclasses the [[B-17G-60-VE|B-17 ''Flying Fortress'']] in a handier, smaller design, the B-25J is a tough nut to crack and even harder to devoid of the crew. Calibres above 20 mm are a must for a quick kill, otherwise, the B-25 will repay in kind. Gunner positions throughout the bomber effectively cover the front, sides, top and rear of the aircraft with just the underbelly left relatively unprotected to fighters rising in a power climb. The rear gunner with his dual .50 calibre machine guns is especially devastating when they are trained on a tailing enemy fighter.

The two Wright R-2600 air-cooled radial engines are themself hard to destroy and with dropped payload, the B-25J can keep flying on just a single damaged engine, denying under armed fighters the ability to lethally cripple it. Yet this aircraft does have an Achilles heel, its fuel tanks. While present in all planes, the armour, crew and bomb bay take up all the necessary space within the fuselage, while leaving only space in the wings to house the fuel tanks. A common downfall of this aircraft is the structural failure of the wing spar due to wing fires of the fuel tanks.
== Armaments ==
=== Offensive armament ===

{{main|Browning M2 (12.7 mm)}}

The '''''{{PAGENAME}}''''' is armed with:
* 2 x 12.7 mm Browning M2 machine guns, nose-mounted (400 rpg = 800 total)
* 4 x 12.7 mm Browning M2 machine guns, cheek-mounted (400 rpg = 1,600 total)

=== Suspended armament ===

{{main|FAB-50 (50 kg)|FAB-100 (100 kg)|FAB-250M43 (250 kg)|FAB-500 (500 kg)}}

The '''''{{PAGENAME}}''''' can be outfitted with the following ordnance:

* 12 x 50 kg FAB-50 bombs (total = 600 kg)
* 8 x 100 kg FAB-100 bombs (total = 800 kg)
* 8 x 50 kg FAB-50 bombs + 4 x 100 kg FAB-100 bombs (total = 1,200 kg)
* 4 x 250 kg FAB-250M43 bombs (1,000 kg toal)
* 10 x 50 kg FAB-50 bombs + 1 x 500 FAB-500 bomb (total = 1,000 kg)
* 3 x 500 kg FAB-500 bombs (total = 1,500 kg)

=== Defensive armament ===

{{main|Browning M2 (12.7 mm)}}

The '''''{{PAGENAME}}''''' is defended by:
* 1 x 12.7 mm Browning M2 machine gun, nose turret (300 rpg)
* 2 x 12.7 mm Browning M2 machine guns, dorsal turret (400 rpg = 800 total)
* 1 x 12.7 mm Browning M2 machine gun, 2 x beam turrets (250 rpg)
* 2 x 12.7 mm Browning M2 machine guns, tail turret (600 rpg = 1,200 total)

== Usage in the battles ==


===Manual Engine Control===
{| class="wikitable" style="text-align:center"
|-
! colspan="7" | MEC elements
|-
! rowspan="2" |Mixer
! rowspan="2" |Pitch
! colspan="3" |Radiator
! rowspan="2" |Supercharger
! rowspan="2" |Turbocharger
|-
! Oil
! Water
! Type
|-
| Controllable || rowspan="2" | Not controllable || rowspan="2" | Not controllable || rowspan="2" | Not controllable || rowspan="2" | Separate || rowspan="2" | Not ontrollable || rowspan="2" | Not controllable
|-
|}

===Modules===
{| class="wikitable"
!colspan = "1"| Tier
!colspan = "2"| Flight performance
!colspan = "1"| Survivability
!colspan = "2"| Weaponry
|-
| I
| Fuselage Repair
| Radiator
|
|
|-
| II
|
| Compressor
| Airframe
|
|-
| III
| Wings Repair
| Engine
|
|
|-
| IV
|
| Engine Injection
| Cover
|
|-
|}

=== Pros and cons ===


'''Pros:'''
* Very effective front-facing armament of 6 x 12.7 mm machine for aerial attack or ground strafing
* Durable airframe which can take a beating
* Heavy defensive armament on both left and rights sides and especially the tail gunner
* Can provide initial cover for other bombers until fighters reach their altitude
* Can be used as a tactical bomber, strategic bomber or as an attacker
* Able to land on an aircraft carrier
* Good dive speed

'''Cons:'''
* The belly of the aircraft lacks any defence
* Poor climb rate and energy retention
* Less effective as a dogfighter due to its size, however, can perform Boom & Zoom without too much manoeuvring
* Less effective as a high-altitude bomber (accuracy), better for mid to low altitude bombing
* The elevator is easily shot off, the plane can still be controlled using flaps and adjusting engine power

== History ==
''Describe the history of the creation and combat usage of the aircraft in more detail than in the introduction. If the historical reference turns out to be too big, take it to a separate article, taking a link to an article about the vehicle and adding a block "/ historical reference" (example: https://wiki.warthunder.com/Name-vehicles/historical reference) and add a link to it here using the <code>main</code> template. Be sure to include links to sources at the end of the article.''

=== In-game description ===
"North American B-25J-30 Mitchell twin-engine medium bomber/ground-attack aircraft

New armoured pilot seats appeared in the B-25J-25 series. Also, the wing leading edge was reinforced. Beginning with machine No. 44-30111, additional armour was fitted to the upper fuselage to prevent the turret-mounted machine guns from inadvertently hitting the bomber.
From aircraft No. 44-30309 on, the Americans provided for the mounting of chemical spray tanks, similar to the Soviet VAPs, on external bomb racks.

The B-25J-30 had T-64 launchers for unguided HVAR missiles installed under the wing panels. The mechanical bomb hoist was replaced with an electric one. The gunsights were upgraded again, and a new high-precision Norden N-9B bombsight was mounted on the aircraft, beginning with No. 44-86793.

Provisions were made for carrying new guided glide bombs from plane No. 44-86692 on. The work to equip the aircraft with such bombs had begun back in 1943. GT-1 glide bombs were actually torpedoes with wings and tail fins. In July 1945, they were used to strike ships at the Japanese ports of Sasebo and Nagasaki. In Sasebo, they managed to damage and set fire to two vessels. The third bomb did not hit its target but dropped on the harbour works.

Although the В-25 had a good flight range, sometimes it was not sufficient, given the size of the Pacific Ocean Theatre. Fuel quantity had to be increased, so B-25s were modified on front-line airfields. Various additional tanks, removed from aircraft of other types, were mounted in the fuselage near the radio set.

A total of 4,318 B-25J aircraft were delivered. 72 more bombers were practically ready when their production was discontinued. Some of those machines were nevertheless completed later. 800 B-25Js of the total number were assembled directly as the ground-attack aircraft version. In addition, North American produced so-called conversion kits, which allowed the aircraft to be quickly converted on a front-line airfield. Thus, the real number of machines flying as the ground-attack aircraft version significantly exceeded the original eight hundred."

== Media ==
''An excellent addition to the article will be video guides, as well as screenshots from the game and photos.''

== See also ==

;Aircraft of comparable role, configuration and era
* de Haviland [[Mosquito (Family)|Mosquito]]
* Douglas [[A-26 (Family)|A-26 ''Invader'']]
* Mitsubishi [[Ki-67-I_Ko|Ki-61 ''Hiyrū'']]
* Nakajima [[Ki-49 (Family)|Ki-49 ''Donryu'']]
* Vickers [[Wellington (Family)|Wellington]]

;Other B-25 variants in-game
* [[B-25J-1]] - Very little difference between the J-1 and J-20, the J-1 has one less nose-mounted machine gun, slight armour difference.
* [[B-25J-20]] - Very little difference between the J-1 and J-20, an additional nose-mounted machine gun, slight armour difference.
* [[B-25J-30_(China)|B-25J-30]] (Chinese lend-lease) - Virtually same as J-20 variant. Identical to USSR version except uses U.S. type bombs.
* [[PBJ-1H]] - U.S. Marine variant - 75 mm autocannon and eight nose-mounted machine guns, lower service ceiling, reduced bomb load compared to J-1, J-20 and J-30 variants, increased armour around the cockpit.
* [[PBJ-1J]] - U.S. Marine variant - Identical to PBJ-1H in-flight characteristics and bomb loadout, no 75 mm cannon, a total of 12 nose-mounted machine guns.

== External links ==


* vvsairwar.com website - [https://vvsairwar.com/2016/09/13/it-was-a-beautiful-aircraft-the-soviet-b-25s/ It was a beautiful aircraft - The Soviet B-25s]
* lend-lease.net website - [https://lend-lease.net/articles-en/the-b-25-mitchell-in-the-ussr/ The B-25 Mitchell in the USSR]
* lend-lease.net website - [https://lend-lease.net/articles-en/b-25-mitchel-in-14-gvbad/ The B-25 Mitchell in 14 GVBAD]

{{USSR bombers}}

B-25J-30 (China)

2019-11-06T18:50:10Z

U2363119: added Armour section from B-25J-20

{{Specs-Card|code=b_25j_30_china}}
{{About
| about = Chinese bomber '''{{PAGENAME}}'''
| usage = other versions
| link = B-25 (Family)
}}
== Description ==

[[File:GarageImage_{{PAGENAME}}.jpg|420px|thumb|left]]
{{break}}
The '''{{Specs|name}}''' is a rank {{Specs|rank}} Chinese bomber {{Battle-rating}}. It was introduced in [[Update 1.91 "Night Vision"]].

Design of the B-25 was the result of years of work and failed bids to win contracts with the United States Army Air Corps (USAAC). Initially designed to meet requirements for a payload of 1,200 lb (540 kg), a range of 1,200 mi (1,900 km) and flying at speeds faster than 200 mph (320 kph), prototypes were built, tested and refined. Although the original XB-21 and NA-40 never materialized into a production aircraft, requirements from the USAAC came out in March of 1939 for a medium bomber carrying a payload of 2,400 lb (1,100 kg) over 1,200 mi (1,900 km) at speeds around 300 mph (480 kph), North American modified their design of NA-40 and developed the NA-62 which went into prototype testing as the YB-25 and then ordered into production as the B-25.

The B-25 turned out to be the archetype of the medium bomber, carrying upwards of 3,000 lb (1,361 kg) of bombs and could fly at speeds up to 340 mph (547 kph). This twin-engine bomber was fast, it could carry a large payload for its size and had several defensive turrets and gunner stations at which it could defend itself from almost any angle. To increase its versatility, several models had forward-facing fixed machine guns fitted into the nose and the cheeks of the aircraft. Later models opted to removed the glazed nose and bombardier/nose-gunner station and outfit more machine guns and even a 75 mm autocannon for strafing ground targets and especially ships. This medium bomber at times acted more like a heavy attacker opting for low-level flights which would skim treetops and the ocean to sneak up on unwary targets. It was not uncommon for B-25s to fly just above the mast/smokestack height of enemy ships when attacking.

As later models moved from the dedicated bomber position and morphed into more of an attacker role, bomb payloads were reduced to allow for more armour around the cockpit and more offensive weapons and ammunition to fill the attacker mode it took on, especially under the command of U.S. Marine Corps squadrons. With more than 10,000 B-25 aircraft variants built, they saw action in all theatres of war and were even subject to part of the lend-lease program which China and the USSR benefitted from. So versatile was this aircraft that a flight of them were specifically outfitted and their crews trained to take off from an aircraft carrier and bomb mainland Japan in a daring raid. Impressive for an aircraft not meant to take off from an aircraft carrier.

The B-25 is a fantastic bomber, attacker or both and will suit many different pilots and their different approaches to the battlefields found in War Thunder. The tail gunner has been known to set many fighters alight with their dual .50 calibre machine guns and help to prolong the life of this bomber to allow the pilot to make it to their target whether it is to bomb it or strafe it.

== General info ==
=== Flight performance ===
''Describe how the aircraft behaves in the air. Speed, manoeuvrability, acceleration and allowable loads - these are the most important characteristics of the vehicle.''

{| class="wikitable" style="text-align:center"
|-
! colspan="8" | Characteristics
|-
! colspan="8" | ''Stock''
|-
! colspan="2" | Max Speed<br>(km/h at 3,049 m)
! rowspan="2" | Max altitude<br>(meters)
! colspan="2" | Turn time<br>(seconds)
! colspan="2" | Rate of climb<br>(meters/second)
! rowspan="2" | Take-off run<br>(meters)
|-
! AB !! RB !! AB !! RB !! AB !! RB
|-
| ??? || ??? || {{Specs|ceiling}} || ??.? || ??.? || ??.? || ??.? || 750
|-
! colspan="8" | ''Upgraded''
|-
! colspan="2" | Max Speed<br>(km/h at 3,049 m)
! rowspan="2" | Max altitude<br>(meters)
! colspan="2" | Turn time<br>(seconds)
! colspan="2" | Rate of climb<br>(meters/second)
! rowspan="2" | Take-off run<br>(meters)
|-
! AB !! RB !! AB !! RB !! AB !! RB
|-
| ??? || ??? || {{Specs|ceiling}} || ??.? || ??.? || ??.? || ??.? || 750
|-
|}

==== Details ====
{| class="wikitable" style="text-align:center"
|-
! colspan="5" | Features
|-
! Combat flaps !! Take-off flaps !! Landing flaps !! Air brakes !! Arrestor gear
|-
| ✓ || ✓ || ✓ || X || X 
|-
|}

{| class="wikitable" style="text-align:center"
|-
! colspan="5" | Limits
|-
! rowspan="2" | Wing-break speed<br>(km/h)
! rowspan="2" | Gear limit<br>(km/h)
! rowspan="2" | Combat flaps<br>(km/h)
! colspan="2" | Max Static G
|-
! + !! -
|-
| {{Specs|destruction|constructions}} || {{Specs|destruction|chassis}} || 430 || ~4 || ~2
|-
|}

{| class="wikitable" style="text-align:center"
|-
! colspan="4" | Optimal velocities
|-
! Ailerons<br>(km/h)
! Rudder<br>(km/h)
! Elevators<br>(km/h)
! Radiator<br>(km/h)
|-
| < 270 || < 320 || < 350 || > 320
|-
|}

{| class="wikitable" style="text-align:center"
|-
! colspan="3" | Compressor (RB/SB)
|-
! colspan="3" | Setting 1
|-
! Optimal altitude
! 100% Engine power
! WEP Engine power
|-
| 1,676 m || 1,700 hp || 1,850 hp
|-
! colspan="3" | Setting 2
|-
! Optimal altitude
! 100% Engine power
! WEP Engine power
|-
| 4,115 m || 1,450 hp || N/A
|-
|}

=== Survivability and armour ===


* 10 mm steel - front, sides & rear of the cockpit
* 10 mm steel - the rim of pilot seats
* 8 mm steel - below nose gunner
* 8 mm steel - pilot seats
* 9.5 mm - bulkhead after of dorsal turret
* 6.35 mm steel - aft of waist gunners
* 9.5 mm steel - tail turret
* 38 mm Bulletproof glass - tail turret

Rugged, sturdy, though, the B-25 is all of those things. Featuring crew armour protection that outclasses the [[B-17G-60-VE|B-17 ''Flying Fortress'']] in a handier, smaller design, the B-25J is a tough nut to crack and even harder to devoid of the crew. Calibres above 20 mm are a must for a quick kill, otherwise, the B-25 will repay in kind. Gunner positions throughout the bomber effectively cover the front, sides, top and rear of the aircraft with just the underbelly left relatively unprotected to fighters rising in a power climb. The rear gunner with his dual .50 calibre machine guns is especially devastating when they are trained on a tailing enemy fighter.

The two Wright R-2600 air-cooled radial engines are themself hard to destroy and with dropped payload, the B-25J can keep flying on just a single damaged engine, denying under armed fighters the ability to lethally cripple it. Yet this aircraft does have an Achilles heel, its fuel tanks. While present in all planes, the armour, crew and bomb bay take up all the necessary space within the fuselage, while leaving only space in the wings to house the fuel tanks. A common downfall of this aircraft is the structural failure of the wing spar due to wing fires of the fuel tanks.

== Armaments ==
=== Offensive armament ===

{{main|Browning M2 (12.7 mm)}}

The '''''{{PAGENAME}}''''' is armed with:
* 2 x 12.7 mm Browning M2 machine guns, nose-mounted (400 rpg = 800 total)
* 4 x 12.7 mm Browning M2 machine guns, cheek-mounted (400 rpg = 1,600 total)

=== Suspended armament ===

{{main|AN-M30A1 (100 lb)|AN-M57 (250 lb)|AN-M64A1 (500 lb)|AN-M65A1 (1,000 lb)}}

The '''''{{PAGENAME}}''''' can be outfitted with the following ordnance:
* 12 x 100 lb AN-M30A1 bombs (1,200 lb total)
* 4 x 250 lb AN-M57 bombs (1,000 lb total)
* 4 x 250 lb AN-M57 bombs + 8 x 100 lb AN-M30A1 bombs (1,800 lb total)
* 8 x 250 lb AN-M57 bombs (2,000 lb total)
* 2 x 500 lb AN-M64A1 bombs + 8 x 100 lb AN-M30A1 bombs (1,800 lb total)
* 4 x 500 lb AN-M64A1 bombs (2,000 lb total)
* 1 x 1,000 lb AN-M65A1 bomb + 10 x 100 lb AN-M30A1 bombs (2,000 lb total)
* 3 x 1,000 lb AN-M65A1 bombs (3,000 lb total)

=== Defensive armament ===

{{main|Browning M2 (12.7 mm)}}

The '''''{{PAGENAME}}''''' is defended by:
* 1 x 12.7 mm Browning M2 machine gun, nose turret (300 rpg)
* 2 x 12.7 mm Browning M2 machine guns, dorsal turret (400 rpg = 800 total)
* 1 x 12.7 mm Browning M2 machine gun, 2 x beam turrets (250 rpg)
* 2 x 12.7 mm Browning M2 machine guns, tail turret (600 rpg = 1,200 total)

== Usage in battles ==
''Describe the tactics of playing in the aircraft, the features of using aircraft in a team and advice on tactics. Refrain from creating a "guide" - do not impose a single point of view, but instead, give the reader food for thought. Examine the most dangerous enemies and give recommendations on fighting them. If necessary, note the specifics of the game in different modes (AB, RB, SB).''

=== Manual Engine Control ===
{| class="wikitable" style="text-align:center"
|-
! colspan="7" | MEC elements
|-
! rowspan="2" | Mixer
! rowspan="2" | Pitch
! colspan="3" | Radiator
! rowspan="2" | Supercharger
! rowspan="2" | Turbocharger
|-
! Oil !! Water !! Type
|-
| Controllable || Controllable<br>Not auto controlled || Not controllable<br>Not auto controlled || Controllable<br>Auto control available || Separate || Controllable<br>2 gears || Not controllable
|-
|}

=== Pros and cons ===


'''Pros:'''
* Very effective front-facing armament of 6 x 12.7 mm machine for aerial attack or ground strafing
* Durable airframe which can take a beating
* Heavy defensive armament on both left and rights sides and especially the tail gunner
* Can provide initial cover for other bombers until fighters reach their altitude
* Can be used as a tactical bomber, strategic bomber or as an attacker
* Able to land on an aircraft carrier
* Good dive speed

'''Cons:'''
* The belly of the aircraft lacks any defence
* Poor climb rate and energy retention
* Less effective as a dogfighter due to its size, however, can perform Boom & Zoom without too much manoeuvring
* Less effective as a high-altitude bomber (accuracy), better for mid to low altitude bombing
* The elevator is easily shot off, the plane can still be controlled using flaps and adjusting engine power

== History ==
''Describe the history of the creation and combat usage of the aircraft in more detail than in the introduction. If the historical reference turns out to be too long, take it to a separate article, taking a link to the article about the vehicle and adding a block "/History" (example: <nowiki>https://wiki.warthunder.com/(Vehicle-name)/History</nowiki>) and add a link to it here using the <code>main</code> template. Be sure to reference text and sources by using <code><nowiki><ref></ref></nowiki></code>, as well as adding them at the end of the article with <code><nowiki><references /></nowiki></code>. This section may also include the vehicle's dev blog entry (if applicable) and the in-game encyclopedia description (under <code><nowiki>=== In-game description ===</nowiki></code>, also if applicable).''

== Media ==
''Excellent additions to the article would be video guides, screenshots from the game, and photos.''

== See also ==

;Aircraft of comparable role, configuration and era
* de Haviland [[Mosquito (Family)|Mosquito]]
* Douglas [[A-26 (Family)|A-26 ''Invader'']]
* Mitsubishi [[Ki-67-I_Ko|Ki-61 ''Hiyrū'']]
* Nakajima [[Ki-49 (Family)|Ki-49 ''Donryu'']]
* Vickers [[Wellington (Family)|Wellington]]

;Other B-25 variants in-game
* [[B-25J-1]] - Very little difference between the J-1 and J-20, the J-1 has one less nose-mounted machine gun, slight armour difference.
* [[B-25J-20]] - Very little difference between the J-1 and J-20, an additional nose-mounted machine gun, slight armour difference.
* [[B-25J-30_(USSR)|B-25J-30]] (Soviet lend-lease) - Virtually same as J-20 variant., same as Chinese lend-lease version with the exception it utilises Soviet bombs.
* [[PBJ-1H]] - U.S. Marine variant - 75 mm autocannon and eight nose-mounted machine guns, lower service ceiling, reduced bomb load compared to J-1, J-20 and J-30 variants, increased armour around the cockpit.
* [[PBJ-1J]] - U.S. Marine variant - Identical to PBJ-1H in-flight characteristics and bomb loadout, no 75 mm cannon, a total of 12 nose-mounted machine guns.

== External links ==
''Paste links to sources and external resources, such as:''
* ''topic on the official game forum;''
* ''encyclopedia page on the aircraft;''
* ''other literature.''

{{China bombers}}

PBJ-1H

2019-11-06T15:46:18Z

U2363119: Copy over from [B-25J-20]; Survivability, Many listed "See Also" were not in a similar role lacking Offensive arms or armour/survivability

{{Specs-Card|code=pbj_1h}}
{{About
|about=American 75 mm-armed attacker aircraft '''{{PAGENAME}}'''
|other
|usage-1=the other variant
|link-1=PBJ-1J
|usage-2=other vehicles of the family
|link-2=B-25 (Family)
}}

== Description ==


[[File:GarageImage_{{PAGENAME}}.jpg|420px|thumb|left]]
{{break}}
The '''{{Specs|name}}''' is a rank {{Specs|rank}} American attacker {{Battle-rating}}. It was introduced in [[Update 1.41]].

The PBJ-1H is U.S. Navy variant of the [[B-25J-20|B-25]] which was operated by the U.S. Marine Corps as a ground attacker. This aircraft is a powerful ground strafing machine and due to the weapons package built in, it can be viewed as a gunship. With eight 12.7 mm machine guns and a 75 mm cannon, most light ground targets such as AAA positions and Artillery positions can be destroyed. The 75 mm T13E1 cannon is similar to the 75 mm M3 on the Sherman tank and shares its powerful support capability. With Armored Targets belt loaded, it can knock out light pillboxes with ease and greater accuracy than bombs in Realistic and Simulator modes. It is even effective against light and medium tanks, although the low fire rate makes it less than ideal for strafing several targets in a short target window. It is recommended to use the virtual cockpit view to aim the main gun. The 12.7 mm guns should be mainly utilized against "soft" targets such as Armored Cars, AAA and Artillery positions, and the 75 mm Gun against hardened targets such as light pillboxes and tanks. That said, the concentrated MG fire can also be used to destroy light pillboxes (with practice), though will require significant ammo usage to do so.

Despite armament differences, the airframe of the PBJ is still that of the B-25. While this means that it will have a relatively large number of defensive weapons, it also means that it is relatively sluggish compared to other close-support aircraft. It also presents a relatively large and slow moving, though semi-well-defended target. Beware all variants of the Bell [[P-39N-0|P-39 ''Airacobra'' ]], [[P-63A-5|P-63 ''Kingcobra'']], [[P-47D-25|P-47 ''Thunderbolt'']], all variants of the [[Me 410 A-1|Me 410s]] and the [[Yak-9T|Yak-9T]]; these aircraft can destroy your aircraft without much difficulty, whereas you will have a difficult time expending numerous 12.7 mm rounds trying to knock them out of the sky or off your tail.

This aircraft has several weaknesses in which the pilot must be aware which could be exploited by attacking aircraft. First, the twin rudders in the tail section create gunner dead zones. The rudders will prevent the side gunners and to an extent the dorsal gunner from firing on an enemy attacking from the shadow of either of these two spots. The tail gunner should be able to neutralize this weakness as long as he has not been knocked out. The underside of the aircraft is especially vulnerable as there is no ventral turret and the tail gunner, side gunners only have a limited downward angle in which they can shoot, so it may be best to fly as low as possible in certain circumstances. Even with the great fire-power utilized on this aircraft, the pilot's best bet will be to operate under fighter cover when possible.

Other differences from the B-25 are the smaller bomb payload, attacker spawn location (lower altitude than bombers) and the lack of a bomb-sight view for precision bombing.

== General info ==
=== Flight Performance ===
''Describe how the aircraft behaves in the air. Speed, manoeuvrability, acceleration and allowable loads - these are the most important characteristics of the vehicle.''

{| class="wikitable" style="text-align:center"
|-
! colspan="8" | Characteristics
|-
! colspan="8" | ''Stock''
|-
! colspan="2" | Max Speed<br>(km/h at 4,390 m)
! rowspan="2" | Max altitude<br>(meters)
! colspan="2" | Turn time<br>(seconds)
! colspan="2" | Rate of climb<br>(meters/second)
! rowspan="2" |Take-off run<br>(meters)
|-
! AB
! RB
! AB
! RB
! AB
! RB
|-
| 427 || 414 || 5,800 || 38.9 || 33.9 || 4.1 || 5.3 || 850
|-
! colspan="8" | ''Upgraded''
|-
! colspan="2" | Max Speed<br>(km/h at 4,390 m)
! rowspan="2" |Max altitude (meters)
! colspan="2" | Turn time (seconds)
! colspan="2" | Rate of climb<br>(meters/second)
! rowspan="2" |Take-off run (meters)
|-
! AB
! RB
! AB
! RB
! AB
! RB
|-
| 477 || 451 || 5,800 || 35.2 || 37.0 || 12.8 || 7.7 || 850
|-
|}

====Details====
{| class="wikitable" style="text-align:center"
|-
! colspan="5" | Features
|-
! Combat flap
! Take-off flap
! Landing flap
! Air brakes
! Arrestor gear
|-
| ✓ || ✓ || ✓ || X || X 
|-
|}

{| class="wikitable" style="text-align:center"
|-
! colspan="5" | Limits
|-
! rowspan="2" | Wing-break speed<br>(km/h)
! rowspan="2" | Gear limit<br>(km/h)
! rowspan="2" | Combat flap<br> (km/h)
! colspan="2" | Max Static G
|-
! +
! -
|-
| 580 || 350 || 340 || ~4 || ~2
|-
|}

{| class="wikitable" style="text-align:center"
|-
! colspan="4" | Optimal velocities
|-
! Ailerons<br>(km/h)
! Rudder<br>(km/h)
! Elevators<br>(km/h)
! Radiator<br>(km/h)
|-
| < 300 || < 270 || < 350 || > 240
|-
|}

{| class="wikitable" style="text-align:center"
|-
! colspan="3" | Compressor (RB/SB)
|-
! colspan="3" | Setting 1
|-
! Optimal altitude
! 100% Engine power
! WEP Engine power
|-
| 524 m || 3,000 hp || 3,339 hp
|-
! colspan="3" | Setting 2
|-
! Optimal altitude
! 100% Engine power
! WEP Engine power
|-
| 3,700 m || 2,700 hp || 3,005 hp
|-

|}

=== Survivability and armour ===

* 8 mm Steel - Lower nose armour plate
* 8 mm Steel - Pilot and Co-pilot's seats
* 9.5 mm Steel - Fore cockpit armour plate
* 9.5 mm Steel - Side armour cockpit plates
* 9.5 mm Steel - Cockpit rear plate
* 9.5 mm Steel - Dorsal gunner aft plate
* 6.35 mm Steel - Side gunners armour plate x 2
* 9.5 mm Steel - Tail gunner protective armour plate
* 12 mm Bulletproof glass - Dorsal gunner turret
* 38 mm Bulletproof glass - Tail gunner canopy

Rugged, sturdy, though, the PBJ-1H is all of those things. Featuring crew armour protection that outclasses the [[B-17G-60-VE|B-17 ''Flying Fortress'']] in a handier, smaller design, the PBJ-1 is a though nut to crack and even harder to devoid of crew. Calibres above 20 mm are a must for a quick kill, otherwise the PBJ-1H will repay in kind. For going all defence is good, but all offence, too? It is called overkill, of the pursuit fighter.

The two Wright R-2600 air-cooled radial engines are themself hard to destroy and with dropped payload the PBJ will just keep flying on a single damaged one. Denying underarmed fighters the ability to lethally cripple it. Yet this aurcraft has got one downside: Fuel tanks. While present in all planes, the armour, crew and bomb bay take up all the fuselage. Leaving only space in the wings. A common cause of crash is hence a fire and thus a structural failure of the wingspar.
== Armaments ==
=== Offensive armament ===

{{main|T13E1 (75 mm)|Browning M2 (12.7 mm)}}

The '''''{{PAGENAME}}''''' is armed with:

* 1 x 75 mm T13E1 cannon (21 rounds)
* 4 x 12.7 mm Browning M2 machine gun, nose-mounted (400 rpg = 1,600 total)
* 4 x 12.7 mm Browning M2 machine gun, cheek-mounted (400 rpg = 1,600 total)

=== Suspended armament ===

{{main|AN-M30A1 (100 lb)|AN-M57 (250 lb)|AN-M64A1 (500 lb)}}

The '''''{{PAGENAME}}''''' can be outfitted with the following ordinance:

* Without load
* 12 x 100 lb AN-M30A1 bombs (600 lb total)
* 8 x 250 lb AN-M57 bombs (2,000 lb total)
* 4 x 500 lb AN-M64A1 bombs (2,000 lb total)

=== Defensive armament ===

{{main|Browning M2 (12.7 mm)}}

The '''''{{PAGENAME}}''''' is defended by:

* 2 x 12.7 mm Browning M2 machine gun, dorsal turret (400 rpg = 800 total)
* 2 x 12.7 mm Browning M2 machine gun, ventral turret (600 rpg = 1,200 total)
* 1 x 12.7 mm Browning M2 machine gun, 2 x beam turret (250 rpg)

== Usage in battles ==
''Describe the tactics of playing in an aircraft, the features of using vehicles in a team and advice on tactics. Refrain from creating a "guide" - do not impose a single point of view, but instead, give the reader food for thought. Examine the most dangerous enemies and give recommendations on fighting them. If necessary, note the specifics of the game in different modes (AB, RB, SB).''

===Manual Engine Control===
{| class="wikitable" style="text-align:center"
|-
! colspan="7" | MEC elements
|-
! rowspan="2" |Mixer
! rowspan="2" |Pitch
! colspan="3" |Radiator
! rowspan="2" |Supercharger
! rowspan="2" |Turbocharger
|-
! Oil
! Water
! Type
|-
| Controllable || rowspan="2" | Not controllable || rowspan="2" | Not controllable || rowspan="2" | Not controllable || rowspan="2" | Separate || rowspan="2" | Not controllable || rowspan="2" | Not controllable
|-
|}

===Modules===
{| class="wikitable"
!colspan = "1"| Tier
!colspan = "2"| Flight performance
!colspan = "1"| Survivability
!colspan = "2"| Weaponry
|-
| I
| Fuselage Repair
| Radiator
| Protective Vest
| Offensive 12 mm
| SBC-25
|-
| II
|
| Compressor
| Airframe
| New 12 mm MGs
| MBC-25
|-
| III
| Wings Repair
| Engine
|
| Turret 12 mm
| Offensive 75 mm
|-
| IV
|
| Engine Injection
| Cover
| New 12 mm MGs (turret)
| New 75 mm Cannons
|-
|}

=== Pros and cons ===


'''Pros:'''
* Immense firepower in the form of eight 12.7 mm machine guns and a 75 mm cannon in the nose
* Excellent defensive firepower, utilizing most of the B-25's gun positions
* Durable airframe which can withstand numerous hits before going down
* Tricycle landing gear makes takeoff and landing easier

'''Cons'''
* 75 mm cannon fires so slow that it is usually impossible to destroy more than 2 tanks when passing over a convoy
* Recoil from 75 mm cannon will literally yank the entire plane's nose off target
* Default belt for 75mm cannon alternates between HE and APT shells, giving mixed results
* Payload is limited compared to B-25 Mitchell and configured as a dive bomber rather than a level bomber
* Performance is sluggish at best
* Twin tails create a blind spot for gunners, a trait carried by the B-25 family

== History ==
''Describe the history of the creation and combat usage of the aircraft in more detail than in the introduction. If the historical reference turns out to be too long, take it to a separate article, taking a link to the article about the vehicle and adding a block "/ History" (example: <nowiki>https://wiki.warthunder.com/(Vehicle-name)/History</nowiki>) and add a link to it here using the <code>main</code> template. Be sure to reference text and sources by using <code><nowiki><ref></nowiki></code>, as well as adding them at the end of the article. This section may also include the vehicle's dev blog entry (if applicable) and the in-game encyclopedia description (under <code><nowiki>=== In-game description ===</nowiki></code>, also if applicable).''

== Media ==
''Excellent additions to the article would be video guides, screenshots from the game, and photos.''

== See also ==

;Aircraft of comparable role, configuration and era
* de Haviland [[Mosquito (Family)|Mosquito]]
* Douglas [[DB-7 (Family)|DB-7]] and its many derivatives (such as [[A-20G-25|A-20G]])
* Douglas [[A-26 (Family)|A-26 ''Invader'']]
* Tupolev [[Tu-2 (Family)|Tu-2]]

;Other B-25 variants in-game
* [[B-25J-1]] - In-game early version of B-25J, one less nose-mounted machine gun compared to J-20.
* [[B-25J-20]] - Very little difference between the J-1 and J-20, an additional nose-mounted machine gun, slight armour difference.
* [[B-25J-30_(China)|B-25J-30]] (Chinese lend-lease) - Virtually same as J-20 variant.
* [[B-25J-30_(USSR)|B-25J-30]] (Soviet lend-lease) - Same as Chinese lend-lease version with the exception it utilises Soviet bombs.
* [[PBJ-1J]] - U.S. Marine variant - Identical to PBJ-1H in-flight characteristics and bomb loadout, no 75 mm cannon, a total of 12 nose-mounted machine guns. Lower service ceiling, reduced bomb load compared to J-1, J-20 and J-30 variants, increased armour around the cockpit.

== External links ==
''Paste links to sources and external resources, such as:''
* ''topic on the official game forum;''
* ''encyclopedia page on the aircraft;''
* ''other literature.''

{{USA attackers}}

PBJ-1J

2019-11-06T15:46:14Z

U2363119: Copy over from [B-25J-20]; Survivability, Many listed "See Also" were not in a similar role lacking Offensive arms or armour/survivability

{{Specs-Card|code=pbj_1j}}
{{About
|about=aircraft '''{{PAGENAME}}'''
|usage=similar vehicles in the airframe family
|link=B-25 (Family)
}}

== Description ==


[[File:GarageImage_{{PAGENAME}}.jpg|420px|thumb|left]]
{{break}}
The '''{{Specs|name}}''' is a rank {{Specs|rank}} USA attacker {{Battle-rating}}. It was introduced in [[Update 1.41]].

Design of the B-25 was the result of years of work and failed bids to win contracts with the United States Army Air Corps (USAAC). Initially designed to meet requirements for a payload of 1,200 lb (540 kg), a range of 1,200 mi (1,900 km) and flying at speeds faster than 200 mph (320 kph), prototypes were built, tested and refined. Although the original XB-21 and NA-40 never materialized into a production aircraft, requirements from the USAAC came out in March of 1939 for a medium bomber carrying a payload of 2,400 lb (1,100 kg) over 1,200 mi (1,900 km) at speeds around 300 mph (480 kph), North American modified their design of NA-40 and developed the NA-62 which went into prototype testing as the YB-25 and then ordered into production as the B-25.

The B-25 turned out to be the archetype of the medium bomber, carrying upwards of 3,000 lb (1,361 kg) of bombs and could fly at speeds up to 340 mph (547 kph). This twin-engine bomber was fast, it could carry a large payload for its size and had several defensive turrets and gunner stations at which it could defend itself from almost any angle. To increase its versatility, several models had forward-facing fixed machine guns fitted into the nose and the cheeks of the aircraft. Later models opted to removed the glazed nose and bombardier/nose-gunner station and outfit more machine guns and even a 75 mm autocannon for strafing ground targets and especially ships. This medium bomber at times acted more like a heavy attacker opting for low-level flights which would skim treetops and the ocean to sneak up on unwary targets. It was not uncommon for B-25s to fly just above the mast/smokestack height of enemy ships when attacking.

As later models moved from the dedicated bomber position and morphed into more of an attacker role, bomb payloads were reduced to allow for more armour around the cockpit and more offensive weapons and ammunition to fill the attacker mode it took on, especially under the command of U.S. Marine Corps squadrons. With more than 10,000 B-25 aircraft variants built, they saw action in all theatres of war and were even subject to part of the lend-lease program which China and the USSR benefitted from. So versatile was this aircraft that a flight of them were specifically outfitted and their crews trained to take off from an aircraft carrier and bomb mainland Japan in a daring raid. Impressive for an aircraft not meant to take off from an aircraft carrier.

The B-25 is a fantastic bomber, attacker or both and will suit many different pilots and their different approaches to the battlefields found in War Thunder. The tail gunner has been known to set many fighters alight with their dual .50 calibre machine guns and help to prolong the life of this bomber to allow the pilot to make it to their target whether it is to bomb it or strafe it.

== General info ==
=== Flight Performance ===
''Describe how the aircraft behaves in the air. Maximum speed, manoeuvrability, speed and allowable loads - these are the most important characteristics of the vehicle.''

{| class="wikitable" style="text-align:center"
|-
! colspan="8" | Characteristics
|-
! colspan="8" | ''Stock''
|-
! colspan="2" | Max Speed<br>(km/h at 5,800 m)
! rowspan="2" | Max altitude<br>(meters)
! colspan="2" | Turn time<br>(seconds)
! colspan="2" | Rate of climb<br>(meters/second)
! rowspan="2" |Take-off run<br>(meters)
|-
! AB
! RB
! AB
! RB
! AB
! RB
|-
|433||420|| {{Specs|ceiling}} ||37.9||38.9||4.1||5.3||850
|-
! colspan="8" | ''Upgraded''
|-
! colspan="2" | Max Speed<br>(km/h at 5,800 m)
! rowspan="2" |Max altitude (meters)
! colspan="2" | Turn time (seconds)
! colspan="2" | Rate of climb<br>(meters/second)
! rowspan="2" |Take-off run (meters)
|-
! AB
! RB
! AB
! RB
! AB
! RB
|-
| ? ||457|| {{Specs|ceiling}} || ??.? ||36.0|| ??.? ||7.7||850
|-
|}

====Details====
{| class="wikitable" style="text-align:center"
|-
! colspan="5" | Features
|-
! Combat flap
! Take-off flap
! Landing flap
! Air brakes
! Arrestor gear
|-
| ✓ || ✓ || ✓ || X || X 
|-
|}

{| class="wikitable" style="text-align:center"
|-
! colspan="5" | Limits
|-
! rowspan="2" | Wing-break speed<br>(km/h)
! rowspan="2" | Gear limit<br>(km/h)
! rowspan="2" | Combat flap<br> (km/h)
! colspan="2" | Max Static G
|-
! +
! -
|-
| {{Specs|разрушение|конструкции}} || {{Specs|разрушение|шасси}} || 340 || ~4 || ~2
|-
|}

{| class="wikitable" style="text-align:center"
|-
! colspan="4" | Optimal velocities
|-
! Ailerons<br>(km/h)
! Rudder<br>(km/h)
! Elevators<br>(km/h)
! Radiator<br>(km/h)
|-
| < 300 || < 270 || < 350 || > 240
|-
|}

{| class="wikitable" style="text-align:center"
|-
! colspan="3" | Compressor (RB/SB)
|-
! colspan="3" | Setting 1
|-
! Optimal altitude
! 100% Engine power
! WEP Engine power
|-
| 524 m || 3,000 hp || 3,339 hp
|-
! colspan="3" | Setting 2
|-
! Optimal altitude
! 100% Engine power
! WEP Engine power
|-
| 3,700 m || 2,700 hp || 3,005 hp
|-

|}

=== Survivability and armour ===

* 8 mm Steel - Lower nose armour plate
* 8 mm Steel - Pilot and Co-pilot's seats
* 9.5 mm Steel - Fore cockpit armour plate
* 9.5 mm Steel - Side armour cockpit plates
* 9.5 mm Steel - Cockpit rear plate
* 9.5 mm Steel - Dorsal gunner aft plate
* 6.35 mm Steel - Side gunners armour plate x 2
* 9.5 mm Steel - Tail gunner protective armour plate
* 12 mm Bulletproof glass - Dorsal gunner turret
* 38 mm Bulletproof glass - Tail gunner canopy

Rugged, sturdy, though, the PBJ-1J is all of those things. Featuring crew armour protection that outclasses the [[B-17G-60-VE|B-17 ''Flying Fortress'']] in a handier, smaller design, the PBJ-1 is a though nut to crack and even harder to devoid of crew. Calibres above 20 mm are a must for a quick kill, otherwise the PBJ-1J will repay in kind. For going all defence is good, but all offence, too? It is called overkill, of the pursuit fighter.

The two Wright R-2600 air-cooled radial engines are themself hard to destroy and with dropped payload the PBJ will just keep flying on a single damaged one. Denying underarmed fighters the ability to lethally cripple it. Yet this aurcraft has got one downside: Fuel tanks. While present in all planes, the armour, crew and bomb bay take up all the fuselage. Leaving only space in the wings. A common cause of crash is hence a fire and thus a structural failure of the wingspar.
== Armaments ==
=== Offensive armament ===

{{main|Browning M2 (12.7 mm)}}

The '''''{{PAGENAME}}''''' is armed with:

* 8 x 12.7 mm M2 Browning machine gun, nose-mounted (400 rpg = 3,200 total)
* 4 x 12.7 mm M2 Browning machine gun, cheek-mounted (400 rpg = 1,600 total)

=== Suspended armament ===

{{main|AN-M30A1 (100 lb)|AN-M57 (250 lb)|AN-M64A1 (500 lb)}}

The '''''{{PAGENAME}}''''' can be outfitted with the following ordinance:

* Without load
* 12 x 100 lb AN-M30A1 bombs (600 lb total)
* 8 x 250 lb AN-M57 bombs (2,000 lb total)
* 4 x 500 lb AN-M64A1 bombs (2,000 lb total)

=== Defensive armament ===

{{main|Browning M2 (12.7 mm)}}

The '''''{{PAGENAME}}''''' is defended by:

* 2 x 12.7 mm Browning M2 machine gun, dorsal turret (400 rpg = 800 total)
* 2 x 12.7 mm Browning M2 machine gun, ventral turret (600 rpg = 1,200 total)
* 1 x 12.7 mm Browning M2 machine gun, 2 x beam turret (250 rpg)

== Usage in battles ==
The '''PBJ-1J''' is the U.S. Navy version of the B-25J-1 ''Mitchell'', however, these aircraft were assigned to U.S. Marine Corps marine bomber squadrons (VMB) as land-based bombers or ground attackers. This aircraft is virtually identical to its cousin, the PBJ-1H ''Mitchell'', which is also just ground attack variant of the U.S. Army Air Corps/U.S. Air Force '''B-25 ''Mitchell''''' bomber. The only notable difference between the 1H and 1J model aircraft is that the 1J removes the 75 mm cannon and replaces it with an additional 4 x 12.7mm Browning machine guns in the nose. Otherwise the same strategy and tactic for the 1H apply to the 1J. Fly almost at treetop levels in order to demotivate high altitude fighters from diving on you, and attack enemy ground targets. Ensure to use ground targets belts in order to maximize the effectiveness against light and medium tanks. Keep in mind that medium tanks will require precise aiming at the rear armour or roof from optimal angles in order to be effective. Reserve bombs for targets the 1J's machine guns under any circumstance cannot deal with (like heavy tanks and pillboxes, this is especially critical in Realistic and simulator battles as it is necessary to land on an airfield in order to retrieve new bombs).

While the PBJ can be effective at engaging other bombers, only engage enemy fighters if a good opportunity appears where an enemy is already engaged with another plane or is in low energy state (like stalling, taking off or landing). In these situations, the twelve 12.7mm machine guns will make short work of virtually all single-engined fighter aircraft even at long range with ground target belts. That said, under no circumstances should the plane be used to actively pursue enemy fighters since any remotely competent pilot will be able to outmanoeuvre you once they become aware of your presence. Ideally, a PBJ-1J should operate in close proximity to friendly fighters who can support it if it is engaged.

===Manual Engine Control===
{| class="wikitable" style="text-align:center"
|-
! colspan="7" | MEC elements
|-
! rowspan="2" |Mixer
! rowspan="2" |Pitch
! colspan="3" |Radiator
! rowspan="2" |Supercharger
! rowspan="2" |Turbocharger
|-
! Oil
! Water
! Type
|-
| Controllable || rowspan="2" | Controllable || rowspan="2" | Not controllable || rowspan="2" | Controllable || rowspan="2" |Combined|| rowspan="2" | Controllable || rowspan="2" | Not controllable
|-
|}

===Modules===
The recommended modules to go in weaponry are the ''SBC-25'' and ''MBC-25''. Which allows for mounting of 250 lb and 500 lb bombs respectively.

{| class="wikitable"
! colspan="1" | Tier
! colspan="2" | Flight performance
! colspan="1" | Survivability
! colspan="2" | Weaponry
|-
| I
| Fuselage Repair
| Radiator
| Protective Vest
| Offensive 12 mm
| SBC-25
|-
| II
|
| Compressor
| Airframe
| New 12 mm MGs
| MBC-25
|-
| III
| Wings Repair
| Engine
|
| Turret 12 mm
|
|-
| IV
|
| Engine Injection
| Cover
| New 12 mm MGs (Turret)
|
|-
|}

=== Pros and cons ===


'''Pros:'''

* AP ammo is able to destroy medium and light tanks, as well as light pillboxes
* Excellent defensive firepower, utilizing most of the B-25 Mitchell's gun positions
* Durable airframe which can withstand numerous hits before going down
* Tricycle landing gear makes takeoff and landing easier
* Large ammo capacity
* A staggering 12 x 12.7mm Browning machine guns all fuselage mounted, providing excellent firepower at any range against soft targets

'''Cons:'''

* Bombload is limited compared to B-25 Mitchell
* Poor energy retention
* Poor turn and climb rate
* Slow top speed and acceleration both in level flight and in dives
* Twin tails create blindspot for gunners, a trait carried by the B-25 family
* The added four 12.7 mm machine guns hardly make up for the lack of a 75 mm cannon like on the 1H variant
* Stock model M2 which lacks advanced ammo belt options, making it inadequate at virtually everything

== History ==

The name breakdown: PBJ-1J = '''P'''atrol '''B'''omber '''J''' (''J'' is the designation for the builder North American), '''-1''' (1st variant), '''J''' model.

=== In-game description ===
"North American PBJ-1J Mitchell twin-engine torpedo bomber/anti-submarine warfare patrol aircraft

In addition to the USAAF's army aviation, В-25s of various versions were also used by American naval aviation, both in the USN's aviation forces and in the US Marine Corps, under the designation PBJ-1.

The version code usually coincided with the USAAF's code. For example, the В-25J bomber was re-designated the PBJ-1J. There were two exceptions to this rule: the В-25В was named just the PBJ-1, and the PBJ-1G was a torpedo bomber based on the В-25С or the B-25D (since the B-25G version was never in service with naval aviation forces).

So, the PBJ-1J generally corresponded to the B-25J bomber; only its radio equipment differed from that of the army machine.

The aircraft used for anti-submarine patrolling were often equipped with an AN/APS-2 radar scanner (AN/APS-3 later), whose antenna was located under the fuselage in the extendable housing, in the area of the lower turret. The antenna would extend into the air and be withdrawn before landing. There were also machines with AN/APS-3 radar housing protruding out of the upper section of the bombardier/navigator's cockpit or located on the right wing tip.

Some PBJ-1J bombers were produced with the AN/APS-3 radar mounted in a container in the right wing panel. But the mounting of a radar antenna in the aircraft's forward fuselage was considered better by the USMC's aviation units, and so the Marines often shifted it to the nose section on their own.

The combat load of Navy Mitchells included torpedoes and depth bombs. Ten PBJ-1J aircraft from Squadron VMB-12 could carry two 292 mm Tiny Tim unguided air-to-ground rockets under their fuselage.

All naval PBJ-1s operated only from land-based airfields.

Navy PBJ-1s entered service with the USN's aviation fighting units in March 1943. The planes were used for the first time in combat in December 1943, on the island of Espiritu Santo, as anti-submarine warfare patrol aircraft.

The USMC began to use PBJ-1s in March 1944. Marine Corps PBJ-1s participated in the Battles of the Philippines, Saipan, Iwo Jima, and Okinawa. 15 USMC squadrons armed with PBJ-1 aircraft took part in military operations.

A total of 706 PBJ-1 aircraft were built for naval aviation forces, including 255 PBJ-1Js (J-11, J-17, J-22, J-27, J-32, and J-37 production series)."

== Media ==
''An excellent addition to the article will be video guides, as well as screenshots from the game and photos.''

== See also ==

;Aircraft of comparable role, configuration and era
* de Haviland [[Mosquito (Family)|Mosquito]]
* Douglas [[DB-7 (Family)|DB-7]] and its many derivatives (such as [[A-20G-25|A-20G]])
* Douglas [[A-26 (Family)|A-26 ''Invader'']]
* Tupolev [[Tu-2 (Family)|Tu-2]]

;Other B-25 variants in-game
* [[B-25J-1]] - In-game early version of B-25J, one less nose-mounted machine gun compared to J-20.
* [[B-25J-20]] - Very little difference between the J-1 and J-20, an additional nose-mounted machine gun, slight armour difference.
* [[B-25J-30_(China)|B-25J-30]] (Chinese lend-lease) - Virtually same as J-20 variant.
* [[B-25J-30_(USSR)|B-25J-30]] (Soviet lend-lease) - Same as Chinese lend-lease version with the exception it utilises Soviet bombs.
* [[PBJ-1H]] - U.S. Marine variant - 75 mm autocannon and eight nose-mounted machine guns, lower service ceiling, reduced bomb load compared to J-1, J-20 and J-30 variants, increased armour around the cockpit.

== External links ==
''Paste links to sources and external resources, such as:''

* ''topic on the official game forum;''
* ''encyclopedia page on aircraft;''
* ''other literature.''

{{USA attackers}}

B-25J-1

2019-11-06T15:40:55Z

U2363119: Copy paste [B-25J-20]

{{Specs-Card|code=b_25j_1}}
{{About
| about = American medium bomber '''{{PAGENAME}}'''
| usage = other versions
| link = B-25 (Family)
}}

== Description ==

[[File:GarageImage_{{PAGENAME}}.jpg|420px|thumb|left]]
{{break}}
The '''{{Specs|name}}''' is a rank {{Specs|rank}} American bomber {{Battle-rating}}. It was introduced in [[Update 1.29]].

Design of the B-25 was the result of years of work and failed bids to win contracts with the United States Army Air Corps (USAAC). Initially designed to meet requirements for a payload of 1,200 lb (540 kg), a range of 1,200 mi (1,900 km) and flying at speeds faster than 200 mph (320 kph), prototypes were built, tested and refined. Although the original XB-21 and NA-40 never materialized into a production aircraft, requirements from the USAAC came out in March of 1939 for a medium bomber carrying a payload of 2,400 lb (1,100 kg) over 1,200 mi (1,900 km) at speeds around 300 mph (480 kph), North American modified their design of NA-40 and developed the NA-62 which went into prototype testing as the YB-25 and then ordered into production as the B-25.

The B-25 turned out to be the archetype of the medium bomber, carrying upwards of 3,000 lb (1,361 kg) of bombs and could fly at speeds up to 340 mph (547 kph). This twin-engine bomber was fast, it could carry a large payload for its size and had several defensive turrets and gunner stations at which it could defend itself from almost any angle. To increase its versatility, several models had forward-facing fixed machine guns fitted into the nose and the cheeks of the aircraft. Later models opted to removed the glazed nose and bombardier/nose-gunner station and outfit more machine guns and even a 75 mm autocannon for strafing ground targets and especially ships. This medium bomber at times acted more like a heavy attacker opting for low-level flights which would skim treetops and the ocean to sneak up on unwary targets. It was not uncommon for B-25s to fly just above the mast/smokestack height of enemy ships when attacking.

As later models moved from the dedicated bomber position and morphed into more of an attacker role, bomb payloads were reduced to allow for more armour around the cockpit and more offensive weapons and ammunition to fill the attacker mode it took on, especially under the command of U.S. Marine Corps squadrons. With more than 10,000 B-25 aircraft variants built, they saw action in all theatres of war and were even subject to part of the lend-lease program which China and the USSR benefitted from. So versatile was this aircraft that a flight of them were specifically outfitted and their crews trained to take off from an aircraft carrier and bomb mainland Japan in a daring raid. Impressive for an aircraft not meant to take off from an aircraft carrier.

The B-25 is a fantastic bomber, attacker or both and will suit many different pilots and their different approaches to the battlefields found in War Thunder. The tail gunner has been known to set many fighters alight with their dual .50 calibre machine guns and help to prolong the life of this bomber to allow the pilot to make it to their target whether it is to bomb it or strafe it.

== General info ==
=== Flight performance ===
''Describe how the aircraft behaves in the air. Speed, manoeuvrability, acceleration and allowable loads - these are the most important characteristics of the vehicle.''

{| class="wikitable" style="text-align:center"
|-
! colspan="8" | Characteristics
|-
! colspan="8" | ''Stock''
|-
! colspan="2" | Max Speed<br>(km/h at 3,049 m)
! rowspan="2" | Max altitude<br>(meters)
! colspan="2" | Turn time<br>(seconds)
! colspan="2" | Rate of climb<br>(meters/second)
! rowspan="2" | Take-off run<br>(meters)
|-
! AB !! RB !! AB !! RB !! AB !! RB
|-
| 420 || 407 || {{Specs|ceiling}} || 32.4 || 33.8 || 5.4 || 5.3 || 750
|-
! colspan="8" | ''Upgraded''
|-
! colspan="2" | Max Speed<br>(km/h at 3,049 m)
! rowspan="2" | Max altitude<br>(meters)
! colspan="2" | Turn time<br>(seconds)
! colspan="2" | Rate of climb<br>(meters/second)
! rowspan="2" | Take-off run<br>(meters)
|-
! AB !! RB !! AB !! RB !! AB !! RB
|-
| 472 || 444 || {{Specs|ceiling}} || 29.7 || 31.0 || 10.6 || 7.7 || 750
|-
|}
[[File:B-25j-1 hugotroop 001.jpg|350px|thumb|right|'''{{PAGENAME}}''' releasing its bombs over a target.]]
==== Details ====
{| class="wikitable" style="text-align:center"
|-
! colspan="5" | Features
|-
! Combat flaps !! Take-off flaps !! Landing flaps !! Air brakes !! Arrestor gear
|-
| ✓ || ✓ || ✓ || X || X 
|-
|}

{| class="wikitable" style="text-align:center"
|-
! colspan="5" | Limits
|-
! rowspan="2" | Wing-break speed<br>(km/h)
! rowspan="2" | Gear limit<br>(km/h)
! rowspan="2" | Combat flaps<br>(km/h)
! colspan="2" | Max Static G
|-
! + !! -
|-
| {{Specs|destruction|constructions}} || {{Specs|destruction|chassis}} || 340 || ~6 || ~2
|-
|}

{| class="wikitable" style="text-align:center"
|-
! colspan="4" | Optimal velocities
|-
! Ailerons<br>(km/h)
! Rudder<br>(km/h)
! Elevators<br>(km/h)
! Radiator<br>(km/h)
|-
| < 300 || < 270 || < 350 || > 330
|-
|}

{| class="wikitable" style="text-align:center"
|-
! colspan="3" | Compressor (RB/SB)
|-
! colspan="3" | Setting 1
|-
! Optimal altitude
! 100% Engine power
! WEP Engine power
|-
| 524 m || 1,500 hp || 1,669 hp
|-
! colspan="3" | Setting 2
|-
! Optimal altitude
! 100% Engine power
! WEP Engine power
|-
| 3,700 m || 1,350 hp || 1,502 hp
|-
|}

=== Survivability and armour ===


* 9.5 mm Steel plates throughout the cockpit
* 8 mm Steel plate behind the pilot
* 8 mm Steel plate under nose gunner
* 9.5 mm Steel plate behind the dorsal gunner
* 6.35 mm Steel plate behind beam gunners
* 38 mm Bulletproof glass in front of the tail gunner
* 9.5 mm Steel plates in front of the tail gunner

Rugged, sturdy, though, the B-25 is all of those things. Featuring crew armour protection that outclasses the [[B-17G-60-VE|B-17 ''Flying Fortress'']] in a handier, smaller design, the Mitchell is a though nut to crack and even harder to devoid of crew. Calibres above 20 mm are a must for a quick kill, otherwise the B-25 will repay in kind. For going all defence is good, but all offence, too? It is called overkill, of the pursuit fighter.

The two Wright R-2600 air-cooled radial engines are themself hard to destroy and with dropped payload the Mitchell will just keep flying on a single damaged one. Denying underarmed fighters the ability to lethally cripple it. Yet this aurcraft has got one downside: Fuel tanks. While present in all planes, the armour, crew and bomb bay take up all the fuselage. Leaving only space in the wings. A common cause of crash is hence a fire and thus a structural failure of the wingspar.
== Armaments ==
=== Offensive armament ===

[[File:B-25j-1 jonigustavo 001.jpg|400px|thumb|right|'''{{PAGENAME}}''' unloading on ground targets with its five forward-facing machine guns (not including the single machine gun controlled by the nose gunner/bombardier).]]

{{main|Browning M2 (12.7 mm)}}

The '''''{{PAGENAME}}''''' is armed with:

* 1 x 12.7 mm Browning M2 machine gun, nose-mounted (400 rpg)
* 4 x 12.7 mm Browning M2 machine guns, cheek-mounted (400 rpg = 1,600 total)

=== Suspended armament ===

{{main|AN-M30A1 (100 lb)|AN-M57 (250 lb)|AN-M64A1 (500 lb)|AN-M65A1 (1,000 lb)}}

The '''''{{PAGENAME}}''''' can be outfitted with the following ordnance:
[[File:B-25j-1 an trn 26 001.jpg|400px|thumb|right|'''{{PAGENAME}}''' diving on a ground target.]]
* 12 x 100 lb AN-M30A1 bombs (1,200 lb total)
* 4 x 250 lb AN-M57 bombs (1,000 lb total)
* 4 x 250 lb AN-M57 bombs + 8 x 100 lb AN-M30A1 bombs (1,800 lb total)
* 8 x 250 lb AN-M57 bombs (2,000 lb total)
* 2 x 500 lb AN-M64A1 bombs + 8 x 100 lb AN-M30A1 bombs (1,800 lb total)
* 4 x 500 lb AN-M64A1 bombs (2,000 lb total)
* 1 x 1,000 lb AN-M65A1 bomb + 10 x 100 lb AN-M30A1 bombs (2,000 lb total)
* 3 x 1,000 lb AN-M65A1 bombs (3,000 lb total)

=== Defensive armament ===

{{main|Browning M2 (12.7 mm)}}

The '''''{{PAGENAME}}''''' is defended by:

* 1 x 12.7 mm Browning M2 machine gun, nose turret (300 rpg)
* 2 x 12.7 mm Browning M2 machine guns, dorsal turret (400 rpg = 800 total)
* 1 x 12.7 mm Browning M2 machine gun, 2 x beam turrets (250 rpg)
* 2 x 12.7 mm Browning M2 machine guns, tail turret (600 rpg = 1,200 total)

== Usage in battles ==

[[File:B-25j-1 hc dwain 001.jpg|400px|thumb|right|'''{{PAGENAME}}''' tangling with a Japanese fighter over enemy territory.]]

In Realistic battles (and Arcade to an extent), it is highly recommended against exclusively bombing strategic bases and in general to not bomb from high altitudes. It was rarely used this way in combat, and it makes it very easy for enemy fighters to approach and attack you from your defenceless belly. Also, the bomber's maximum payload of 3 x 1,000 lb of bombs is not enough to destroy an enemy base in Realistic battles, which is useless in regards to decreasing ticket count and, most importantly, does not help your team. Thus, leave base bombing to the British heavy bombers you will likely also encounter on your team, whose payloads vastly outclass yours, and instead - if you wish to help your team as much as possible - use your five nose-mounted Browning machine guns on ground targets. Ground target strafing is not only infinitely more exciting than base bombing, but it can also lower the enemy's ticket count drastically, therefore helping your team win. Fly at low altitudes and attack light pillboxes and soft targets with your guns. If you fail to destroy a target, then pitch up and use your turrets to finish it off. Save your bombs for targets your guns cannot kill, such as heavy tanks and heavy pillboxes; the bombsight is very helpful in doing this (something which the dedicated strafing variants such as the [[PBJ-1J]] lack). Make sure to use a fuse timer, 3 seconds should be enough when bombing at treetop level with 1,000 lb bombs.

When strafing, be sure to watch your minimap at all times for any incoming enemies so you can adequately prepare for an attack. When being attacked, fly away from the assailant and try to get them on your tail, and manually open fire with your defensive guns, making sure to watch your tracers and adjust the direction of fire, so they hit the target. Remember that turret guns will jam if fired for a long duration, requiring them to be reloaded, which usually takes almost twenty seconds, during which an attacker will most certainly kill you. If the reticle starts blinking, the guns are very close to jamming, so immediately stop firing and wait for the weapons to cool down. Many experienced players will attempt to utilise the dead zones on your belly and the arcs beyond your twin rudders in their attack. If you find an enemy doing this to you, then switch back to flight view and manoeuvre so that they are in the firing arcs of your guns again and try as much as possible to keep them out of your dead zones and, mostly, make their attack as difficult as possible. The attacker will then either eventually lose patience and try for a head-on, or you will get a successful snipe on their aircraft. It is also very advantageous to use the keyboard controls for pitch, roll, and yaw in the gunner view as it will allow you to make small manoeuvres while still concentrating on defending yourself, letting you, for example, dodge fire or roll/pitch/yaw and shoot someone in your dead zones. Also, use ''Universal'' belts for your turrets as they will do the most damage to enemies and cause devastating fires.

[[File:B-25j-1 billythekid 001.png|400px|thumb|right|'''{{PAGENAME}}''' showing how deadly the tail gunner can be.]]

If you lose tail control for whatever reason, then immediately turn back to the airfield and use combat flaps to keep your nose up. Make a landing by alternating between takeoff and combat flaps and, if needed, landing flaps. Make sure that your speed does not go too low; if you start nosing down with takeoff flaps then do not use landing flaps (unless in an emergency) as you'll lose speed and potentially crash. Instead, engage WEP and wait for your nose to rise. There is no set method for doing this and it takes lots of practice, but making these daring landings is very rewarding. If you lose an engine, '''do not''' engage flaps as you will lose speed, end up in a stall and will die, fly straight and slowly make your way back to base, using WEP if needed. If using manual engine controls, close the radiator of the dead engine, feather it, and open the radiator of the working engine to allow you to use WEP all the way back to the airfield without overheating.

=== Carrier Landing Technique ===
Approach at 150 km/h (92 mph/80 kt), flaps set to landing. Keep applying about 60% thrust, or as necessary to maintain 150 km/h. Touchdown at the beginning of the carrier runway, slightly to the left to avoid the island. Apply hard braking, immediately retract flaps, and if necessary fire forward-facing guns.

=== Manual Engine Control ===
{| class="wikitable" style="text-align:center"
|-
! colspan="7" | MEC elements
|-
! rowspan="2" | Mixer
! rowspan="2" | Pitch
! colspan="3" | Radiator
! rowspan="2" | Supercharger
! rowspan="2" | Turbocharger
|-
! Oil !! Water !! Type
|-
| Controllable || Controllable<br>Not auto controlled || Not controllable<br>Not auto controlled || Controllable<br>Auto control available || Separate || Controllable<br>2 gears || Not controllable
|-
|}

=== Modules ===
{| class="wikitable"
! Tier
! colspan="2" | Flight performance
! Survivability
! colspan="2" | Weaponry
|-
| I
| Fuselage repair
| Radiator
| Protective vest
| Offensive 12 mm
| SBC-25
|-
| II
|
| Compressor
| Airframe
| New 12 mm MGs
| MBC-25
|-
| III
| Wings repair
| Engine
|
| Turret 12 mm
|
|-
| IV
|
| Engine injection
| Cover
| New 12 mm MGs (turret)
| LBC-25
|-
|}

=== Pros and cons ===


'''Pros:'''

* Can take a beating
* Strong defensive guns
* Versatile bomb load
* Decent speed for a bomber
* A multi-use aircraft
* Forward facing gunner automatically starts firing approx 1,000 m from the target, use as a range finder
* Has forward-facing 50 cal. MGs which are very useful for strafing

'''Cons:'''

* Manoeuvres stiffly
* Stiff elevators
* Difficult to pull out of a dive
* Often the B-25 will catch on fire
* No downward-facing defensive armament
* If tail control is damaged, return to base and land utilizing flaps and engine throttling
* Relatively low payload compared to a heavy bomber
* Forward facing gunner will automatically fire at approx 1,000 m, alerting your target
* Low energy retention; any attacks that require manoeuvring will cost speed and altitude

== History ==
''Describe the history of the creation and combat usage of the aircraft in more detail than in the introduction. If the historical reference turns out to be too long, take it to a separate article, taking a link to the article about the vehicle and adding a block "/History" (example: <nowiki>https://wiki.warthunder.com/(Vehicle-name)/History</nowiki>) and add a link to it here using the <code>main</code> template. Be sure to reference text and sources by using <code><nowiki><ref></ref></nowiki></code>, as well as adding them at the end of the article with <code><nowiki><references /></nowiki></code>. This section may also include the vehicle's dev blog entry (if applicable) and the in-game encyclopedia description (under <code><nowiki>=== In-game description ===</nowiki></code>, also if applicable).''

=== In-game description ===
North American B-25J-1 Mitchell twin-engine medium bomber/ground-attack aircraft

The B-25J (NA-108) was the most largely produced Mitchell variant. The first aircraft of this type left the factory floor in December 1943, and the variant drove the B-25C and B-25D completely out of production by March of the next year.

B-25J bombers had two 1,700 hp Wright R-2600-29 fourteen-cylinder, double-row, radial air-cooled engines with Hamilton Standard Hydromatic 23E50 three-bladed automatic metal propellers.

One feature of this variant was that it could be used both as a bomber and as a ground-attack aircraft.

When used as a bomber, the B-25J-1's armament was: one fixed front machine gun (with 400 rounds) and one mobile machine gun (with 300 rounds) mounted on the navigator's cockpit in the forward fuselage; four front machine guns, with 400 rounds each, mounted in pairs on both sides of the lower fuselage section, near the pilot's cockpit; a Bendix A-9 upper turret housing twin machine guns, with 400 rounds each; a twin Bell M-7 rear mount, with 600 rounds each; and two machine guns, with 600 rounds each, in the fuselage blisters on the starboard and port sides. All gun emplacements had 12.7 mm Colt-Browning ANM2.5 machine guns. The total number of machine guns was 12.

Thus, the B-25J was practically as good in its armament as heavy bombers like the B-17 or the B-24, except for coverage from below.

To use the B-25J-1 as a ground-attack aircraft, the nose section with the navigator/bombardier's cockpit could be easily removed and replaced by a solid unglazed nose with a battery of eight 12.7 mm Colt-Browning ANM2.5 machine guns, with 400 rounds each. Thus the number of front machine guns was increased to 12, and the total number of guns to 18.

The B-25J-1's maximum bomb capacity was 4,000 lb (1,815 kg). Starting with the 151st machine, one bomb rack, meant to suspend a 2,000 lb (908 kg) bomb, was removed from production B-25J-1 bombers, since it was almost never used in combat units and did nothing but take up a lot of space in the bomb bay.

The aircraft usually carried three 1,000 lb (454 kg) or two 1,600 lb (726 kg) bombs. Different combinations of bombs of smaller sizes were also used. 10 kg parachute bombs were used, as well. The B-25J could carry a Mk.13 torpedo weighing 907 kg. In addition, removable bomb racks for bombs up to 250 kg could be mounted under the wing panels.

When used as a bomber, the aircraft had a crew of six people: two pilots, a navigator/bombardier/gunner, a turret gunner/engineer, a radio operator/waist gunner, and a tail gunner. When used as a ground-attack aircraft, the crew consisted of five people, excluding the navigator/bombardier.

Both pilot seats were equipped with an armoured backrest. One armour plate was located behind the instrument panel, and the second was under the cockpit windshield. Two armour sheets were fixed outside to the sides. Armour protection was provided for all gunners.

== Media ==

;Videos
{{Youtube-gallery|7qCr6W00F8k|'''B-25J-1 [Versatility Reborn!]''' - ''Jengar''|oLzkjIqEF9Q|'''B-25J-1 Mitchell - Hard Target''' - ''tx141TX''}}

== See also ==

;Aircraft of comparable role, configuration and era
* de Haviland [[Mosquito (Family)|Mosquito]]
* Douglas [[DB-7 (Family)|DB-7]] and its many derivatives (such as [[A-20G-25|A-20G]])
* Douglas [[A-26 (Family)|A-26 ''Invader'']]
* Tupolev [[Tu-2 (Family)|Tu-2]]

;Other B-25 variants in-game
* [[B-25J-20]] - Very little difference between the J-1 and J-20, an additional nose-mounted machine gun, slight armour difference.
* [[B-25J-30_(China)|B-25J-30]] (Chinese lend-lease) - Virtually same as J-20 variant.
* [[B-25J-30_(USSR)|B-25J-30]] (Soviet lend-lease) - Same as Chinese lend-lease version with the exception it utilises Soviet bombs.
* [[PBJ-1H]] - U.S. Marine variant - 75 mm autocannon and eight nose-mounted machine guns, lower service ceiling, reduced bomb load compared to J-1, J-20 and J-30 variants, increased armour around the cockpit.
* [[PBJ-1J]] - U.S. Marine variant - Identical to PBJ-1H in-flight characteristics and bomb loadout, no 75 mm cannon, a total of 12 nose-mounted machine guns.

== External links ==


* [http://forum.warthunder.com/index.php?/topic/22479-b-25j-mitchell-official-thread/ [Forums] B-25J Mitchell, Official Thread]

{{USA bombers}}

B-25J-20

2019-11-06T15:37:42Z

U2363119: Survivability, Many listed "See Also" were not in a similar role lacking Offensive arms or armour/survivability

{{Specs-Card|code=b_25j_20}}
{{About
| about = American bomber '''{{PAGENAME}}'''
| usage = other versions
| link = B-25 (Family)
}}

== Description ==

[[File:GarageImage_{{PAGENAME}}.jpg|420px|thumb|left]]
{{break}}
The '''{{Specs|name}}''' is a rank {{Specs|rank}} American bomber {{Battle-rating}}. It was introduced in [[Update 1.29]].

Design of the B-25 was the result of years of work and failed bids to win contracts with the United States Army Air Corps (USAAC). Initially designed to meet requirements for a payload of 1,200 lb (540 kg), a range of 1,200 mi (1,900 km) and flying at speeds faster than 200 mph (320 kph), prototypes were built, tested and refined. Although the original XB-21 and NA-40 never materialized into a production aircraft, requirements from the USAAC came out in March of 1939 for a medium bomber carrying a payload of 2,400 lb (1,100 kg) over 1,200 mi (1,900 km) at speeds around 300 mph (480 kph), North American modified their design of NA-40 and developed the NA-62 which went into prototype testing as the YB-25 and then ordered into production as the B-25.

The B-25 turned out to be the archetype of the medium bomber, carrying upwards of 3,000 lb (1,361 kg) of bombs and could fly at speeds up to 340 mph (547 kph). This twin-engine bomber was fast, it could carry a large payload for its size and had several defensive turrets and gunner stations at which it could defend itself from almost any angle. To increase its versatility, several models had forward-facing fixed machine guns fitted into the nose and the cheeks of the aircraft. Later models opted to removed the glazed nose and bombardier/nose-gunner station and outfit more machine guns and even a 75 mm autocannon for strafing ground targets and especially ships. This medium bomber at times acted more like a heavy attacker opting for low-level flights which would skim treetops and the ocean to sneak up on unwary targets. It was not uncommon for B-25s to fly just above the mast/smokestack height of enemy ships when attacking.

As later models moved from the dedicated bomber position and morphed into more of an attacker role, bomb payloads were reduced to allow for more armour around the cockpit and more offensive weapons and ammunition to fill the attacker mode it took on, especially under the command of U.S. Marine Corps squadrons. With more than 10,000 B-25 aircraft variants built, they saw action in all theatres of war and were even subject to part of the lend-lease program which China and the USSR benefitted from. So versatile was this aircraft that a flight of them were specifically outfitted and their crews trained to take off from an aircraft carrier and bomb mainland Japan in a daring raid. Impressive for an aircraft not meant to take off from an aircraft carrier.

The B-25 is a fantastic bomber, attacker or both and will suit many different pilots and their different approaches to the battlefields found in War Thunder. The tail gunner has been known to set many fighters alight with their dual .50 calibre machine guns and help to prolong the life of this bomber to allow the pilot to make it to their target whether it is to bomb it or strafe it.

== General info ==
=== Flight performance ===
''Describe how the aircraft behaves in the air. Speed, manoeuvrability, acceleration and allowable loads - these are the most important characteristics of the vehicle.''

{| class="wikitable" style="text-align:center"
|-
! colspan="8" | Characteristics
|-
! colspan="8" | ''Stock''
|-
! colspan="2" | Max Speed<br>(km/h at 3,049 m)
! rowspan="2" | Max altitude<br>(meters)
! colspan="2" | Turn time<br>(seconds)
! colspan="2" | Rate of climb<br>(meters/second)
! rowspan="2" | Take-off run<br>(meters)
|-
! AB !! RB !! AB !! RB !! AB !! RB
|-
| 420 || 407 || {{Specs|ceiling}} || 32.4 || 33.8 || 5.4 || 5.3 || 750
|-
! colspan="8" | ''Upgraded''
|-
! colspan="2" | Max Speed<br>(km/h at 3,049 m)
! rowspan="2" | Max altitude<br>(meters)
! colspan="2" | Turn time<br>(seconds)
! colspan="2" | Rate of climb<br>(meters/second)
! rowspan="2" | Take-off run<br>(meters)
|-
! AB !! RB !! AB !! RB !! AB !! RB
|-
| 472 || 444 || {{Specs|ceiling}} || 29.7 || 31.0 || 10.6 || 7.7 || 750
|-
|}

==== Details ====
{| class="wikitable" style="text-align:center"
|-
! colspan="5" | Features
|-
! Combat flaps !! Take-off flaps !! Landing flaps !! Air brakes !! Arrestor gear
|-
| ✓ || ✓ || ✓ || X || X 
|-
|}

{| class="wikitable" style="text-align:center"
|-
! colspan="5" | Limits
|-
! rowspan="2" | Wing-break speed<br>(km/h)
! rowspan="2" | Gear limit<br>(km/h)
! rowspan="2" | Combat flaps<br>(km/h)
! colspan="2" | Max Static G
|-
! + !! -
|-
| {{Specs|destruction|constructions}} || {{Specs|destruction|chassis}} || 430 || ~4 || ~2
|-
|}

{| class="wikitable" style="text-align:center"
|-
! colspan="4" | Optimal velocities
|-
! Ailerons<br>(km/h)
! Rudder<br>(km/h)
! Elevators<br>(km/h)
! Radiator<br>(km/h)
|-
| < 270 || < 320 || < 350 || > 320
|-
|}

{| class="wikitable" style="text-align:center"
|-
! colspan="3" | Compressor (RB/SB)
|-
! colspan="3" | Setting 1
|-
! Optimal altitude
! 100% Engine power
! WEP Engine power
|-
| 1,676 m || 1,700 hp || 1,850 hp
|-
! colspan="3" | Setting 2
|-
! Optimal altitude
! 100% Engine power
! WEP Engine power
|-
| 4,115 m || 1,450 hp || N/A
|-
|}

=== Survivability and armour ===

* 10 mm steel - front, sides & rear of the cockpit
* 10 mm steel - the rim of pilot seats
* 8 mm steel - below nose gunner
* 8 mm steel - pilot seats
* 9.5 mm - bulkhead after of dorsal turret
* 6.35 mm steel - aft of waist gunners
* 9.5 mm steel - tail turret

Rugged, sturdy, though, the B-25 is all of those things. Featuring crew armour protection that outclasses the [[B-17G-60-VE|B-17 ''Flying Fortress'']] in a handier, smaller design, the Mitchell is a though nut to crack and even harder to devoid of crew. Calibres above 20 mm are a must for a quick kill, otherwise the B-25 will repay in kind. For going all defence is good, but all offence, too? It is called overkill, of the pursuit fighter.

The two Wright R-2600 air-cooled radial engines are themself hard to destroy and with dropped payload the Mitchell will just keep flying on a single damaged one. Denying underarmed fighters the ability to lethally cripple it. Yet this aurcraft has got one downside: Fuel tanks. While present in all planes, the armour, crew and bomb bay take up all the fuselage. Leaving only space in the wings. A common cause of crash is hence a fire and thus a structural failure of the wingspar.
== Armaments ==
=== Offensive armament ===

{{main|Browning M2 (12.7 mm)}}

The '''''{{PAGENAME}}''''' is armed with:
* 2 x 12.7 mm Browning M2 machine guns, nose-mounted (400 rpg = 800 total)
* 4 x 12.7 mm Browning M2 machine guns, cheek-mounted (400 rpg = 1,600 total)

=== Suspended armament ===

{{main|AN-M30A1 (100 lb)|AN-M57 (250 lb)|AN-M64A1 (500 lb)|AN-M65A1 (1,000 lb)}}

The '''''{{PAGENAME}}''''' can be outfitted with the following ordnance:
* 12 x 100 lb AN-M30A1 bombs (1,200 lb total)
* 4 x 250 lb AN-M57 bombs (1,000 lb total)
* 4 x 250 lb AN-M57 bombs + 8 x 100 lb AN-M30A1 bombs (1,800 lb total)
* 8 x 250 lb AN-M57 bombs (2,000 lb total)
* 2 x 500 lb AN-M64A1 bombs + 8 x 100 lb AN-M30A1 bombs (1,800 lb total)
* 4 x 500 lb AN-M64A1 bombs (2,000 lb total)
* 1 x 1,000 lb AN-M65A1 bomb + 10 x 100 lb AN-M30A1 bombs (2,000 lb total)
* 3 x 1,000 lb AN-M65A1 bombs (3,000 lb total)

=== Defensive armament ===

{{main|Browning M2 (12.7 mm)}}

The '''''{{PAGENAME}}''''' is defended by:
* 1 x 12.7 mm Browning M2 machine gun, nose turret (300 rpg)
* 2 x 12.7 mm Browning M2 machine guns, dorsal turret (400 rpg = 800 total)
* 1 x 12.7 mm Browning M2 machine gun, 2 x beam turrets (250 rpg)
* 2 x 12.7 mm Browning M2 machine guns, tail turret (600 rpg = 1,200 total)

== Usage in battles ==

The airframe makes this plane a particularly difficult target to bring down, however, there are four main blindspots to be considered: Level with the leading edges of the wings, the complete underside, and each side in the rear presented by the twin tail. These are the easiest areas to kill an opposing B-25. With a max speed of 444 km/h (275 mph) under ideal conditions and a max airframe speed of 580 km/h (360 mph), the B-25 is relatively fast for a bomber, but while climbing, can go no faster than 280 km/h (175 mph) with optimal pitch. The twin engines make for good acceleration and allow the plane to get to an airfield to land, given you are at altitude and can maintain airspeed.

This plane makes a great strategic bomber, but its wings make for nice large targets. The best way to ward off enemy fighters is to bank in toward them, giving your top gunner a chance to damage them before they can cause any real damage. Always try to fly at treetop level to cover the blind spot on the underside, or fly with bombers that have belly gunners, so you are fully covered. Also try to fly with friendly fighters, as they will prove invaluable to your survival. If you wind up with an enemy fighter or attacker on your tail, reduce engine power and adjust trim so you retain level flight, but give all rear facing gunners the ability to damage your opponent. ''Never fly in a straight line while fending off attackers!!''

=== Manual Engine Control ===
{| class="wikitable" style="text-align:center"
|-
! colspan="7" | MEC elements
|-
! rowspan="2" | Mixer
! rowspan="2" | Pitch
! colspan="3" | Radiator
! rowspan="2" | Supercharger
! rowspan="2" | Turbocharger
|-
! Oil !! Water !! Type
|-
| Controllable || Controllable<br>Not auto controlled || Not controllable<br>Not auto controlled || Controllable<br>Auto control available || Separate || Controllable<br>2 gears || Not controllable
|-
|}

=== Modules ===
{| class="wikitable"
! Tier
! colspan="2" | Flight performance
! Survivability
! colspan="2" | Weaponry
|-
| I
| Fuselage repair
| Radiator
| Protective vest
| Offensive 12 mm
| SBC-25
|-
| II
|
| Compressor
| Airframe
| New 12 mm MGs
| MBC-25
|-
| III
| Wings repair
| Engine
|
| Turret 12 mm
|
|-
| IV
|
| Engine injection
| Cover
| New 12 mm MGs (turret)
| LBC-25
|-
|}

=== Pros and cons ===


'''Pros:'''
* Very effective front facing armament of 6 x 12.7 mm machine guns allows for engaging enemy bombers at the start of the match, or incoming fighters
* Durable airframe
* Heavy defensive armament on both left and rights sides and especially on the rear
* Can provide initial cover for other bombers until fighters reach their altitude
* Can be used as both a tactical and strategic bomber
* Able to land on an aircraft carrier

'''Cons:'''
* The belly of the aircraft is a massive blind spot in the aircraft's defence
* Slow
* Poor climb rate and energy retention
* For the most part, the offensive armament will only be useful in attacking enemy bombers, ground targets, or engaging fighters head-on, as the plane is too unmanoeuvrable for any real dogfighting of any kind
* Steel construction makes this plane particularly heavy, and a small payload limits this plane's ability to be used as a tactical or strategic bomber
* The elevator can be shot off by an enemy plane easily. This can cause it to become uncontrollable in certain situations. However, it can still be controlled by operating flaps or adjusting engine power

== History ==
''Describe the history of the creation and combat usage of the aircraft in more detail than in the introduction. If the historical reference turns out to be too long, take it to a separate article, taking a link to the article about the vehicle and adding a block "/History" (example: <nowiki>https://wiki.warthunder.com/(Vehicle-name)/History</nowiki>) and add a link to it here using the <code>main</code> template. Be sure to reference text and sources by using <code><nowiki><ref></ref></nowiki></code>, as well as adding them at the end of the article with <code><nowiki><references /></nowiki></code>. This section may also include the vehicle's dev blog entry (if applicable) and the in-game encyclopedia description (under <code><nowiki>=== In-game description ===</nowiki></code>, also if applicable).''

=== In-game description ===
North American B-25J-20 Mitchell twin-engine medium bomber/ground-attack aircraft

As its mass production progressed, the B-25J was continually improved, but in most cases this concerned the aircraft's equipment or armament and not its airframe or power unit. Aircraft of the B-25J-5 series had new multi-purpose N-3C gunsights (everywhere but on the waist turrets) and a newly introduced alcohol windshield washing system for the pilot's cockpit. Also, blast reducers were installed on the barrel muzzles of the upper and waist machine guns.

Aircraft of the B-25J-10 series were equipped with external bomb racks under the wings. The heaters at the waist gun positions were found to be inefficient and were no longer installed.

Replacement of the sights was completed with the B-25J-15 bombers; now, the waist turrets were also equipped with the new N-8A optical sights. In addition, a backup iron sight was installed for the pilots. All machines of these series were produced with one fixed machine gun in the bombardier's cockpit.

Aircraft of the B-25J-20 series had a second fixed 12.7 mm Colt-Browning ANM2.5 machine gun, with 400 rounds of ammunition, mounted in the bombardier's cockpit. An additional armor plate was provided in the floor under the bombardier's seat. The cap glazing of the upper turret was reinforced. The mobile 12.7 mm Colt-Browning ANM2.5 machine gun in the front cockpit was shifted upward slightly so that the ammunition box of the second fixed machine gun would not interfere with its operation.

An emergency brake system was also installed. Beginning with machine No. 44-29340, Holley 1685RB carburettors were fitted on the bomber's engines.

A Norden M-9 bombsight was mounted on the aircraft built for the USAAF, and a simpler Wimperis D-8 on the machines to be exported. In the USSR, locally produced OPB-1 (daylight version) and NKPB-7 (night version) bombsights were mounted on В-25s.

In addition, В-25 aircraft in the Soviet Union were equipped with an inert (exhaust) gas fire suppression system for the fuel tanks.

B-25J aircraft were not only supplied to the USAAF. 314 machines were delivered to the British RAF, where they were operated under the designation of Mitchell Mk.III. It was under the Lend-Lease Agreement that these bombers were also supplied to the USSR, Canada, Australia, and China. After the war, В-25Js were supplied to France, the Netherlands, Peru, Venezuela, and Indonesia.

== Media ==
''Excellent additions to the article would be video guides, screenshots from the game, and photos.''

== See also ==

;Aircraft of comparable role, configuration and era
* de Haviland [[Mosquito (Family)|Mosquito]]
* Douglas [[DB-7 (Family)|DB-7]] and its many derivatives (such as [[A-20G-25|A-20G]])
* Douglas [[A-26 (Family)|A-26 ''Invader'']]
* Tupolev [[Tu-2 (Family)|Tu-2]]

;Other B-25 variants in-game
* [[B-25J-1]] - Very little difference between the J-1 and J-20, the J-1 has one less nose-mounted machine gun, slight armour difference.
* [[B-25J-30_(China)|B-25J-30]] (Chinese lend-lease) - Virtually same as J-20 variant.
* [[B-25J-30_(USSR)|B-25J-30]] (Soviet lend-lease) - Same as Chinese lend-lease version with the exception it utilises Soviet bombs.
* [[PBJ-1H]] - U.S. Marine variant - 75 mm autocannon and eight nose-mounted machine guns, lower service ceiling, reduced bomb load compared to J-1, J-20 and J-30 variants, increased armour around the cockpit.
* [[PBJ-1J]] - U.S. Marine variant - Identical to PBJ-1H in-flight characteristics and bomb loadout, no 75 mm cannon, a total of 12 nose-mounted machine guns.

== External links ==

* [[wikipedia:Doolittle_Raid|[Wikipedia<nowiki>]</nowiki> Doolittle Raid]]

{{USA bombers}}

Beginner's guide to fleet battles

2019-11-06T15:12:41Z

U2363119: Added Germany Tech Tree trends (1.93)

{{DISPLAYTITLE:Beginner's Guide to Naval Battles}}

Welcome to the '''Naval Battles''' mode of War Thunder! This guide will help get a player on their feet in trying out War Thunder naval warfare.

[[File:Img ship.png|x420px|frameless|right]]
__TOC__

= Getting started in War Thunder =

This section's purpose is to get the player adequately ready in jumping into a War Thunder naval battle, starting from choosing a nation towards joining a battle.

== Choosing a nation==
With five nations in the game as of [[Update 1.93 ''"Shark Attack"'']], there are lots of starting points to choose from for the War Thunder naval career. These descriptions will cover the first impressions of each country and the trends in navy characteristics as a player progresses in the tech tree.

{{notice|Do note that these are very general descriptions of the tech tree and that individual ships present in each nation can have their own characteristics that may differ from the trends.}}

==== [[File:USA flag.png|50px|link=Category:USA_ships]] USA ====
Coming out of WW2 as the premier naval power the US Navy has a lot to offer and a great synergy with its available [[:Category:USA_aircraft|air support]].

'''Starters:'''
{{Break}}

'''Tech Tree trends:'''
{{Break}}

==== [[File:Germany flag.png|50px|link=Category:Germany_ships]] Germany ====
Though the Kriegsmarine in WW2 was chiefly active in submarine warfare, it does not limit the variety and effectiveness of the surface fleet in War Thunder.

'''Starters:'''
{{Break}}
E-boats or ''Schnellboote'' Germany's designation for the fast attack craft, are among the common vehicles in the early research. Fast, nimble and with a plethora of armament variants the [[S-38]] and [[S-100 (1945)|S-100]] class are renowned and feared in equal measure. While the starting Reserve vehicle may be a Schnellboot itself, one must highlight the cuteness of it. Downright tiny, overall round and a plaything of the waves, the [[LS 3]] does not look like its big brethren. Yet the name is not false for the ''Light E-boat 3'' plays like the later Torpedoboats in the German Tree. Both Hit-and-Run and Ambush play can be tried and trained. Although the start is a tour de speed, many other early vessels sail in a more leisured fashion. There is a great selection of heavily armed barges and other slow boats in the tree coming in Rank II and the [[R-boot R-41|R-boots]] Minesweeper vessels here are too great learning experiences for such a playstyle.

'''Tech Tree trends:'''
{{Break}}
Later vessels tend to increase firepower, especially the flak and artillery barges in Rank II. They sit in the WW2 part of the branch, making an odd fit with the prior unlocked S-100s. Only common feature is the miniscule amount of armour protecting the crew and modules. While being Anti-Air-vessels they themself are highly succeptible to them.
The next branch in Rank II focuses more on several smaller Post WW2 vehicles. Noteworthy is the [[Jaguar-Klasse (140)|Jaguar (140)]], a continuation of the WW2 S-100 class. Otherwise following it is a pure gun boat line.

Rank III is a pure Destroyer branch (with the exception of the oddly placed [[Kanonenboot K-2|gun boat K-2]]) with a later focus on crew quantity and the mainstain of the destroyer branch the [[SKC/34 (127 mm)|12.7 cm SKC/34]]. Noteworthy is the excellent anti-air complement on all of them.

Rank IV: The German cruisers, sleak and fast ships for convoy raiding, feature impressive anti-air abilities and above average main armament. Armour itself is average though and in a citadel design, protecting engines and ammunition bunkers. Yet the mixed armour thickness design compared to All-or-Nothing approach results in many AP fuses igniting on thin armour plates for the less vital section. However, the proection against small arms, high explosives and anti-air fire is considerable. So lightly armed convoys beware.

==== [[File:USSR flag.png|50px|link=Category:USSR_ships]] USSR ====
'''Starters:'''
{{Break}}

'''Tech Tree trends:'''
{{Break}}

==== [[File:Britain flag.png|50px|link=Category:Britain_ships]] Britain ====
'''Starters:'''
{{Break}}

'''Tech Tree trends:'''
{{Break}}

==== [[File:Japan flag.png|50px|link=Category:Japan_ships]] Japan ====
'''Starters:'''
{{Break}}

'''Tech Tree trends:'''
{{Break}}



== Preparing for the first match ==
Before starting up the first naval match, it is recommended for all players to play the tutorial section in-game to be familiarized with the ship steering and damage mechanics of the game.

To enter the tutorial form the menu, go to "Battles" at the top left corner to the left of the "Community" tab. A drop down menu should appear, with "Tutorials" appearing fourth from the top. From there, the tutorial titled ''Basic tutorial course: "Motor Boat Control Basis"'' should be completed, with bonuses in currency and a crewslot added once completed.

Now, it is time to select the game mode for the match. For any newcomers, Arcade mode is recommended as there will be assist markers available for shell trajectory and automatic firing range setting that helps new players understand where their shots will go at long range, and how to lead appropriately. As experience is earned while playing the game, the player may choose to join realistic battles for a more immersed gameplay experience.

Once a mode is set, click the large, orange "To Battle!" button to join a queue for game match to be made!

For more details on the game modes for ships, [[Beginner%27s_guide_to_fleet_battles#Game_modes|click here!]]

==Fighting in the first match==
Once a match has been chosen, the map and objective will be laid out for the player.

The first thing encountered upon joining a match is a vehicle and ammo selection screen, with vehicle selection done atop and ammunition done in the center. The next thing to take note of is a map of the battlefield on the right side, where the primary objectives for the battle are shown.

Most objectives in the game rely on the capture and control of strategic points, with the game mode being called "Conquest" or "Domination" depending on the number of capture points available. These points are captured simply by moving into the bordered circle area with the enemy removed from it.

However, the ease of capturing these points may be hampered by the terrain of each map, torpedoes ''en'' route or even mines ''on'' route, not to mention the enemy vessels shooting. To avert an early demise, take time and assess the situation. The mini-map and the map screen (default key: "M") are a great help to gain '''situational awareness'''. Then start planning a route towards the target point using said mini-map.

{{Notice
|The best penetrating ammunition is not necessarily the most optimal round to fight with in War Thunder, as other factors such as round type (AP, APCBC, etc.), angle of attack effect, and explosive filler are to be considered as well. Though '''A'''rmour '''P'''iercing ammunition may have a large amount of penetration potential, they often have less explosive filler and can over penetrate the enemy ships. Thus only leaving two sizable holes but little else for the fuse failed to trigger. On the other hand '''H'''igh '''E'''xplosive shells may do little to armoured ships. For more details on ammo type, see ''[[Fleet ammunition|this page]]''.

When selecting ammo type and numbers, bringing all available ammunition into the battle increases the presence of [[Ammo_racks|ammo racks]] in the vessel which, when hit, are more likely to detonate and instantly destroy the ship!
|!
}}

Once these considerations are taken into account, click any of the orange "To Battle!" buttons; the large one on the bottom right or the ones above the vehicle icon (or double-click on a vehicle icon) to spawn into the fight!

Breathing salty air and engines full speed ahead, the one thing to keep in mind is to '''''play the objective'''''. Because even if one side manages to knock out more total vessels than the enemy, if the foe retains the capture points, they will win by draining the ticket counter. Plus, taking these points result in a nice reward and score boost, so there's something in it for not just for the team, but for the individual!

Maneuvering the battlefield takes skill and familiarity with the steering characteristics. Bea-lining a straight path towards the objective just allows the enemy to lead their fire with ease. Use the terrain for cover and concealment under smoke, fog, or behind hills, and allied wreckage, etc. Exploting one's vessel speed and shift allows for steering through long range incomming fire and traversing difficult seas (river deltas, archipelago ) to get around predictable routes, catching the enemy by surprise. Prior leg work such as good positioning and team work will greatly improve one's success once entering combat.

Every encounter with an enemy, like in most player-versus-player games, is a test of wits and initiative. A good mindset to have is to not view exposure as a mere state, but rather as a conscious, active decision. Every second of exposure represents a risk one should be aware of. Try to surprise the enemies by attacking on their flanks. When you must move into an area that is watched or even under enemy control, remember to pre-aim your turrets and aim your weapon to do as much damage as you can with your first shot. This means aiming for either armament to prevent any return fire or going all in and aiming for the ammo storage.

The reward at the end of a match is largely determined by whether you have won or lost the match, and the outcome of the match is largely determined by who possesses the capture points. This, coupled with the fact that a point capture carries a higher reward than destroying an enemy, means capturing points is a first priority. Even having more targets destroyed and losing can net a smaller result than less targets destroyed and winning.

Congratulations! You have experienced your first naval match in War Thunder (or at least one that you have a good awareness on what's actually happening). However, there's more to War Thunder than just blasting away at the enemy.

==After the first match==
Now that you know how to fight and win battles, it is now time to use that experience to advance your placement in the tech tree you have chosen.

As more battles are fought, research points are earned towards upgrading the ship and progressing the tech tree. We'll relay how to do each step here.

===Upgrades===
Upgrading ship comes down to two factors, unlocking modifications for the modules and training the crew.

====Modules and modifications====
{{main|Modifications}}

In the menu, there is the option to unlock modifications for the vessel in question. These are divided into three categories: Seakeeping, Unsinkability, and Firepower. Seakeeping upgrades the engine maintenance, propeller replacement, and dry-docking. Unsinkability upgrades survivability potential with repairs, fire extinguishers, and shrapnel protection. Firepower upgrades turret characteristics, accuracy, and unlocks new ammunition to be used. These are researched and unlocked one by one, and as the criteria is met, the next tier of modifications can be unlocked to further enhance the ship.

In any ship, it is recommended to always focus on unlocking these two modifications, which happen to both be in the protection column.

* ''Tool Set'' — This is due to otherwise being unable to repair critical modules on the battlefield. By default, only track damage could be repaired anywhere on the battlefield and repairs can be done on captured points. However, repairs to critical modules such as the gun, turret, transmission, and engine would be impossible away from a captured point without the ''Parts'' modification.
* ''Fire Protection System'' (referred to as ''"FPE"'' by the community) is very important for combat survival as these are the most viable way to extinguish ship fires (outside of sinkingto the ocean floor). Without this, a simple fire will slowly chip away at module health, eventually leading to ammo combustion that will knock out the vessel from the game.

Past these, the priority of modifications to upgrade can vary from different ships and should be consulted on individual vessel pages on which modules are more important to research.

====Crew skills====
{{main|Crew skills}}

Arguably one of the least looked at part of vessel upgrades, crew skills can play a big role in the firepower and survivability. Unlike modifications, the training of a crew are specific to the crew slot in the line-up and can be transferable to any boat the crew is using (except "Expert" and "Ace" status, these are ship and crew specific).

Crew information can be reached on the left drop-right menu on the screen with the middle button for the selected crew (under "Vehicle Information" and above the "Favourite Achievements" button). From here, "Crew Training" would direct the player to a screen that would show the following tabs:



Each have their own unique skills to help enhance the ship in their role. Upgrading each trait in a crew tab with the earned Crew XP Points would add a 0.5 point to the overall crew level. Each skill that can be upgraded is detailed more on the [[Crew skills|crew skills]] page.

Once a certain crew level is reached with crew upgrades, they can enter "Qualification" to become enhanced to one specific ship. The first stage would be "Expert" which adds 3 point to every crew skill for the cost of several Silver Lions {{Sl}}. The impact can be quite noticeable once put into a match.

After an "Expert" qualification is gained, the next step past a maxed out "Expert" crew is the "Ace" status, which enhances the reward to an additional 5 point to every crew skill. However, earning this status is much harder and requires either Golden Eagles {{Ge}} or a huge amount of experiences to achieve.

===Progression===
Upon selecting your preferred tech tree, you will then being the gradual process of unlocking, researching, and purchasing shipss down a column to progress towards the next vessel type.

Progression is restricted by two factors in the tech tree, vehicle unlock criteria per rank and ship branch connection. Each rank past the first has a criteria of the number of ships that must be researched and purchased before the next rank's vehicles could be researched. Ships are then linked via an arrow branching from one vessel to the next. These arrows indicate that the prior ship must be researched before the next ship could be researched, and purchased before the next ship could be purchased.

Ships restricted from being researched are noted by being under a dark red overlay, with indications that the vessel is locked.

====Matchmaking====
{{main|Matchmaker|Battle ratings}}

While ranks are important for progression, they are not the deciding factor on what types of battles you enter.

Matchmaking in the game is solely based on [[Battle_ratings|battle ratings]], which are indicated by a numerical value on the lower right corner of a vehicle box (or on top of a stat card). The rank of a vehicle does not play a part in this matchmaking process, and so a rank II vessel can be evenly matched with a rank III vehicle if both have the same battle rating.

Matchmaking in naval battles is sorted by the highest battle rating in the line-up and then battling against enemies within a battle rating range of ± 1.0. For example, a player enters a battle with a line-up with a maximum battle rating of 2.3, causing the player to join a match potentially between 1.3 to 3.3 in battle ratings. This is further divided into groups separated by a value of 1.0, so matches would consist of vehicles in the 1.3-2.3, 1.7-2.7, 2.0-3.0 and 2.3-3.3 vehicles. This develops into the concepts of "uptier" and "downtier" as coined by the community, where "uptier" would be placing the 2.3 line-up in a 2.3-3.3 match, while a "downtier" would be in a 1.3-2.3 match.

Always consult the statistics cards for ships when creating a line up. Also remember that every vehicle have a different battle ranking and stats card in different game modes. To change which stats card you are looking at, simply click on the mode view option at the bottom right of the research tree.

= Advanced considerations =
Aside from turning that diamond-shape symbol on the capture point into a blue color and destroying enemy vessels, there are more intricate details to cover when detailing how to play the game more deeply than shoot-and-scoot.

==Vehicle usage==
Here we detail the typical usage of each vehicle type in a battle.

{{notice|It should be pointed out that when choosing a vehicle to load into a battle, not every ship in the game is optimal for every situation. For example, it would probably be unwise to spawn in a slow Gun Boat when the last objective is six miles out and five minutes before match ends. A quicker Torpedo Boat may be less armed but could still arrive in time for a capture.

These situations are the reason why a diverse line up is usually good, as you cannot predict what map or match you will get, so the naval line up has to be suitable for most/all maps. In addition, later into the game, the second, third, and proceeding vehicles you choose can impact the game. If your team needs to quickly capture the "A" point to avoid a loss, you want a fast-moving vehicle to get there quickly to stop the "ticket bleed".}}

Without further ado, here's a general "doctrine" on how each ship type are to perform on the battlefield.

==== Torpedo Boats ====
==== Gun Boats ====
===== Sub Chaser =====
===== Minesweeper =====
===== Barges =====
===== Armorued Gun Boat =====
==== Destroyers ====
==== Cruisers ====
===== Light Cruisers =====
===== Heavy Cruisers =====
====Aircraft====
Aircraft in naval battles, whether unlocked through the point system in Arcade Battles or player-owned in Realistic Battles, can help give the team an edge with supplementary air power in a combined-arms role. These too are separated into roles of emphasis in naval battles.

* ''Fighters'' should primarily be focused on protecting the air space against enemy aircraft that come in to intercept friendly aircraft or attack sea units. The best strategy to destroy enemy planes is to gain a higher altitude than them, then dive and shoot them down. If no enemy planes are present, strafing the enemy naval units to harass them also fits fighter duty, but the most important role you can be is act as an aerial reconnaissance for your team, relaying where each enemy is on the map. Staying at a high altitude or taking evasive manoeuvres would be necessary if an enemy vessel opens with dedicated anti-air fire.
** Alternatively, fighters can be armed with bombs and rockets in a ''Fighter-bomber'' role to attack sea units. Note that this sacrifices the plane's ability to fight other aircraft so long as these armaments are on the aircraft, and the aircraft's performance in this role varies as they are not designed for the purpose of attacking sea units.
* ''Attackers'' and ''Dive-bombers'' should both focus on targeting individual sea units and eliminating them with either cannon-armaments on the aircraft or the available bombs and rockets.
** ''Attackers'' come in at a low altitude with their relatively armoured air frame to get better accuracy onto target. Due to their low altitude of attack, equipped bombs should be set on delay to avoid the bomb blast and shrapnel on the ground from affecting the aircraft.
** ''Dive-bombers'' rely on coming in from a high altitude towards the ground to directly deliver a bomb onto target. Air-brakes are available on most of these aircraft to help slow down the dive to allow for an easier adjustment of aim and also to be easier to pull up from the dive.
* ''Bombers'' are more preferred for a carpet-bombing of an area to eliminate the enemy. These should be retained at high altitude to avoid anti-aircraft fire as most bombers lack the maneuverability owing to their size from dodging enemy fire.

==Gameplay==
Outside of the written guide here, there are several YouTube tutorials provided by War Thunder to further enhance your experience, as listed here:

{{Youtube-gallery||}}

Beyond those videos, here are some details to consider when playing in a match.

=== Support ===

=== Protecting a capture point ===


=== Flanking ===

=== Brawling ===

==Game modes==
Should you wish for more excitement in your game play, there are other modes to try out with their own perks!

{{notice|Simulator Battles features are assumed to also match Realistic Battle's unless stated otherwise.}}

{| class="wikitable"
|-
! colspan="3" | Naval Forces - Features by Game Mode
|-
! Arcade (AB) !! Realistic (RB) !! Simulator (SB)<br>not yet ingame
|-
|
* Rangefinder always enabled
* 3D markers indicate enemy and friendly vehicles and range
* Scoreboard shows vehicle composition of both teams
* Engine power is enhanced
* No player-owned aircraft - only selected match spawns available
* Limited to three spawns
|
* No aim or penetration indicator available
* Manual rangefinder
* 3D markers indicate only friendly vehicles
* Scoreboard shows vehicle composition of only player's team
* Engine power matches real life specifications
* Player aircraft can be brought in and used
* Spawn using "Respawn Points" earned through contributing actions in the match
|
|-
|}

As mentioned earlier, the Arcade Battle mode is the recommended starter mode since it is forgiving to beginners with assists in firepower (aim and range indicators) and mobility (enhanced engine power) to help be familiarized around the mechanics of the game. Once comfortable with the game, Realistic Battles can be considered for further immersion into the War Thunder battles. Realistic battles, owing to their more complicated game style, also offer enhanced rewards after a battle.

=Other tips for beginners=
There is a lot of things to learn about War Thunder, so much so that all other tips are placed here! Here are some tips we can give you if you're still new to War Thunder Naval Battles and want some advice, or for ideas on how to fight certain vehicles.

* Mastering the different camera viewpoints is vital to naval battles:
** '''Gunner view''', named ''Sniper mode'' in the controls option, is necessary to make accurate shots at long-distance targets or to hit weak spots.
** '''Binoculars''' in the controls option, is necessary to gain an overview without moving or de-aiming your turrets.
** '''Turret view''', which is the zoomed-in exterior (third-person) view, useful for close-quarter combat (especially on archipelago maps).

* '''''Use your binoculars''', it's free''. This [[Hints|ingame hint]] points at a major element of ''Naval Forces'': spotting enemies before they spot you. Being able to surprise enemies to land the first hit is the best way to win a a fight.

* The '''[[Towing|towing hook]]''' (default keybind: 0) actually works pretty well if you respect these two rules:
** '''Point of attachment''': if you want to roll and right a vessel back on its keel, attach the hook at the top (aiming with the mouse and pressing the hook key), then sail perpendicular to its hull. The goal is to ''pull'' the top of the ship, not ''drag'' the bottom across the sea floor or sand bank.

*Do not leave a battle if you can still respawn. Not only will you be ditching your team, you will also get a [[Crew_lock|Crew Lock]], which prevents you from using whichever vehicles receive the lock.

[[Category:Fleet]]
[[Category:Custom articles]]

Boom & Run

2019-11-02T20:52:54Z

U2363119: deleted TF2 reference, added replacement

{{DISPLAYTITLE: Boom and Run aerial combat style}}
The expression "Boom and Run" (also known as BnR) describes an aerial fighting style that is similar to [[BnZ|Boom and Zoom]] in that the pilot engages at high speed and attempts energy-conservative maneuvers, however, instead of initiating a zoom-climb after striking at an enemy; a BnR-oriented pilot will simply attempt to maintain high speed after engaging. This is very common in [[Jet Combat]].

__TOC__

The main advantage of BnR over [[BnZ|Boom 'n Zoom]] is the ability to disengage an ensuing dogfight immediately. A Zoom climb will leave the attacker open for attacks from other hostiles, as his speed drops. Especially in continued BnZ engagements the tracers and maneuvers will attract attention.
Also if the target of opportunity is within a `furball´ (swarm of enemies), then a high speed attack followed by running away will result in the highest chance of survival.

In Arcade another advantage becomes clear: Due the common meta of [[TnB|turnfighting]] (especially at low tiers) a fast fighter can plough through the combat zone without fearing to be intercepted, preferably a few minutes into the match. Situational & map awareness is usual quite bad and the minimap only checked in long intervals. Darting in and out in the horizontal abuses the "range blindness" of many pilots.

Mastering Manual Engine Controls is recommended for this strategy.

== Order ==

Everything from the setup to the attack follows the guidelines of Boom and Zoom. The distinguish starts after the initial contact:

# Hit maximum level top speed (for this altitude)
# Level out (->"fly towards the horizon")
# Gain separation by flying away from your target at top speed
## But do not fly in a straight line either, if the enemy is able to shoot you!
## AB/RB: Make sure to be at least 750m/350m away, before doing any other maneuvers.
## If your aircraft can climb well, a 5 - 10° climb will help too.
# Check your surrounding.
# Set up next attack
## Zoom climb
## High speed climb (350 - 450 km/h)
## Attack target of opportunity at the same altitude.

== Countering ==

[[Situational Awareness]] is key. Maneuvering into the attacker followed by a corkscrew will suffice. Smart BnR pilots will try to avoid head-ons as avoiding them requires maneuvers which again loose energy/speed.
Alternatively turn away from the attacker and gain speed, if the assaulter is close enough, try to engage in scissors or corkscrew. Due to the defender's lower speed the attacke will overshoot and present a striking chance.

== Aircraft that do well with Boom and Run ==

Important is a very high topspeed at the target's altitude. Further each aircraft should have enough firepower to take out the enemy in one blow.

* [[Typhoon (Family)|Typhoon]] and its successor [[Tempest (Family)|Tempest]]
* Most jet aircraft (see [[Jet Combat]])
* [[Sea Fury FB 11]]
* [[Yak-9P]]
* [[P-51 (Family)|P-51 Mustangs]]
[[Category:Aerial fighting styles]]

Boom & Run

2019-11-02T20:15:03Z

U2363119: Copy from OLD Wiki

{{DISPLAYTITLE: Boom and Run aerial combat style}}
The expression "Boom and Run" (also known as BnR) describes an aerial fighting style that is similar to [[BnZ|Boom and Zoom]] in that the pilot engages at high speed and attempts energy-conservative maneuvers, however, instead of initiating a zoom-climb after striking at an enemy; a BnR-oriented pilot will simply attempt to maintain high speed after engaging. This is very common in [[Jet Combat]].

__TOC__

The main advantage of BnR over [[BnZ|Boom 'n Zoom]] is the ability to disengage an ensuing dogfight immediately. A Zoom climb will leave the attacker open for attacks from other hostiles, as his speed drops. Especially in continued BnZ engagements the tracers and maneuvers will attract attention.
Also if the target of opportunity is within a `furball´ (swarm of enemies), then a high speed attack followed by running away will result in the highest chance of survival.

In Arcade another advantage becomes clear: Due the common meta of [[TnB|turnfighting]] (especially at low tiers) a fast fighter can plough through the combat zone without fearing to be intercepted, preferably a few minutes into the match. In TF2 terms this would be a Scout running through the capture point, shooting everything he sees and then keep running back to base/sentry/Heavy+Medic. TnB would therefore be a Scout running in circles around the Heavy and BnZ the scout running in and out of cover.

Mastering Manual Engine Controls is recommended for this strategy.

== Order ==

Everything from the setup to the attack follows the guidelines of Boom and Zoom. The distinguish starts after the initial contact:

# Hit maximum level top speed (for this altitude)
# Level out (->"fly towards the horizon")
# Gain separation by flying away from your target at top speed
## But do not fly in a straight line either, if the enemy is able to shoot you!
## AB/RB: Make sure to be at least 750m/350m away, before doing any other maneuvers.
## If your aircraft can climb well, a 5 - 10° climb will help too.
# Check your surrounding.
# Set up next attack
## Zoom climb
## High speed climb (350 - 450 km/h)
## Attack target of opportunity at the same altitude.

== Countering ==

[[Situational Awareness]] is key. Maneuvering into the attacker followed by a corkscrew will suffice. Smart BnR pilots will try to avoid head-ons as avoiding them requires maneuvers which again loose energy/speed.
Alternatively turn away from the attacker and gain speed, if the assaulter is close enough, try to engage in scissors or corkscrew. Due to the defender's lower speed the attacke will overshoot and present a striking chance.

== Aircraft that do well with Boom and Run ==

Important is a very high topspeed at the target's altitude. Further each aircraft should have enough firepower to take out the enemy in one blow.

* [[Typhoon (Family)|Typhoon]] and its successor [[Tempest (Family)|Tempest]]
* Most jet aircraft (see [[Jet Combat]])
* [[Sea Fury FB 11]]
* [[Yak-9P]]
* [[P-51 (Family)|P-51 Mustangs]]
[[Category:Aerial fighting styles]]

BnR

2019-11-02T20:15:00Z

U2363119: Created redirect. Having a short "BnR" link string is quite beneficial for linking

#REDIRECT [[Boom_%26_Run]]

Boom & Zoom

2019-11-02T20:02:24Z

U2363119: fixed title, fixed two links

{{DISPLAYTITLE: Boom and Zoom aerial combat style}}
__TOC__
==Overview==
Boom and Zoom (also known as BnZ) is the name of a play style that aims to take advantage of a high energy state to bounce the enemy, avoiding any prolonged fighting in order to conserve speed and/or altitude.
==Basic Strategy==
To Boom and Zoom, the first thing you should do is climb high. It is best not to climb directly into the battle, since BnZ-planes are usually worse climbers, since the weight that gives them good speed sustainment against the air drag and successional good retention of inertia in a [[Zoom Climb]] makes them slightly sluggish at climbing. A common mistake is made by the assumption of those heavier planes diving faster, but as one can disprove taking the motion equation for a velocity <big>v</big> dependent on time <big>t</big>
:<big>v(t) = ∫a dt = (F/m - g + k(v)) ∫dt</big>
which holds at a constant engine thrust <big>F</big> affecting to the mass of the airplane <big>m</big> with resulting uplift <big>k(v)</big> (including air drag). That proves the velocity is even '''inverse''' proportional to the mass (lighter planes accelerate faster, even on dive). Additionally the gravity constant <big>g</big> is speeding up the plane towards ground independent of its mass.

Once the pilot reached a significantly higher altitude than the opponent, the pilot should introduce a dive for transforming their potential energy into speed. Usually the plane is now nearby its limit forces but will retain its velocity for a long time. Not to worsen the energy only wide curves and rolling maneuvers will be flown at this state. According to that an outstanding agility and rolling rate at high speeds is a required property of the used plane type, such as the [[Fw 190 (Family)|Focke-Wulf series]] provides.

The attack itself can occur while diving phase or the zooming phase and also usually more than one target is being attacked because turning targets will be difficult to hit and therefore the success rate is low, while a great fire power might help.
{{#ev:gfycat|http://gfycat.com/SneakyBossyCalf}} Failed BnZ attack due corkscrew. Source: [http://gfycat.com/SneakyBossyCalf gfycat.com]
==Relation to other styles==
BnZ is a form of [[Energy fighting]]. While this can be said of any aerial combat, it does show on a visible manner what energy means for duels. In relation to "true" energy fighters like the [[Bf 109 G-2/trop|Bf 109G-2]], [[La-5 (Family)|Lavochkin series]], or the [[F8F-1|F8F ''Bearcat'']], the Boom and Zoomer must rely on energy gained before the combat, which makes this style very dependent on the pilots [[Situational Awareness|situational awareness]]. Distinguished to a energy fighter the BnZ attack is safer as one can be shot only during a very short period immediately after the attack. Ideally the BnZ'ing attacker is gone out of fire range within a second. This being said one recognizes that the attacker will also have a very short time to shoot, but as the pilot holds the initiative, their chances to hit the enemy are much higher than reverse like.

It differs from [[BnR|Boom and Run]] as that the attacking fighter does not necessarily need a high level top speed. <br />
Counter example, the [[Ki-61-I hei|Ki-61]] series has a modest top speed which may not allow it to chase faster planes, but it has exceptional energy retention and decent maneuverability which matters most. Good vertical energy retention and high speed control ability matter for BnZ.<br />
For this very reason the [[F7F-1|F7F]] does not suit BnZ style, as it locks up to fast in a dive. Boom and Run tactics however are an excellent choice.

Compared to [[TnB|Turn and Burn]] with its high and low yoyos we can see "classical" dogfight elements in BnZ, too. Vertical reverses in form of the Immelmann (half loop) and normal loops. These maneuvers however benefit from a good power to weight ratio, like 109s and thus should be favoured by [[Energy fighting|energy fighters]].

==Planes that benefit the most from a strict BnZ philosophy==
*[[Fw 190 (Family)|Fw 190]] Series;
*Most American fighers, such as the [[P-51 (Family)|P-51]]'s, [[P-47 (Family)|P-47]]'s, [[P-38 (Family)|P-38]]'s, [[F6F (Family)|Hellcats]] and [[F4U (Family)|Corsairs]], the main exceptions being the [[F8F-1|F8F Bearcat]] and the [[F7F-1|F7F Tigercat]];
*[[Tempest Mk V|Tempest Mk.V]] and [[Tempest Mk II|Tempest Mk.II]] (note these also excel in [[Boom and Run]]);
*[[J7W1|J7W1 Shinden]];
*Most jet aircraft, although those work in a [[Jet Combat|different way]], particularly in the fact that to many, speed is much more important than altitude
==Links and Categories==
[[Category:Aerial fighting styles]]

Boom & Zoom

2019-11-02T20:00:09Z

U2363119: Copy from OLD Wiki

__TOC__
==Overview==
Boom and Zoom (also known as BnZ) is the name of a play style that aims to take advantage of a high energy state to bounce the enemy, avoiding any prolonged fighting in order to conserve speed and/or altitude.
==Basic Strategy==
To Boom and Zoom, the first thing you should do is climb high. It is best not to climb directly into the battle, since BnZ-planes are usually worse climbers, since the weight that gives them good speed sustainment against the air drag and successional good retention of inertia in a [[Zoom Climb]] makes them slightly sluggish at climbing. A common mistake is made by the assumption of those heavier planes diving faster, but as one can disprove taking the motion equation for a velocity <big>v</big> dependent on time <big>t</big>
:<big>v(t) = ∫a dt = (F/m - g + k(v)) ∫dt</big>
which holds at a constant engine thrust <big>F</big> affecting to the mass of the airplane <big>m</big> with resulting uplift <big>k(v)</big> (including air drag). That proves the velocity is even '''inverse''' proportional to the mass (lighter planes accelerate faster, even on dive). Additionally the gravity constant <big>g</big> is speeding up the plane towards ground independent of its mass.

Once the pilot reached a significantly higher altitude than the opponent, the pilot should introduce a dive for transforming their potential energy into speed. Usually the plane is now nearby its limit forces but will retain its velocity for a long time. Not to worsen the energy only wide curves and rolling maneuvers will be flown at this state. According to that an outstanding agility and rolling rate at high speeds is a required property of the used plane type, such as the [[Fw 190 (Family)|Focke-Wulf series]] provides.

The attack itself can occur while diving phase or the zooming phase and also usually more than one target is being attacked because turning targets will be difficult to hit and therefore the success rate is low, while a great fire power might help.
{{#ev:gfycat|http://gfycat.com/SneakyBossyCalf}} Failed BnZ attack due corkscrew. Source: [http://gfycat.com/SneakyBossyCalf gfycat.com]
==Relation to other styles==
BnZ is a form of [[Energy fighting]]. While this can be said of any aerial combat, it does show on a visible manner what energy means for duels. In relation to "true" energy fighters like the [[Bf 109 G-2/trop|Bf 109G-2]], [[La-5 (Family)|Lavochkin series]], or the [[F8F-1|F8F ''Bearcat'']], the Boom and Zoomer must rely on energy gained before the combat, which makes this style very dependent on the pilots [[Situational Awareness|situational awareness]]. Distinguished to a energy fighter the BnZ attack is safer as one can be shot only during a very short period immediately after the attack. Ideally the BnZ'ing attacker is gone out of fire range within a second. This being said one recognizes that the attacker will also have a very short time to shoot, but as the pilot holds the initiative, their chances to hit the enemy are much higher than reverse like.

It differs from [[BnR|Boom and Run]] as that the attacking fighter does not necessarily need a high level top speed. <br />
Counter example, the [[Ki-61-I hei|Ki-61]] series has a modest top speed which may not allow it to chase faster planes, but it has exceptional energy retention and decent maneuverability which matters most. Good vertical energy retention and high speed control ability matter for BnZ.<br />
For this very reason the [[F7F-1|F7F]] does not suit BnZ style, as it locks up to fast in a dive. Boom and Run tactics however are an excellent choice.

Compared to [[TnB|Turn and Burn]] with its high and low yoyos we can see "classical" dogfight elements in BnZ, too. Vertical reverses in form of the Immelmann (half loop) and normal loops. These maneuvers however benefit from a good power to weight ratio, like 109s and thus should be favoured by [[Energy fighting|energy fighters]].

==Planes that benefit the most from a strict BnZ philosophy==
*[[Fw 190 (Family)|Fw 190]] Series;
*Most American fighers, such as the [[P-51 (Family)|P-51]]'s, [[P-47 (Family)|P-47]]'s, [[P-38 (Family)|P-38]]'s, [[F6F (Family)|Hellcats]] and [[F4U (Family)|Corsairs]], the main exceptions being the [[F8F-1Bearcat|F8F Bearcat]] and the [[F7F-1 Tigercat|F7F Tigercat]];
*[[Tempest Mk V|Tempest Mk.V]] and [[Tempest Mk II|Tempest Mk.II]] (note these also excel in [[Boom and Run]]);
*[[J7W1|J7W1 Shinden]];
*Most jet aircraft, although those work in a [[Jet Combat|different way]], particularly in the fact that to many, speed is much more important than altitude
==Links and Categories==
[[Category:Aerial fighting styles]]

IAR-81C

2019-11-02T19:49:49Z

U2363119: Completed, filled in everything except for armament & history

{{Specs-Card|code=iar_81c}}

== Description ==

[[File:GarageImage_{{PAGENAME}}.jpg|420px|thumb|left]]
The '''{{Specs|name}}''' is a premium rank {{Specs|rank}} Italian fighter {{Battle-rating}}. It was introduced in [[Update 1.79 "Project X"]]. It is the first domestic-produced Romanian plane in the game, added into the Italian tree.<br>

The 81''C'' variant ingame is the upgunned ground support version, a task at which it certainly excels at. Boasting good offensive firepower and decent payload for a converted fighter, the IAR-81 finds itself in the decent role of a multi-role aircraft. Flying in to harass enemy ground forces only to follow up and securing the air space is its bread and butter. There is nothing this machine is bad at, but like all Jack-of-all-traits it is master of none and average is the baseline here. The combat role flexibility is worth having though and can open a crew slot for more specialised vehicles.

== General info ==
=== Flight Performance ===

On paper the IAR-81C looks to be a [[Bf 109 E-3|Bf 109E]] clone. Though looks can be deceiving. This vehicles feels far more heavy than it really is. Cause for this is the early starting lock-up of the elevator at high speeds and the lack of leading edge wing slats at low ones. Flaps use is essential, but slows down the plane very much in using so. Turn characteristics are average which can be said for most of its statistics. Although it lacks horsepower to accelerate ones coming out of a maneuver. Despite the elevator lock-up above 400 km/h the IAR-81C is an excellent [[BnZ|Boom 'n Zoomer]]. The sleak design, the terminal velocity of 680 km/h IAS and the late break-off speed for the flaps all greatly help. The latter especially is of use to tighten the recovery from dive attacks, ensuring that even at high dive speeds the flaps can be deployed.<br>

A bit cumbersome the IAR-81C takes about 20 seconds to take-off from a stand still, especially with payload on board. A hard Split-S without the combat flaps is a dangerous affair thanks to the elevator locking up and will take about 460 m to perform. The Immelmann should be reserved for a better accelerating fighter for this plane is not a fan of it. A high Yo-Yo is preferable. Climbing should be done at 15° and between 250 and 270 km/h (240 f/s), though stable climb is possible at 150 km/h, too.

{| class="wikitable" style="text-align:center"
! rowspan="2" | Characteristics
! colspan="2" | Max Speed<br>(km/h at 0 m - at sea level)
! rowspan="2" | Max altitude<br>(meters)
! colspan="2" | Turn time<br>(seconds)
! colspan="2" | Rate of climb<br>(meters/second)
! rowspan="2" | Take-off run<br>(meters)
|-
! AB !! RB !! AB !! RB !! AB !! RB
|-
! Stock
| ??? || ??? || rowspan="2" | {{Specs|ceiling}} || ??.? || ??.? || ??.? || ??.? || rowspan="2" | 350
|-
! Upgraded
| 509 || 485 || 19.1 || 20.0 || 14.8 || 11.9
|-
|}

==== Details ====
{| class="wikitable" style="text-align:center"
|-
! colspan="6" | Features
|-
! Combat flaps !! Take-off flaps !! Landing flaps !! Air brakes !! Arrestor gear !! Drogue chute
|-
| ✓ || ✓ || ✓ || X || ✓ || X 
|-
|}

{| class="wikitable" style="text-align:center"
|-
! colspan="7" | Limits
|-
! rowspan="2" | Wings (km/h)
! rowspan="2" | Gear (km/h)
! colspan="3" | Flaps (km/h)
! colspan="2" | Max Static G
|-
! Combat !! Take-off !! Landing !! + !! -
|-
| {{Specs|destruction|constructions}} || {{Specs|destruction|chassis}} || 550 || ??? || ??? || ~11 || ~8
|-
|}

{| class="wikitable" style="text-align:center"
|-
! colspan="4" | Optimal velocities (km/h)
|-
! Ailerons !! Rudder !! Elevators !! Radiator
|-
| < 350 || < 300 || < 370 || > 341
|-
|}

{| class="wikitable" style="text-align:center"
|-
! colspan="3" | Compressor (RB/SB)
|-
! colspan="3" | Setting 1
|-
! Optimal altitude
! 100% Engine power
! WEP Engine power
|-
| 3,900 m || 1,000 hp || 1,090 hp
|-
|}

=== Survivability and armour ===

* 75 mm bulletproof glass windscreen
* 12.7 mm steel headrest

If one were to hit the pilot from the front, the enemy would need to pass through the engine block, the oil filter and one of two big fuel tanks. Engaging bombers or head-on attacks are well-nigh save bets for the pilot. Further the fuselage inline fuel tanks are consequently safe from pursuit and frontal fire. The rearward protection is not as stellar though. The decently thick steel plate does not protect the entire pilot, leaving the lower back open. Overall a sturdy little fighter for its rank.
== Armaments ==
=== Offensive armament ===

{{main|MG 151/20 (20 mm)|FN Browning (7.92 mm)}}

The '''''{{PAGENAME}}''''' is armed with:
* 2 x 20 mm MG 151/20 cannons, wing-mounted (175 rpg = 350 total)
* 2 x 7.92 mm FN Browning machine guns, wing-mounted (700 rpg = 1,400 total)

The IAR-81C packs a considerable punch for its battle rating, including two MG 151's and two 7.7 mm machine guns for a total of 3.11 kg/s. Naturally, the MG 151's found on this aircraft gain access to the powerful ''Minengeschoß'' shells, making the vehicle a deadly force to be reckoned with for what it can face. The 7.7 mm machine guns found on this vehicle are adequate at best and provide the best effect when used with tracer rounds to provide more effective aiming when using stealth belts for cannons.<br>
A big downside is the wing mounted position of all fire arms. This location drastically lowers the fire density and brings with it the issue of gun convergence. In short the convergence/crossing point is were the fire lines of each gun meet and close this imaginery triangle. For ground strafing the [[Gun convergence|gun convergence]] should be set as high as possible, for the distance of engagement varies on the approaching run. For dogfights a range from either 100 to 300 m is common to bring all guns in the crossing section to bear.

=== Suspended armament ===

{{main|SC50JA (50 kg)|SC250JA (250 kg)|Wfr.Gr.21}}

The '''''{{PAGENAME}}''''' can be outfitted with the following ordnance:
* Without load
* 2 x 50 kg SC50JA bombs (100 kg total)
* 1 x 250 kg SC250JA bomb (250 kg total)
* 1 x 250 kg SC250JA bomb + 2 x 50 kg SC50JA bombs (350 kg total)
* 2 x Wfr.Gr.21 rockets
* 1 x 250 kg SC250JA bomb + 2 x Wfr.Gr.21 rockets (250 kg total)

Where this vehicle really shines, however, is its access to a ground-pounding loadout of a 250 kg bomb and 2x ''"Werfergranate 21"'' rockets. Although created for anti-bomber use, the Wfr.Gr.21 rockets are capable of shredding tanks it faces at its battle rating or above, penetrating even a tank's side armour with a near miss in some scenarios. With powerful HE shells for its cannons to demolish open-topped vehicles, a 250 kg bomb on a "trapeze"-style mount like those found on the [[Ju 87 (Family)|Ju 87-series]] aircraft, and Wfr.Gr.21 rockets for engaging fast-moving tanks or more armored anti-aircraft vehicles from a distance (namely the [[Crusader AA Mk I]] or the [[AC Mk II AA]]), the IAR-81C provides the Italian tree with a vehicle that poses a serious threat to all but the most armoured vehicles or cautious anti-air.

== Usage in battles ==

With the advantage of flexibility a mode of attack should be chosen before spawning. Climbing at the start to fight for air dominance with allies, or going full ground support with the option to defend oneself upon being spotted. Perhaps even taking ordnance for a quick drop only to retreat behind allies to initiate a late climb to dogfight altitude. The options are all there, however ingame a fighter first and ground support second is more often than not welcomed by the team. In combined Air & Tank Battles the multi-role nature of the IAR-80C is a great fortune as one can swap between ground support and air surpremacy at one's leisure.<br>

For dogfighting [[BnZ|Boom 'n Zoom]] is the favourite combat style of the IAR-81C. While it is quite nimble in a turn, it lacks the engine performance and low stall speed for a continues turn fight. Horizontal and hard maneuvers are more for emergencies.

=== Manual Engine Control ===
{| class="wikitable" style="text-align:center"
|-
! colspan="7" | MEC elements
|-
! rowspan="2" | Mixer
! rowspan="2" | Pitch
! colspan="3" | Radiator
! rowspan="2" | Supercharger
! rowspan="2" | Turbocharger
|-
! Oil
! Water
! Type
|-
| Controllable || rowspan="2" | Controllable<br>Not auto controlled || rowspan="2" | Controllable<br>Not auto controlled || rowspan="2" | Controllable<br>Not auto controlled || rowspan="2" | Separate || rowspan="2" | Not controllable<br>1 gear || rowspan="2" | Not controllable
|-
|}

=== Modules ===
{| class="wikitable"
! colspan="1" | Tier
! colspan="2" | Flight performance
! colspan="1" | Survivability
! colspan="2" | Weaponry
|-
| I
| Fuselage repair
| Radiator
|
| Offensive 7 mm
|
|-
| II
|
| Compressor
| Airframe
| New 7 mm MGs
| R6 modification
|-
| III
| Wings repair
| Engine
|
| Offensive 20 mm
|
|-
| IV
|
| Engine injection
| Cover
| New 20 mm cannons
|
|-
|}

=== Pros and cons ===


'''Pros:'''
* Great multi-role aircraft
* Good payload options
* Good cockpit visibility
* Average in performance
* Average in manoeuvrability
* ''Jack of traits...''

'''Cons:'''
* ''...but master of none''
* Cannot compete with most turn fighters

== History ==

After fulfilling several governments and licence contracts, the relatively young I.A.R. (Industria Aeronautică Română) company had enough resources and technical know-how to begin developing their own fighter aircraft. Taking inspiration from previous licenced projects, I.A.R. engineers initiated a private venture by beginning work on their own fighter aircraft in late 1937, which would later be known as the I.A.R. 80. As work was progressing slowly, the first prototype wasn’t completed until spring 1939. Initial testing produced positive results, proving that the I.A.R. 80 could be considered a modern fighter despite not matching the performance of contemporary Bf 109s and Spitfires. After addressing some minor issues and upgrading the prototype’s engine, the I.A.R. 80 was tested in a head-to-head competition with the German He 112. Impressed by the aircraft’s display, the Romanian government placed an order for 100 I.A.R. 80s to be produced, while only a limited number of He 112s were ordered for production. Despite starting production almost instantly after the order was placed, I.A.R. struggled to ramp up production as shortages on the Belgian-made FN Browning 7.92mm machine guns became an increasing issue in the wake of the German invasion of the Benelux states. By April 1941 however, with Romania joining the Axis, the armament shortages were temporarily addressed. Taking advantage of the opportunity, I.A.R. upgraded their fighter to the I.A.R. 80-A, increasing the number of machine guns to the initially proposed six and installing a more powerful engine, thus solving many initial concerns with the aircraft.

Even prior to Romania’s entry into WW2 in 1941, the government was keen on modernizing their stock of strike aircraft and dive bombers. The latter role was to be filled with the Ju 87 Stuka. However, as Germany initially refused to permit a licence production, I.A.R. came up with the proposal to convert some I.A.R. 80 fighters into dive bombers, creating the I.A.R. 81. These machines differed only from fighter models in the installation of a bomb rack underneath the fuselage, capable of suspending a 225 kg bomb. The I.A.R. 81-C was the final modification of this series, featuring upgraded MG 151/20 20mm cannons compared to previous versions. Around 150 examples of this modification were produced out of the approximate total of around 350 I.A.R. 80/81. By the end of the war, most of the I.A.R. 81s were not used in the dive bomber role and were instead used side by side with the I.A.R. 80 as fighters, most notably taking part in the famous defence of Ploesti against U.S. bombing raids in 1944. I.A.R. 80s continued their service with the Romanian air force after the end of WW2 and even into the early 1950s, before being replaced by more advanced Soviet counterparts.<ref>[https://warthunder.com/en/news/5525-development-i-a-r-81-c-supporting-the-axis-en], taken from the War Thunder Devblog on the IAR-81C. Copied 9 March 2019</ref>

== Media ==

{{Youtube-gallery|CUGEtGFN4qc|'''"Why it's currently the best plane in Italian tech tree? IAR-81C"''' by ''HowToPlay1337''|Vb8MTRtg5Cw|'''"IAR-81C - Thumbs Up From Me"''' by ''Napalmratte''|NgeaBXpaYd8|'''"Forgotten Aircraft: The I.A.R 80 and I.A.R 81"''' by ''Wartime History''}}
* [https://live.warthunder.com/post/755557/en/ Skin: No. 429 "Lenuța" Summer 1944 - by ''TeodorSan'']
* [https://live.warthunder.com/post/747083/en/ Skin: 2th Fighter Group, Squadron 46 - by ''WinGAflo'']

== See also ==

* [[P-40E-1]]
* [[Hurricane Mk IIB/Trop]]
* [[Yak-9B]]
* [[Re.2002_Early|Re.2002 Early]]

== External links ==

* [https://forum.warthunder.com/index.php?/topic/412550-iar-81-c-joining-the-italian-forces/ <nowiki>[</nowiki>WT Forum<nowiki>]</nowiki> IAR-81C discussion thread]
* [https://forum.warthunder.com/index.php?/topic/414724-iar-81c/ <nowiki>[</nowiki>WT Forum<nowiki>]</nowiki> IAR-81C Flight Model thread]
* [[wikipedia:IAR_80|<nowiki>[</nowiki>Wikipedia<nowiki>]</nowiki> IAR-80 and IAR-81]]
* IAR-81C model created under the [[Affiliate Program Revenue Share]] by [https://live.warthunder.com/user/NovA29R/ NovA29R]
* [https://warthunder.com/en/news/5525-development-i-a-r-81-c-supporting-the-axis-en <nowiki>[</nowiki>Devblog<nowiki>]</nowiki> I.A.R. 81-C: Supporting the Axis]

<references />

{{Italy fighters}}
{{Italy premium aircraft}}

Breda 88 (P.XI)

2019-11-02T15:36:53Z

U2363119: Completed, terrible "plane"

{{Specs-Card|code=breda_88}}

== Description ==

[[File:GarageImage_Breda88.jpg|420px|thumb|left]]
{{break}}
The '''Breda Ba.88 (P.XI)''' ''"Lince"'' (Ital. Lynx) is a rank {{Specs|rank}} Italian attacker {{Battle-rating}}. It was introduced in [[Update 1.69 "Regia Aeronautica"]].<br>
Being developed in the mid 30's the design goal was alike to many other bombers of the period: Use the bigger frame to mount even bigger engines to outrun any fighter. Setting up multiple records the ''Prototype'' Ba.88 exceeded its expectations.<br>
But that is NOT the aircraft the Italians got and NOT the one in War Thunder... For the crucial mistake was mounting military instruments, self-sealing fuel tanks, pylons, a second pilot, oh and armament. The additional weight turns the Lince into a brick, a non flying one. In fact the same ranked [[S.M.79 serie 1|SM 79 ''Sparviero'' medium bomber]] is a better [[:Category:Attackers|attacker]]. While the high weight and streamlined fuselage lends itself to [[Bnz|Boom 'n Zoom]], getting to this point is a chore. Fortunately the Breda 88 is so low tiered that it will indeed often face fighters slower fighter craft. At the very least the three nose mounted heavy machine guns are decent with plenty of ammo.

== General info ==
=== Flight performance ===

''Ever seen a brick fly? Then prepare for an Italian magic trick!'' And sadly this joke cannot be left aside. The Breda 88 is hopelessly overloaded (137 kg/m² wing-load) and drains any advantage the streamlined design and strong engines grant. In fact on first glance the Lince appears to be quite responsive, featuring late control lock-up speeds and decent roll-rate once spinning. But in this lies the crux of the matter. The aircraft is too heavy, any maneuver pulled must change the momentum of the aircraft, hence any steering and course correction is linked to a loss in speed and/or altitude to compensate. It bleeds speed everywhere thus seriously hampening its ability to Boom and Zoom which one would think the Breda is destined for. Crawling to its ground top speed of 410 km/h IAS [[BnR|Boom 'n Run]] tactics might work against biplanes...<br>
Take off ''on empty'' is @ 150 km/h IAS (136 f/s) in 18 s, an Immelmann at top speed will stall the aircraft on the zenith and a Split-S should only be performed with +500 m (1650 ft) to spare. Climbing should be done at ~10° loaded and @ 12° empty. These data points were not copied from an Italian medium bomber, but rather are a show of inferiority compared to any other attacker at its battle rating. On the bright side the difference between full and empty payload is miniscule.

{| class="wikitable" style="text-align:center"
|-
! colspan="8" | Characteristics
|-
! colspan="8" | ''Stock''
|-
! colspan="2" | Max Speed<br>(km/h at 5,600 m)
! rowspan="2" | Max altitude<br>(meters)
! colspan="2" | Turn time<br>(seconds)
! colspan="2" | Rate of climb<br>(meters/second)
! rowspan="2" | Take-off run<br>(meters)
|-
! AB !! RB !! AB !! RB !! AB !! RB
|-
| 476 || 463 || {{Specs|ceiling}} || 29.9 || 30.9 || 6 || 5.9 || 730
|-
! colspan="8" | ''Upgraded''
|-
! colspan="2" | Max Speed<br>(km/h at 5,600 m)
! rowspan="2" | Max altitude<br>(meters)
! colspan="2" | Turn time<br>(seconds)
! colspan="2" | Rate of climb<br>(meters/second)
! rowspan="2" | Take-off run<br>(meters)
|-
! AB !! RB !! AB !! RB !! AB !! RB
|-
| 504 || 490 || {{Specs|ceiling}} || 28.1 || 29.0 || 9.3 || 7.6 || 730
|-
|}

==== Details ====
{| class="wikitable" style="text-align:center"
|-
! colspan="5" | Features
|-
! Combat flaps !! Take-off flaps !! Landing flaps !! Air brakes !! Arrestor gear
|-
| X || ✓ || ✓ || X || X 
|-
|}

{| class="wikitable" style="text-align:center"
|-
! colspan="5" | Limits
|-
! rowspan="2" | Wing-break speed<br>(km/h)
! rowspan="2" | Gear limit<br>(km/h)
! rowspan="2" | Combat flaps<br>(km/h)
! colspan="2" | Max Static G
|-
! + !! -
|-
| {{Specs|destruction|constructions}} || {{Specs|destruction|chassis}} || 425 || ~9 || ~5
|-
|}

{| class="wikitable" style="text-align:center"
|-
! colspan="4" | Optimal velocities
|-
! Ailerons<br>(km/h)
! Rudder<br>(km/h)
! Elevators<br>(km/h)
! Radiator<br>(km/h)
|-
| < 360 || < 320 || < 400 || > 200
|-
|}

{| class="wikitable" style="text-align:center"
|-
! colspan="3" | Compressor (RB/SB)
|-
! colspan="3" | Setting 1
|-
! Optimal altitude
! 100% Engine power
! WEP Engine power
|-
| 4,000 m || 1,000 hp || N/A
|-
|}

=== Survivability and armour ===

Designed to outrun any interceptors the designers at Breda opted to forego any kind of armour protection. A shame that the Lince ''cannot'' do that. While the central fuselage tank may shield from a few pursuit shots, any frontal attacks are very likely to take out the entire crew in a single burst. Its manoeuvrability also is not very good. Leading to an overall short service life in real life and game. Though the radial engines are rather resiliant, not that it improves the survivability much.
== Armaments ==
=== Offensive armament ===

{{main|Breda-SAFAT (12.7 mm)}}

The '''''{{PAGENAME}}''''' is armed with:

* 3 x 12.7 mm Breda-SAFAT machine guns, nose-mounted (375 rpg top + 425 rpg middle + 450 rpg bottom = 1,250 total)

The three heavy machine guns are arranged and located in the nose of the aircraft. Usually the slow firing Breda HMGs are a lackluster affair, but the addition of a third gun elevates the firepower to just mediocre. Each is armed with different amounts of ammunition, which when firing will run empty at different times. A very handy visual feedback in Simualtor Battles and a neat visual gimmick in other [[:Category:Game modes|game modes]].<br>
Both "Air Targets" and "Stealth" belts are great against aircraft with their IAI-bullets (high explosive rounds), albeit their fuses may not trigger on the canvas skins of biplanes. Against ground targets the API-T only "Tracer" belt is recommended.

=== Suspended armament ===

{{main|GP 50 (50 kg)|GP 100 (100 kg)}}

The '''''{{PAGENAME}}''''' can be outfitted with the following ordnance:

* Without load
* 3 x 50 kg GP 50 bombs (150 kg total)
* 3 x 100 kg GP 100 bombs (300 kg total)

In Realistic and Simulator battles the outer bomb pair drops first with a second drop available for the central third bomb. Due to the aircraft's slow change of momentum any dive bombing attempt below 600 m (2000 ft) may result in unplanned self-destruction. Unfortunately no bomb sight is available, nor does it feature a floor window for target acquisition. The plane's handling hardly changes with the payloads so the triple 100 kg one is always recommended.
=== Defensive armament ===

{{main|Breda-SAFAT (7.7 mm)}}

The '''''{{PAGENAME}}''''' is defended by:

* 1 x 7.7 mm Breda-SAFAT machine gun, dorsal turret (500 rpg)

Exists for the morale support of the pilot and may under lucky circumstances even grant a downed aircraft. The lower rate of fire and limited fire arc do not help it, though.
== Usage in battles ==

The Breda Ba.88 (P.XI) should be used to attack ground targets, for aerial maneuvers it simply lacks the grace or flying ability necessary. Yet even ground strafing can be difficult due to sluggishness and even deadly as the pilot is extremely vulnerable. Try to avoid enemy planes if possible, as any enemy that engages on its own accords may prove to be fatal. Also note the Ba.88 can carry bombs, but does not have air brakes or bomb sights, so one must manually slow down and estimate the payload release on target.<br>
Few viable ways of engaging enemy aircraft exist and all rely on surprising the hostile vehicle. Gaining altitude and diving on the enemy ("Boom") and then either climbing ("[[BnZ|Zoom]]") or [[BnR|running away]] in level flight are recommended. Albeit this heavy fighter will greatly lose speed in any maneuver hence any correction for leading the target should be avoided. Or else, one becomes a sitting duck... ''no, ducks can fly,'' falling brick in the air. Bombers and other arcraft with defensive armament should be avoided entirely.

=== Manual Engine Control ===
{| class="wikitable" style="text-align:center"
|-
! colspan="7" | MEC elements
|-
! rowspan="2" | Mixer
! rowspan="2" | Pitch
! colspan="3" | Radiator
! rowspan="2" | Supercharger
! rowspan="2" | Turbocharger
|-
! Oil !! Water !! Type
|-
| Controllable || Controllable<br>Not auto controlled || Controllable<br>Not auto controlled || Controllable<br>Not auto controlled || Separate || Not controllable<br>1 gear || Not controllable
|-
|}

=== Modules ===
{| class="wikitable"
! Tier
! colspan="2" | Flight performance
! Survivability
! colspan="2" | Weaponry
|-
| I
| Fuselage repair
| Radiator
|
| Offensive 12 mm
| MCGP50
|-
| II
|
| Compressor
| Airframe
| New 12 mm MGs
|
|-
| III
| Wings repair
| Engine
|
| Turret 7 mm
| MCSAP100
|-
| IV
|
|
| Cover
| New 7 mm MGs (turret)
|
|-
|}

=== Pros and cons ===

Nicknamed Lynx (Lince) the only resembles to this name is in the fact that you've been linked upon purchase. Which is a pun as bad as this plane can fly, and that in itself is a miracle as bricks usually cannot. Atleast it looks stylish.

'''Pros:'''

* Tremendous fuel load (33 minutes of fuel is the minimum)
* Reasonable armament with a high chance of igniting fuel tanks

'''Cons:'''

* Flying brick of an attacker
** Poor roll rate, turn time, rate of climb, top speed and anything really
** Will absolutely get murdered in a turn fight
* Lack of any armour for protection
* Plane is prone to pilot snipe
* Poor defensive armament
* Does not have bomb sight
* Dead weight in the line up

== History ==

The Breda Ba.88 was an Italian heavy fighter bomber that was made for the Regia Aeronautica's 1936 requirement for a twin engine heavy fighter capable of 329 mph, 2000 km range, and capable of carrying 20 mm cannons. It made its debut around late 1936 to 1937 and during its evaluation it was a promising design. Standard firepower of the plane was three 12.7 mm Breda SAFAT machine guns in the nose and a gunner in the dorsal turret with a 7.7 mm Breda SAFAT machine gun. The prototype aircraft flew with two Isotta-Fraschini K14 series while production models of the plane had two Piaggio P.XI RC.40 "Stella" 14-cylinder air-cooled radial engines capable of 1,000 hp each, setting several new world speed records in 1937, with speeds in the 550 km/h range. By 1938-39 the Breda Ba.88 came into production but it would be retired in 1941 with only 149 made, after only brief service in Libya in the summer of 1940. The plane was found to perform much more poorly with an operational bombload and unsuitable for the designated role of heavy fighter/assault.

== Media ==

{{Youtube-gallery|ry8QOqpVzFs|'''"War Thunder Realistic: Breda 88 (P.XI) <nowiki>[</nowiki>Fun Times<nowiki>]</nowiki>"''' by ''Jengar''|yVnlvK4kcJI|'''"Breda Ba.88 - <<The Sky Police!>>"''' by ''Bo Time Gaming''}}
* [https://live.warthunder.com/post/714836/en/ Skin: Semi-historical 7° Stormo camouflage - by ''_IronSun_'']
* [https://live.warthunder.com/post/718856/en/ Skin: Fictional Navy camouflage - ''_IronSun_'']

== See also ==

* [[Ba.65 (K.14) L]]
* [[Yak-2 KABB]]
* [[Br.693AB2]]
* [[J1N1]]
* [[Do 17 Z-7]]

== External links ==

* [https://forum.warthunder.com/index.php?/topic/363495-breda-ba88-lince/ <nowiki>[</nowiki>WT Forum<nowiki>]</nowiki> Breda Ba.88 discussion thread]
* [https://forum.warthunder.com/index.php?/topic/364960-breda-88-pxi/ <nowiki>[</nowiki>WT Forum<nowiki>]</nowiki> Breda Ba.88 Flight Model thread]
* [[wikipedia:Breda_Ba.88|<nowiki>[</nowiki>Wikipedia<nowiki>]</nowiki> Breda Ba.88]]
* [https://warthunder.com/en/news/4696-development-ba-88-lince-a-wild-spirit-en <nowiki>[</nowiki>WT Mainpage<nowiki>]</nowiki> Development announcement: ''"Breda Ba.88 Lince: A Wild Spirit"'']

{{Italy attackers}}

G.91 R/1

2019-11-02T15:11:00Z

U2363119: fixed links in Meda section, formatting External links

{{Specs-Card|code=fiat_g91_r1}}
{{About
| about = Italian jet fighter '''{{PAGENAME}}'''
| usage = other versions
| link = G.91 (Family)
}}

== Description ==

[[File:GarageImage_G.91_R_1.jpg|420px|thumb|left]]
{{break}}
The '''{{Specs|name}}''' (nicknamed ''"Gina"'') is a rank {{Specs|rank}} Italian jet fighter {{Battle-rating}}. It was introduced in [[Update 1.69 "Regia Aeronautica"]] along with the initial Italian aviation tree.<br>

A mid 50's Trans-sonic fighter ( < Mach 0.98) with ground attack abilities. Very manoeuvrable, but with a light offensive armament makes the G.91 with its young age a difficult starter aircraft into the jet era. Especially as it will fly in fierce competition in the sky, facing every sub- and trans-sonic aircraft and being smack in the middle performance-wise.<br>

There are little changes between the [[G.91 pre-serie|Pre-serie]], [[G.91 R/1|R/1]], [[G.91 R/3|R/3]] and the [[G.91 R/4|R/4]] and this guide can be considered universal for all listed aircraft.

== General info ==
=== Flight Performance ===

The G.91 was intended to replace the [[F-86A-5|F-86A Sabre]] in German, Portuguese and Italian service and it shows. With an empty weight of only 3,100 kg (6,800 lbs) and a takeoff weight of 5,500 kg (12,100 lbs) the Gina is in the weight class as the [[P-51D-5|P-51D]] and [[MiG-9]], yet severely lighter than most other jets and losing about one and a half tonnes compared to the Sabre A.
Although only outputting a meagre 22 kN of thrust this first look disadvantage is literally outweighed by the high thrust to weight ratio of 0.73 empty (0.41 full). This makes the Gina an excellent dogfighter as jet fighters maintain both their top speed, climb and sustained turn-rate by their engine power rather than other flight characteristics. It can easily reach its own terminal speed (1,011 km/h, 921 f/s) and self-destruct in level flight.<br>

Lacking in straight wings and leading wing slats the stall speed for the G.91 is quite higher than the low weight lets one assume. One should hence be wary of many older jet types with said features, as after bleeding too much speed they can easily outmanoeuvre the Gina.

Starting with 20 min of fuel, gaining the climb speed of 800 km/h IAS (sustainable @ 7-8°; 730 f/s) takes a mere ~80 seconds with 20 predicated for taking off at 230 km/h or 210 f/s IAS. An Immelmann at 800 km/h will gain 1000 m and loose 300 km/h. A hard 180° turn at the same speed takes >100 km/h and may lose up to 60 m.

{| class="wikitable" style="text-align:center"
|-
! colspan="8" | Characteristics
|-
! colspan="8" | ''Stock''
|-
! colspan="2" | Max Speed<br>(km/h at 0 m - at sea level)
! rowspan="2" | Max altitude<br>(meters)
! colspan="2" | Turn time<br>(seconds)
! colspan="2" | Rate of climb<br>(meters/second)
! rowspan="2" | Take-off run<br>(meters)
|-
! AB !! RB !! AB !! RB !! AB !! RB
|-
| 1,066 || 1,042 || {{Specs|ceiling}} || 27.4 || 27.9 || 30,1 || 29.2 || 850
|-
! colspan="8" | ''Upgraded''
|-
! colspan="2" | Max Speed<br>(km/h at 0 m - at sea level)
! rowspan="2" | Max altitude<br>(meters)
! colspan="2" | Turn time<br>(seconds)
! colspan="2" | Rate of climb<br>(meters/second)
! rowspan="2" | Take-off run<br>(meters)
|-
! AB !! RB !! AB !! RB !! AB !! RB
|-
| ??? || 1,084 || {{Specs|ceiling}} || ??.? || 26.0 || ??.? || 39 || 850
|-
|}

==== Details ====
{| class="wikitable" style="text-align:center"
|-
! colspan="5" | Features
|-
! Combat flaps !! Take-off flaps !! Landing flaps !! Air brakes !! Arrestor gear
|-
| ✓ || ✓ || ✓ || ✓ || X 
|-
|}

{| class="wikitable" style="text-align:center"
|-
! colspan="5" | Limits
|-
! rowspan="2" | Wing-break speed<br>(km/h)
! rowspan="2" | Gear limit<br>(km/h)
! rowspan="2" | Combat flaps<br>(km/h)
! colspan="2" | Max Static G
|-
! + !! -
|-
| {{Specs|destruction|constructions}} || {{Specs|destruction|chassis}} || 620 || ~10 || ~5
|-
|}

{| class="wikitable" style="text-align:center"
|-
! colspan="4" | Optimal velocities
|-
! Ailerons<br>(km/h)
! Rudder<br>(km/h)
! Elevators<br>(km/h)
! Radiator<br>(km/h)
|-
| < 800 || < 650 || < 660 || N/A
|-
|}

{| class="wikitable" style="text-align:center"
|-
! colspan="3" | Compressor (RB/SB)
|-
! colspan="3" | Setting 1
|-
! Optimal altitude
! 100% Engine power
! WEP Engine power
|-
| 0 m || 2,190 kgf || 2,212 kgf
|-
|}

=== Survivability and armour ===

At its rank there is little which cannot hurt the G.91. This is mostly due to the large calibres and fast-firing weapons found in the jet age, although the Gina does not help this issue. The armour is enough to withstand the occasional tank LMG fire but otherwise will only protect the pilot from shrapnel damage. Even though the centerline arrangement of all components proves to be quite survivable in combat, it does NOT lend itself for head-ons or prolonged chases. The former only leads to functional aircraft with a dead pilot and the latter to the reverse, which was in all likelihood the intended design in real life.

* 6.5 mm Steel - Behind, below and in front of the pilot
* 6.5 mm Steel - under central fuel tanks.
* 40 mm bulletproof glass - Armored windshield
* Critical components located down the midline of aircraft (fuel, pilot, engine, controls)
* Fuel tanks located in the central fuselage.

== Armaments ==
=== Offensive armament ===

The M3 Browning is a new weapon in the Italian arsenal at this 5th tier and compared to the previous experiences a letdown. The rate of fire is phenomenal, but the small calibre and ammo size put a serious damper to the mood, that is in comparison of course. In practice and with good aim, it can easily shred four fighters. The high bullet velocity and fire rate is quite the advantage in the fast-paced world of jet combat, ensuring hits in deflection shots were the lower rate of fire found in the [[:Category:Fifth_rank_aircraft|Soviet jet fighters]] might have failed the pilot.
Yet one will always look onto greener pastures, especially as the Gina only has four guns unlike all other Browning armed jets.<br>
No matter how you turn it, the armament is only manageable with skill and for a beginner outright bad.

{{main|Browning M3 (12.7 mm)}}

The '''''{{PAGENAME}}''''' is armed with:

* 4 x 12.7 mm Browning M3 machine guns, nose-mounted (300 rpg = 1,200 total)

=== Suspended armament ===

Mediocre. The G.91 is a fighter and it shows in the additional payloads. They should only be considered for a quick drop on the way to the combat zone, losing height/speed advantage in doing so, or once aerial dominance has already accomplished. Even then many other jets are way better suited for ground attacks.<br>
{{main|AN-M64A1 (500 lb)|FFAR Mighty Mouse}}

The '''''{{PAGENAME}}''''' can be outfitted with the following ordnance:

* Without load
* 2 x 500 lb AN-M64A1 bombs (1,000 lb total)
* 38 x FFAR Mighty Mouse rockets

The bombs are standard fare and often not worse the hassle with their low total yield. The FFAR rockets are a far better option allowing to tackle more than one target, even though they only work well against soft target and up to medium tanks.

== Usage in battles ==

Air superiority is the combat objective for the G.91 ''Gina'', anything else is secondary. In team games lure enemy fighters into extensive and excessive dogfights to allow your heavier and less nimble allies to Boom and Zoom or Boom and Run them. With their great thrust to weight ratio, the G.91 can maintain their energy superiority and in emergencies (such as non-existant teamplay) to disengage. Alternatively, standard Boom & Zoom is a considerable choice. Again the great acceleration allows for more energy-expensive manoeuvres and still disengage without much worry from the target. Such follies would be deadly in many other fighters, but the Gina is hence quite forgiving. In fact too forgiving, new pilots to the jet age need to lose old habits and the G.91 does not force one's hand.<br>

Against bombers and ground attack craft the G.91 lacks necessary firepower and it will take considerable ammo use to compensate for this. The measly protection against defensive fire makes this a dangerous task anyway and should thusly be left for better-equipped allies.<br>

The very same can be said for ground attacks. While being able to mount air-to-ground ordnance, the payload yield is minuscule. The FFAR pods are the only worthwhile consideration but run against the G.91's intended role of Air Superiority Fighter.

=== Manual Engine Control ===
{| class="wikitable" style="text-align:center"
|-
! colspan="7" | MEC elements
|-
! rowspan="2" | Mixer
! rowspan="2" | Pitch
! colspan="3" | Radiator
! rowspan="2" | Supercharger
! rowspan="2" | Turbocharger
|-
! Oil
! Water
! Type
|-
| Not controllable || rowspan="2" | Not controllable<br>Not auto controlled || rowspan="2" | Not controllable<br>Auto control available || rowspan="2" | Not controllable<br>Auto control available || rowspan="2" | Separate || rowspan="2" | Not controllable<br>1 gear || rowspan="2" | Not controllable
|-
|}

=== Modules ===
{| class="wikitable"
! Tier
! colspan="2" | Flight performance
! Survivability
! colspan="2" | Weaponry
|-
| I
| Fuselage repair
| Compressor
|
| Offensive 12 mm
|
|-
| II
| New boosters
|
| Airframe
|
| SBC-17
|-
| III
| Wings repair
| Engine
|
| New 12 mm MGs
|
|-
| IV
| G-suit
|
| Cover
|
| FFAR Mighty Mouse
|-
|}
A focus should be done on the engine modules, as the G.91 lives by its T/W ratio. New boosters is a double-edged sword, as without the G-Suit one is just blackout earlier. This oddly makes the Bomb unlock a tantalizing choice, especially in already won matches for farming on ground units before the game ends. Airframe and cover do little, the weight savings are very minor and without them, the G.91 can still easily reach top speeds and rip off its wings...
=== Pros and cons ===


'''Pros:'''

* Low weight, high thrust-to-weight ratio
** Great turn time for a jet; can give the MiG-15 a run for its money
** Great acceleration and climb rate
* 4 x M3 machine guns can be deadly if aimed correctly and used in close range

'''Cons:'''

* It has a slower speed relative to the jets it will encounter
* Short burst time due to low ammo count
* Limited ground attack abilities
* Bleeds off a lot of speed in a full elevator turn
* Can rip its wings off if you pull full elevator past 800 km/h

== History ==


The first production version of the G.91 was the G.91 R, which was intended for both close support and photo-reconnaissance. The first production aircraft was finished in 1959, and the R/1 entered Italian Air Force service with 14th Gruppe in March 1961. In total 48 of this model would be built, all serving with Italy, while the West Germans used the more powerfully armed R/3 and R/4 variants. These would be followed by another 50 R/1B combat aircraft.

Winner of the 1953 NATO light tactical support aircraft competition, the Fiat "Small Sabre" would be in production for 19 years, with 756 aircraft completed, with the last aircraft produced in 1977. It served in the Italian and West German air forces starting in 1961 and 1962 respectively.

The original competition specifications called for a jet able to carry 450 kg of ordnance with an operational radius of 180 km, assuming 10 minutes over the target, with a maximum speed of at least Mach 0.95 and a takeoff distance of no more than 1100m, on unprepared or grass runways. Eight aircraft competed in the first round, including the French Dassault Etendard (then called the Mystere XXVI) and the British Folland Gnat. The Etendard, the G.91 and a Breguet design were selected for the second round beginning in late 1957. Fiat went ahead with pre-production ("pre-serie" in Italian) aircraft, with first flight in August 1956, seven months ahead of its competitors. The crash of the first prototype due to aeroelastic vibrations in February 1957, proved a setback, but the G.91 entered the second round as scheduled and was announced as the winner in January 1958.

Critics said Fiat had just copied the F-86 Sabre, which it was manufactured under license, but these claims seem unwarranted. Operational service evaluations with the Italian air force's 103 Squadron ran from February to July 1959, leading to a West German decision to manufacture the aircraft under license.

== Media ==

{{Youtube-gallery|xnSwBP_D3aw|'''"How to fly the Fiat G.91R/1"''' by ''McChickenBites''|tCiqB569rTg|'''"The G.91 Is The Most Braindead Jet To Fly... But It's Still Fun"''' by ''SPITflyer''}}
* [https://live.warthunder.com/post/615164/en/ Skin: Fiat G.91 Luftwaffe Camo - by ''ChezThunderDash'']
* [https://live.warthunder.com/post/666735/en/ Skin: G.91 Littorio Kancolle Anime by ''Kurumi_TH'']

== See also ==


* [[F-86A-5|F-86A-5 Sabre]] - combat role predecessor
* [[La-15]] and [[Yak-30]] - similar flight style
* [[G.91 (Family)]]

== External links ==


* [https://forum.warthunder.com/index.php?/topic/363988-fiat-g91-discussion-thread/ <nowiki>[</nowiki>WT Forum<nowiki>]</nowiki> Fiat G.91 discussion thread]
* [https://forum.warthunder.com/index.php?/topic/364978-fiat-g91-r1/ <nowiki>[</nowiki>WT Forum<nowiki>]</nowiki> Flight Model Data Sheet]
* [[wikipedia:Fiat_G.91|<nowiki>[</nowiki>Wikipedia<nowiki>]</nowiki> Fiat G.91]]


{{Italy jet aircraft}}

User talk:U2363119

2019-11-02T12:47:43Z

U2363119: answered

==back from the gulag?==
Oh hi I remember you were the old wiki admin and you dropped off the map after saying you signed an NDA with Gaijin. Any chance of going back to doing those datamine tables/graphs or revealing where the data came from?--[[User:U30585107|U30585107]] ([[User talk:U30585107|talk]]) 02:28, 2 November 2019 (UTC)<br>
* The datamining was not done by me entirely and was more from a fruitful friendship/contact between one of the Wiki Editors and the WT Dev team who were so kind to share their data. However said Editor is no longer on team and the wiki has changed development (afaik! I am part of the [[WSP]] due to time constraints). Now the datamining, as seen with the new Spec cards, is done on server which is '''''WAY''''' more convenient than the old MatLab + Autoclick software (because Wikipedia does not allow for automatic library hosting AND site upgrades by default by design).<br>Obviously I cannot go into further details due to reasons you yourself have posted. Please watch the news [[War_Thunder_Wiki:News]] for any development.<br>P.S: I always liked the jet thrust charts and I'll look into restoring some, as the general performance has not changed for many of them.<br>No, I was never in Gulag, just quite busy with life. NDAs are quite common irl and are not the harbingers the web makes them out to be.--[[User:U2363119|U2363119]] ([[User talk:U2363119|talk]]) 12:47, 2 November 2019 (UTC)

User:U2363119

2019-11-02T01:07:58Z

U2363119: "Programmed" (totally not copied from AN TRN) userbox entries. And thank you AN_TRN_26 for welcoming and remembering me :)

{{DISPLAYTITLE:SupermarioPS - Pilot, WSP member and little else}}

[[File:Ju88A4invicformationWarThunder.png|thumb|1000px|center|Picture from a Community FRB (old SB) event I used to organize. Flying in formation was a much more common practice in early War Thunder, for the 20 mm cannons could did bugger all.]]

Greetings lurker of this fine Game Wiki. \o/ {{Userbox/Windows}}{{Userbox/Favorite vehicle|arado-234|}}{{Userbox/Favorite vehicle|tempest_mkv|country}}{{Userbox/Favorite vehicle|mc-202_italy|country rank}}

I am your host SupermarioPS, old dog of quite many games and pilot within War Thunder since public beta 1.27. Heck from 2014 till early 2016 I was the Head of this Wiki. And in these times, much have I seen: German Blue Beans, Manned-Cruised-162-Missiles, fly worthy fortresses, armour meta, sparking rounds, Space Corsairs and rank 20. My eyes saw M108 duel with Panzerkampfwagen Eight, He 112 versus F7Us... no wait, that still happpens. Eh, I lost my line of thought, a distraction, outdated memes!

Used to be the sole fool driving the T95 Doom Turtle... when it still had the one shot cupolas. Even wrote a [https://forum.warthunder.com/index.php?/topic/243508-tales-of-the-doom-turtle-%E2%80%93-the-blog/ short blog] on my forlorn and foregone adventures.

{{Userbox/Favorite vehicle|us_t95|game}}
Praise the holy, pure and godssmite Mk103<br>
As we are unworthy of it´s grants and gifts.<br>
Thou shell the anti-god Mk108 be forgotten<br>
The Oblivion it´s cage to eternity.<br>
So let us pray.<br>

''Dear Mk103,''

''pliz gib me maaany Big Bombers 2 shut dawn.''

''Needz moneyz/xp asap.''

''thx, yo homey''

''Dear allmighty smite in the sky!''

''Hear my Voice oh glory Maschinenkanone 1 0 3''

''Sent my foes into the abyss of oblivion''

''And thou minds in the pit of despair.''

''Let men rule once more the beauty blue''

''MINENGESCHOSS'' (/AMEN)

Also do not let me die of cringe or the outdated references. Written in 2014...

'''''Legendary Rank 24'''''

Congratulations, pilot! You are the proud owner of the only Tier 24 plane in the game. Read this instruction booklet to use your brand new, jet-powered, sleek-looking, envy-inducing, bomb-dropping sexy Arado!

Taking off should be easy, the winds of whatever battlefield you're currently on will recognise the Arado as the avatar of the god of wind, Zephyrus, and softly lift your maginificent creation of awesome from the ground and carry you gently upwards to your destination.

On your comfortable and divine journey towards bomb-targets, you might see enemy fighters closing in on you. Perhaps you frantically search for any armament on your glorious plane, fruitlessly. Fear not, however, for the Arado does not need weapons. The American/British/Russian fighterpilots merely fly to the bright light (like a second sun) in the distance until they finally are close enough to feel the warmth of the holy being that is your carriage. They shall wheep and land their planes, unable to comprehend the beauty they witnessed, or they (with evil in their heart) will burst into flames because they cannot withstand so much Good.

When you're over your bombing targets (which shouldn't take long, because your joyous flight is shortened by your immense speed) you might hear voices cry out in prayer. These are your targets, welcoming your payload because they know it brings peace and joy.

Simply smile and drop your bombs, after which you can safely land on any flat surface that is at minimum 3 feet long. After you have come to a complete stop, you are free to shed a manly tear of joy.

[http://www.reddit.com/r/Warthunder/comments/27z159/what_to_do_in_the_arado/ci5s5dn Source]

User:U2363119

2019-11-01T23:40:26Z

U2363119: Personal User Page. Copy and updated from old Wiki's user page wiki.warthunder.com/index.php?title=User:SupermarioPS

[[File:Ju88A4invicformationWarThunder.png|frame|center|Picture from a Community FRB (old SB) event I used to organize. Flying in formation was a much more common practice in early War Thunder, for the 20 mm cannons could did bugger all.]]

Greetings lurker of this fine Game Wiki. \o/

I am your host SupermarioPS, old dog of quite many games and pilot within War Thunder since public beta 1.27. Heck from 2014 till early 2016 I was the Head of this Wiki. And in these tiems, much have I seen: German Blue Beans, Manned-Cruised-162-Missiles, fly worthy fortresses, armour meta, sparking rounds, Space Corsairs and rank 20. My eyes saw M108 duel with Panzerkampfwagen Eight, He 112 versus F7Us... no wait, that still happpens. Eh, I lost my line of thought, a distraction, outdated memes!

Praise the holy, pure and godssmite Mk103<br>
As we are unworthy of it´s grants and gifts.<br>
Thou shell the anti-god Mk108 be forgotten<br>
The Oblivion it´s cage to eternity.<br>
So let us pray.<br>

''Dear Mk103,''

''pliz gib me maaany Big Bombers 2 shut dawn.''

''Needz moneyz/xp asap.''

''thx, yo homey''

''Dear allmighty smite in the sky!''

''Hear my Voice oh glory Maschinenkanone 1 0 3''

''Sent my foes into the abyss of oblivion''

''And thou minds in the pit of despair.''

''Let men rule once more the beauty blue''

''MINENGESCHOSS'' (/AMEN)

Also do not let me die of cringe or the outdated references. Written in 2014...

'''''Legendary Rank 24'''''

Congratulations, pilot! You are the proud owner of the only Tier 24 plane in the game. Read this instruction booklet to use your brand new, jet-powered, sleek-looking, envy-inducing, bomb-dropping sexy Arado!

Taking off should be easy, the winds of whatever battlefield you're currently on will recognise the Arado as the avatar of the god of wind, Zephyrus, and softly lift your maginificent creation of awesome from the ground and carry you gently upwards to your destination.

On your comfortable and divine journey towards bomb-targets, you might see enemy fighters closing in on you. Perhaps you frantically search for any armament on your glorious plane, fruitlessly. Fear not, however, for the Arado does not need weapons. The American/British/Russian fighterpilots merely fly to the bright light (like a second sun) in the distance until they finally are close enough to feel the warmth of the holy being that is your carriage. They shall wheep and land their planes, unable to comprehend the beauty they witnessed, or they (with evil in their heart) will burst into flames because they cannot withstand so much Good.

When you're over your bombing targets (which shouldn't take long, because your joyous flight is shortened by your immense speed) you might hear voices cry out in prayer. These are your targets, welcoming your payload because they know it brings peace and joy.

Simply smile and drop your bombs, after which you can safely land on any flat surface that is at minimum 3 feet long. After you have come to a complete stop, you are free to shed a manly tear of joy.

[http://www.reddit.com/r/Warthunder/comments/27z159/what_to_do_in_the_arado/ci5s5dn Source]

File:Ju88A4invicformationWarThunder.png

2019-11-01T23:16:20Z

U2363119:

{| class="wikitable"
|-
|Description || A "Kette" (vic formation) of [[Ju_88_A-4|Ju 88 A-4]] in flight over Kuban. [https://forum.warthunder.com/index.php?/topic/175640-sunday-14th-of-september-operation-barbarossa-frb-community-event/ FRB Community Event]
|-
|Date || 15 September 2014
|-
|Author ||SupermarioPS
|}

[[Category:In-game screenshots]]

Beginner's guide to fleet battles

2019-11-01T13:59:29Z

U2363119: Copy and fix from the Beginner's_guide_to_tank_battles, several empty segments present (vessel classes, nation styles, gameplay)

{{DISPLAYTITLE:Beginner's Guide to Naval Battles}}

Welcome to the '''Naval Battles''' mode of War Thunder! This guide will help get a player on their feet in trying out War Thunder naval warfare.

[[File:Img ship.png|x420px|frameless|right]]
__TOC__

= Getting started in War Thunder =

This section's purpose is to get the player adequately ready in jumping into a War Thunder naval battle, starting from choosing a nation towards joining a battle.

== Choosing a nation==
With five nations in the game as of [[Update 1.93 ''"Shark Attack"'']], there are lots of starting points to choose from for the War Thunder naval career. These descriptions will cover the first impressions of each country and the trends in navy characteristics as a player progresses in the tech tree.

{{notice|Do note that these are very general descriptions of the tech tree and that individual ships present in each nation can have their own characteristics that may differ from the trends.}}

==== [[File:USA flag.png|50px|link=Category:USA_ships]] USA ====
Coming out of WW2 as the premier naval power the US Navy has a lot to offer and a great synergy with its available [[:Category:USA_aircraft|air support]].

'''Starters:'''
{{Break}}

'''Tech Tree trends:'''
{{Break}}

==== [[File:Germany flag.png|50px|link=Category:Germany_ships]] Germany ====
Though the Kriegsmarine in WW2 was chiefly active in submarine warfare, it does not limit the variety and effectiveness of the surface fleet in War Thunder.

'''Starters:'''
{{Break}}

'''Tech Tree trends:'''
{{Break}}

==== [[File:USSR flag.png|50px|link=Category:USSR_ships]] USSR ====
'''Starters:'''
{{Break}}

'''Tech Tree trends:'''
{{Break}}

==== [[File:Britain flag.png|50px|link=Category:Britain_ships]] Britain ====
'''Starters:'''
{{Break}}

'''Tech Tree trends:'''
{{Break}}

==== [[File:Japan flag.png|50px|link=Category:Japan_ships]] Japan ====
'''Starters:'''
{{Break}}

'''Tech Tree trends:'''
{{Break}}



== Preparing for the first match ==
Before starting up the first naval match, it is recommended for all players to play the tutorial section in-game to be familiarized with the ship steering and damage mechanics of the game.

To enter the tutorial form the menu, go to "Battles" at the top left corner to the left of the "Community" tab. A drop down menu should appear, with "Tutorials" appearing fourth from the top. From there, the tutorial titled ''Basic tutorial course: "Motor Boat Control Basis"'' should be completed, with bonuses in currency and a crewslot added once completed.

Now, it is time to select the game mode for the match. For any newcomers, Arcade mode is recommended as there will be assist markers available for shell trajectory and automatic firing range setting that helps new players understand where their shots will go at long range, and how to lead appropriately. As experience is earned while playing the game, the player may choose to join realistic battles for a more immersed gameplay experience.

Once a mode is set, click the large, orange "To Battle!" button to join a queue for game match to be made!

For more details on the game modes for ships, [[Beginner%27s_guide_to_fleet_battles#Game_modes|click here!]]

==Fighting in the first match==
Once a match has been chosen, the map and objective will be laid out for the player.

The first thing encountered upon joining a match is a vehicle and ammo selection screen, with vehicle selection done atop and ammunition done in the center. The next thing to take note of is a map of the battlefield on the right side, where the primary objectives for the battle are shown.

Most objectives in the game rely on the capture and control of strategic points, with the game mode being called "Conquest" or "Domination" depending on the number of capture points available. These points are captured simply by moving into the bordered circle area with the enemy removed from it.

However, the ease of capturing these points may be hampered by the terrain of each map, torpedoes ''en'' route or even mines ''on'' route, not to mention the enemy vessels shooting. To avert an early demise, take time and assess the situation. The mini-map and the map screen (default key: "M") are a great help to gain '''situational awareness'''. Then start planning a route towards the target point using said mini-map.

{{Notice
|The best penetrating ammunition is not necessarily the most optimal round to fight with in War Thunder, as other factors such as round type (AP, APCBC, etc.), angle of attack effect, and explosive filler are to be considered as well. Though '''A'''rmour '''P'''iercing ammunition may have a large amount of penetration potential, they often have less explosive filler and can over penetrate the enemy ships. Thus only leaving two sizable holes but little else for the fuse failed to trigger. On the other hand '''H'''igh '''E'''xplosive shells may do little to armoured ships. For more details on ammo type, see ''[[Fleet ammunition|this page]]''.

When selecting ammo type and numbers, bringing all available ammunition into the battle increases the presence of [[Ammo_racks|ammo racks]] in the vessel which, when hit, are more likely to detonate and instantly destroy the ship!
|!
}}

Once these considerations are taken into account, click any of the orange "To Battle!" buttons; the large one on the bottom right or the ones above the vehicle icon (or double-click on a vehicle icon) to spawn into the fight!

Breathing salty air and engines full speed ahead, the one thing to keep in mind is to '''''play the objective'''''. Because even if one side manages to knock out more total vessels than the enemy, if the foe retains the capture points, they will win by draining the ticket counter. Plus, taking these points result in a nice reward and score boost, so there's something in it for not just for the team, but for the individual!

Maneuvering the battlefield takes skill and familiarity with the steering characteristics. Bea-lining a straight path towards the objective just allows the enemy to lead their fire with ease. Use the terrain for cover and concealment under smoke, fog, or behind hills, and allied wreckage, etc. Exploting one's vessel speed and shift allows for steering through long range incomming fire and traversing difficult seas (river deltas, archipelago ) to get around predictable routes, catching the enemy by surprise. Prior leg work such as good positioning and team work will greatly improve one's success once entering combat.

Every encounter with an enemy, like in most player-versus-player games, is a test of wits and initiative. A good mindset to have is to not view exposure as a mere state, but rather as a conscious, active decision. Every second of exposure represents a risk one should be aware of. Try to surprise the enemies by attacking on their flanks. When you must move into an area that is watched or even under enemy control, remember to pre-aim your turrets and aim your weapon to do as much damage as you can with your first shot. This means aiming for either armament to prevent any return fire or going all in and aiming for the ammo storage.

The reward at the end of a match is largely determined by whether you have won or lost the match, and the outcome of the match is largely determined by who possesses the capture points. This, coupled with the fact that a point capture carries a higher reward than destroying an enemy, means capturing points is a first priority. Even having more targets destroyed and losing can net a smaller result than less targets destroyed and winning.

Congratulations! You have experienced your first naval match in War Thunder (or at least one that you have a good awareness on what's actually happening). However, there's more to War Thunder than just blasting away at the enemy.

==After the first match==
Now that you know how to fight and win battles, it is now time to use that experience to advance your placement in the tech tree you have chosen.

As more battles are fought, research points are earned towards upgrading the ship and progressing the tech tree. We'll relay how to do each step here.

===Upgrades===
Upgrading ship comes down to two factors, unlocking modifications for the modules and training the crew.

====Modules and modifications====
{{main|Modifications}}

In the menu, there is the option to unlock modifications for the vessel in question. These are divided into three categories: Seakeeping, Unsinkability, and Firepower. Seakeeping upgrades the engine maintenance, propeller replacement, and dry-docking. Unsinkability upgrades survivability potential with repairs, fire extinguishers, and shrapnel protection. Firepower upgrades turret characteristics, accuracy, and unlocks new ammunition to be used. These are researched and unlocked one by one, and as the criteria is met, the next tier of modifications can be unlocked to further enhance the ship.

In any ship, it is recommended to always focus on unlocking these two modifications, which happen to both be in the protection column.

* ''Tool Set'' — This is due to otherwise being unable to repair critical modules on the battlefield. By default, only track damage could be repaired anywhere on the battlefield and repairs can be done on captured points. However, repairs to critical modules such as the gun, turret, transmission, and engine would be impossible away from a captured point without the ''Parts'' modification.
* ''Fire Protection System'' (referred to as ''"FPE"'' by the community) is very important for combat survival as these are the most viable way to extinguish ship fires (outside of sinkingto the ocean floor). Without this, a simple fire will slowly chip away at module health, eventually leading to ammo combustion that will knock out the vessel from the game.

Past these, the priority of modifications to upgrade can vary from different ships and should be consulted on individual vessel pages on which modules are more important to research.

====Crew skills====
{{main|Crew skills}}

Arguably one of the least looked at part of vessel upgrades, crew skills can play a big role in the firepower and survivability. Unlike modifications, the training of a crew are specific to the crew slot in the line-up and can be transferable to any boat the crew is using (except "Expert" and "Ace" status, these are ship and crew specific).

Crew information can be reached on the left drop-right menu on the screen with the middle button for the selected crew (under "Vehicle Information" and above the "Favourite Achievements" button). From here, "Crew Training" would direct the player to a screen that would show the following tabs:



Each have their own unique skills to help enhance the ship in their role. Upgrading each trait in a crew tab with the earned Crew XP Points would add a 0.5 point to the overall crew level. Each skill that can be upgraded is detailed more on the [[Crew skills|crew skills]] page.

Once a certain crew level is reached with crew upgrades, they can enter "Qualification" to become enhanced to one specific ship. The first stage would be "Expert" which adds 3 point to every crew skill for the cost of several Silver Lions {{Sl}}. The impact can be quite noticeable once put into a match.

After an "Expert" qualification is gained, the next step past a maxed out "Expert" crew is the "Ace" status, which enhances the reward to an additional 5 point to every crew skill. However, earning this status is much harder and requires either Golden Eagles {{Ge}} or a huge amount of experiences to achieve.

===Progression===
Upon selecting your preferred tech tree, you will then being the gradual process of unlocking, researching, and purchasing shipss down a column to progress towards the next vessel type.

Progression is restricted by two factors in the tech tree, vehicle unlock criteria per rank and ship branch connection. Each rank past the first has a criteria of the number of ships that must be researched and purchased before the next rank's vehicles could be researched. Ships are then linked via an arrow branching from one vessel to the next. These arrows indicate that the prior ship must be researched before the next ship could be researched, and purchased before the next ship could be purchased.

Ships restricted from being researched are noted by being under a dark red overlay, with indications that the vessel is locked.

====Matchmaking====
{{main|Matchmaker|Battle ratings}}

While ranks are important for progression, they are not the deciding factor on what types of battles you enter.

Matchmaking in the game is solely based on [[Battle_ratings|battle ratings]], which are indicated by a numerical value on the lower right corner of a vehicle box (or on top of a stat card). The rank of a vehicle does not play a part in this matchmaking process, and so a rank II vessel can be evenly matched with a rank III vehicle if both have the same battle rating.

Matchmaking in naval battles is sorted by the highest battle rating in the line-up and then battling against enemies within a battle rating range of ± 1.0. For example, a player enters a battle with a line-up with a maximum battle rating of 2.3, causing the player to join a match potentially between 1.3 to 3.3 in battle ratings. This is further divided into groups separated by a value of 1.0, so matches would consist of vehicles in the 1.3-2.3, 1.7-2.7, 2.0-3.0 and 2.3-3.3 vehicles. This develops into the concepts of "uptier" and "downtier" as coined by the community, where "uptier" would be placing the 2.3 line-up in a 2.3-3.3 match, while a "downtier" would be in a 1.3-2.3 match.

Always consult the statistics cards for ships when creating a line up. Also remember that every vehicle have a different battle ranking and stats card in different game modes. To change which stats card you are looking at, simply click on the mode view option at the bottom right of the research tree.

= Advanced considerations =
Aside from turning that diamond-shape symbol on the capture point into a blue color and destroying enemy vessels, there are more intricate details to cover when detailing how to play the game more deeply than shoot-and-scoot.

==Vehicle usage==
Here we detail the typical usage of each vehicle type in a battle.

{{notice|It should be pointed out that when choosing a vehicle to load into a battle, not every ship in the game is optimal for every situation. For example, it would probably be unwise to spawn in a slow Gun Boat when the last objective is six miles out and five minutes before match ends. A quicker Torpedo Boat may be less armed but could still arrive in time for a capture.

These situations are the reason why a diverse line up is usually good, as you cannot predict what map or match you will get, so the naval line up has to be suitable for most/all maps. In addition, later into the game, the second, third, and proceeding vehicles you choose can impact the game. If your team needs to quickly capture the "A" point to avoid a loss, you want a fast-moving vehicle to get there quickly to stop the "ticket bleed".}}

Without further ado, here's a general "doctrine" on how each ship type are to perform on the battlefield.

==== Torpedo Boats ====
==== Gun Boats ====
===== Sub Chaser =====
===== Minesweeper =====
===== Barges =====
===== Armorued Gun Boat =====
==== Destroyers ====
==== Cruisers ====
===== Light Cruisers =====
===== Heavy Cruisers =====
====Aircraft====
Aircraft in naval battles, whether unlocked through the point system in Arcade Battles or player-owned in Realistic Battles, can help give the team an edge with supplementary air power in a combined-arms role. These too are separated into roles of emphasis in naval battles.

* ''Fighters'' should primarily be focused on protecting the air space against enemy aircraft that come in to intercept friendly aircraft or attack sea units. The best strategy to destroy enemy planes is to gain a higher altitude than them, then dive and shoot them down. If no enemy planes are present, strafing the enemy naval units to harass them also fits fighter duty, but the most important role you can be is act as an aerial reconnaissance for your team, relaying where each enemy is on the map. Staying at a high altitude or taking evasive manoeuvres would be necessary if an enemy vessel opens with dedicated anti-air fire.
** Alternatively, fighters can be armed with bombs and rockets in a ''Fighter-bomber'' role to attack sea units. Note that this sacrifices the plane's ability to fight other aircraft so long as these armaments are on the aircraft, and the aircraft's performance in this role varies as they are not designed for the purpose of attacking sea units.
* ''Attackers'' and ''Dive-bombers'' should both focus on targeting individual sea units and eliminating them with either cannon-armaments on the aircraft or the available bombs and rockets.
** ''Attackers'' come in at a low altitude with their relatively armoured air frame to get better accuracy onto target. Due to their low altitude of attack, equipped bombs should be set on delay to avoid the bomb blast and shrapnel on the ground from affecting the aircraft.
** ''Dive-bombers'' rely on coming in from a high altitude towards the ground to directly deliver a bomb onto target. Air-brakes are available on most of these aircraft to help slow down the dive to allow for an easier adjustment of aim and also to be easier to pull up from the dive.
* ''Bombers'' are more preferred for a carpet-bombing of an area to eliminate the enemy. These should be retained at high altitude to avoid anti-aircraft fire as most bombers lack the maneuverability owing to their size from dodging enemy fire.

==Gameplay==
Outside of the written guide here, there are several YouTube tutorials provided by War Thunder to further enhance your experience, as listed here:

{{Youtube-gallery||}}

Beyond those videos, here are some details to consider when playing in a match.

=== Support ===

=== Protecting a capture point ===


=== Flanking ===

=== Brawling ===

==Game modes==
Should you wish for more excitement in your game play, there are other modes to try out with their own perks!

{{notice|Simulator Battles features are assumed to also match Realistic Battle's unless stated otherwise.}}

{| class="wikitable"
|-
! colspan="3" | Naval Forces - Features by Game Mode
|-
! Arcade (AB) !! Realistic (RB) !! Simulator (SB)<br>not yet ingame
|-
|
* Rangefinder always enabled
* 3D markers indicate enemy and friendly vehicles and range
* Scoreboard shows vehicle composition of both teams
* Engine power is enhanced
* No player-owned aircraft - only selected match spawns available
* Limited to three spawns
|
* No aim or penetration indicator available
* Manual rangefinder
* 3D markers indicate only friendly vehicles
* Scoreboard shows vehicle composition of only player's team
* Engine power matches real life specifications
* Player aircraft can be brought in and used
* Spawn using "Respawn Points" earned through contributing actions in the match
|
|-
|}

As mentioned earlier, the Arcade Battle mode is the recommended starter mode since it is forgiving to beginners with assists in firepower (aim and range indicators) and mobility (enhanced engine power) to help be familiarized around the mechanics of the game. Once comfortable with the game, Realistic Battles can be considered for further immersion into the War Thunder battles. Realistic battles, owing to their more complicated game style, also offer enhanced rewards after a battle.

=Other tips for beginners=
There is a lot of things to learn about War Thunder, so much so that all other tips are placed here! Here are some tips we can give you if you're still new to War Thunder Naval Battles and want some advice, or for ideas on how to fight certain vehicles.

* Mastering the different camera viewpoints is vital to naval battles:
** '''Gunner view''', named ''Sniper mode'' in the controls option, is necessary to make accurate shots at long-distance targets or to hit weak spots.
** '''Binoculars''' in the controls option, is necessary to gain an overview without moving or de-aiming your turrets.
** '''Turret view''', which is the zoomed-in exterior (third-person) view, useful for close-quarter combat (especially on archipelago maps).

* '''''Use your binoculars''', it's free''. This [[Hints|ingame hint]] points at a major element of ''Naval Forces'': spotting enemies before they spot you. Being able to surprise enemies to land the first hit is the best way to win a a fight.

* The '''[[Towing|towing hook]]''' (default keybind: 0) actually works pretty well if you respect these two rules:
** '''Point of attachment''': if you want to roll and right a vessel back on its keel, attach the hook at the top (aiming with the mouse and pressing the hook key), then sail perpendicular to its hull. The goal is to ''pull'' the top of the ship, not ''drag'' the bottom across the sea floor or sand bank.

*Do not leave a battle if you can still respawn. Not only will you be ditching your team, you will also get a [[Crew_lock|Crew Lock]], which prevents you from using whichever vehicles receive the lock.

[[Category:Fleet]]
[[Category:Articles]]
[[Category:Custom articles]]

Z.1007 bis serie 5

2019-11-01T00:01:49Z

U2363119: Major update. Merged information from Z.1007 bis serie 3, moved existing text

{{Specs-Card|code=z_1007_bis_serie5}}
{{About
| about = Italian bomber '''{{PAGENAME}}'''
| usage = the other version
| link = Z.1007 bis serie 3
}}

== Description ==

[[File:GarageImage_{{PAGENAME}}.jpg|420px|thumb|left]]
{{break}}
The '''{{Specs|name}}''' ''"Alcione" (Kingfisher)'' is a rank {{Specs|rank}} Italian bomber {{Battle-rating}}. It was introduced in [[Update 1.69 "Regia Aeronautica"]].

The Z.1007 bis serie 5 is a relatively versatile medium bomber, sacrificing defensive armament and instead focusing on speed in order to avoid interception. It has a relatively decent bomb-load with several options for use against different kinds of targets from AA, pillboxes, tanks to ships.

The Z.1007 bis is a distinct upgrade over the [[S.M.79 (Family)|SM.79 series]] in every aspect. It can carry an extra 6 x 100 kg bombs on external racks in addition to the internal 2 x 500 kg bombs, which is 600 kg more than any of the SM.79 series can carry. This load-out is the best one against bases. It can also carry an extra 250 kg bomb over the SM.79 series for a total of 6 x 250 kg bombs. This payload is better for destroying tanks, but requires precise aim to destroy pillboxes; the 500 kg bombs may be more forgiving if attacking them from altitude. It can also carry a single torpedo for use against shipping.

In order to make up for the weak power output of Italian engines, the Z.1007 bis has the tri-motor configuration characteristic of Italian bombers. The combined horsepower of the three engines provides decent flight performance, but losing even a single engine will immensely degrade it. The Z.1007 bis is also faster than the SM.79 series, which is fortunate because it has a relatively poor defensive armament despite its good coverage. The dorsal turret can cover 360 degrees, but is armed with only one of the relatively weak Italian 12.7 mm machine guns. The beam 7.7 mm guns are effectively worthless, and should not be depended upon. The ventral 12.7 mm machine gun provides limited coverage to attacks from below.

Compared to its earlier predecessor the [[Z.1007 bis serie 3|serie 3]] it features a twin tail (Italian: ''bideriva'') and a miniscule better top speed.

== General info ==
=== Flight Performance ===

Alright maneuverability at slow speeds with a bad roll rate the Z.1007 is a generic medium bomber with expectable performance and decent speed to its name. The elevator starts to slowly lock up above 200 km/h and continues to do so in a linear fashion, however it neatly prevents overstressing and breaking the wings with G-forces. Compared to the S.M.79 it lacks combat flaps and leading slats, increasing the stall speed. Further the Z.1007 also features worse lock up and comparable maneuverability. Fortunately the acceleration and top speed are far better, yet the Alcione will not outrun any fighter or heavy fighter, too.

{| class="wikitable" style="text-align:center"
|-
! colspan="8" | Characteristics
|-
! colspan="8" | ''Stock''
|-
! colspan="2" | Max Speed<br>(km/h at 4,500 m)
! rowspan="2" | Max altitude<br>(meters)
! colspan="2" | Turn time<br>(seconds)
! colspan="2" | Rate of climb<br>(meters/second)
! rowspan="2" | Take-off run<br>(meters)
|-
! AB
! RB
! AB
! RB
! AB
! RB
|-
| 438 || 424 || {{Specs|ceiling}} || 33.0 || 34.0 || 4.8 || 4.7 || 450
|-
! colspan="8" | ''Upgraded''
|-
! colspan="2" | Max Speed<br>(km/h at 4,500 m)
! rowspan="2" | Max altitude<br>(meters)
! colspan="2" | Turn time<br>(seconds)
! colspan="2" | Rate of climb<br>(meters/second)
! rowspan="2" | Take-off run<br>(meters)
|-
! AB
! RB
! AB
! RB
! AB
! RB
|-
| 464 || 450 || {{Specs|ceiling}} || 31.1 || 32.0 || 7.7 || 6.2 || 450
|-
|}

====Details====
{| class="wikitable" style="text-align:center"
|-
! colspan="5" | Features
|-
! Combat flaps
! Take-off flaps
! Landing flaps
! Air brakes
! Arrestor gear
|-
| X || ✓ || ✓ || X || X 
|-
|}

{| class="wikitable" style="text-align:center"
|-
! colspan="5" | Limits
|-
! rowspan="2" | Wing-break speed<br>(km/h)
! rowspan="2" | Gear limit<br>(km/h)
! rowspan="2" | Combat flaps<br>(km/h)
! colspan="2" | Max Static G
|-
! +
! -
|-
| {{Specs|destruction|constructions}} || {{Specs|destruction|chassis}} || N/A || ~3 || ~1
|-
|}

{| class="wikitable" style="text-align:center"
|-
! colspan="4" | Optimal velocities
|-
! Ailerons<br>(km/h)
! Rudder<br>(km/h)
! Elevators<br>(km/h)
! Radiator<br>(km/h)
|-
| < 260 || < 270 || < 270 || > 200
|-
|}

{| class="wikitable" style="text-align:center"
|-
! colspan="3" | Compressor (RB/SB)
|-
! colspan="3" | Setting 1
|-
! Optimal altitude
! 100% Engine power
! WEP Engine power
|-
| 4,000 m || 1,000 hp || N/A
|-
|}

=== Survivability and armour ===

Being an all wooden design and designed as a fast bomber the Z.1007 lacks any sort of protection and solely relies on its speed to survive on the battlefield. Despite the lack of armour it takes a few shots to pilot snipe from the rear as in the narrow fuselage the gunners act literal meat shields, quite macabre.
== Armaments ==
=== Suspended armament ===

{{main|:Category:Suspended armaments|l1=Suspended armaments}}

The '''''{{PAGENAME}}''''' can be outfitted with the following ordnance:
* 18 x 50 kg GP 50 bombs (900 kg total)
* 18 x 100 kg GP 100 bombs (1,800 kg total)
* 1 x 450 mm F200/450 torpedo
* 4 x 250 kg GP 250 bombs + 12 x 100 kg GP 100 bombs (2,200 kg total)
* 6 x 250 kg GP 250 bombs + 3 x 50 kg GP 50 bombs (1,650 kg total)
* 6 x 250 kg GP 250 bombs + 3 x 100 kg GP 100 bombs (1,800 kg total)
* 2 x 500 kg GP 500 bombs + 6 x 100 kg GP 100 bombs (1,600 kg total)
* 2 x 500 kg GP 500 bombs + 4 x 250 kg GP 250 bombs (2,000 kg total)
* 1 x 800 kg GP 800 bomb + 3 x 50 kg GP 50 bombs (950 kg total)
* 1 x 800 kg GP 800 bomb + 3 x 100 kg GP 100 bombs (1,100 kg total)
* 1 x 800 kg GP 800 bomb + 9 x 100 kg GP 100 bombs (1,700 kg total)
* 1 x 800 kg GP 800 bomb + 4 x 250 kg GP 250 bombs + 3 x 100 kg GP 100 bombs (2,100 kg total)

Many payload option utilize the wing mounts and consequently reduce the crucial top speed. However only using the internal bomb bay limits the ordnance to a mere 1100 kg total. Depending on load-out option the external bombs may even drop last e.g. the heaviest last one. In average a single Z.1007 can take out 1.5x bases in an uptier and close to 2x in a downtier.
Noteworthy is the internally mounted torpedo. The F200/450 is with a drop speed of 300 km/h @ max. 100 m altitude (273 f/s @ 328 feet) quite mediocre, but features a very high in water speed of 80 km/h (73 f/s).

=== Defensive armament ===

{{main|Scotti M1933 (12.7 mm)|Breda-SAFAT (12.7 mm)|Breda-SAFAT (7.7 mm)}}

The '''''{{PAGENAME}}''''' is defended by:
* 1 x 12.7 mm Breda-SAFAT machine gun, ventral turret (350 rpg)
* 1 x 12.7 mm Scotti M1933 machine gun, dorsal turret (350 rpg)
* 1 x 7.7 mm Breda-SAFAT machine gun, 2 x beam turrets (500 rpg)

Worse than average the defensive turrets can only boast decent firing arcs, ventral and dorsal turret feature overlapping rear fields of fire. However a frontal gun is missing entirely and is only covered by turning the dorsal turret by 180° which takes time.

== Usage in battles ==


Lacking in both defensive armament and protection, not to mention blessed with early control lock-up speeds the Z.1007 is pushed into the role of a hit-and-run bomber. Either against ground bases with mediocre success or as ground support against stationary ground units and armoured columns. The latter option is quite viable with mutliple drops available per run depending on the load-out, learning the drop order of the payload allows to maximize the effect of each bomb by selecting the approbiate target in ground strike missions.

For [[:Category:Game_modes#Realistic_Battles|tank battles]] the control lock-up disables any dive bombing attempts with a landing you cannot walk away from, even though the wing pylons make it technically possible. Necessitating a straight, direct and deliberate fly-over the target zone with the narrow field of view bomb sight. As this makes the attack run easy to track and even easier to intercept. Thusly it is not recommended for any mixed game mode with the exception of naval battles. With an internally bomb bay mounted torpedo the Alcione does not suffer a speed penalty like many other medium torpedo bombers. Mind though: The travel distance is only 3 km in water and it isn't a small aircraft. A suicide run is the most likely outcome of any engagement, unless one manages to align the attack run with several islands for cover.

The biggest difference between the serie 5 from the serie 3 is the twin tail configuration on the serie 5, which eliminates the dorsal turret's dead-zone created by the earlier's single tail. Other than that, they are virtually identical.

===Manual Engine Control===
{| class="wikitable" style="text-align:center"
|-
! colspan="7" | MEC elements
|-
! rowspan="2" | Mixer
! rowspan="2" | Pitch
! colspan="3" | Radiator
! rowspan="2" | Supercharger
! rowspan="2" | Turbocharger
|-
! Oil
! Water
! Type
|-
| Controllable || rowspan="2" | Controllable<br>Not auto controlled || rowspan="2" | Controllable<br>Not auto controlled || rowspan="2" | Controllable<br>Not auto controlled || rowspan="2" | Separate || rowspan="2" | Not controllable<br>1 gear || rowspan="2" | Not controllable
|-
|}

===Modules===
{| class="wikitable"
! colspan="1" | Tier
! colspan="2" | Flight performance
! colspan="1" | Survivability
! colspan="2" | Weaponry
|-
| I
| Fuselage repair
| Radiator
|
| Turret 7 mm
| TBC-79
|-
| II
|
| Compressor
| Airframe
| New 7 mm MGs (turret)
| MCGP250
|-
| III
| Wings repair
| Engine
|
| Turret 12 mm
| MCRO500
|-
| IV
|
|
| Cover
| New 12 mm MGs (turret)
| MCGP800
|-
|}

# Get ''Radiator'' for the speed boost, then the ''TBC-79''.
# Next, get the ''MCGP250'' and ''Compressor'' upgrades to unlock the 250 kg bombs and a slight performance boost, respectively.
# Unlock the ''MCRO500'' upgrade to use the 2 x 500 kg + 6 x 100 kg bomb loadout. This is the loadout that does the most damage to bases, and the 500 kg bomb is easier to use against pillboxes.
# Focus on performance upgrades over defensive armament.
# The ''MCGP800'' upgrade with 800 kg bombs is actually worse than the ''MCRO500'' against bases, and can be left as the last upgrade.

=== Pros and cons ===


'''Pros:'''
* Dorsal turret can traverse 360 degrees
* Decent speed and performance
* Decent bomb-load
* Central engine provides some protection to the crew against head-on attacks

'''Cons:'''
* Poor defensive armament
* Under-powered engines; losing one dramatically impacts flight performance
* Aircraft crew are closely bunched up together
* Non-existent armour
* No defensive armament at the front of the plane
* Tends to overheat on summer maps

== History ==

One of the three standard Italian wartime bombers, alongside the S.M. 79 and the B.R. 20, the Z.1007 had speed, armament, good range, and an acceptable bombload. It was used on all Italian fronts despite being of all-wood construction. Also known as the Alcione, it was designed by Filippo Zappata and built by ''Cantieri Aeronautici e Navali Triestini'' (Trieste Shipbuilding and Naval Aeronautics), with the prototype debuting in spring, 1937. After 34 original models, production shifted to the bis model, with a more powerful radial engine; over 400 of this model would ultimately be built. They conducted combat tests with Italian forces in Belgium during the Battle of Britain in September, 1940, used for diversionary actions only. Their real combat debut was a month later, during the Greek campaign. They also flew in Africa and the Mediterranean. They were not used much in Russia. A total of 560 were built, with about 60 still in service when Italy surrendered. About 30 continued on after, now in Allied service, in the Balkans.

== Media ==

{{Youtube-gallery|67tQxwYb8lc|'''"Update 1.69 - Z. 1007 bis serie 3/5"''' by ''TheEuropeanCanadian''}}
* [https://live.warthunder.com/post/613165/en/ Skin: 9° Stormo, 59^ Squadriglia, 29° Gruppo. Chinisia 1941 - by ''BlueBeta'']
* [https://live.warthunder.com/post/637490/en/ Skin: C.R.D.A. CANT Z.1007 bis Alcione, M.M. 196-6 of 193a ' Squadriglia, 87° Gruppo, 30° Stormo, Gadurra, Forli, late sommer 1941 - by ''xcr_rvj'']

== See also ==


* [[S.M.79 (Family)|S.M.79]] - research tree rank 2 predecessor
* [[Z.1007 bis serie 3|CANT Z.1007 bis serie 3]] - production predecessor
* [[SB 2M-100|SB 2]], [[Ar-2]], [[Ki-49 (Family)|Ki-49]], [[S.M.79 (Family)|S.M.79]] and [[Ju 88 (Family)|Ju 88]] - similar in flight and combat style

== External links ==


* [https://forum.warthunder.com/index.php?/topic/266497-cant-z1007bister-medium-bomber-official-thread/ WT Forum: CANT Z1007/bis/ter medium bomber official thread]
* [https://forum.warthunder.com/index.php?/topic/365066-cant-z1007-bis-v-serie/ WT Forum: Flight Model Data Sheet]
* [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/CANT_Z.1007 en.wikipedia entry]
* [https://www.militaryfactory.com/aircraft/detail.asp?aircraft_id=813 Militaryfactory.com - CANT Z.1007 Alcione (Kingfisher)]

{{Italy bombers}}

Z.1007 bis serie 3

2019-10-31T23:49:25Z

U2363119: hid survivability manual, added to Defensive armament

{{Specs-Card|code=z_1007_bis_serie3}}
{{About
| about = Italian bomber '''{{PAGENAME}}'''
| usage = the twin tail version
| link = Z.1007 bis serie 5
}}

== Description ==

[[File:GarageImage_{{PAGENAME}}.jpg|420px|thumb|left]]
{{break}}
The '''{{Specs|name}}''' ''"Alcione" (Kingfisher)'' is a rank {{Specs|rank}} Italian medium bomber {{Battle-rating}}. It was introduced in [[Update 1.69 "Regia Aeronautica"]] alongside the initial Italian aviation tree.

Known as ''the'' premier bomber in Italian service the wooden "Alcione" offers superior speed performance to its tech tree predecessor the [[S.M.79_(Family)|S.M.79]] and better ordnance variety. As a fast medium bomber it can do repeated attack runs per match, with average payload weight, but less than mediocre defensive armament.

== General info ==
=== Flight Performance ===

Alright maneuverability at slow speeds with a bad roll rate the Z.1007 is a generic medium bomber with expectable performance and decent speed to its name. The elevator starts to slowly lock up above 200 km/h and continues to do so in a linear fashion, however it neatly prevents overstressing and breaking the wings with G-forces. Compared to the S.M.79 it lacks combat flaps and leading slats, increasing the stall speed. Further the Z.1007 also features worse lock up and comparable maneuverability. Fortunately the acceleration and top speed are far better, yet the Alcione will not outrun any fighter or heavy fighter, too.

{| class="wikitable" style="text-align:center"
|-
! colspan="8" | Characteristics
|-
! colspan="8" | ''Stock''
|-
! colspan="2" | Max Speed<br>(km/h at 4,500 m)
! rowspan="2" | Max altitude<br>(meters)
! colspan="2" | Turn time<br>(seconds)
! colspan="2" | Rate of climb<br>(meters/second)
! rowspan="2" | Take-off run<br>(meters)
|-
! AB
! RB
! AB
! RB
! AB
! RB
|-
| 437 || 424 || {{Specs|ceiling}} || 33.0 || 34.0 || 4.8 || 4.7 || 450
|-
! colspan="8" | ''Upgraded''
|-
! colspan="2" | Max Speed<br>(km/h at 4,500 m)
! rowspan="2" | Max altitude<br>(meters)
! colspan="2" | Turn time<br>(seconds)
! colspan="2" | Rate of climb<br>(meters/second)
! rowspan="2" | Take-off run<br>(meters)
|-
! AB
! RB
! AB
! RB
! AB
! RB
|-
| 464 || 450 || {{Specs|ceiling}} || 31.1 || 32.0 || 7.6 || 6.2 || 450
|-
|}

==== Details ====
{| class="wikitable" style="text-align:center"
|-
! colspan="5" | Features
|-
! Combat flaps
! Take-off flaps
! Landing flaps
! Air brakes
! Arrestor gear
|-
| X || ✓ || ✓ || X || X 
|-
|}

{| class="wikitable" style="text-align:center"
|-
! colspan="5" | Limits
|-
! rowspan="2" | Wing-break speed<br>(km/h)
! rowspan="2" | Gear limit<br>(km/h)
! rowspan="2" | Combat flaps<br>(km/h)
! colspan="2" | Max Static G
|-
! +
! -
|-
| {{Specs|destruction|constructions}} || {{Specs|destruction|chassis}} || 430 || ~3 || ~1
|-
|}

{| class="wikitable" style="text-align:center"
|-
! colspan="4" | Optimal velocities
|-
! Ailerons<br>(km/h)
! Rudder<br>(km/h)
! Elevators<br>(km/h)
! Radiator<br>(km/h)
|-
| < 260 || < 270 || < 270 || > 200
|-
|}

{| class="wikitable" style="text-align:center"
|-
! colspan="3" | Compressor (RB/SB)
|-
! colspan="3" | Setting 1
|-
! Optimal altitude
! 100% Engine power
! WEP Engine power
|-
| 4,000 m || 1,000 hp || N/A
|-
|}

=== Survivability and armour ===

Being an all wooden design and designed as a fast bomber the Z.1007 lacks any sort of protection and solely relies on its speed to survive on the battlefield. Despite the lack of armour it takes a few shots to pilot snipe from the rear as in the narrow fuselage the gunners act literal meat shields, quite macabre.
== Armaments ==
=== Suspended armament ===

{{main|:Category:Suspended armaments|l1=Suspended armaments}}

The '''''{{PAGENAME}}''''' can be outfitted with the following ordnance:

* 18 x 50 kg GP 50 (900 kg total)
* 18 x 100 kg GP 100 (1800 kg total)
* 1 х 450 mm F200/450 torpedo
* 4 x 250 kg GP 250 + 12 x 100 kg GP 100 (2,200 kg total)
* 6 x 250 kg GP 250 + 3 x 50 kg GP 50 (1,650 kg total)
* 6 x 250 kg GP 250 + 3 x 100 kg GP 100 (1,800 kg total)
* 2 x 500 kg GP 500 + 6 x 100 kg GP 100 (1,600 kg total)
* 2 x 500 kg GP 500 + 4 x 250 kg GP 250 (1,750 kg total)
* 1 x 800 kg GP 800 + 3 x 50 kg GP 50 (950 kg total)
* 1 x 800 kg GP 800 + 3 x 100 kg GP 100 (1,100 kg total)
* 1 x 800 kg GP 800 + 9 x 100 kg GP 100 (1,700 kg total)
* 1 x 800 kg GP 800 + 4 x 250 kg GP 250 + 3 x 100 kg GP 100 (2,100 kg total)

Many payload option utilize the wing mounts and consequently reduce the crucial top speed. However only using the internal bomb bay limits the ordnance to a mere 1100 kg total. Depending on load-out option the external bombs may even drop last e.g. the heaviest last one. In average a single Z.1007 can take out 1.5x bases in an uptier and close to 2x in a downtier.
Noteworthy is the internally mounted torpedo. The F200/450 is with a drop speed of 300 km/h @ max. 100 m altitude (273 f/s @ 328 feet) quite mediocre, but features a very high in water speed of 80 km/h (73 f/s).

=== Defensive armament ===

{{main|Breda-SAFAT (12.7 mm)|Scotti M1933 (12.7 mm)|Breda-SAFAT (7.7 mm)}}

The '''''{{PAGENAME}}''''' is defended by:

* 1 x 12.7 mm Scotti M1933 machine gun, dorsal turret (350 rpg)
* 1 x 12.7 mm Breda-SAFAT machine gun, ventral turret (350 rpg)
* 2 x 7.7 mm Breda-SAFAT machine guns, side turrets (500 rpg)

Worse than average the defensive turrets can only boast decent firing arcs, ventral and dorsal turret feature overlapping rear fields of fire. However a frontal gun is missing entirely and is only covered by turning the dorsal turret by 180° which takes time. Armament wise there is no upgrade from the S.M.79.

== Usage in battles ==


Lacking in both defensive armament and protection, not to mention blessed with early control lock-up speeds the Z.1007 is pushed into the role of a hit-and-run bomber. Either against ground bases with mediocre success or as ground support against stationary ground units and armoured columns. The latter option is quite viable with mutliple drops available per run depending on the load-out, learning the drop order of the payload allows to maximize the effect of each bomb by selecting the approbiate target in ground strike missions.

For [[:Category:Game_modes#Realistic_Battles|tank battles]] the control lock-up disables any dive bombing attempts with a landing you cannot walk away from, even though the wing pylons make it technically possible. Necessitating a straight, direct and deliberate fly-over the target zone with the narrow field of view bomb sight. As this makes the attack run easy to track and even easier to intercept. Thusly it is not recommended for any mixed game mode with the exception of naval battles. With an internally bomb bay mounted torpedo the Alcione does not suffer a speed penalty like many other medium torpedo bombers. Mind though: The travel distance is only 3 km in water and it isn't a small aircraft. A suicide run is the most likely outcome of any engagement, unless one manages to align the attack run with several islands for cover.

=== Manual Engine Control ===
{| class="wikitable" style="text-align:center"
|-
! colspan="7" | MEC elements
|-
! rowspan="2" | Mixer
! rowspan="2" | Pitch
! colspan="3" | Radiator
! rowspan="2" | Supercharger
! rowspan="2" | Turbocharger
|-
! Oil
! Water
! Type
|-
| Controllable || rowspan="2" | Controllable<br>Not auto controlled || rowspan="2" | Controllable<br>Not auto controlled || rowspan="2" | Controllable<br>Not auto controlled || rowspan="2" | Separate || rowspan="2" | Not controllable<br>1 gear || rowspan="2" | Not controllable
|-
|}

=== Modules ===
{| class="wikitable"
! colspan="1" | Tier
! colspan="2" | Flight performance
! colspan="1" | Survivability
! colspan="2" | Weaponry
|-
| I
| Fuselage repair
| Radiator
|
| Turret 7 mm
| TBC-79
|-
| II
|
| Compressor
| Airframe
| New 7 mm MGs (turret)
| MCGP250
|-
| III
| Wings repair
| Engine
|
| Turret 12 mm
| MCRO500
|-
| IV
|
|
| Cover
| New 12 mm MGs (turret)
| MCGP800
|-
|}
Prioritizing bomb payloud variety is not a necessity as the default 18x 100 kg option is very viable. Instead a focus should be on the engine upgrades to boost speed and thusly survivability as well as mission success rate.
=== Pros and cons ===


'''Pros:'''

* Plenty of load-out options
* Decent payload of up to 2200 kg
* Decent top speed for a bomber
* Good firing arcs for rear facing turrets

'''Cons:'''

* Average maneuverability
* Control surfaces lock-up early
* Mediocre to bad defensive fire
* No armour or crew protection
* Payload often loaded outside

== History ==

One of the three standard Italian wartime bombers, alongside the S.M. 79 and the B.R. 20, the Z.1007 had speed, armament, good range, and an acceptable bombload. It was used on all Italian fronts despite being of all-wood construction. Also known as the Alcione, it was designed by Filippo Zappata, with the prototype debuting in spring, 1937. After 34 original models, production shifted to the bis model, with a more powerful radial engine; over 400 of this model would ultimately be built. They conducted combat tests with Italian forces in Belgium during the Battle of Britain in September, 1940, used for diversionary actions only. Their real combat debut was a month later, during the Greek campaign. They also flew in Africa and the Mediterranean. They were not used much in Russia. A total of 560 were built, with about 60 still in service when Italy surrendered. About 30 continued on after, now in Allied service, in the Balkans. Unlike the later serie 5 with the twin tails (Italian: ''bideriva'') the serie 3 still features a single rudder (''monoderiva'').

== Media ==

{{Youtube-gallery|67tQxwYb8lc|'''"Update 1.69 - Z. 1007 bis serie 3/5"''' by ''TheEuropeanCanadian''|xR8a59w2x5I|'''"War Thunder Realistic: Z.1007 bis serie 3 (Regia Aeronautica)"''' by ''Jengar''}}
* [https://live.warthunder.com/post/613870/en/ Skin: 210th Squadrilia, 50th Grupo, 16th Stormo during the invasion of Greece in 1941 - by ''MajorDSaster'']
* [https://live.warthunder.com/post/636230/en/ Skin: C.R.D.A. CANT Z.1007 bis Alcione, Serial: 210-2 of 210a Squadriglia, 50° Gruppo, 16° Stormo Bombardamento Terrestre - by ''xcr_rvj'']
* [https://live.warthunder.com/post/703154/en/ Skin: Fictional RX 1017 C designed after late war British Spitfire camouflage by ''MattTheWolf'']

== See also ==


* [[S.M.79 (Family)|S.M.79]] - research tree predecessor
* [[SB 2M-100|SB 2]], [[Ar-2]], [[Ki-49 (Family)|Ki-49]], [[S.M.79 (Family)|S.M.79]] and [[Ju 88 (Family)|Ju 88]] - similar in flight and combat style

== External links ==


* [https://forum.warthunder.com/index.php?/topic/266497-cant-z1007bister-medium-bomber-official-thread/ WT Forum: CANT Z1007/bis/ter medium bomber official thread]
* [https://forum.warthunder.com/index.php?/topic/365182-cant-z1007-bis-iii-serie/ WT Forum: Flight Model Data Sheet]
* [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/CANT_Z.1007 en.wikipedia entry]


{{Italy bombers}}

Z.1007 bis serie 3

2019-10-31T23:32:29Z

U2363119: Filled in and finished up (1.93)

{{Specs-Card|code=z_1007_bis_serie3}}
{{About
| about = Italian bomber '''{{PAGENAME}}'''
| usage = the twin tail version
| link = Z.1007 bis serie 5
}}

== Description ==

[[File:GarageImage_{{PAGENAME}}.jpg|420px|thumb|left]]
{{break}}
The '''{{Specs|name}}''' ''"Alcione" (Kingfisher)'' is a rank {{Specs|rank}} Italian medium bomber {{Battle-rating}}. It was introduced in [[Update 1.69 "Regia Aeronautica"]] alongside the initial Italian aviation tree.

Known as ''the'' premier bomber in Italian service the wooden "Alcione" offers superior speed performance to its tech tree predecessor the [[S.M.79_(Family)|S.M.79]] and better ordnance variety. As a fast medium bomber it can do repeated attack runs per match, with average payload weight, but less than mediocre defensive armament.

== General info ==
=== Flight Performance ===

Alright maneuverability at slow speeds with a bad roll rate the Z.1007 is a generic medium bomber with expectable performance and decent speed to its name. The elevator starts to slowly lock up above 200 km/h and continues to do so in a linear fashion, however it neatly prevents overstressing and breaking the wings with G-forces. Compared to the S.M.79 it lacks combat flaps and leading slats, increasing the stall speed. Further the Z.1007 also features worse lock up and comparable maneuverability. Fortunately the acceleration and top speed are far better, yet the Alcione will not outrun any fighter or heavy fighter, too.

{| class="wikitable" style="text-align:center"
|-
! colspan="8" | Characteristics
|-
! colspan="8" | ''Stock''
|-
! colspan="2" | Max Speed<br>(km/h at 4,500 m)
! rowspan="2" | Max altitude<br>(meters)
! colspan="2" | Turn time<br>(seconds)
! colspan="2" | Rate of climb<br>(meters/second)
! rowspan="2" | Take-off run<br>(meters)
|-
! AB
! RB
! AB
! RB
! AB
! RB
|-
| 437 || 424 || {{Specs|ceiling}} || 33.0 || 34.0 || 4.8 || 4.7 || 450
|-
! colspan="8" | ''Upgraded''
|-
! colspan="2" | Max Speed<br>(km/h at 4,500 m)
! rowspan="2" | Max altitude<br>(meters)
! colspan="2" | Turn time<br>(seconds)
! colspan="2" | Rate of climb<br>(meters/second)
! rowspan="2" | Take-off run<br>(meters)
|-
! AB
! RB
! AB
! RB
! AB
! RB
|-
| 464 || 450 || {{Specs|ceiling}} || 31.1 || 32.0 || 7.6 || 6.2 || 450
|-
|}

==== Details ====
{| class="wikitable" style="text-align:center"
|-
! colspan="5" | Features
|-
! Combat flaps
! Take-off flaps
! Landing flaps
! Air brakes
! Arrestor gear
|-
| X || ✓ || ✓ || X || X 
|-
|}

{| class="wikitable" style="text-align:center"
|-
! colspan="5" | Limits
|-
! rowspan="2" | Wing-break speed<br>(km/h)
! rowspan="2" | Gear limit<br>(km/h)
! rowspan="2" | Combat flaps<br>(km/h)
! colspan="2" | Max Static G
|-
! +
! -
|-
| {{Specs|destruction|constructions}} || {{Specs|destruction|chassis}} || 430 || ~3 || ~1
|-
|}

{| class="wikitable" style="text-align:center"
|-
! colspan="4" | Optimal velocities
|-
! Ailerons<br>(km/h)
! Rudder<br>(km/h)
! Elevators<br>(km/h)
! Radiator<br>(km/h)
|-
| < 260 || < 270 || < 270 || > 200
|-
|}

{| class="wikitable" style="text-align:center"
|-
! colspan="3" | Compressor (RB/SB)
|-
! colspan="3" | Setting 1
|-
! Optimal altitude
! 100% Engine power
! WEP Engine power
|-
| 4,000 m || 1,000 hp || N/A
|-
|}

=== Survivability and armour ===
''Examine the survivability of the aircraft. Note how vulnerable the structure is and how secure the pilot is, whether the fuel tanks are armoured, etc. Describe the armour, if there is any, and also mention the vulnerability of other critical aircraft systems.''
Being an all wooden design and designed as a fast bomber the Z.1007 lacks any sort of protection and solely relies on its speed to survive on the battlefield. Despite the lack of armour it takes a few shots to pilot snipe from the rear as in the narrow fuselage the gunners act literal meat shields, quite macabre.
== Armaments ==
=== Suspended armament ===

{{main|:Category:Suspended armaments|l1=Suspended armaments}}

The '''''{{PAGENAME}}''''' can be outfitted with the following ordnance:

* 18 x 50 kg GP 50 (900 kg total)
* 18 x 100 kg GP 100 (1800 kg total)
* 1 х 450 mm F200/450 torpedo
* 4 x 250 kg GP 250 + 12 x 100 kg GP 100 (2,200 kg total)
* 6 x 250 kg GP 250 + 3 x 50 kg GP 50 (1,650 kg total)
* 6 x 250 kg GP 250 + 3 x 100 kg GP 100 (1,800 kg total)
* 2 x 500 kg GP 500 + 6 x 100 kg GP 100 (1,600 kg total)
* 2 x 500 kg GP 500 + 4 x 250 kg GP 250 (1,750 kg total)
* 1 x 800 kg GP 800 + 3 x 50 kg GP 50 (950 kg total)
* 1 x 800 kg GP 800 + 3 x 100 kg GP 100 (1,100 kg total)
* 1 x 800 kg GP 800 + 9 x 100 kg GP 100 (1,700 kg total)
* 1 x 800 kg GP 800 + 4 x 250 kg GP 250 + 3 x 100 kg GP 100 (2,100 kg total)

Many payload option utilize the wing mounts and consequently reduce the crucial top speed. However only using the internal bomb bay limits the ordnance to a mere 1100 kg total. Depending on load-out option the external bombs may even drop last e.g. the heaviest last one. In average a single Z.1007 can take out 1.5x bases in an uptier and close to 2x in a downtier.
Noteworthy is the internally mounted torpedo. The F200/450 is with a drop speed of 300 km/h @ max. 100 m altitude (273 f/s @ 328 feet) quite mediocre, but features a very high in water speed of 80 km/h (73 f/s).

=== Defensive armament ===

{{main|Breda-SAFAT (12.7 mm)|Scotti M1933 (12.7 mm)|Breda-SAFAT (7.7 mm)}}

The '''''{{PAGENAME}}''''' is defended by:

* 1 x 12.7 mm Breda-SAFAT machine gun, ventral turret (350 rpg)
* 1 x 12.7 mm Scotti M1933 machine gun, dorsal turret (350 rpg)
* 2 x 7.7 mm Breda-SAFAT machine guns, side turrets (500 rpg)

Worse than average the defensive turrets can only boast decent firing arcs, ventral and dorsal turret feature overlapping rear fields of fire. Armament wise there is no upgrade from the S.M.79.

== Usage in battles ==


Lacking in both defensive armament and protection, not to mention blessed with early control lock-up speeds the Z.1007 is pushed into the role of a hit-and-run bomber. Either against ground bases with mediocre success or as ground support against stationary ground units and armoured columns. The latter option is quite viable with mutliple drops available per run depending on the load-out, learning the drop order of the payload allows to maximize the effect of each bomb by selecting the approbiate target in ground strike missions.

For [[:Category:Game_modes#Realistic_Battles|tank battles]] the control lock-up disables any dive bombing attempts with a landing you cannot walk away from, even though the wing pylons make it technically possible. Necessitating a straight, direct and deliberate fly-over the target zone with the narrow field of view bomb sight. As this makes the attack run easy to track and even easier to intercept. Thusly it is not recommended for any mixed game mode with the exception of naval battles. With an internally bomb bay mounted torpedo the Alcione does not suffer a speed penalty like many other medium torpedo bombers. Mind though: The travel distance is only 3 km in water and it isn't a small aircraft. A suicide run is the most likely outcome of any engagement, unless one manages to align the attack run with several islands for cover.

=== Manual Engine Control ===
{| class="wikitable" style="text-align:center"
|-
! colspan="7" | MEC elements
|-
! rowspan="2" | Mixer
! rowspan="2" | Pitch
! colspan="3" | Radiator
! rowspan="2" | Supercharger
! rowspan="2" | Turbocharger
|-
! Oil
! Water
! Type
|-
| Controllable || rowspan="2" | Controllable<br>Not auto controlled || rowspan="2" | Controllable<br>Not auto controlled || rowspan="2" | Controllable<br>Not auto controlled || rowspan="2" | Separate || rowspan="2" | Not controllable<br>1 gear || rowspan="2" | Not controllable
|-
|}

=== Modules ===
{| class="wikitable"
! colspan="1" | Tier
! colspan="2" | Flight performance
! colspan="1" | Survivability
! colspan="2" | Weaponry
|-
| I
| Fuselage repair
| Radiator
|
| Turret 7 mm
| TBC-79
|-
| II
|
| Compressor
| Airframe
| New 7 mm MGs (turret)
| MCGP250
|-
| III
| Wings repair
| Engine
|
| Turret 12 mm
| MCRO500
|-
| IV
|
|
| Cover
| New 12 mm MGs (turret)
| MCGP800
|-
|}
Prioritizing bomb payloud variety is not a necessity as the default 18x 100 kg option is very viable. Instead a focus should be on the engine upgrades to boost speed and thusly survivability as well as mission success rate.
=== Pros and cons ===


'''Pros:'''

* Plenty of load-out options
* Decent payload of up to 2200 kg
* Decent top speed for a bomber
* Good firing arcs for rear facing turrets

'''Cons:'''

* Average maneuverability
* Control surfaces lock-up early
* Mediocre defensive fire
* Payload often loaded outside

== History ==

One of the three standard Italian wartime bombers, alongside the S.M. 79 and the B.R. 20, the Z.1007 had speed, armament, good range, and an acceptable bombload. It was used on all Italian fronts despite being of all-wood construction. Also known as the Alcione, it was designed by Filippo Zappata, with the prototype debuting in spring, 1937. After 34 original models, production shifted to the bis model, with a more powerful radial engine; over 400 of this model would ultimately be built. They conducted combat tests with Italian forces in Belgium during the Battle of Britain in September, 1940, used for diversionary actions only. Their real combat debut was a month later, during the Greek campaign. They also flew in Africa and the Mediterranean. They were not used much in Russia. A total of 560 were built, with about 60 still in service when Italy surrendered. About 30 continued on after, now in Allied service, in the Balkans. Unlike the later serie 5 with the twin tails (Italian: ''bideriva'') the serie 3 still features a single rudder (''monoderiva'').

== Media ==

{{Youtube-gallery|67tQxwYb8lc|'''"Update 1.69 - Z. 1007 bis serie 3/5"''' by ''TheEuropeanCanadian''|xR8a59w2x5I|'''"War Thunder Realistic: Z.1007 bis serie 3 (Regia Aeronautica)"''' by ''Jengar''}}
* [https://live.warthunder.com/post/613870/en/ Skin: 210th Squadrilia, 50th Grupo, 16th Stormo during the invasion of Greece in 1941 - by ''MajorDSaster'']
* [https://live.warthunder.com/post/636230/en/ Skin: C.R.D.A. CANT Z.1007 bis Alcione, Serial: 210-2 of 210a Squadriglia, 50° Gruppo, 16° Stormo Bombardamento Terrestre - by ''xcr_rvj'']
* [https://live.warthunder.com/post/703154/en/ Skin: Fictional RX 1017 C designed after late war British Spitfire camouflage by ''MattTheWolf'']

== See also ==


* [[S.M.79 (Family)|S.M.79]] - research tree predecessor
* [[SB 2M-100|SB 2]], [[Ar-2]], [[Ki-49 (Family)|Ki-49]], [[S.M.79 (Family)|S.M.79]] and [[Ju 88 (Family)|Ju 88]] - similar in flight and combat style

== External links ==


* [https://forum.warthunder.com/index.php?/topic/266497-cant-z1007bister-medium-bomber-official-thread/ WT Forum: CANT Z1007/bis/ter medium bomber official thread]
* [https://forum.warthunder.com/index.php?/topic/365182-cant-z1007-bis-iii-serie/ WT Forum: Flight Model Data Sheet]
* [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/CANT_Z.1007 en.wikipedia entry]


{{Italy bombers}}

G.91 R/4

2019-10-31T18:45:59Z

U2363119: Updated Media, See Also, External Links, Armament, F-Performance from G.91 R/1; shifted Descrption text from General Info

{{Specs-Card
|code=fiat_g91_r4
|store=6720
}}
{{About
| about = premium Italian jet fighter '''{{PAGENAME}}'''
| usage = other uses
| link = G.91 (Family)
}}

== Description ==

[[File:GarageImage_G.91_R4.jpg|420px|thumb|left]]
{{break}}
The '''{{Specs|name}}''' is a gift rank {{Specs|rank}} Italian jet fighter {{Battle-rating}}. It was introduced in [[Update 1.87 "Locked On"]].

The R/4 is a variant of the G.91 jet fighter that has been modified for ground attack, allowing it access to a competitive selection of air-to-ground ordnance such as bombs, rockets, and high-explosive air-to-ground missiles. The R/4 also has the option to equip two different types of air-to-air missiles; the IR-tracking [[AIM-9B|AIM-9B Sidewinder]] missile, or the command-guided [[AA-20|AA-20 Nord]] missile.

The G.91 R/4 is a very nimble fighter with relatively average top speed and fairly good acceleration. Best played as a support fighter, the G.91 R/4 can use its incredible roll and turn rates to quickly get guns on target, as well as to dodge the typically less manoeuvrable fighters that it shares its battle ratings with.

There are little changes between the [[G.91 pre-serie|Pre-serie]], [[G.91 R/1|R/1]], [[G.91 R/3|R/3]] and the [[G.91 R/4|R/4]], with exception of the armament, and this guide can be considered universal for all listed aircraft.
== General info ==
=== Flight Performance ===

The G.91 was intended to replace the [[F-86A-5|F-86A Sabre]] in German, Portuguese and Italian service and it shows.With an empty weight of only 3100 kg (6800 lbs) and a takeoff weight of 5500 kg (12100 lbs) the Gina is in the weight class as the [[P-51D-5|P-51D]] and [[MiG-9]], yet severly lighter than most other jets and losing about one and a half tonnes compared to the Sabre A.
Although only outputting a meager 22 kN of thrust this first look dosadvantage is literally outweighted by the high thrust to weight ratio of 0.73 empty (0.41 full). This makes the Gina an excellent dogfighter as jet fighters maintain both their top speed, climb and sustained turn-rate by their engine power rather than other flight characteristics. It can easily reach its own terminal speed (1011 km/h, 921 f/s) and self-destruct in level flight.<br>

Lacking in straight wings and leading wing slats the stall speed for the G.91 is quite higher than the low weight lets one assume. One should hence be wary of many older jet types with said features, as after bleeding too much speed they can easily out-maneuver the Gina.

Starting with 20 min of fuel, gaining the climb speed of 800 km/h IAS (sustainable @ 7-8°; 730 f/s) takes a mere ~80 seconds with 20 predicated for taking off at 230 km/h or 210 f/s IAS. An Immelmann at 800 km/h will gain 1000 m and loose 300 km/h. A hard 180° turn at the same speed takes >100 km/h and may lose up to 60 m.

{| class="wikitable" style="text-align:center"
|-
! colspan="8" | Characteristics
|-
! colspan="8" | ''Stock''
|-
! colspan="2" | Max Speed<br>(km/h at 0 m - at sea level)
! rowspan="2" | Max altitude<br>(meters)
! colspan="2" | Turn time<br>(seconds)
! colspan="2" | Rate of climb<br>(meters/second)
! rowspan="2" | Take-off run<br>(meters)
|-
! AB
! RB
! AB
! RB
! AB
! RB
|-
| 1,066 || 1,042 || {{Specs|ceiling}} || 27.4 || 28.0 || 30.4 || 29.5 || 850
|-
! colspan="8" | ''Upgraded''
|-
! colspan="2" | Max Speed<br>(km/h at 0 m - at sea level)
! rowspan="2" | Max altitude<br>(meters)
! colspan="2" | Turn time<br>(seconds)
! colspan="2" | Rate of climb<br>(meters/second)
! rowspan="2" | Take-off run<br>(meters)
|-
! AB
! RB
! AB
! RB
! AB
! RB
|-
| 1,097 || 1,084 || {{Specs|ceiling}} || 24.7 || 26.0 || 48.8 || 39 || 850
|-
|}

==== Details ====
{| class="wikitable" style="text-align:center"
|-
! colspan="5" | Features
|-
! Combat flaps
! Take-off flaps
! Landing flaps
! Air brakes
! Arrestor gear
|-
| ✓ || ✓ || ✓ || ✓ || X 
|-
|}

{| class="wikitable" style="text-align:center"
|-
! colspan="5" | Limits
|-
! rowspan="2" | Wing-break speed<br>(km/h)
! rowspan="2" | Gear limit<br>(km/h)
! rowspan="2" | Combat flaps<br>(km/h)
! colspan="2" | Max Static G
|-
! +
! -
|-
| {{Specs|destruction|constructions}} || {{Specs|destruction|chassis}} || 620 || ~10 || ~4
|-
|}

{| class="wikitable" style="text-align:center"
|-
! colspan="4" | Optimal velocities
|-
! Ailerons<br>(km/h)
! Rudder<br>(km/h)
! Elevators<br>(km/h)
! Radiator<br>(km/h)
|-
| < 800 || < 650 || < 660 || >250
|-
|}

{| class="wikitable" style="text-align:center"
|-
! colspan="3" | Compressor (RB/SB)
|-
! colspan="3" | Setting 1
|-
! Optimal altitude
! 100% Engine power
! WEP Engine power
|-
| 0 m || 2,190 kgf || 2,212 kgf
|-
|}

=== Survivability and armour ===


* 40 mm Bulletproof glass in front of the pilot
* 6.5 mm Steel plate, starts in the pilot's seat, goes below the pilot, ends in front of the pilot
* 6.5 mm Steel plate below a fuel tank in the centre-front of the fuselage
* 6.5 mm Steel plate below a fuel tank in the centre-rear of the fuselage

Though the G.91 R/4 does have a decent amount of armour spaced out between the centre and front of the fuselage, the Steel plates will only be sufficient to protect the pilot and aircraft from lower calibre fire (7.92 mm to 7.62 mm machine guns will only penetrate at '''very''' close ranges.) And, thanks to the sacrifices made to lighten the aircraft, the airframe is not particularly reinforced. The wings are very thin, and susceptible to being out-right broken off by most-all primary armaments the G.91 will face at its tier, and the fuselage is full of juicy fuel tanks as well as the single engine of the R/4. Even more so than most planes, the G.91 R/4 is not capable of taking any hits. Even low calibre fire, such as that from .50 calibre machine guns, can cripple an R/4 nigh-immediately, and necessitate an immediate return-to-base.

== Armaments ==
=== Offensive armament ===

The M3 Browning is a new weapon in the Italian arsenal at this 5th tier and compared to the previous experiences a let down. The rate of fire is phenomenal, but the small calibre and ammo size put a serious demper to the mood, that is in comparison of course. In practise and with good aim, it can easily shred four fighters. The high bullet velocity and fire rate is quite the advantage in the fast pace world of jet combat, ensuring hits in deflection shots were the lower rate of fire found in the [[:Category:Fifth_rank_aircraft|Soviet jet fighters]] might have failed the pilot.
Yet one will always look onto greener pastures, especially as the Gina only has four guns unlike all other Browning armed jets.<br>
No matter how you turn it, the armament is only managable with skill and for a beginner outright bad.

{{main|Browning M3 (12.7 mm)}}

The '''''{{PAGENAME}}''''' is armed with:

* 4 x 12.7 mm Browning M3 machine guns, nose-mounted (300 rpg = 1,200 total)

=== Suspended armament ===


Featuring a wide range of ordnance the G.91 R/3 can be equipped for any role from ground to air combat, though it prefers air superiority.

The '''''{{PAGENAME}}''''' can be outfitted with the following ordnance:

* Without load
* 38 x FFAR Mighty Mouse rockets
* 4 x AS-20 Air-Surface missiles
* 4 x AA-20 Air-Air missiles
* 4 x AIM-9B Air-Air missiles
* 2 x 500 lb AN-M64A1 bombs (1,000 lb total)

For air-to-ground purposes, the G.91 R/4 is similar to the [[G.91 pre-serie]] and [[G.91 R/1]], both its predecessors, in loadout options sharing the same FFAR Mighty Mouse rocket option as well as the choice of a pair of 500 lb bombs. However, the G.91 R/4 has an additional and unique option; the AS-20 Nord air-to-ground missile, with a reasonable penetration value (83 mm RHAe) but incredible warhead size of (just under) 30 kilograms of TNT. Skilled use of the missile can allow for a more accurate fire at longer ranges especially versus more dangerous vehicles like self-propelled anti-aircraft guns.

Air-to-air ordnance selection is where the G.91 R/4 stands out from its brethren; the G.91 R/4 is the lowest tier jet in the Italian aircraft tree to gain access to air-to-air missiles, with access to the American AIM-9B infrared-guided missile, and one of only two jets in-game (alongside the [[Super Mystere B2|Super Mystére B.2]]) to have the option of loading the unique AA-20 Nord air-to-air missiles; keyboard guided missiles with a 15 metre proximity fuse. Unlike infrared-guided missiles in War Thunder, the AA-20 Nords do not warn targets of a missile launch giving R/4 pilots the element of surprise, and the Nord's proximity fuse increases the chance of long-range launches striking a target, though these perks come at the demand of a much higher skill floor for usage.

== Usage in battles ==

Due to the G.91 R/4's notably lower speed and high-end acceleration as compared to its contemporaries, the R/4 should be played as a support fighter; meaning the pilot should seek to stick near teammates rather than hunting targets solo, and opt to pick off hostile aircraft that are engaged and distracted with/by allied fighters. The G.91 airframe is exceptionally agile, and the R/4 is no exception; even heavily manoeuvring targets are easy for this plane to keep the nose on. The plane's exceptional roll and turn rates are its biggest strengths, and the pilot should seek to use that to their advantage rather than attempting to fight speed or energy battles.

Make use of the G.91 R/4's varied suspended armaments to dispatch a variety of targets. The AIM-9B is very easy to use missile and can force faster targets to manoeuvre, slowing them down, and can sometimes even net target destructions. Be careful when using this missile around friendlies though, as a misguided Sidewinder '''will''' destroy allied aircraft. The AA-20 Nord is a much more difficult missile to use, but it has a far longer effective range and can often surprise enemies who expect a warning from enemy missile launches. Use the massive range and proximity fuse to take down faster targets flying away from you, and consider using them to destroy bombers such as the often-seen [[S.O.4050_Vautour_IIB|Vautour IIB]], [[S.O.4050_Vautour_IIA|Vautour IIA]], and [[Vautour_IIA_IDF/AF_(France)|Israeli Vautour IIA]], who not only are far less able to dodge missiles but also have larger airframes that trigger the proximity fuse from longer distances.

=== Manual Engine Control ===
{| class="wikitable" style="text-align:center"
|-
! colspan="7" | MEC elements
|-
! rowspan="2" | Mixer
! rowspan="2" | Pitch
! colspan="3" | Radiator
! rowspan="2" | Supercharger
! rowspan="2" | Turbocharger
|-
! Oil
! Water
! Type
|-
| Not controllable || rowspan="2" | Not controllable<br>Not auto controlled || rowspan="2" | Not controllable<br>Auto control available || rowspan="2" | Not controllable<br>Auto control available || rowspan="2" | Separate || rowspan="2" | Not controllable<br>1 gear || rowspan="2" | Not controllable
|-
|}

=== Modules ===
{| class="wikitable"
! colspan="1" | Tier
! colspan="2" | Flight performance
! colspan="1" | Survivability
! colspan="3" | Weaponry
|-
| I
| Fuselage repair
| Compressor
|
| Offensive 12 mm
| FFAR Mighty Mouse
|
|-
| II
| New boosters
|
| Airframe
|
| Nord AA.20
| SBC-17
|-
| III
| Wings repair
| Engine
|
| New 12 mm MGs
| Nord AS.20
|
|-
| IV
| G-suit
|
| Cover
|
| AIM-9B
|
|-
|}

=== Pros and cons ===


'''Pros:'''

* Exceptional maneouvrability, with very high roll and turn rates
* Varied and effective suspended armament choices
* Access to air-to-air missiles, including the [[AA-20|AA-20 Nord]]
* Access to the [[AS-20|AS-20 Nord]] air-to-ground missile

'''Cons:'''

* Relatively low calibre primary armament (four .50 cal Brownings)
* Slower than most of its contemporaries
* Very fragile airframe
* Poor energy retention

== History ==


The G.91 R-3 was the primary West German variant of the Fiat-made light fighter, with 50 built in Italy and another 294 under license in West Germany. It had more powerful armament, added two wing hardpoints, and improved avionics compared to the Italian G.91 R-1s. The 50 R-4 that followed were identical to the R-3 other than in terms of armament. They were supposed to have been sold to Greece and Turkey, but after that sale fell through they entered West German service instead.

== Media ==

[[File:G91 R4.png|thumb|338x338px|none|Left side of the G.91 R/4]]
[[File:G91 R4 2.png|thumb|338x338px|none|The nose of the G.91 R/4]]

{{Youtube-gallery|aMOb7dfH6ZI|'''"G.91 R/4 "Portuguese Devil" - Update 1.87 Premium"''' by ''BaconGaming''|4wIDFwbBb74|'''"G.91 R/4 - Like A Cold Pizza"''' by ''NapalmRatte''}}
* [https://live.warthunder.com/post/821263/en/ Skin: G.91 R/3 n 5454 NATO's Air Tattoo Tigermeet event - by ''LeiteArts10'']
* [https://live.warthunder.com/post/832916/en/ Skin: Fictional USAF G.91 R/4 by ''Kammage77'']
== See also ==


* [[G.91 (Family)]]

== External links ==

* [https://forum.warthunder.com/index.php?/topic/363988-fiat-g91-discussion-thread/ WT Forum: Fiat G.91 discussion thread]
* [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fiat_G.91 en.wikipedia entry]
* [https://store.gaijin.net/story.php?title=Fiat-G-91-R%2F4-Pack Fiat G.91 R/4 Pack (Gaijin.Net Store)]

{{Italy jet aircraft}}
{{Italy premium aircraft}}

G.91 R/3 (Germany)

2019-10-31T18:29:42Z

U2363119: Merger with R/1 and R/4, incl DEFA

{{Specs-Card|code=fiat_g91_r3}}
{{About
| about = Italian jet fighter '''{{PAGENAME}}'''
| usage = similar playstyle
| link-1 = G.91 R/1
| and
| link-2 = G.91 (Family)
}}

== Description ==

[[File:GarageImage_G.91_R3.jpg|420px|thumb|left]]
{{break}}
The '''{{Specs|name}}''' nicknamed ''"Gina"'' is a rank {{Specs|rank}} German jet fighter {{Battle-rating}}. It was introduced in [[Update 1.91 "Night Vision"]].

A mid 50's Trans-sonic fighter ( < Mach 0.90) with ground attack abilities. Very maneuverable, great acceleration and heavy offensive armament makes the G.91 an excellent Tier V aircraft. Unlocked after the [[Ho 229 V3|Horten 229]] the player should already be well aquainted with the appropiate play style for the Gina, being an all around upgrade to the Flying Wing Flying in fierce competition in the sky, it will face every sub- and trans-sonic aircraft and while being a mid to top tier performance wise.<br>

There are little changes between the [[G.91 pre-serie|Pre-serie]], [[G.91 R/1|R/1]], [[G.91 R/3|R/3]] and the [[G.91 R/4|R/4]], and this guide can be considered universal for all listed aircraft.

== General info ==
=== Flight Performance ===

The G.91 was intended to replace the [[F-86A-5|F-86A Sabre]] in German, Portuguese and Italian service and it shows.With an empty weight of only 3100 kg (6800 lbs) and a takeoff weight of 5500 kg (12100 lbs) the Gina is in the weight class as the [[P-51D-5|P-51D]] and [[MiG-9]], yet severly lighter than most other jets and losing about one and a half tonnes compared to the Sabre A.
Although only outputting a meager 22 kN of thrust this first look dosadvantage is literally outweighted by the high thrust to weight ratio of 0.73 empty (0.41 full). This makes the Gina an excellent dogfighter as jet fighters maintain both their top speed, climb and sustained turn-rate by their engine power rather than other flight characteristics. It can easily reach its own terminal speed (1011 km/h, 921 f/s) and self-destruct in level flight.<br>

Lacking in straight wings and leading wing slats the stall speed for the G.91 is quite higher than the low weight lets one assume. One should hence be wary of many older jet types with said features, as after bleeding too much speed they can easily out maneuver the Gina. With added payload this becomes even more obvious and cautious flying is advised when fitted as ground attacker.

Starting with 20 min of fuel, gaining the climb speed of 800 km/h IAS (sustainable @ 7-8°; 730 f/s) takes a mere ~80 seconds with 20 predicated for taking off at 230 km/h or 210 f/s IAS. An Immelmann at 800 km/h will gain 1000 m and loose 300 km/h. A hard 180° turn at the same speed takes >100 km/h and may lose up to 60 m.

{| class="wikitable" style="text-align:center"
|-
! colspan="8" | Characteristics
|-
! colspan="8" | ''Stock''
|-
! colspan="2" | Max Speed<br>(km/h at 0 m - at sea level)
! rowspan="2" | Max altitude<br>(meters)
! colspan="2" | Turn time<br>(seconds)
! colspan="2" | Rate of climb<br>(meters/second)
! rowspan="2" | Take-off run<br>(meters)
|-
! AB !! RB !! AB !! RB !! AB !! RB
|-
| 1,065 || 1,042 || {{Specs|ceiling}} || 27.6 || 28.1 || 31.5 || 30 || 850
|-
! colspan="8" | ''Upgraded''
|-
! colspan="2" | Max Speed<br>(km/h at 0 m - at sea level)
! rowspan="2" | Max altitude<br>(meters)
! colspan="2" | Turn time<br>(seconds)
! colspan="2" | Rate of climb<br>(meters/second)
! rowspan="2" | Take-off run<br>(meters)
|-
! AB !! RB !! AB !! RB !! AB !! RB
|-
| 1,097 || 1,084 || {{Specs|ceiling}} || 24.6 || 26.0 || 47.6 || 39 || 850
|-
|}

==== Details ====
{| class="wikitable" style="text-align:center"
|-
! colspan="5" | Features
|-
! Combat flaps !! Take-off flaps !! Landing flaps !! Air brakes !! Arrestor gear
|-
| ✓ || ✓ || ✓ || ✓ || X 
|-
|}

{| class="wikitable" style="text-align:center"
|-
! colspan="5" | Limits
|-
! rowspan="2" | Wing-break speed<br>(km/h)
! rowspan="2" | Gear limit<br>(km/h)
! rowspan="2" | Combat flaps<br>(km/h)
! colspan="2" | Max Static G
|-
! + !! -
|-
| {{Specs|destruction|constructions}} || {{Specs|destruction|chassis}} || 620 || ~10 || ~4
|-
|}

{| class="wikitable" style="text-align:center"
|-
! colspan="4" | Optimal velocities
|-
! Ailerons<br>(km/h)
! Rudder<br>(km/h)
! Elevators<br>(km/h)
! Radiator<br>(km/h)
|-
| < 800 || < 650 || < 660 || N/A
|-
|}

{| class="wikitable" style="text-align:center"
|-
! colspan="3" | Compressor (RB/SB)
|-
! colspan="3" | Setting 1
|-
! Optimal altitude
! 100% Engine power
! WEP Engine power
|-
| 0 m || 2,190 kgf || 2,212 kgf
|-
|}

=== Survivability and armour ===

At its tier there is little which cannot hurt the G.91. This is mostly due to the large calibres and fast firing weapons found in the jet age, although the Gina does not help this issue. The armour is enough to withstand the occasional tank LMG fire, but otherwise will only protect the pilot from shrapnel damage. Even though the centerline arrangement of all components proves to be quite survivable in combat, it does NOT lend itself for head-ons or prolongued chases. The former only leads to functional aircraft with a dead pilot and the latter to the reverse, which was in all likelihood the intended design in real life.

* 6.5 mm Steel - Behind, below and in front of the pilot
* 6.5 mm Steel - under central fuel tanks.
* 40 mm bulletproof glass - Armored windshield
* Critical components located down the midline of aircraft (fuel, pilot, engine, controls)
* Fuel tanks located in the central fuselage.

== Armaments ==
=== Offensive armament ===

The DEFA 552 is an excellent Revolvercannon for jet to jet combat. With high velocity, devastating high-explosive rounds and fast firing rate it can easily hit even extreme deflection or long range pursuit shots. Only downside is the low ammo count of 125 rounds per cannon and thus having to resort to very short burst fires.

{{main|DEFA 552 (30 mm)}}

The '''''{{PAGENAME}}''''' is armed with:

* 2 x 30 mm DEFA 552 cannons, nose-mounted (125 rpg = 250 total)

=== Suspended armament ===

Featuring a wide range of ordnance the G.91 R/3 can be equipped for any role from ground to air combat, though it prefers air superiority.

{{main|AN-M57 (250 lb)|AN-M64A1 (500 lb)|SNEB Type 23|AS-20}}

The '''''{{PAGENAME}}''''' can be outfitted with the following ordnance:

* Without load
* 4 x 250 lb AN-M57 bombs (1,000 lb total)
* 2 x 500 lb AN-M64A1 bombs (1,000 lb total)
* 4 x AS-20 Air-Surface Missile
* 4 x AA-20 Air-Ground Missile
* 38 x SNEB Type 23 rockets

For air-to-ground purposes, the G.91 R/3 is similar to the [[G.91 pre-serie]] and [[G.91 R/1]], both its predecessors, in loadout options sharing the same FFAR Mighty Mouse rocket option as well as the choice of a pair of 500 lb bombs. However, the R/3 has an additional and unique option; the AS-20 Nord air-to-ground missile, with a reasonable penetration value (83 mm RHAe) but incredible warhead size of (just under) 30 kilograms of TNT. Skilled use of the missile can allow for a more accurate fire at longer ranges especially versus more dangerous vehicles like self-propelled anti-aircraft guns.

== Usage in battles ==

Air superiority is the combat objective for the G.91 ''Gina'', anything else is secondary. In team games lure enemy fighters into extensive and excessive dogfights to allow your heavier and less nimble allies to [[Boom and Zoom Jets|Boom and Zoom]] or [[Boom and Run Jets|Boom and Run]] them. With their great thrust to weight ratio the G.91 can maintain their energy superiority and in emergencies (such as non-existant teamplay) to disengage. Alternatively standard BnZ is considerable choice. Again the great acceleration allows for more energy expensive maneuvers and still disengage without much worry from the target. Such follies would be deadly in many other fighters, but the Gina is hence quite forgiving. In fact too forgiving, new pilots to the jet age need to lose old habits and the G.91 does not force one's hand.<br>

Against bombers and ground attack craft the G.91 lacks fire power and it will take considerable ammo use to compensate for this. The measly protection against defensive fire makes this a dangerous task anyway and should thusly be left for better equipped allies.<br>

The very same can be said for ground attacks. While being able to mount air-to-ground ordnance, the payload yield is miniscule. The FFAR pods are the only worthwhile consideration, but run against the G.91's intended role of Air Superiority Fighter.

=== Modules ===
{| class="wikitable"
! Tier
! colspan="2" | Flight performance
! Survivability
! colspan="2" | Weaponry
|-
| I
| Fuselage repair
| Compressor
|
| Offensive 30 mm
| FSBC mk.5
|-
| II
| New boosters
|
| Airframe
|
| FMBC mk.1
|-
| III
| Wings repair
| Engine
|
| New 30 mm cannons
| Nord AS.20
|-
| IV
| G-suit
|
| Cover
|
| Matra SNEB
|-
|}
A focus should be done on the engine modules, as the G.91 lives by its T/W ratio. New boosters is a double edged sword, as without the G-Suit one is just black out earlier. This oddly makes the Bomb unlock a tantalizing choice, especially in already won matches for farming on ground units before the game ends. Airframe and cover do little, the weight savings are very minor and without them the G.91 can still easily reach top speeds and rip off its wings...
=== Pros and cons ===


'''Pros:'''

* Exceptional manoeuvrability, with very high roll and turn rates
* Effective suspended armament choices for ground strike
* Access to the [[AS-20|AS-20 Nord]] air-to-ground missile that can destroy any tank
* Two 30 mm DEFA cannons available
* Can carry 4 x AS-20 Nord missiles unlike most other jet fighters which only can carry two
* Small burst of 30 mm cannons is enough to fully destroy a plane especially in the head-on situations
* Has access to drag chute, its very effective for losing speed when landing on the small airfields
* The 30 mm cannons have very good penetration can destroy light tanks through the hull and other main battle tanks through the roof

'''Cons:'''

* Slower than most of its contemporaries
* Very fragile airframe
* Poor energy retention
* Fairly low ammo count for the guns means that you need to be conservative with your ammo
* Wing snaps off when sharply turning at speeds above 700 km/h

== History ==

The G.91 ''Small Sabre'' entered service with the Luftwaffe in 1962 after winning the 1953 NATO light tactical support aircraft competition. This competition had called for a fighter which could carry 452 kg of ordnance, patrol a combat radius of 180 km assuming 10 mins over the target, average cruising speed of at least 705 km/h and Mach 0.95 capability. It also had to be fully operational on grass or other types of unprepared runways, with a take-off distance of 1,100 m. The R/3 was the Luftwaffe's version of the G.91, but with more powerful armament, two wing points for suspended ordnance and better avionics than the Italian Air Force's R/1s. Fifty R/3s were built in Italy starting in 1959 and another 294 were license-built in West Germany. The Luftwaffe also received another 50 of the very similar R/4 aircraft after orders for Greece and Turkey fell through. The Luftwaffe also had 66 T-3 two-seat trainer models built of which twenty-two were built in Germany.

== Media ==

{{Youtube-gallery|LNOcqRDgo9M|'''"Fun And Frustrating /// G.91 R/3 War Thunder 1.91 Review"''' by ''DEFYN''|hD5YJdWrAWE|'''"Fiat G91R/3 - A Better Version of the Same Bird"''' by ''WhooptieDo''}}
* [https://live.warthunder.com/post/794191/en/ Skin: Fiat G.91R/3 99+03 of the German Luftwaffe serving in the JABOG 33 - by ''
_Invincible'']
* [https://live.warthunder.com/post/859462/en/ Skin: Historical G.91 R/3 32+92 of the Waffenschule der Luftwaffe 50 (WaSLw50), 1968 by ''
Magicool'']

== See also ==


* [[F-86A-5|F-86A-5 Sabre]] - combat role predecessor
* [[La-15]] and [[Yak-30]] - similar flight style
* [[G.91 (Family)]]

== External links ==


* [https://forum.warthunder.com/index.php?/topic/363988-fiat-g91-discussion-thread/ WT Forum: Fiat G.91 discussion thread]

* [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fiat_G.91 en.wikipedia entry]


{{Germany jet aircraft}}

G.91 pre-serie

2019-10-31T18:24:06Z

U2363119: fixed category mistake

{{Specs-Card|code=fiat_g91_ps}}
{{About
| about = Italian jet fighter '''{{PAGENAME}}'''
| usage = similar playstyle
| link-1 = G.91 R/1
| and
| link-2 = G.91 (Family)
}}

== Description ==

[[File:GarageImage_{{PAGENAME}}.jpg|420px|thumb|left]]
{{break}}
The '''{{Specs|name}}''' (nicknamed ''"Gina"'') is a rank {{Specs|rank}} Italian jet fighter {{Battle-rating}}. It was introduced in [[Update 1.69 "Regia Aeronautica"]] along with the initial Italian aviation tree.<br>

A mid 50's Trans-sonic fighter ( < Mach 0.98) with ground attack abilities. Very maneuverable, but with a light offensive armament makes the G.91 with its young age a difficult starter aircraft into the jet era. Especially as it will fly in fierce competition in the sky, facing every sub- and trans-sonic aircraft and being smack in the middle performance wise.<br>

There are little changes between the Pre-serie, [[G.91 R/1|R/1]], [[G.91 R/3|R/3]] and the [[G.91 R/4|R/4]], and this guide can be considered universal for all listed aircraft.

== General info ==
=== Flight Performance ===

The G.91 was intended to replace the [[F-86A-5|F-86A Sabre]] in German, Portuguese and Italian service and it shows.With an empty weight of only 3100 kg (6800 lbs) and a takeoff weight of 5500 kg (12100 lbs) the Gina is in the weight class as the [[P-51D-5|P-51D]] and [[MiG-9]], yet severly lighter than most other jets and losing about one and a half tonnes compared to the Sabre A.
Although only outputting a meager 22 kN of thrust this first look dosadvantage is literally outweighted by the high thrust to weight ratio of 0.73 empty (0.41 full). This makes the Gina an excellent dogfighter as jet fighters maintain both their top speed, climb and sustained turn-rate by their engine power rather than other flight characteristics. It can easily reach its own terminal speed (1011 km/h, 921 f/s) and self-destruct in level flight.<br>

Lacking in straight wings and leading wing slats the stall speed for the G.91 is quite higher than the low weight lets one assume. One should hence be wary of many older jet types with said features, as after bleeding too much speed they can easily out maneuver the Gina.

Starting with 20 min of fuel, gaining the climb speed of 800 km/h IAS (sustainable @ 7-8°; 730 f/s) takes a mere ~80 seconds with 20 predicated for taking off at 230 km/h or 210 f/s IAS. An Immelmann at 800 km/h will gain 1000 m and loose 300 km/h. A hard 180° turn at the same speed takes >100 km/h and may lose up to 60 m.

{| class="wikitable" style="text-align:center"
|-
! colspan="8" | Characteristics
|-
! colspan="8" | ''Stock''
|-
! colspan="2" | Max Speed<br>(km/h at 1,200 m)
! rowspan="2" | Max altitude<br>(meters)
! colspan="2" | Turn time<br>(seconds)
! colspan="2" | Rate of climb<br>(meters/second)
! rowspan="2" | Take-off run<br>(meters)
|-
! AB
! RB
! AB
! RB
! AB
! RB
|-
| 1,043 || 1,014 || {{Specs|ceiling}} || 27.4 || 28.0 || 31 || 29.9 || 850
|-
! colspan="8" | ''Upgraded''
|-
! colspan="2" | Max Speed<br>(km/h at 1,200 m)
! rowspan="2" | Max altitude<br>(meters)
! colspan="2" | Turn time<br>(seconds)
! colspan="2" | Rate of climb<br>(meters/second)
! rowspan="2" | Take-off run<br>(meters)
|-
! AB
! RB
! AB
! RB
! AB
! RB
|-
| ??? || ??? || {{Specs|ceiling}} || ??.? || ??.? || ??.? || ??.? || 850
|-
|}

==== Details ====
{| class="wikitable" style="text-align:center"
|-
! colspan="5" | Features
|-
! Combat flaps
! Take-off flaps
! Landing flaps
! Air brakes
! Arrestor gear
|-
| ✓ || ✓ || ✓ || ✓ || X 
|-
|}

{| class="wikitable" style="text-align:center"
|-
! colspan="5" | Limits
|-
! rowspan="2" | Wing-break speed<br>(km/h)
! rowspan="2" | Gear limit<br>(km/h)
! rowspan="2" | Combat flaps<br>(km/h)
! colspan="2" | Max Static G
|-
! +
! -
|-
| {{Specs|destruction|constructions}} || {{Specs|destruction|chassis}} || 620 || ~10 || ~5
|-
|}

{| class="wikitable" style="text-align:center"
|-
! colspan="4" | Optimal velocities
|-
! Ailerons<br>(km/h)
! Rudder<br>(km/h)
! Elevators<br>(km/h)
! Radiator<br>(km/h)
|-
| < 800 || < 650 || < 660 || N/A
|-
|}

{| class="wikitable" style="text-align:center"
|-
! colspan="3" | Compressor (RB/SB)
|-
! colspan="3" | Setting 1
|-
! Optimal altitude
! 100% Engine power
! WEP Engine power
|-
| 0 m || 2,140 kgf || N/A
|-
|}

=== Survivability and armour ===

At its tier there is little which cannot hurt the G.91. This is mostly due to the large calibres and fast firing weapons found in the jet age, although the Gina does not help this issue. The armour is enough to withstand the occasional tank LMG fire, but otherwise will only protect the pilot from shrapnel damage. Even though the centerline arrangement of all components proves to be quite survivable in combat, it does NOT lend itself for head-ons or prolongued chases. The former only leads to functional aircraft with a dead pilot and the latter to the reverse, which was in all likelihood the intended design in real life.

* 6.5 mm Steel - Behind, below and in front of the pilot
* 6.5 mm Steel - under central fuel tanks.
* 40 mm bulletproof glass - Armored windshield
* Critical components located down the midline of aircraft (fuel, pilot, engine, controls)
* Fuel tanks located in the central fuselage.

== Armaments ==
=== Offensive armament ===

The M3 Browning is a new weapon in the Italian arsenal at this 5th tier and compared to the previous experiences a let down. The rate of fire is phenomenal, but the small calibre and ammo size put a serious demper to the mood, that is in comparison of course. In practise and with good aim, it can easily shred four fighters. The high bullet velocity and fire rate is quite the advantage in the fast pace world of jet combat, ensuring hits in deflection shots were the lower rate of fire found in the [[:Category:Fifth_rank_aircraft|Soviet jet fighters]] might have failed the pilot.
Yet one will always look onto greener pastures, especially as the Gina only has four guns unlike all other Browning armed jets.<br>
No matter how you turn it, the armament is only managable with skill and for a beginner outright bad.

{{main|Browning M3 (12.7 mm)}}

The '''''{{PAGENAME}}''''' is armed with:

* 4 x 12.7 mm Browning M3 machine guns, nose-mounted (300 rpg = 1,200 total)

=== Suspended armament ===

Mediocre. The G.91 is a fighter and it shows in the additional payloads. They should only be considered for a quick drop on the way to the combat zone, losing height/speed advantage in doing so, or once aerial dominance has already accomplished. Even then many other jets are way better suited for ground attacks.<br>
The bombs are standard fare and often not worse the hassle with their low total yield. The FFAR rockets are a far better option allowing to tackle more than one target, even though they only work well against soft target and upto medium tanks.

{{main|AN-M64A1 (500 lb)|FFAR Mighty Mouse}}

The '''''{{PAGENAME}}''''' can be outfitted with the following ordnance:

* Without load
* 2 x 500 lb AN-M64A1 bombs (1,000 lb total)
* 38 x FFAR Mighty Mouse rockets

== Usage in battles ==

Air superiority is the combat objective for the G.91 ''Gina'', anything else is secondary. In team games lure enemy fighters into extensive and excessive dogfights to allow your heavier and less nimble allies to [[Boom and Zoom Jets|Boom and Zoom]] or [[Boom and Run Jets|Boom and Run]] them. With their great thrust to weight ratio the G.91 can maintain their energy superiority and in emergencies (such as non-existant teamplay) to disengage. Alternatively standard BnZ is considerable choice. Again the great acceleration allows for more energy expensive maneuvers and still disengage without much worry from the target. Such follies would be deadly in many other fighters, but the Gina is hence quite forgiving. In fact too forgiving, new pilots to the jet age need to lose old habits and the G.91 does not force one's hand.<br>

Against bombers and ground attack craft the G.91 lacks fire power and it will take considerable ammo use to compensate for this. The measly protection against defensive fire makes this a dangerous task anyway and should thusly be left for better equipped allies.<br>

The very same can be said for ground attacks. While being able to mount air-to-ground ordnance, the payload yield is miniscule. The FFAR pods are the only worthwhile consideration, but run against the G.91's intended role of Air Superiority Fighter.

=== Manual Engine Control ===
{| class="wikitable" style="text-align:center"
|-
! colspan="7" | MEC elements
|-
! rowspan="2" | Mixer
! rowspan="2" | Pitch
! colspan="3" | Radiator
! rowspan="2" | Supercharger
! rowspan="2" | Turbocharger
|-
! Oil
! Water
! Type
|-
| Not controllable || rowspan="2" | Not controllable<br>Not auto controlled || rowspan="2" | Not controllable<br>Auto control available || rowspan="2" | Not controllable<br>Auto control available || rowspan="2" | Separate || rowspan="2" | Not controllable<br>1 gear || rowspan="2" | Not controllable
|-
|}

=== Modules ===
{| class="wikitable"
! colspan="1" | Tier
! colspan="2" | Flight performance
! colspan="1" | Survivability
! colspan="2" | Weaponry
|-
| I
| Fuselage repair
| Compressor
|
| Offensive 12 mm
|
|-
| II
| New boosters
|
| Airframe
|
| SBC-17
|-
| III
| Wings repair
| Engine
|
| New 12 mm MGs
|
|-
| IV
| G-suit
|
| Cover
|
| FFAR Mighty Mouse
|-
|}
A focus should be done on the engine modules, as the G.91 lives by its T/W ratio. New boosters is a double edged sword, as without the G-Suit one is just black out earlier. This oddly makes the Bomb unlock a tantalizing choice, especially in already won matches for farming on ground units before the game ends. Airframe and cover do little, the weight savings are very minor and without them the G.91 can still easily reach top speeds and rip off its wings...
=== Pros and cons ===


'''Pros:'''

* Low weight, High thrust to weight ratio
** Great turn time for a jet; can give the MiG-15 a run for its money
** Great acceleration and climb rate
* 4 x M3 machine guns can be deadly if aimed correctly and used in close range

'''Cons:'''

* Short burst time due to low ammo count
* Limited ground attack abilities
* Bleeds off a lot of speed in a full elevator turn
* Can rip its wings off if you pull full elevator past 800 km/h

== History ==


Winner of the 1953 NATO light tactical support aircraft competition, the Fiat "Small Sabre" would be in production for 19 years, with 756 aircraft completed, with the last aircraft produced in 1977. It served in the Italian and West German air forces starting in 1961 and 1962 respectively.

The original competition specifications called for a jet able to carry 450 kg of ordnance with an operational radius of 180 km, assuming 10 minutes over the target, with a maximum speed of at least Mach 0.95 and a takeoff distance of no more than 1100m, on unprepared or grass runways. Eight aircraft competed in the first round, including the French Dassault Etendard (then called the Mystere XXVI) and the British Folland Gnat. The Etendard, the G.91 and a Breguet design were selected for the second round beginning in late 1957. Fiat went ahead with pre-production ("pre-serie" in Italian) aircraft, with first flight in August, 1956, seven months ahead of its competitors. The crash of the first prototype due to aeroclastic vibrations in February, 1957, proved a setback, but the G.91 entered the second round as scheduled and was announced as the winner in January, 1958.

Critics said Fiat had just copied the F-86 Sabre, which it was manufacturing under license, but these claims seem unwarranted. Operational service evaluations with the Italian air force's 103 Squadron ran from February to July, 1959, leading to a West German decision to manufacture the aircraft under license.

== Media ==

{{Youtube-gallery|xnSwBP_D3aw|'''"How to fly the Fiat G.91R/1"''' by ''McChickenBites''|tCiqB569rTg|'''"The G.91 Is The Most Braindead Jet To Fly... But It's Still Fun"''' by ''SPITflyer''}}
* [https://live.warthunder.com/post/624545/en/ Skin of the Week: June Week 3-4 2017! Fiat G.91 PAN M.M. 6244, 313° Gruppo Addestramento Acrobatico, Pattuglia Acrobatica Nazionale Frecce Tricolori, 1964 – 1981. - by ''Sonoda_Kotori'']
* [https://live.warthunder.com/post/689435/en/ Skin: G.91 Vento Tricolore by ''Zaryulenko'']

== See also ==


* [[F-86A-5|F-86A-5 Sabre]] - combat role predecessor
* [[La-15]] and [[Yak-30]] - similar flight style
* [[G.91 (Family)]]

== External links ==


* [https://forum.warthunder.com/index.php?/topic/363988-fiat-g91-discussion-thread/ WT Forum: Fiat G.91 discussion thread]
* [https://forum.warthunder.com/index.php?/topic/364977-fiat-g91-preserie/ WT Forum: Flight Model Data Sheet]
* [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fiat_G.91 en.wikipedia entry]


{{Italy jet aircraft}}

G.91 R/1

2019-10-31T18:23:19Z

U2363119: fixed category

{{Specs-Card|code=fiat_g91_r1}}
{{About
| about = Italian jet fighter '''{{PAGENAME}}'''
| usage = similar playstyle
| link-1 = G.91 pre-serie
| and
| link-2 = G.91 (Family)
}}

== Description ==

[[File:GarageImage_G.91_R_1.jpg|420px|thumb|left]]
{{break}}
The '''{{Specs|name}}''' (nicknamed ''"Gina"'') is a rank {{Specs|rank}} Italian jet fighter {{Battle-rating}}. It was introduced in [[Update 1.69 "Regia Aeronautica"]] along with the initial Italian aviation tree.<br>

A mid 50's Trans-sonic fighter ( < Mach 0.98) with ground attack abilities. Very maneuverable, but with a light offensive armament makes the G.91 with its young age a difficult starter aircraft into the jet era. Especially as it will fly in fierce competition in the sky, facing every sub- and trans-sonic aircraft and being smack in the middle performance wise.<br>

There are little changes between the [[G.91 pre-serie|Pre-serie]], [[G.91 R/1|R/1]], [[G.91 R/3|R/3]] and the [[G.91 R/4|R/4]], and this guide can be considered universal for all listed aircraft.

== General info ==
=== Flight Performance ===

The G.91 was intended to replace the [[F-86A-5|F-86A Sabre]] in German, Portuguese and Italian service and it shows.With an empty weight of only 3100 kg (6800 lbs) and a takeoff weight of 5500 kg (12100 lbs) the Gina is in the weight class as the [[P-51D-5|P-51D]] and [[MiG-9]], yet severly lighter than most other jets and losing about one and a half tonnes compared to the Sabre A.
Although only outputting a meager 22 kN of thrust this first look dosadvantage is literally outweighted by the high thrust to weight ratio of 0.73 empty (0.41 full). This makes the Gina an excellent dogfighter as jet fighters maintain both their top speed, climb and sustained turn-rate by their engine power rather than other flight characteristics. It can easily reach its own terminal speed (1011 km/h, 921 f/s) and self-destruct in level flight.<br>

Lacking in straight wings and leading wing slats the stall speed for the G.91 is quite higher than the low weight lets one assume. One should hence be wary of many older jet types with said features, as after bleeding too much speed they can easily out maneuver the Gina.

Starting with 20 min of fuel, gaining the climb speed of 800 km/h IAS (sustainable @ 7-8°; 730 f/s) takes a mere ~80 seconds with 20 predicated for taking off at 230 km/h or 210 f/s IAS. An Immelmann at 800 km/h will gain 1000 m and loose 300 km/h. A hard 180° turn at the same speed takes >100 km/h and may lose up to 60 m.

{| class="wikitable" style="text-align:center"
|-
! colspan="8" | Characteristics
|-
! colspan="8" | ''Stock''
|-
! colspan="2" | Max Speed<br>(km/h at 0 m - at sea level)
! rowspan="2" | Max altitude<br>(meters)
! colspan="2" | Turn time<br>(seconds)
! colspan="2" | Rate of climb<br>(meters/second)
! rowspan="2" | Take-off run<br>(meters)
|-
! AB !! RB !! AB !! RB !! AB !! RB
|-
| 1,066 || 1,042 || {{Specs|ceiling}} || 27.4 || 27.9 || 30,1 || 29.2 || 850
|-
! colspan="8" | ''Upgraded''
|-
! colspan="2" | Max Speed<br>(km/h at 0 m - at sea level)
! rowspan="2" | Max altitude<br>(meters)
! colspan="2" | Turn time<br>(seconds)
! colspan="2" | Rate of climb<br>(meters/second)
! rowspan="2" | Take-off run<br>(meters)
|-
! AB !! RB !! AB !! RB !! AB !! RB
|-
| ??? || 1,084 || {{Specs|ceiling}} || ??.? || 26.0 || ??.? || 39 || 850
|-
|}

==== Details ====
{| class="wikitable" style="text-align:center"
|-
! colspan="5" | Features
|-
! Combat flaps !! Take-off flaps !! Landing flaps !! Air brakes !! Arrestor gear
|-
| ✓ || ✓ || ✓ || ✓ || X 
|-
|}

{| class="wikitable" style="text-align:center"
|-
! colspan="5" | Limits
|-
! rowspan="2" | Wing-break speed<br>(km/h)
! rowspan="2" | Gear limit<br>(km/h)
! rowspan="2" | Combat flaps<br>(km/h)
! colspan="2" | Max Static G
|-
! + !! -
|-
| {{Specs|destruction|constructions}} || {{Specs|destruction|chassis}} || 620 || ~10 || ~5
|-
|}

{| class="wikitable" style="text-align:center"
|-
! colspan="4" | Optimal velocities
|-
! Ailerons<br>(km/h)
! Rudder<br>(km/h)
! Elevators<br>(km/h)
! Radiator<br>(km/h)
|-
| < 800 || < 650 || < 660 || N/A
|-
|}

{| class="wikitable" style="text-align:center"
|-
! colspan="3" | Compressor (RB/SB)
|-
! colspan="3" | Setting 1
|-
! Optimal altitude
! 100% Engine power
! WEP Engine power
|-
| 0 m || 2,190 kgf || 2,212 kgf
|-
|}

=== Survivability and armour ===

At its tier there is little which cannot hurt the G.91. This is mostly due to the large calibres and fast firing weapons found in the jet age, although the Gina does not help this issue. The armour is enough to withstand the occasional tank LMG fire, but otherwise will only protect the pilot from shrapnel damage. Even though the centerline arrangement of all components proves to be quite survivable in combat, it does NOT lend itself for head-ons or prolongued chases. The former only leads to functional aircraft with a dead pilot and the latter to the reverse, which was in all likelihood the intended design in real life.

* 6.5 mm Steel - Behind, below and in front of the pilot
* 6.5 mm Steel - under central fuel tanks.
* 40 mm bulletproof glass - Armored windshield
* Critical components located down the midline of aircraft (fuel, pilot, engine, controls)
* Fuel tanks located in the central fuselage.

== Armaments ==
=== Offensive armament ===

The M3 Browning is a new weapon in the Italian arsenal at this 5th tier and compared to the previous experiences a let down. The rate of fire is phenomenal, but the small calibre and ammo size put a serious demper to the mood, that is in comparison of course. In practise and with good aim, it can easily shred four fighters. The high bullet velocity and fire rate is quite the advantage in the fast pace world of jet combat, ensuring hits in deflection shots were the lower rate of fire found in the [[:Category:Fifth_rank_aircraft|Soviet jet fighters]] might have failed the pilot.
Yet one will always look onto greener pastures, especially as the Gina only has four guns unlike all other Browning armed jets.<br>
No matter how you turn it, the armament is only managable with skill and for a beginner outright bad.

{{main|Browning M3 (12.7 mm)}}

The '''''{{PAGENAME}}''''' is armed with:

* 4 x 12.7 mm Browning M3 machine guns, nose-mounted (300 rpg = 1,200 total)

=== Suspended armament ===

Mediocre. The G.91 is a fighter and it shows in the additional payloads. They should only be considered for a quick drop on the way to the combat zone, losing height/speed advantage in doing so, or once aerial dominance has already accomplished. Even then many other jets are way better suited for ground attacks.<br>
The bombs are standard fare and often not worse the hassle with their low total yield. The FFAR rockets are a far better option allowing to tackle more than one target, even though they only work well against soft target and upto medium tanks.

{{main|AN-M64A1 (500 lb)|FFAR Mighty Mouse}}

The '''''{{PAGENAME}}''''' can be outfitted with the following ordnance:

* Without load
* 2 x 500 lb AN-M64A1 bombs (1,000 lb total)
* 38 x FFAR Mighty Mouse rockets

== Usage in battles ==

Air superiority is the combat objective for the G.91 ''Gina'', anything else is secondary. In team games lure enemy fighters into extensive and excessive dogfights to allow your heavier and less nimble allies to [[Boom and Zoom Jets|Boom and Zoom]] or [[Boom and Run Jets|Boom and Run]] them. With their great thrust to weight ratio the G.91 can maintain their energy superiority and in emergencies (such as non-existant teamplay) to disengage. Alternatively standard BnZ is considerable choice. Again the great acceleration allows for more energy expensive maneuvers and still disengage without much worry from the target. Such follies would be deadly in many other fighters, but the Gina is hence quite forgiving. In fact too forgiving, new pilots to the jet age need to lose old habits and the G.91 does not force one's hand.<br>

Against bombers and ground attack craft the G.91 lacks fire power and it will take considerable ammo use to compensate for this. The measly protection against defensive fire makes this a dangerous task anyway and should thusly be left for better equipped allies.<br>

The very same can be said for ground attacks. While being able to mount air-to-ground ordnance, the payload yield is miniscule. The FFAR pods are the only worthwhile consideration, but run against the G.91's intended role of Air Superiority Fighter.

=== Manual Engine Control ===
{| class="wikitable" style="text-align:center"
|-
! colspan="7" | MEC elements
|-
! rowspan="2" | Mixer
! rowspan="2" | Pitch
! colspan="3" | Radiator
! rowspan="2" | Supercharger
! rowspan="2" | Turbocharger
|-
! Oil
! Water
! Type
|-
| Not controllable || rowspan="2" | Not controllable<br>Not auto controlled || rowspan="2" | Not controllable<br>Auto control available || rowspan="2" | Not controllable<br>Auto control available || rowspan="2" | Separate || rowspan="2" | Not controllable<br>1 gear || rowspan="2" | Not controllable
|-
|}

=== Modules ===
{| class="wikitable"
! Tier
! colspan="2" | Flight performance
! Survivability
! colspan="2" | Weaponry
|-
| I
| Fuselage repair
| Compressor
|
| Offensive 12 mm
|
|-
| II
| New boosters
|
| Airframe
|
| SBC-17
|-
| III
| Wings repair
| Engine
|
| New 12 mm MGs
|
|-
| IV
| G-suit
|
| Cover
|
| FFAR Mighty Mouse
|-
|}
A focus should be done on the engine modules, as the G.91 lives by its T/W ratio. New boosters is a double edged sword, as without the G-Suit one is just black out earlier. This oddly makes the Bomb unlock a tantalizing choice, especially in already won matches for farming on ground units before the game ends. Airframe and cover do little, the weight savings are very minor and without them the G.91 can still easily reach top speeds and rip off its wings...
=== Pros and cons ===


'''Pros:'''

* Low weight, high thrust-to-weight ratio
** Great turn time for a jet; can give the MiG-15 a run for its money
** Great acceleration and climb rate
* 4 x M3 machine guns can be deadly if aimed correctly and used in close range

'''Cons:'''

* It has a lower speed relative to the jets it can encounter
* Short burst time due to low ammo count
* Limited ground attack abilities
* Bleeds off a lot of speed in a full elevator turn
* Can rip its wings off if you pull full elevator past 800 km/h

== History ==


The first production version of the G.91 was the G.91 R, which was intended for both close support and photo reconnaissance. The first production aircraft were finished in 1959, and the R/1 entered Italian Air Force service with 14th Gruppe in March, 1961. In total 48 of this model would be built, all serving with Italy, while the West Germans used the more powerfully armed R/3 and R/4 variants. These would be followed by another 50 R/1B combat aircraft.

Winner of the 1953 NATO light tactical support aircraft competition, the Fiat "Small Sabre" would be in production for 19 years, with 756 aircraft completed, with the last aircraft produced in 1977. It served in the Italian and West German air forces starting in 1961 and 1962 respectively.

The original competition specifications called for a jet able to carry 450 kg of ordnance with an operational radius of 180 km, assuming 10 minutes over the target, with a maximum speed of at least Mach 0.95 and a takeoff distance of no more than 1100m, on unprepared or grass runways. Eight aircraft competed in the first round, including the French Dassault Etendard (then called the Mystere XXVI) and the British Folland Gnat. The Etendard, the G.91 and a Breguet design were selected for the second round beginning in late 1957. Fiat went ahead with pre-production ("pre-serie" in Italian) aircraft, with first flight in August, 1956, seven months ahead of its competitors. The crash of the first prototype due to aeroclastic vibrations in February, 1957, proved a setback, but the G.91 entered the second round as scheduled and was announced as the winner in January, 1958.

Critics said Fiat had just copied the F-86 Sabre, which it was manufacturing under license, but these claims seem unwarranted. Operational service evaluations with the Italian air force's 103 Squadron ran from February to July, 1959, leading to a West German decision to manufacture the aircraft under license.

== Media ==

{{Youtube-gallery|xnSwBP_D3aw|'''"How to fly the Fiat G.91R/1"''' by ''McChickenBites''|tCiqB569rTg|'''"The G.91 Is The Most Braindead Jet To Fly... But It's Still Fun"''' by ''SPITflyer''}}
* [https://live.warthunder.com/post/615164/en/ Skin: Fiat G.91 Luftwaffe Camo - by ''
ChezThunderDash'']
* [https://live.warthunder.com/post/666735/en/ Skin: G.91 Littorio Kancolle Anime by ''
Kurumi_TH'']

== See also ==


* [[F-86A-5|F-86A-5 Sabre]] - combat role predecessor
* [[La-15]] and [[Yak-30]] - similar flight style
* [[G.91 (Family)]]

== External links ==


* [https://forum.warthunder.com/index.php?/topic/363988-fiat-g91-discussion-thread/ WT Forum: Fiat G.91 discussion thread]
* [https://forum.warthunder.com/index.php?/topic/364978-fiat-g91-r1/ WT Forum: Flight Model Data Sheet]
* [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fiat_G.91 en.wikipedia entry]


{{Italy jet aircraft}}

G.91 R/1

2019-10-31T17:34:43Z

U2363119: fixed garage image

{{Specs-Card|code=fiat_g91_r1}}
{{About
| about = Italian jet fighter '''{{PAGENAME}}'''
| usage = similar playstyle
| link-1 = G.91 pre-serie
| and
| link-2 = G.91 (Family)
}}

== Description ==

[[File:GarageImage_G.91_R_1.jpg|420px|thumb|left]]
{{break}}
The '''{{Specs|name}}''' (nicknamed ''"Gina"'') is a rank {{Specs|rank}} Italian jet fighter {{Battle-rating}}. It was introduced in [[Update 1.69 "Regia Aeronautica"]] along with the initial Italian aviation tree.<br>

A mid 50's Trans-sonic fighter ( < Mach 0.98) with ground attack abilities. Very maneuverable, but with a light offensive armament makes the G.91 with its young age a difficult starter aircraft into the jet era. Especially as it will fly in fierce competition in the sky, facing every sub- and trans-sonic aircraft and being smack in the middle performance wise.<br>

There are little changes between the [[G.91 pre-serie|Pre-serie]], [[G.91 R/1|R/1]], [[G.91 R/3|R/3]] and the [[G.91 R/4|R/4]], and this guide can be considered universal for all listed aircraft.

== General info ==
=== Flight Performance ===

The G.91 was intended to replace the [[F-86A-5|F-86A Sabre]] in German, Portuguese and Italian service and it shows.With an empty weight of only 3100 kg (6800 lbs) and a takeoff weight of 5500 kg (12100 lbs) the Gina is in the weight class as the [[P-51D-5|P-51D]] and [[MiG-9]], yet severly lighter than most other jets and losing about one and a half tonnes compared to the Sabre A.
Although only outputting a meager 22 kN of thrust this first look dosadvantage is literally outweighted by the high thrust to weight ratio of 0.73 empty (0.41 full). This makes the Gina an excellent dogfighter as jet fighters maintain both their top speed, climb and sustained turn-rate by their engine power rather than other flight characteristics. It can easily reach its own terminal speed (1011 km/h, 921 f/s) and self-destruct in level flight.<br>

Lacking in straight wings and leading wing slats the stall speed for the G.91 is quite higher than the low weight lets one assume. One should hence be wary of many older jet types with said features, as after bleeding too much speed they can easily out maneuver the Gina.

Starting with 20 min of fuel, gaining the climb speed of 800 km/h IAS (sustainable @ 7-8°; 730 f/s) takes a mere ~80 seconds with 20 predicated for taking off at 230 km/h or 210 f/s IAS. An Immelmann at 800 km/h will gain 1000 m and loose 300 km/h. A hard 180° turn at the same speed takes >100 km/h and may lose up to 60 m.

{| class="wikitable" style="text-align:center"
|-
! colspan="8" | Characteristics
|-
! colspan="8" | ''Stock''
|-
! colspan="2" | Max Speed<br>(km/h at 0 m - at sea level)
! rowspan="2" | Max altitude<br>(meters)
! colspan="2" | Turn time<br>(seconds)
! colspan="2" | Rate of climb<br>(meters/second)
! rowspan="2" | Take-off run<br>(meters)
|-
! AB !! RB !! AB !! RB !! AB !! RB
|-
| 1,066 || 1,042 || {{Specs|ceiling}} || 27.4 || 27.9 || 30,1 || 29.2 || 850
|-
! colspan="8" | ''Upgraded''
|-
! colspan="2" | Max Speed<br>(km/h at 0 m - at sea level)
! rowspan="2" | Max altitude<br>(meters)
! colspan="2" | Turn time<br>(seconds)
! colspan="2" | Rate of climb<br>(meters/second)
! rowspan="2" | Take-off run<br>(meters)
|-
! AB !! RB !! AB !! RB !! AB !! RB
|-
| ??? || 1,084 || {{Specs|ceiling}} || ??.? || 26.0 || ??.? || 39 || 850
|-
|}

==== Details ====
{| class="wikitable" style="text-align:center"
|-
! colspan="5" | Features
|-
! Combat flaps !! Take-off flaps !! Landing flaps !! Air brakes !! Arrestor gear
|-
| ✓ || ✓ || ✓ || ✓ || X 
|-
|}

{| class="wikitable" style="text-align:center"
|-
! colspan="5" | Limits
|-
! rowspan="2" | Wing-break speed<br>(km/h)
! rowspan="2" | Gear limit<br>(km/h)
! rowspan="2" | Combat flaps<br>(km/h)
! colspan="2" | Max Static G
|-
! + !! -
|-
| {{Specs|destruction|constructions}} || {{Specs|destruction|chassis}} || 620 || ~10 || ~5
|-
|}

{| class="wikitable" style="text-align:center"
|-
! colspan="4" | Optimal velocities
|-
! Ailerons<br>(km/h)
! Rudder<br>(km/h)
! Elevators<br>(km/h)
! Radiator<br>(km/h)
|-
| < 800 || < 650 || < 660 || N/A
|-
|}

{| class="wikitable" style="text-align:center"
|-
! colspan="3" | Compressor (RB/SB)
|-
! colspan="3" | Setting 1
|-
! Optimal altitude
! 100% Engine power
! WEP Engine power
|-
| 0 m || 2,190 kgf || 2,212 kgf
|-
|}

=== Survivability and armour ===

At its tier there is little which cannot hurt the G.91. This is mostly due to the large calibres and fast firing weapons found in the jet age, although the Gina does not help this issue. The armour is enough to withstand the occasional tank LMG fire, but otherwise will only protect the pilot from shrapnel damage. Even though the centerline arrangement of all components proves to be quite survivable in combat, it does NOT lend itself for head-ons or prolongued chases. The former only leads to functional aircraft with a dead pilot and the latter to the reverse, which was in all likelihood the intended design in real life.

* 6.5 mm Steel - Behind, below and in front of the pilot
* 6.5 mm Steel - under central fuel tanks.
* 40 mm bulletproof glass - Armored windshield
* Critical components located down the midline of aircraft (fuel, pilot, engine, controls)
* Fuel tanks located in the central fuselage.

== Armaments ==
=== Offensive armament ===

The M3 Browning is a new weapon in the Italian arsenal at this 5th tier and compared to the previous experiences a let down. The rate of fire is phenomenal, but the small calibre and ammo size put a serious demper to the mood, that is in comparison of course. In practise and with good aim, it can easily shred four fighters. The high bullet velocity and fire rate is quite the advantage in the fast pace world of jet combat, ensuring hits in deflection shots were the lower rate of fire found in the [[Category:Fifth_rank_aircraft|Soviet jet fighters]] might have failed the pilot.
Yet one will always look onto greener pastures, especially as the Gina only has four guns unlike all other Browning armed jets.<br>
No matter how you turn it, the armament is only managable with skill and for a beginner outright bad.

{{main|Browning M3 (12.7 mm)}}

The '''''{{PAGENAME}}''''' is armed with:

* 4 x 12.7 mm Browning M3 machine guns, nose-mounted (300 rpg = 1,200 total)

=== Suspended armament ===

Mediocre. The G.91 is a fighter and it shows in the additional payloads. They should only be considered for a quick drop on the way to the combat zone, losing height/speed advantage in doing so, or once aerial dominance has already accomplished. Even then many other jets are way better suited for ground attacks.<br>
The bombs are standard fare and often not worse the hassle with their low total yield. The FFAR rockets are a far better option allowing to tackle more than one target, even though they only work well against soft target and upto medium tanks.

{{main|AN-M64A1 (500 lb)|FFAR Mighty Mouse}}

The '''''{{PAGENAME}}''''' can be outfitted with the following ordnance:

* Without load
* 2 x 500 lb AN-M64A1 bombs (1,000 lb total)
* 38 x FFAR Mighty Mouse rockets

== Usage in battles ==

Air superiority is the combat objective for the G.91 ''Gina'', anything else is secondary. In team games lure enemy fighters into extensive and excessive dogfights to allow your heavier and less nimble allies to [[Boom and Zoom Jets|Boom and Zoom]] or [[Boom and Run Jets|Boom and Run]] them. With their great thrust to weight ratio the G.91 can maintain their energy superiority and in emergencies (such as non-existant teamplay) to disengage. Alternatively standard BnZ is considerable choice. Again the great acceleration allows for more energy expensive maneuvers and still disengage without much worry from the target. Such follies would be deadly in many other fighters, but the Gina is hence quite forgiving. In fact too forgiving, new pilots to the jet age need to lose old habits and the G.91 does not force one's hand.<br>

Against bombers and ground attack craft the G.91 lacks fire power and it will take considerable ammo use to compensate for this. The measly protection against defensive fire makes this a dangerous task anyway and should thusly be left for better equipped allies.<br>

The very same can be said for ground attacks. While being able to mount air-to-ground ordnance, the payload yield is miniscule. The FFAR pods are the only worthwhile consideration, but run against the G.91's intended role of Air Superiority Fighter.

=== Manual Engine Control ===
{| class="wikitable" style="text-align:center"
|-
! colspan="7" | MEC elements
|-
! rowspan="2" | Mixer
! rowspan="2" | Pitch
! colspan="3" | Radiator
! rowspan="2" | Supercharger
! rowspan="2" | Turbocharger
|-
! Oil
! Water
! Type
|-
| Not controllable || rowspan="2" | Not controllable<br>Not auto controlled || rowspan="2" | Not controllable<br>Auto control available || rowspan="2" | Not controllable<br>Auto control available || rowspan="2" | Separate || rowspan="2" | Not controllable<br>1 gear || rowspan="2" | Not controllable
|-
|}

=== Modules ===
{| class="wikitable"
! Tier
! colspan="2" | Flight performance
! Survivability
! colspan="2" | Weaponry
|-
| I
| Fuselage repair
| Compressor
|
| Offensive 12 mm
|
|-
| II
| New boosters
|
| Airframe
|
| SBC-17
|-
| III
| Wings repair
| Engine
|
| New 12 mm MGs
|
|-
| IV
| G-suit
|
| Cover
|
| FFAR Mighty Mouse
|-
|}
A focus should be done on the engine modules, as the G.91 lives by its T/W ratio. New boosters is a double edged sword, as without the G-Suit one is just black out earlier. This oddly makes the Bomb unlock a tantalizing choice, especially in already won matches for farming on ground units before the game ends. Airframe and cover do little, the weight savings are very minor and without them the G.91 can still easily reach top speeds and rip off its wings...
=== Pros and cons ===


'''Pros:'''

* Low weight, high thrust-to-weight ratio
** Great turn time for a jet; can give the MiG-15 a run for its money
** Great acceleration and climb rate
* 4 x M3 machine guns can be deadly if aimed correctly and used in close range

'''Cons:'''

* It has a lower speed relative to the jets it can encounter
* Short burst time due to low ammo count
* Limited ground attack abilities
* Bleeds off a lot of speed in a full elevator turn
* Can rip its wings off if you pull full elevator past 800 km/h

== History ==


The first production version of the G.91 was the G.91 R, which was intended for both close support and photo reconnaissance. The first production aircraft were finished in 1959, and the R/1 entered Italian Air Force service with 14th Gruppe in March, 1961. In total 48 of this model would be built, all serving with Italy, while the West Germans used the more powerfully armed R/3 and R/4 variants. These would be followed by another 50 R/1B combat aircraft.

Winner of the 1953 NATO light tactical support aircraft competition, the Fiat "Small Sabre" would be in production for 19 years, with 756 aircraft completed, with the last aircraft produced in 1977. It served in the Italian and West German air forces starting in 1961 and 1962 respectively.

The original competition specifications called for a jet able to carry 450 kg of ordnance with an operational radius of 180 km, assuming 10 minutes over the target, with a maximum speed of at least Mach 0.95 and a takeoff distance of no more than 1100m, on unprepared or grass runways. Eight aircraft competed in the first round, including the French Dassault Etendard (then called the Mystere XXVI) and the British Folland Gnat. The Etendard, the G.91 and a Breguet design were selected for the second round beginning in late 1957. Fiat went ahead with pre-production ("pre-serie" in Italian) aircraft, with first flight in August, 1956, seven months ahead of its competitors. The crash of the first prototype due to aeroclastic vibrations in February, 1957, proved a setback, but the G.91 entered the second round as scheduled and was announced as the winner in January, 1958.

Critics said Fiat had just copied the F-86 Sabre, which it was manufacturing under license, but these claims seem unwarranted. Operational service evaluations with the Italian air force's 103 Squadron ran from February to July, 1959, leading to a West German decision to manufacture the aircraft under license.

== Media ==

{{Youtube-gallery|xnSwBP_D3aw|'''"How to fly the Fiat G.91R/1"''' by ''McChickenBites''|tCiqB569rTg|'''"The G.91 Is The Most Braindead Jet To Fly... But It's Still Fun"''' by ''SPITflyer''}}
* [https://live.warthunder.com/post/615164/en/ Skin: Fiat G.91 Luftwaffe Camo - by ''
ChezThunderDash'']
* [https://live.warthunder.com/post/666735/en/ Skin: G.91 Littorio Kancolle Anime by ''
Kurumi_TH'']

== See also ==


* [[F-86A-5|F-86A-5 Sabre]] - combat role predecessor
* [[La-15]] and [[Yak-30]] - similar flight style
* [[G.91 (Family)]]

== External links ==


* [https://forum.warthunder.com/index.php?/topic/363988-fiat-g91-discussion-thread/ WT Forum: Fiat G.91 discussion thread]
* [https://forum.warthunder.com/index.php?/topic/364978-fiat-g91-r1/ WT Forum: Flight Model Data Sheet]
* [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fiat_G.91 en.wikipedia entry]


{{Italy jet aircraft}}

G.91 R/1

2019-10-31T17:32:32Z

U2363119: Copy and merge with G.91_pre-serie

{{Specs-Card|code=fiat_g91_r1}}
{{About
| about = Italian jet fighter '''{{PAGENAME}}'''
| usage = similar playstyle
| link-1 = G.91 pre-serie
| and
| link-2 = G.91 (Family)
}}

== Description ==

[[File:GarageImage_{{PAGENAME}}.jpg|420px|thumb|left]]
{{break}}
The '''{{Specs|name}}''' (nicknamed ''"Gina"'') is a rank {{Specs|rank}} Italian jet fighter {{Battle-rating}}. It was introduced in [[Update 1.69 "Regia Aeronautica"]] along with the initial Italian aviation tree.<br>

A mid 50's Trans-sonic fighter ( < Mach 0.98) with ground attack abilities. Very maneuverable, but with a light offensive armament makes the G.91 with its young age a difficult starter aircraft into the jet era. Especially as it will fly in fierce competition in the sky, facing every sub- and trans-sonic aircraft and being smack in the middle performance wise.<br>

There are little changes between the [[G.91 pre-serie|Pre-serie]], [[G.91 R/1|R/1]], [[G.91 R/3|R/3]] and the [[G.91 R/4|R/4]], and this guide can be considered universal for all listed aircraft.

== General info ==
=== Flight Performance ===

The G.91 was intended to replace the [[F-86A-5|F-86A Sabre]] in German, Portuguese and Italian service and it shows.With an empty weight of only 3100 kg (6800 lbs) and a takeoff weight of 5500 kg (12100 lbs) the Gina is in the weight class as the [[P-51D-5|P-51D]] and [[MiG-9]], yet severly lighter than most other jets and losing about one and a half tonnes compared to the Sabre A.
Although only outputting a meager 22 kN of thrust this first look dosadvantage is literally outweighted by the high thrust to weight ratio of 0.73 empty (0.41 full). This makes the Gina an excellent dogfighter as jet fighters maintain both their top speed, climb and sustained turn-rate by their engine power rather than other flight characteristics. It can easily reach its own terminal speed (1011 km/h, 921 f/s) and self-destruct in level flight.<br>

Lacking in straight wings and leading wing slats the stall speed for the G.91 is quite higher than the low weight lets one assume. One should hence be wary of many older jet types with said features, as after bleeding too much speed they can easily out maneuver the Gina.

Starting with 20 min of fuel, gaining the climb speed of 800 km/h IAS (sustainable @ 7-8°; 730 f/s) takes a mere ~80 seconds with 20 predicated for taking off at 230 km/h or 210 f/s IAS. An Immelmann at 800 km/h will gain 1000 m and loose 300 km/h. A hard 180° turn at the same speed takes >100 km/h and may lose up to 60 m.

{| class="wikitable" style="text-align:center"
|-
! colspan="8" | Characteristics
|-
! colspan="8" | ''Stock''
|-
! colspan="2" | Max Speed<br>(km/h at 0 m - at sea level)
! rowspan="2" | Max altitude<br>(meters)
! colspan="2" | Turn time<br>(seconds)
! colspan="2" | Rate of climb<br>(meters/second)
! rowspan="2" | Take-off run<br>(meters)
|-
! AB !! RB !! AB !! RB !! AB !! RB
|-
| 1,066 || 1,042 || {{Specs|ceiling}} || 27.4 || 27.9 || 30,1 || 29.2 || 850
|-
! colspan="8" | ''Upgraded''
|-
! colspan="2" | Max Speed<br>(km/h at 0 m - at sea level)
! rowspan="2" | Max altitude<br>(meters)
! colspan="2" | Turn time<br>(seconds)
! colspan="2" | Rate of climb<br>(meters/second)
! rowspan="2" | Take-off run<br>(meters)
|-
! AB !! RB !! AB !! RB !! AB !! RB
|-
| ??? || 1,084 || {{Specs|ceiling}} || ??.? || 26.0 || ??.? || 39 || 850
|-
|}

==== Details ====
{| class="wikitable" style="text-align:center"
|-
! colspan="5" | Features
|-
! Combat flaps !! Take-off flaps !! Landing flaps !! Air brakes !! Arrestor gear
|-
| ✓ || ✓ || ✓ || ✓ || X 
|-
|}

{| class="wikitable" style="text-align:center"
|-
! colspan="5" | Limits
|-
! rowspan="2" | Wing-break speed<br>(km/h)
! rowspan="2" | Gear limit<br>(km/h)
! rowspan="2" | Combat flaps<br>(km/h)
! colspan="2" | Max Static G
|-
! + !! -
|-
| {{Specs|destruction|constructions}} || {{Specs|destruction|chassis}} || 620 || ~10 || ~5
|-
|}

{| class="wikitable" style="text-align:center"
|-
! colspan="4" | Optimal velocities
|-
! Ailerons<br>(km/h)
! Rudder<br>(km/h)
! Elevators<br>(km/h)
! Radiator<br>(km/h)
|-
| < 800 || < 650 || < 660 || N/A
|-
|}

{| class="wikitable" style="text-align:center"
|-
! colspan="3" | Compressor (RB/SB)
|-
! colspan="3" | Setting 1
|-
! Optimal altitude
! 100% Engine power
! WEP Engine power
|-
| 0 m || 2,190 kgf || 2,212 kgf
|-
|}

=== Survivability and armour ===

At its tier there is little which cannot hurt the G.91. This is mostly due to the large calibres and fast firing weapons found in the jet age, although the Gina does not help this issue. The armour is enough to withstand the occasional tank LMG fire, but otherwise will only protect the pilot from shrapnel damage. Even though the centerline arrangement of all components proves to be quite survivable in combat, it does NOT lend itself for head-ons or prolongued chases. The former only leads to functional aircraft with a dead pilot and the latter to the reverse, which was in all likelihood the intended design in real life.

* 6.5 mm Steel - Behind, below and in front of the pilot
* 6.5 mm Steel - under central fuel tanks.
* 40 mm bulletproof glass - Armored windshield
* Critical components located down the midline of aircraft (fuel, pilot, engine, controls)
* Fuel tanks located in the central fuselage.

== Armaments ==
=== Offensive armament ===

The M3 Browning is a new weapon in the Italian arsenal at this 5th tier and compared to the previous experiences a let down. The rate of fire is phenomenal, but the small calibre and ammo size put a serious demper to the mood, that is in comparison of course. In practise and with good aim, it can easily shred four fighters. The high bullet velocity and fire rate is quite the advantage in the fast pace world of jet combat, ensuring hits in deflection shots were the lower rate of fire found in the [[Category:Fifth_rank_aircraft|Soviet jet fighters]] might have failed the pilot.
Yet one will always look onto greener pastures, especially as the Gina only has four guns unlike all other Browning armed jets.<br>
No matter how you turn it, the armament is only managable with skill and for a beginner outright bad.

{{main|Browning M3 (12.7 mm)}}

The '''''{{PAGENAME}}''''' is armed with:

* 4 x 12.7 mm Browning M3 machine guns, nose-mounted (300 rpg = 1,200 total)

=== Suspended armament ===

Mediocre. The G.91 is a fighter and it shows in the additional payloads. They should only be considered for a quick drop on the way to the combat zone, losing height/speed advantage in doing so, or once aerial dominance has already accomplished. Even then many other jets are way better suited for ground attacks.<br>
The bombs are standard fare and often not worse the hassle with their low total yield. The FFAR rockets are a far better option allowing to tackle more than one target, even though they only work well against soft target and upto medium tanks.

{{main|AN-M64A1 (500 lb)|FFAR Mighty Mouse}}

The '''''{{PAGENAME}}''''' can be outfitted with the following ordnance:

* Without load
* 2 x 500 lb AN-M64A1 bombs (1,000 lb total)
* 38 x FFAR Mighty Mouse rockets

== Usage in battles ==

Air superiority is the combat objective for the G.91 ''Gina'', anything else is secondary. In team games lure enemy fighters into extensive and excessive dogfights to allow your heavier and less nimble allies to [[Boom and Zoom Jets|Boom and Zoom]] or [[Boom and Run Jets|Boom and Run]] them. With their great thrust to weight ratio the G.91 can maintain their energy superiority and in emergencies (such as non-existant teamplay) to disengage. Alternatively standard BnZ is considerable choice. Again the great acceleration allows for more energy expensive maneuvers and still disengage without much worry from the target. Such follies would be deadly in many other fighters, but the Gina is hence quite forgiving. In fact too forgiving, new pilots to the jet age need to lose old habits and the G.91 does not force one's hand.<br>

Against bombers and ground attack craft the G.91 lacks fire power and it will take considerable ammo use to compensate for this. The measly protection against defensive fire makes this a dangerous task anyway and should thusly be left for better equipped allies.<br>

The very same can be said for ground attacks. While being able to mount air-to-ground ordnance, the payload yield is miniscule. The FFAR pods are the only worthwhile consideration, but run against the G.91's intended role of Air Superiority Fighter.

=== Manual Engine Control ===
{| class="wikitable" style="text-align:center"
|-
! colspan="7" | MEC elements
|-
! rowspan="2" | Mixer
! rowspan="2" | Pitch
! colspan="3" | Radiator
! rowspan="2" | Supercharger
! rowspan="2" | Turbocharger
|-
! Oil
! Water
! Type
|-
| Not controllable || rowspan="2" | Not controllable<br>Not auto controlled || rowspan="2" | Not controllable<br>Auto control available || rowspan="2" | Not controllable<br>Auto control available || rowspan="2" | Separate || rowspan="2" | Not controllable<br>1 gear || rowspan="2" | Not controllable
|-
|}

=== Modules ===
{| class="wikitable"
! Tier
! colspan="2" | Flight performance
! Survivability
! colspan="2" | Weaponry
|-
| I
| Fuselage repair
| Compressor
|
| Offensive 12 mm
|
|-
| II
| New boosters
|
| Airframe
|
| SBC-17
|-
| III
| Wings repair
| Engine
|
| New 12 mm MGs
|
|-
| IV
| G-suit
|
| Cover
|
| FFAR Mighty Mouse
|-
|}
A focus should be done on the engine modules, as the G.91 lives by its T/W ratio. New boosters is a double edged sword, as without the G-Suit one is just black out earlier. This oddly makes the Bomb unlock a tantalizing choice, especially in already won matches for farming on ground units before the game ends. Airframe and cover do little, the weight savings are very minor and without them the G.91 can still easily reach top speeds and rip off its wings...
=== Pros and cons ===


'''Pros:'''

* Low weight, high thrust-to-weight ratio
** Great turn time for a jet; can give the MiG-15 a run for its money
** Great acceleration and climb rate
* 4 x M3 machine guns can be deadly if aimed correctly and used in close range

'''Cons:'''

* It has a lower speed relative to the jets it can encounter
* Short burst time due to low ammo count
* Limited ground attack abilities
* Bleeds off a lot of speed in a full elevator turn
* Can rip its wings off if you pull full elevator past 800 km/h

== History ==


The first production version of the G.91 was the G.91 R, which was intended for both close support and photo reconnaissance. The first production aircraft were finished in 1959, and the R/1 entered Italian Air Force service with 14th Gruppe in March, 1961. In total 48 of this model would be built, all serving with Italy, while the West Germans used the more powerfully armed R/3 and R/4 variants. These would be followed by another 50 R/1B combat aircraft.

Winner of the 1953 NATO light tactical support aircraft competition, the Fiat "Small Sabre" would be in production for 19 years, with 756 aircraft completed, with the last aircraft produced in 1977. It served in the Italian and West German air forces starting in 1961 and 1962 respectively.

The original competition specifications called for a jet able to carry 450 kg of ordnance with an operational radius of 180 km, assuming 10 minutes over the target, with a maximum speed of at least Mach 0.95 and a takeoff distance of no more than 1100m, on unprepared or grass runways. Eight aircraft competed in the first round, including the French Dassault Etendard (then called the Mystere XXVI) and the British Folland Gnat. The Etendard, the G.91 and a Breguet design were selected for the second round beginning in late 1957. Fiat went ahead with pre-production ("pre-serie" in Italian) aircraft, with first flight in August, 1956, seven months ahead of its competitors. The crash of the first prototype due to aeroclastic vibrations in February, 1957, proved a setback, but the G.91 entered the second round as scheduled and was announced as the winner in January, 1958.

Critics said Fiat had just copied the F-86 Sabre, which it was manufacturing under license, but these claims seem unwarranted. Operational service evaluations with the Italian air force's 103 Squadron ran from February to July, 1959, leading to a West German decision to manufacture the aircraft under license.

== Media ==

{{Youtube-gallery|xnSwBP_D3aw|'''"How to fly the Fiat G.91R/1"''' by ''McChickenBites''|tCiqB569rTg|'''"The G.91 Is The Most Braindead Jet To Fly... But It's Still Fun"''' by ''SPITflyer''}}
* [https://live.warthunder.com/post/615164/en/ Skin: Fiat G.91 Luftwaffe Camo - by ''
ChezThunderDash'']
* [https://live.warthunder.com/post/666735/en/ Skin: G.91 Littorio Kancolle Anime by ''
Kurumi_TH'']

== See also ==


* [[F-86A-5|F-86A-5 Sabre]] - combat role predecessor
* [[La-15]] and [[Yak-30]] - similar flight style
* [[G.91 (Family)]]

== External links ==


* [https://forum.warthunder.com/index.php?/topic/363988-fiat-g91-discussion-thread/ WT Forum: Fiat G.91 discussion thread]
* [https://forum.warthunder.com/index.php?/topic/364978-fiat-g91-r1/ WT Forum: Flight Model Data Sheet]
* [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fiat_G.91 en.wikipedia entry]


{{Italy jet aircraft}}

G.91 pre-serie

2019-10-31T17:15:20Z

U2363119: Completed; Filled in everything

{{Specs-Card|code=fiat_g91_ps}}
{{About
| about = Italian jet fighter '''{{PAGENAME}}'''
| usage = similar playstyle
| link-1 = G.91 R/1
| and
| link-2 = G.91 (Family)
}}

== Description ==

[[File:GarageImage_{{PAGENAME}}.jpg|420px|thumb|left]]
{{break}}
The '''{{Specs|name}}''' (nicknamed ''"Gina"'') is a rank {{Specs|rank}} Italian jet fighter {{Battle-rating}}. It was introduced in [[Update 1.69 "Regia Aeronautica"]] along with the initial Italian aviation tree.<br>

A mid 50's Trans-sonic fighter ( < Mach 0.98) with ground attack abilities. Very maneuverable, but with a light offensive armament makes the G.91 with its young age a difficult starter aircraft into the jet era. Especially as it will fly in fierce competition in the sky, facing every sub- and trans-sonic aircraft and being smack in the middle performance wise.<br>

There are little changes between the Pre-serie, [[G.91 R/1|R/1]], [[G.91 R/3|R/3]] and the [[G.91 R/4|R/4]], and this guide can be considered universal for all listed aircraft.

== General info ==
=== Flight Performance ===

The G.91 was intended to replace the [[F-86A-5|F-86A Sabre]] in German, Portuguese and Italian service and it shows.With an empty weight of only 3100 kg (6800 lbs) and a takeoff weight of 5500 kg (12100 lbs) the Gina is in the weight class as the [[P-51D-5|P-51D]] and [[MiG-9]], yet severly lighter than most other jets and losing about one and a half tonnes compared to the Sabre A.
Although only outputting a meager 22 kN of thrust this first look dosadvantage is literally outweighted by the high thrust to weight ratio of 0.73 empty (0.41 full). This makes the Gina an excellent dogfighter as jet fighters maintain both their top speed, climb and sustained turn-rate by their engine power rather than other flight characteristics. It can easily reach its own terminal speed (1011 km/h, 921 f/s) and self-destruct in level flight.<br>

Lacking in straight wings and leading wing slats the stall speed for the G.91 is quite higher than the low weight lets one assume. One should hence be wary of many older jet types with said features, as after bleeding too much speed they can easily out maneuver the Gina.

Starting with 20 min of fuel, gaining the climb speed of 800 km/h IAS (sustainable @ 7-8°; 730 f/s) takes a mere ~80 seconds with 20 predicated for taking off at 230 km/h or 210 f/s IAS. An Immelmann at 800 km/h will gain 1000 m and loose 300 km/h. A hard 180° turn at the same speed takes >100 km/h and may lose up to 60 m.

{| class="wikitable" style="text-align:center"
|-
! colspan="8" | Characteristics
|-
! colspan="8" | ''Stock''
|-
! colspan="2" | Max Speed<br>(km/h at 1,200 m)
! rowspan="2" | Max altitude<br>(meters)
! colspan="2" | Turn time<br>(seconds)
! colspan="2" | Rate of climb<br>(meters/second)
! rowspan="2" | Take-off run<br>(meters)
|-
! AB
! RB
! AB
! RB
! AB
! RB
|-
| 1,043 || 1,014 || {{Specs|ceiling}} || 27.4 || 28.0 || 31 || 29.9 || 850
|-
! colspan="8" | ''Upgraded''
|-
! colspan="2" | Max Speed<br>(km/h at 1,200 m)
! rowspan="2" | Max altitude<br>(meters)
! colspan="2" | Turn time<br>(seconds)
! colspan="2" | Rate of climb<br>(meters/second)
! rowspan="2" | Take-off run<br>(meters)
|-
! AB
! RB
! AB
! RB
! AB
! RB
|-
| ??? || ??? || {{Specs|ceiling}} || ??.? || ??.? || ??.? || ??.? || 850
|-
|}

==== Details ====
{| class="wikitable" style="text-align:center"
|-
! colspan="5" | Features
|-
! Combat flaps
! Take-off flaps
! Landing flaps
! Air brakes
! Arrestor gear
|-
| ✓ || ✓ || ✓ || ✓ || X 
|-
|}

{| class="wikitable" style="text-align:center"
|-
! colspan="5" | Limits
|-
! rowspan="2" | Wing-break speed<br>(km/h)
! rowspan="2" | Gear limit<br>(km/h)
! rowspan="2" | Combat flaps<br>(km/h)
! colspan="2" | Max Static G
|-
! +
! -
|-
| {{Specs|destruction|constructions}} || {{Specs|destruction|chassis}} || 620 || ~10 || ~5
|-
|}

{| class="wikitable" style="text-align:center"
|-
! colspan="4" | Optimal velocities
|-
! Ailerons<br>(km/h)
! Rudder<br>(km/h)
! Elevators<br>(km/h)
! Radiator<br>(km/h)
|-
| < 800 || < 650 || < 660 || N/A
|-
|}

{| class="wikitable" style="text-align:center"
|-
! colspan="3" | Compressor (RB/SB)
|-
! colspan="3" | Setting 1
|-
! Optimal altitude
! 100% Engine power
! WEP Engine power
|-
| 0 m || 2,140 kgf || N/A
|-
|}

=== Survivability and armour ===

At its tier there is little which cannot hurt the G.91. This is mostly due to the large calibres and fast firing weapons found in the jet age, although the Gina does not help this issue. The armour is enough to withstand the occasional tank LMG fire, but otherwise will only protect the pilot from shrapnel damage. Even though the centerline arrangement of all components proves to be quite survivable in combat, it does NOT lend itself for head-ons or prolongued chases. The former only leads to functional aircraft with a dead pilot and the latter to the reverse, which was in all likelihood the intended design in real life.

* 6.5 mm Steel - Behind, below and in front of the pilot
* 6.5 mm Steel - under central fuel tanks.
* 40 mm bulletproof glass - Armored windshield
* Critical components located down the midline of aircraft (fuel, pilot, engine, controls)
* Fuel tanks located in the central fuselage.

== Armaments ==
=== Offensive armament ===

The M3 Browning is a new weapon in the Italian arsenal at this 5th tier and compared to the previous experiences a let down. The rate of fire is phenomenal, but the small calibre and ammo size put a serious demper to the mood, that is in comparison of course. In practise and with good aim, it can easily shred four fighters. The high bullet velocity and fire rate is quite the advantage in the fast pace world of jet combat, ensuring hits in deflection shots were the lower rate of fire found in the [[Category:Fifth_rank_aircraft|Soviet jet fighters]] might have failed the pilot.
Yet one will always look onto greener pastures, especially as the Gina only has four guns unlike all other Browning armed jets.<br>
No matter how you turn it, the armament is only managable with skill and for a beginner outright bad.

{{main|Browning M3 (12.7 mm)}}

The '''''{{PAGENAME}}''''' is armed with:

* 4 x 12.7 mm Browning M3 machine guns, nose-mounted (300 rpg = 1,200 total)

=== Suspended armament ===

Mediocre. The G.91 is a fighter and it shows in the additional payloads. They should only be considered for a quick drop on the way to the combat zone, losing height/speed advantage in doing so, or once aerial dominance has already accomplished. Even then many other jets are way better suited for ground attacks.<br>
The bombs are standard fare and often not worse the hassle with their low total yield. The FFAR rockets are a far better option allowing to tackle more than one target, even though they only work well against soft target and upto medium tanks.

{{main|AN-M64A1 (500 lb)|FFAR Mighty Mouse}}

The '''''{{PAGENAME}}''''' can be outfitted with the following ordnance:

* Without load
* 2 x 500 lb AN-M64A1 bombs (1,000 lb total)
* 38 x FFAR Mighty Mouse rockets

== Usage in battles ==

Air superiority is the combat objective for the G.91 ''Gina'', anything else is secondary. In team games lure enemy fighters into extensive and excessive dogfights to allow your heavier and less nimble allies to [[Boom and Zoom Jets|Boom and Zoom]] or [[Boom and Run Jets|Boom and Run]] them. With their great thrust to weight ratio the G.91 can maintain their energy superiority and in emergencies (such as non-existant teamplay) to disengage. Alternatively standard BnZ is considerable choice. Again the great acceleration allows for more energy expensive maneuvers and still disengage without much worry from the target. Such follies would be deadly in many other fighters, but the Gina is hence quite forgiving. In fact too forgiving, new pilots to the jet age need to lose old habits and the G.91 does not force one's hand.<br>

Against bombers and ground attack craft the G.91 lacks fire power and it will take considerable ammo use to compensate for this. The measly protection against defensive fire makes this a dangerous task anyway and should thusly be left for better equipped allies.<br>

The very same can be said for ground attacks. While being able to mount air-to-ground ordnance, the payload yield is miniscule. The FFAR pods are the only worthwhile consideration, but run against the G.91's intended role of Air Superiority Fighter.

=== Manual Engine Control ===
{| class="wikitable" style="text-align:center"
|-
! colspan="7" | MEC elements
|-
! rowspan="2" | Mixer
! rowspan="2" | Pitch
! colspan="3" | Radiator
! rowspan="2" | Supercharger
! rowspan="2" | Turbocharger
|-
! Oil
! Water
! Type
|-
| Not controllable || rowspan="2" | Not controllable<br>Not auto controlled || rowspan="2" | Not controllable<br>Auto control available || rowspan="2" | Not controllable<br>Auto control available || rowspan="2" | Separate || rowspan="2" | Not controllable<br>1 gear || rowspan="2" | Not controllable
|-
|}

=== Modules ===
{| class="wikitable"
! colspan="1" | Tier
! colspan="2" | Flight performance
! colspan="1" | Survivability
! colspan="2" | Weaponry
|-
| I
| Fuselage repair
| Compressor
|
| Offensive 12 mm
|
|-
| II
| New boosters
|
| Airframe
|
| SBC-17
|-
| III
| Wings repair
| Engine
|
| New 12 mm MGs
|
|-
| IV
| G-suit
|
| Cover
|
| FFAR Mighty Mouse
|-
|}
A focus should be done on the engine modules, as the G.91 lives by its T/W ratio. New boosters is a double edged sword, as without the G-Suit one is just black out earlier. This oddly makes the Bomb unlock a tantalizing choice, especially in already won matches for farming on ground units before the game ends. Airframe and cover do little, the weight savings are very minor and without them the G.91 can still easily reach top speeds and rip off its wings...
=== Pros and cons ===


'''Pros:'''

* Low weight, High thrust to weight ratio
** Great turn time for a jet; can give the MiG-15 a run for its money
** Great acceleration and climb rate
* 4 x M3 machine guns can be deadly if aimed correctly and used in close range

'''Cons:'''

* Short burst time due to low ammo count
* Limited ground attack abilities
* Bleeds off a lot of speed in a full elevator turn
* Can rip its wings off if you pull full elevator past 800 km/h

== History ==


Winner of the 1953 NATO light tactical support aircraft competition, the Fiat "Small Sabre" would be in production for 19 years, with 756 aircraft completed, with the last aircraft produced in 1977. It served in the Italian and West German air forces starting in 1961 and 1962 respectively.

The original competition specifications called for a jet able to carry 450 kg of ordnance with an operational radius of 180 km, assuming 10 minutes over the target, with a maximum speed of at least Mach 0.95 and a takeoff distance of no more than 1100m, on unprepared or grass runways. Eight aircraft competed in the first round, including the French Dassault Etendard (then called the Mystere XXVI) and the British Folland Gnat. The Etendard, the G.91 and a Breguet design were selected for the second round beginning in late 1957. Fiat went ahead with pre-production ("pre-serie" in Italian) aircraft, with first flight in August, 1956, seven months ahead of its competitors. The crash of the first prototype due to aeroclastic vibrations in February, 1957, proved a setback, but the G.91 entered the second round as scheduled and was announced as the winner in January, 1958.

Critics said Fiat had just copied the F-86 Sabre, which it was manufacturing under license, but these claims seem unwarranted. Operational service evaluations with the Italian air force's 103 Squadron ran from February to July, 1959, leading to a West German decision to manufacture the aircraft under license.

== Media ==

{{Youtube-gallery|xnSwBP_D3aw|'''"How to fly the Fiat G.91R/1"''' by ''McChickenBites''|tCiqB569rTg|'''"The G.91 Is The Most Braindead Jet To Fly... But It's Still Fun"''' by ''SPITflyer''}}
* [https://live.warthunder.com/post/624545/en/ Skin of the Week: June Week 3-4 2017! Fiat G.91 PAN M.M. 6244, 313° Gruppo Addestramento Acrobatico, Pattuglia Acrobatica Nazionale Frecce Tricolori, 1964 – 1981. - by ''Sonoda_Kotori'']
* [https://live.warthunder.com/post/689435/en/ Skin: G.91 Vento Tricolore by ''Zaryulenko'']

== See also ==


* [[F-86A-5|F-86A-5 Sabre]] - combat role predecessor
* [[La-15]] and [[Yak-30]] - similar flight style
* [[G.91 (Family)]]

== External links ==


* [https://forum.warthunder.com/index.php?/topic/363988-fiat-g91-discussion-thread/ WT Forum: Fiat G.91 discussion thread]
* [https://forum.warthunder.com/index.php?/topic/364977-fiat-g91-preserie/ WT Forum: Flight Model Data Sheet]
* [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fiat_G.91 en.wikipedia entry]


{{Italy jet aircraft}}

C. 202

2019-10-31T13:51:04Z

U2363119: added Folgore name explained, F-performance, Survivability,

{{Specs-Card|code=mc-202_italy}}
{{About
| about = Italian fighter '''{{PAGENAME}}'''
| other
| usage-1 = the German version
| link-1 = C.202 (Germany)
| usage-2 = the other version
| link-2 = C.202EC
}}

== Description ==

[[File:GarageImage_{{PAGENAME}}.jpg|420px|thumb|left]]
{{break}}
The '''{{Specs|name}}''' is a rank {{Specs|rank}} Italian fighter {{Battle-rating}}. It was introduced in [[Update 1.69 "Regia Aeronautica"]], though a variant existed in the [[C.202 (Germany)|German tech tree]] prior to the update.

The {{PAGENAME}} ''"Folgore"'' (''Lightning'') is an Italian fighter which is best suited to attack other fighters and unsuited to be used as a fighter bomber due to not being able to carry bombs or rockets.

The advantages of the {{PAGENAME}} are the combination of good speed, very good rate of climb and rate of roll. Furthermore, it is fairly sturdy, being able to take a few hits and get back to base without many problems. The {{PAGENAME}} is a fairly speedy turner, preferring to turn at speeds, However, flat out turning is a bad idea at low speeds, unless you abuse the rate of roll to get into an advantageous position.

A major issue the {{PAGENAME}} has is that its damage output is low: it needs extended bursts of fire to deal decent amounts of damage. Furthermore, the Breda-SAFAT's damage potential drops off when it's fired at ranges above 300 meters. The poor armament also makes it less than optimal at engaging bombers and heavy fighters. The consensus by the community is that the best belts are Air targets, Tracer or Stealth for the 12.7 mm's and Stealth and Universal for the 7.7's. These seem to do the most damage. While this is crippling at times, it is something to keep in mind.

[[File:FighterImage_C202.jpg|thumbnail|right|''Over the deserts of Africa'']]

== General info ==
=== Flight performance ===

In essence very similar to the [[Bf 109 F-4|Bf 109 F]]: Great climb rate and acceleration and with good top speed and turn rate. Dive performance is great, yet the control surfaces lock up hard above 600 km/h IAS. So leave plenty of space to pull out of a dive, it reaches said speeds rather quickly! Even so the locked controls prevent G-force failure of wings. A blessing induisguise for many new inexperienced [[RB]]/[[SB]] pilots. Energy retention in Zooms is good, too. This however, is mostly due to the aforementioned climb rate which is engine enabled. A damaged engine guts and severely hinders most flight characteristics.<br>
Like its German brother in heart the Folgore also features several downsides: The engine torque is significant and will roll the aircraft to the side when performing any kind of maneuver. Note the slightly longer left wing to at least neuter this effect in level flight, unlike the Bf 109 pilots who will have to permamently trim their ailerons on the runway. Further aiming and aligning yourself to the target can thusly be rather difficult, as the craft will twitch and shift significantly. As usual lead in deflection shots are the easiest approach. The control lock up was already mentioned and must always be considered.

{| class="wikitable" style="text-align:center"
|-
! colspan="8" | Characteristics
|-
! colspan="8" | ''Stock''
|-
! colspan="2" | Max Speed<br>(km/h at 6,000 m)
! rowspan="2" | Max altitude<br>(meters)
! colspan="2" | Turn time<br>(seconds)
! colspan="2" | Rate of climb<br>(meters/second)
! rowspan="2" | Take-off run<br>(meters)
|-
! AB
! RB
! AB
! RB
! AB
! RB
|-
| 576 || 559 || {{Specs|ceiling}} || 22.5 || 23.2 || 22.5 || 22.5 || 368
|-
! colspan="8" | ''Upgraded''
|-
! colspan="2" | Max Speed<br>(km/h at 6,000 m)
! rowspan="2" | Max altitude<br>(meters)
! colspan="2" | Turn time<br>(seconds)
! colspan="2" | Rate of climb<br>(meters/second)
! rowspan="2" | Take-off run<br>(meters)
|-
! AB
! RB
! AB
! RB
! AB
! RB
|-
| 624 || 600 || {{Specs|ceiling}} || 20.4 || 21.4 || 29.5 || 25.6 || 368
|-
|}

==== Details ====
{| class="wikitable" style="text-align:center"
|-
! colspan="5" | Features
|-
! Combat flaps
! Take-off flaps
! Landing flaps
! Air brakes
! Arrestor gear
|-
| ✓ || ✓ || ✓ || X || X 
|-
|}

{| class="wikitable" style="text-align:center"
|-
! colspan="5" | Limits
|-
! rowspan="2" | Wing-break speed<br>(km/h)
! rowspan="2" | Gear limit<br>(km/h)
! rowspan="2" | Combat flaps<br>(km/h)
! colspan="2" | Max Static G
|-
! +
! -
|-
| {{Specs|destruction|constructions}} || {{Specs|destruction|chassis}} || 600 || ~15 || ~5
|-
|}

{| class="wikitable" style="text-align:center"
|-
! colspan="4" | Optimal velocities
|-
! Ailerons<br>(km/h)
! Rudder<br>(km/h)
! Elevators<br>(km/h)
! Radiator<br>(km/h)
|-
| < 400 || < 270 || < 550 || > 350
|-
|}

{| class="wikitable" style="text-align:center"
|-
! colspan="3" | Compressor (RB/SB)
|-
! colspan="3" | Setting 1
|-
! Optimal altitude
! 100% Engine power
! WEP Engine power
|-
| 4,500 m || 1,084 hp || 1,218 hp
|-
|}
[[File:C202_attacking_001.jpg|400px|thumb|right|A '''{{PAGENAME}}''' diving on an enemy bomber.]]
=== Survivability and armour ===

Quite vulnerable to all weapons fire. The engine and water coolers lack any protection and are often the first to go under fire. The pilot is not much better. While the windscreen is quite thick it is also very small and the 8 mm of steel will only stop a sneeze. Any calibre past 7 mm will kiss your pilot's cheek.<br>
Ace Tip #1 applies: ''Don't get shot at!''
* 8 mm Steel - Armoured headrest
* 50 mm Bulletproof glass - Armoured windscreen

== Armaments ==
=== Offensive armament ===

{{main|Breda-SAFAT (12.7 mm)|Breda-SAFAT (7.7 mm)}}

The '''''{{PAGENAME}}''''' is armed with:
* 2 x 12.7 mm Breda-SAFAT machine guns, nose-mounted (400 rpg = 800 total)
* 2 x 7.7 mm Breda-SAFAT machine guns, wing-mounted (500 rpg = 1,000 total)

It is unfortunate that such a fast fighter is paired up with relatively weak armament of the 12.7 and 7.7 mm machine guns, however, all is not lost with this setup. Since the setup locates the two 12.7 mm machine guns in the nose and a single 7.7 mm machine gun in each wing, convergence is a must to be considered to make the shots count when the fighter engages. The punch of the machine gun ammunition starts to significantly drop beyond 400 m, therefore setting convergence between 150 and 300 m should help to concentrate all the ammunition into one area resulting maximum damage possible. The pilot must remember though, with convergence set this close, he will need to manoeuvre his fighter in close before opening up and then it is important to concentrate on critical components as just shooting into the fuselage will not do a whole lot of damage. Trying to shoot any aircraft down outside of the 400 m range may result in a "lucky" shot, but those will be few and far between.

== Usage in battles ==

The most important things the {{PAGENAME}} needs are speed and altitude. It is generally a good idea to climb to at least 4-5,000 meters before levelling out and gaining speed. From there on, it's Boom & Zoom, working your way from top to bottom. Priority should be given to [[P-39N-0|P-39 Airacobra's]], [[F6F-5|Hellcats]] and [[Spitfire (Family)|Spitfires]], as these are difficult opponents if they are allowed to engage on their terms. The Hellcat is a considerable problem for the {{PAGENAME}}, due to the fact it is considerably faster and climbs fairly well. The best way of dealing with them is to fight them at speeds above 400 km/h, where the Hellcat begins to stiffen up, but you retain your very good roll rate, which you can use to spoil his gun solution by constantly changing direction.

While diving on your chosen target, be mindful of your speed. The {{PAGENAME}}'s rate of roll becomes considerably worse when you hit 600 km/h. However, the elevator remains functional up until around 700 km/h, and the rip speed is passed at 800 km/h. When trying to lead an enemy plane that is making a hard break turn, try to avoid making high G turns or turns that burn a lot of speed, as this rapidly bleeds speed, forcing you to engage in a dogfight where your mediocre low-speed manoeuvrability can offer an advantage to the enemy. While dogfighting is very much possible against some planes, it is advisable to run by going into a shallow dive. Climbing is a possible alternate strategy, the rate of climb is one of the best at its BR, meaning that if you have a small speed advantage you can get some separation and climb away.

[[File:C202_and_LeO_bomber_001.jpg|400px|thumb|right|A '''{{PAGENAME}}''' diving on an enemy [[LeO 451 early|LeO 451]] bomber.]]

The weak guns make the {{PAGENAME}} unsuited to effectively engaging bombers, especially well-defended ones such as the [[B-25J-1|B-25]] and the [[A-20G-25|A-20]]. It is better to join up with your teammates and then try to attack them together if possible. Aim for the engines and wings, engaging them through Boom-and-Zoom tactics. The {{PAGENAME}} is unable to carry bombs, rendering it unable to be used in ground attack.

''Tracers'', ''Anti-air'' or ''Stealth'' belts are recommended as they deal the most damage, with a good mix of incendiary and shrapnel. The Breda-SAFAT's shell velocity is low and suffers above 400 meters range, so only fire at or below that range for best effects. Furthermore, the armament is inadequate to deal with bombers. It is best to avoid them entirely or focus on taking out the engines. The only exceptions are the very early biplane bombers, such as [[Swordfish_Mk_I|Swordfish]], [[Po-2]] and the likes.

=== Manual Engine Control ===
{| class="wikitable" style="text-align:center"
|-
! colspan="7" | MEC elements
|-
! rowspan="2" | Mixer
! rowspan="2" | Pitch
! colspan="3" | Radiator
! rowspan="2" | Supercharger
! rowspan="2" | Turbocharger
|-
! Oil
! Water
! Type
|-
| Not controllable || rowspan="2" | Controllable<br>Not auto controlled || rowspan="2" | Controllable<br>Not auto controlled || rowspan="2" | Controllable<br>Not auto controlled || rowspan="2" | Separate || rowspan="2" | Not controllable<br>1 gear || rowspan="2" | Not controllable
|-
|}

=== Modules ===
{| class="wikitable"
! colspan="1" | Tier
! colspan="2" | Flight performance
! colspan="1" | Survivability
! colspan="1" | Weaponry
|-
| I
| Fuselage repair
| Radiator
|
| Offensive 7 mm
|-
| II
|
| Compressor
| Airframe
| New 7 mm MGs
|-
| III
| Wings repair
| Engine
|
| Offensive 12 mm
|-
| IV
|
| Engine injection
| Cover
| New 12 mm MGs
|-
|}

* The Folgore's focus on energy fighting should be reflected in the desired grind strategy. Compressor & Engine are the top priority, boosting the acceleration and climb to the maximum needed for most situations. The next upgrades are free to choose for you. New belts are always nice, but the default ones are decent.

=== Pros and cons ===

[[File:C202_and_Bf_109_001.jpg|400px|thumb|right|A '''{{PAGENAME}}''' tailed by an enemy [[Bf 109 (Family)|Bf 109]].]]
'''Pros:'''
* One of the fastest fighters compared to comparable fighters, rip speed is above 800 kph
* Good roll rate under 600 kph
* One of the best rates of climb compared to its contemporaries
* Decent performance on all altitudes
* Decent cockpit visibility, especially to the rear
* Decent energy retention in horizontal turns

'''Cons:'''
* Larger turn radius than the [[C.200 serie 3|C.200]], the C.202 is not as agile as its predecessor
* Firepower leaves things to be desired
* Thick canopy framing can make spotting hard from the cockpit view
* Armament is weak, may take many passes to destroy heavy fighters and bombers, best results if up very close
* Extreme instability when using rudder turns and at low speeds in SB due to asymmetrical wings

== History ==

[[File:FighterImage_Mc202folgore01.jpg|thumbnail|right|Folgore in an olive grove]]
The famed Italian ace Maggiore Adriano Visconti flew the Folgore, including the predecessor Macchi C.200 Saetta and the successor Macchi C.205 Veltro.

In late 1941 the newer and deadlier Macchi MC.202 Folgore (Thunderbolt) began to equip units of 7° Gruppo, and in early 1942 Visconti began flying the sleek, new fighter on photo reconnaissance sorties over Malta. Throughout these early years of the war, a near constant trickle of supplies was required to keep the strategically vital island of Malta alive and in allied hands: mid-June 1942 saw two of these convoys simultaneously attempt to resupply the island from different directions. Operation Harpoon – a convoy from Gibraltar – was coordinated with Operation Vigorous from Alexandria. Both convoys were opposed by axis forces and on June 15th, in the air battle above Operation Harpoon which would become known as the Battle of Pantelleria, Visconti shot down a Bristol Blenheim. On August 13th, whilst on a two aircraft reconnaissance sortie, Visconti and his wingman were jumped by four RAF Spitfires. Visconti engaged and shot down two Spitfires, allowing the second M.C.202 to complete the sortie. He was awarded another Medaglie d’Argento for his skill and courage.

Visconti served in Greece before being promoted to Capitano and taking command of 76a Squadriglia as 54° Stormo was deployed in Tunisia in March 1943. In the brief weeks of fighting which led up to the axis surrender in May, Visconti was credited with two Spitfires and a P-40, as well as several other probable victories. Sharing a cramped cockpit with a fellow pilot, Visconti escaped the allied advance by flying to Sicily. Given his wealth of experience carrying out high speed, daylight reconnaissance flights over Malta, Visconti was given command of 310a Squadriglia Caccia Aerofotografica, a newly formed reconnaissance squadron equipped with modified Macchi C.205 Veltros (Greyhounds) which were based east of Rome.<ref name="Visconti WT forum Ace of the Month">An excerpt from [https://forum.warthunder.com/index.php?/topic/291927-profile-ace-of-the-month-january-maggiore-adriano-visconti/ Ace of the Month - January - Maggiore Adriano Visconti], written by Mark Barber, War Thunder Historical Consultant alias Wafu Vasco.</ref>

Visconti remains a controversial figure due to his political alignment with Mussolini's Italian Social Republic.

== Media ==

[http://i.imgur.com/epyLoJi.jpg Custom skin - plane close up screenshot]

== See also ==

* [https://forum.warthunder.com/index.php?/topic/291927-profile-ace-of-the-month-january-maggiore-adriano-visconti/ [Profile<nowiki>]</nowiki> Ace of the Month - January - Maggiore Adriano Visconti] from the War Thunder official forum.
* [http://warthunder.com/en/news/4774-vehicle-profile-c-202-as-fast-as-lightning-en [Devblog<nowiki>]</nowiki> C.202: As Fast As Lightning]

== References ==
<references />

== External links ==
''Paste links to sources and external resources, such as:''
* ''topic on the official game forum;''
* ''encyclopedia page on the aircraft;''
* ''other literature.''

{{Italy fighters}}

C. 202 (Germany)

2019-10-31T13:51:02Z

U2363119: added Folgore name explained, F-performance, Survivability,

{{Specs-Card|code=mc-202}}
{{About
| about = fighter '''{{PAGENAME}}'''
| usage = other uses
| usage-1 = the Italian version
| link-1 = C.202
| usage-2 = the uparmed Italian one
| link-2 = C.202EC
| link-3 = C.202 (Family)
}}

== Description ==

[[File:GarageImage_C202.jpg|420px|thumb|left]]
{{break}}
The '''{{Specs|name}}''' is a rank {{Specs|rank}} German fighter {{Battle-rating}}. This fighter has been in the game since the start of the Open Beta Test prior to Update 1.27. In [[Update 1.69 "Regia Aeronautica"]], the C.202, as well as the other Italian planes in the German tree, were moved to the new [[C.202|Italian tree]], although it still exists in the German tree for those who unlocked it prior to Update 1.69.

The Folgore is an Italian fighter that is best suited to attack other fighters. It's unsuited as a fighter bomber due to its lack of any suspended ordinances such as bombs or rockets.

The advantages of the Folgore are the combination of good speed, very good rate of climb and roll rate. Furthermore, it's fairly sturdy, it can take a few hits and get back to base with few problems. The Folgore is a fairly speedy turner, preferring to turn at high speeds, however flat out turning is still a bad idea, unless you abuse the rate of the roll to get into an advantageous position.

The second major issue the Folgore has is that the damage output is low. It needs quite extended bursts of fire to deal decent amounts of damage. Furthermore, the Breda SAFAT's damage potential drops off when it's fired at ranges above 300 meters. The poor armament also makes it less than optimal at engaging bombers and heavy fighters. The consensus by the community is that the best belts are anti-air, tracer or stealth for the 12.7 mm's and stealth and omni for the 7.7's. These seem to do the most damage.

While neither of these is crippling, they are something to keep in mind, especially since the Folgore doesn't allow for many mistakes.

== General info ==
=== Flight Performance ===

In essence very similar to the [[Bf 109 F-4|Bf 109 F]]: Great climb rate and acceleration and with good top speed and turn rate. Dive performance is great, yet the control surfaces lock up hard above 600 km/h IAS. So leave plenty of space to pull out of a dive, it reaches said speeds rather quickly! Even so the locked controls prevent G-force failure of wings. A blessing induisguise for many new inexperienced [[RB]]/[[SB]] pilots. Energy retention in Zooms is good, too. This however, is mostly due to the aforementioned climb rate which is engine enabled. A damaged engine guts and severely hinders most flight characteristics.<br>
Like its German brother in heart the Folgore also features several downsides: The engine torque is significant and will roll the aircraft to the side when performing any kind of maneuver. Note the slightly longer left wing to at least neuter this effect in level flight, unlike the Bf 109 pilots who will have to permamently trim their ailerons on the runway. Further aiming and aligning yourself to the target can thusly be rather difficult, as the craft will twitch and shift significantly. As usual lead in deflection shots are the easiest approach. The control lock up was already mentioned and must always be considered.

{| class="wikitable" style="text-align:center"
|-
! colspan="8" | Characteristics
|-
! colspan="8" | ''Stock''
|-
! colspan="2" | Max Speed<br>(km/h at 6,000 m)
! rowspan="2" | Max altitude<br>(meters)
! colspan="2" | Turn time<br>(seconds)
! colspan="2" | Rate of climb<br>(meters/second)
! rowspan="2" | Take-off run<br>(meters)
|-
! AB
! RB
! AB
! RB
! AB
! RB
|-
| 576 || 560 || {{Specs|ceiling}} || 22.5 || 23.2 || 22.5 || 22.5 || 368
|-
! colspan="8" | ''Upgraded''
|-
! colspan="2" | Max Speed<br>(km/h at 6,000 m)
! rowspan="2" | Max altitude<br>(meters)
! colspan="2" | Turn time<br>(seconds)
! colspan="2" | Rate of climb<br>(meters/second)
! rowspan="2" | Take-off run<br>(meters)
|-
! AB
! RB
! AB
! RB
! AB
! RB
|-
| 624 || 600 || {{Specs|ceiling}} || 20.4 || 21.4 || 29.5 || 25.6 || 368
|-
|}

====Details====
{| class="wikitable" style="text-align:center"
|-
! colspan="5" | Features
|-
! Combat flaps
! Take-off flaps
! Landing flaps
! Air brakes
! Arrestor gear
|-
| ✓ || ✓ || ✓ || X || X 
|-
|}

{| class="wikitable" style="text-align:center"
|-
! colspan="5" | Limits
|-
! rowspan="2" | Wing-break speed<br>(km/h)
! rowspan="2" | Gear limit<br>(km/h)
! rowspan="2" | Combat flaps<br>(km/h)
! colspan="2" | Max Static G
|-
! +
! -
|-
| {{Specs|destruction|constructions}} || {{Specs|destruction|chassis}} || 600 || ~15 || ~6
|-
|}

{| class="wikitable" style="text-align:center"
|-
! colspan="4" | Optimal velocities
|-
! Ailerons<br>(km/h)
! Rudder<br>(km/h)
! Elevators<br>(km/h)
! Radiator<br>(km/h)
|-
| < 400 || < 270 || < 550 || > 350
|-
|}

{| class="wikitable" style="text-align:center"
|-
! colspan="3" | Compressor (RB/SB)
|-
! colspan="3" | Setting 1
|-
! Optimal altitude
! 100% Engine power
! WEP Engine power
|-
| 4,500 m || 1,084 hp || 1,218 hp
|-
|}

=== Survivability and armour ===

Quite vulnerable to all weapons fire. The engine and water coolers lack any protection and are often the first to go under fire. The pilot is not much better. While the windscreen is quite thick it is also very small and the 8 mm of steel will only stop a sneeze. Any calibre past 7 mm will kiss your pilot's cheek.<br>
Ace Tip #1 applies: ''Don't get shot at!''
* 8 mm Steel - Armoured headrest
* 50 mm Bulletproof glass - Armoured windscreen

== Armaments ==
=== Offensive armament ===

{{main|Breda-SAFAT (12.7 mm)|Breda-SAFAT (7.7 mm)}}

The '''''{{PAGENAME}}''''' is armed with:
* 2 x 12.7 mm Breda-SAFAT machine guns, nose-mounted (400 rpg = 800 total)
* 2 x 7.7 mm Breda-SAFAT machine guns, wing-mounted (500 rpg = 1,000 total)

It is unfortunate that such a fast fighter is paired up with relatively weak armament of the 12.7 and 7.7 mm machine guns, however, all is not lost with this setup. Since the setup locates the two 12.7 mm machine guns in the nose and a single 7.7 mm machine gun in each wing, convergence is a must to be considered to make the shots count when the fighter engages. The punch of the machine gun ammunition starts to significantly drop beyond 400 m, therefore setting convergence between 150 and 300 m should help to concentrate all the ammunition into one area resulting maximum damage possible. The pilot must remember though, with convergence set this close, he will need to manoeuvre his fighter in close before opening up and then it is important to concentrate on critical components as just shooting into the fuselage will not do a whole lot of damage. Trying to shoot any aircraft down outside of the 400 m range may result in a "lucky" shot, but those will be few and far between.
== Usage in battles ==

[[File:FighterImage_C202.jpg|thumbnail|right|''Over the deserts of Africa'']]
The most important things the Folgore needs are Speed and Altitude. It's generally a good idea to climb to at least 5,000 - 6,000 meters before levelling out and gaining speed. From there on, it's Boom and Zoom, working your way from top to bottom. Priority should be given to [[P-39 (Family)|P-39 Airacobras]], [[F6F (Family)|F6F Hellcats]] and the early [[Spitfire (Family)|Spitfire]], as these are hard to beat if they are allowed to engage on their terms. The Hellcat is a considerable problem for the Folgore, due to the fact it's considerably faster and climbs only slightly worse. The best way of dealing with them is to fight them at speeds above 400 km/h (250 mph), where the Hellcat begins to stiffen up, but you retain your very good roll rate, which you can use to spoil his gun solution by constantly changing direction.

While flying on your chosen target, be mindful of your speed, the Folgore's rate of the roll becomes considerably worse when you hit 600 km/h (370 mph), so it's a good idea to cut throttle at the final part of your dive, slowing your acceleration down by a bit. Also, when trying to lead an enemy plane that is making a hard break turn, try to avoid making high G turns or turns that burn a lot of speed, this mostly happens when you dive in at a shallow angle, as it will inevitably force you to engage in a dogfight, where the turn rate offers an advantage to the enemy. While it is doable, it's generally better to run, by going into a shallow dive. Alternatively, engage in a shallow climb, the rate of climb is one of the best at its tier, meaning that if you have a small speed advantage you can get some separation and climb away.

The guns make it unsuited to effectively engage bombers, especially well-defended bombers such as the [[B-25 (Family)|B-25]] and the [[A-20G-25|A-20]]. It's better to team up with your teammates than to try to attack them on your own. Further, it's best to aim for the engines and wings, basically engaging them the same way as you would engage fighters.

Furthermore, the Folgore cannot carry any bombs, so it's less effective in a ground attack role.

For belts use ''tracers'', ''anti-air'' or ''stealth'' as they deal the most damage, with a good mix of incendiary and shrapnel. Breda-SAFAT's shell velocity is low, hence they suffer at ranges greater than 300 meters, so only fire at or below that range for best effects. Furthermore, the armament is woefully inadequate to deal with bombers. It is best to avoid them entirely or focus on taking out the engines. The only exceptions are the very early biplane bombers, such as the [[Swordfish Mk I|Swordfish]], [[Po-2]] and [[:Category:Light bombers|the likes]].

===Manual Engine Control===
{| class="wikitable" style="text-align:center"
|-
! colspan="7" | MEC elements
|-
! rowspan="2" | Mixer
! rowspan="2" | Pitch
! colspan="3" | Radiator
! rowspan="2" | Supercharger
! rowspan="2" | Turbocharger
|-
! Oil
! Water
! Type
|-
| Not controllable || rowspan="2" | Controllable<br>Not auto controlled || rowspan="2" | Controllable<br>Not auto controlled || rowspan="2" | Controllable<br>Not auto controlled || rowspan="2" | Separate || rowspan="2" | Not controllable<br>1 gear || rowspan="2" | Not controllable
|-
|}

===Modules===
{| class="wikitable"
! colspan="1" | Tier
! colspan="2" | Flight performance
! colspan="1" | Survivability
! colspan="1" | Weaponry
|-
| I
| Fuselage repair
| Radiator
|
| Offensive 7 mm
|-
| II
|
| Compressor
| Airframe
| New 7 mm MGs
|-
| III
| Wings repair
| Engine
|
| Offensive 12 mm
|-
| IV
|
| Engine injection
| Cover
| New 12 mm MGs
|-
|}

The Folgore's focus on energy fighting should be reflected in the desired grind strategy. Compressor & Engine are the top priority, boosting the acceleration and climb to the maximum needed for most situations. The next upgrades are free to choose for you. New belts are always nice, but the default ones are decent.

=== Pros and cons ===


'''Pros:'''

* Good speed
* Good rate of roll under 600 km/h (370 mph)
* The best climb rate in its rank
* Decent performance on all altitudes, especially for a 1<sup>st</sup> rank plane
* Decent cockpit visibility, especially to the rear
* Decent energy retention in horizontal turns

'''Cons:'''

* Large turn radius, not as agile as its predecessor
* Firepower leaves things to be desired
* Thick canopy framing can make spotting hard from cockpit view
* Armament is weak. Will struggle to kill bombers and heavy fighters with structural damage alone

== History ==

[[File:FighterImage_Mc202folgore01.jpg|thumbnail|right|Folgore in an olive grove]]
The famed Italian ace Maggiore Adriano Visconti flew the Folgore, including the predecessor [[C.200 (Family)|Macchi C.200 Saetta]] and the successor [[C.205 (Family)|Macchi C.205 Veltro]].

In late 1941 the newer and deadlier Macchi MC.202 Folgore (Thunderbolt) began to equip units of 7° Gruppo, and in early 1942 Visconti began flying the sleek, new fighter on photo reconnaissance sorties over Malta. Throughout these early years of the war, a near constant trickle of supplies was required to keep the strategically vital island of Malta alive and in allied hands: mid-June 1942 saw two of these convoys simultaneously attempt to resupply the island from different directions. Operation Harpoon – a convoy from Gibraltar – was coordinated with Operation Vigorous from Alexandria. Both convoys were opposed by axis forces and on June 15th, in the air battle above Operation Harpoon which would become known as the Battle of Pantelleria, Visconti shot down a Bristol Blenheim. On August 13th, whilst on a two aircraft reconnaissance sortie, Visconti and his wingman were jumped by four RAF Spitfires. Visconti engaged and shot down two Spitfires, allowing the second M.C.202 to complete the sortie. He was awarded another Medaglie d’Argento for his skill and courage.

Visconti served in Greece before being promoted to Capitano and taking command of 76a Squadriglia as 54° Stormo was deployed in Tunisia in March 1943. In the brief weeks of fighting which led up to the axis surrender in May, Visconti was credited with two Spitfires and a P-40, as well as several other probable victories. Sharing a cramped cockpit with a fellow pilot, Visconti escaped the allied advance by flying to Sicily. Given his wealth of experience carrying out high speed, daylight reconnaissance flights over Malta, Visconti was given command of 310a Squadriglia Caccia Aerofotografica, a newly formed reconnaissance squadron equipped with modified Macchi C.205 Veltros (Greyhounds) which were based east of Rome.<ref name="Visconti WT forum Ace of the Month">An excerpt from [https://forum.warthunder.com/index.php?/topic/291927-profile-ace-of-the-month-january-maggiore-adriano-visconti/ Ace of the Month - January - Maggiore Adriano Visconti], written by Mark Barber, War Thunder Historical Consultant alias Wafu Vasco.</ref>

Visconti remains a controversial figure due to his political alignment with Mussolini's Italian Social Republic.

=== In-game description ===
"The Macchi M.C.202 was an Italian all-metal fighter interceptor, initially armed with nothing but twin synchronised 12.7mm (.50-cal) machine guns in the engine housing. The woefully ineffective armament for a fighter that plagued many other Italian fighters was finally remedied on the M.C.202 Serie VI (variants of the aircraft were designated with Roman numerals, I through XI), when two additional 7.7mm machine guns were added to the wings.

The Folgore (Lightning), as the new fighter was called, was aerodynamically clean and well-balanced. Its sturdy construction used modern flush riveting on all surfaces, and special care was taken in design and production to streamline all joints. The engine cover had a clean aerodynamic profile, which formed a smooth line from the propeller hub, through the canopy, and back into the empennage."

== Media ==

[http://i.imgur.com/epyLoJi.jpg Custom skin - plane close up screenshot]

== See also ==

* [https://forum.warthunder.com/index.php?/topic/291927-profile-ace-of-the-month-january-maggiore-adriano-visconti/ [Profile<nowiki>]</nowiki> Ace of the Month - January - Maggiore Adriano Visconti] from the War Thunder official forum.
* [http://warthunder.com/en/news/4774-vehicle-profile-c-202-as-fast-as-lightning-en [Devblog<nowiki>]</nowiki> C.202: As Fast As Lightning]

== References ==
<references />

== External links ==

* [https://forum.warthunder.com/index.php?/topic/291927-profile-ace-of-the-month-january-maggiore-adriano-visconti/ [Profile<nowiki>]</nowiki> Ace of the Month - January - Maggiore Adriano Visconti] from the War Thunder official forum.

{{Germany fighters}}

C. 202EC

2019-10-31T13:51:00Z

U2363119: added Folgore name explained, F-performance, Survivability,

{{Specs-Card|code=mc-202_ec}}
{{About
| about = Italian fighter '''{{PAGENAME}}'''
| and
| usage = other versions
| link-1 = C.202
| link-2 = C.202 (Germany)
}}

== Description ==

[[File:GarageImage_{{PAGENAME}}.jpg|420px|thumb|left]]
{{break}}
The '''{{Specs|name}}''' is a rank {{Specs|rank}} Italian fighter {{Battle-rating}}. It was introduced in [[Update 1.69 "Regia Aeronautica"]] alongside the initial Italian aviation tree. The "EC" in the name stands for ''Esperimento Cannoni'' or Experimental Cannons.

The Folgore (''Lightning'') is a solid plane for its battle rating, especially in AB where its performance is exaggerated. With a decent climb rate when spaded, high top speed, good roll rate, solid energy retention, and two powerful MG 151's that have access to the dreaded German ''Minengeschoß'' round, this plane is devastating in the right hands.

However, one major issue the Folgore has is that it is hard to use for inexperienced players. The Folgore is a plane that does not allow for any mistakes. If you let its good performance get to your head, the only thing you'll get out of it is a burning Italian fighter. This is a plane that requires a high skill ceiling and a smart pilot to unlock its full potential.

The second major issue the Folgore has is that the twin Breda SAFAT's have low damage output. It needs quite an extended burst of fire to deal decent amount of damage. Furthermore, the Breda SAFAT's damage potential drops off when fired at ranges further than 300 meters. This poor secondary armament also makes it less then optimal at engaging bombers and heavy fighters. The consensus by the community is that the best belts are Anti-Air, Tracer or Stealth for the 12.7 mm's, and Stealth or Air Targets for the 20 mm MG 151/20s. These tend to do the most damage.

While neither of these are crippling, they are something to keep in mind, especially due to the punishing nature of the plane.

In AB, the Folgore truly shines. A boosted flight model and increased performance make it a monster of a plane that any player should watch out for.

== General info ==
=== Flight Performance ===

In essence very similar to the [[Bf 109 F-4|Bf 109 F]] with gunpods: Great climb rate and acceleration and with good top speed and turn rate. Yet the 20 mm gunpods dampen all positive aspects, performance was definitievly traded in for firepower. Dive performance is great, yet the control surfaces lock up hard above 600 km/h IAS. So leave plenty of space to pull out of a dive, it reaches said speeds rather quickly! Even so the locked controls prevent G-force failure of wings. A blessing induisguise for many new inexperienced [[RB]]/[[SB]] pilots. Energy retention in Zooms is good, too. This however, is mostly due to the aforementioned climb rate which is engine enabled. A damaged engine guts and severely hinders most flight characteristics.<br>
Like its German brother in heart the Folgore also features several downsides: The engine torque is significant and will roll the aircraft to the side when performing any kind of maneuver. Note the slightly longer left wing to at least neuter this effect in level flight, unlike the Bf 109 pilots who will have to permamently trim their ailerons on the runway. Further aiming and aligning yourself to the target can thusly be rather difficult, as the craft will twitch and shift significantly. As usual lead in deflection shots are the easiest approach. The control lock up was already mentioned and must always be considered. <br>

{| class="wikitable" style="text-align:center"
|-
! colspan="8" | Characteristics
|-
! colspan="8" | ''Stock''
|-
! colspan="2" | Max Speed<br>(km/h at 5,000 m)
! rowspan="2" | Max altitude<br>(meters)
! colspan="2" | Turn time<br>(seconds)
! colspan="2" | Rate of climb<br>(meters/second)
! rowspan="2" | Take-off run<br>(meters)
|-
! AB
! RB
! AB
! RB
! AB
! RB
|-
| 549 || 530 || {{Specs|ceiling}} || 21.2 || 21.9 || 10.5 || 10.5 || 350
|-
! colspan="8" | ''Upgraded''
|-
! colspan="2" | Max Speed<br>(km/h at 5,000 m)
! rowspan="2" | Max altitude<br>(meters)
! colspan="2" | Turn time<br>(seconds)
! colspan="2" | Rate of climb<br>(meters/second)
! rowspan="2" | Take-off run<br>(meters)
|-
! AB
! RB
! AB
! RB
! AB
! RB
|-
| 596 || 571 || {{Specs|ceiling}} || 18.9 || 20.0 || 17 || 13.4 || 350
|-
|}

==== Details ====
{| class="wikitable" style="text-align:center"
|-
! colspan="5" | Features
|-
! Combat flaps
! Take-off flaps
! Landing flaps
! Air brakes
! Arrestor gear
|-
| ✓ || ✓ || ✓ || X || X 
|-
|}

{| class="wikitable" style="text-align:center"
|-
! colspan="5" | Limits
|-
! rowspan="2" | Wing-break speed<br>(km/h)
! rowspan="2" | Gear limit<br>(km/h)
! rowspan="2" | Combat flaps<br>(km/h)
! colspan="2" | Max Static G
|-
! +
! -
|-
| {{Specs|destruction|constructions}} || {{Specs|destruction|chassis}} || 600 || ~14 || ~5
|-
|}

{| class="wikitable" style="text-align:center"
|-
! colspan="4" | Optimal velocities
|-
! Ailerons<br>(km/h)
! Rudder<br>(km/h)
! Elevators<br>(km/h)
! Radiator<br>(km/h)
|-
| < 400 || < 270 || < 550 || > 350
|-
|}

{| class="wikitable" style="text-align:center"
|-
! colspan="3" | Compressor (RB/SB)
|-
! colspan="3" | Setting 1
|-
! Optimal altitude
! 100% Engine power
! WEP Engine power
|-
| 4,500 m || 1,084 hp || 1,218 hp
|-
|}

=== Survivability and armour ===

Quite vulnerable to all weapons fire. The engine and water coolers lack any protection and are often the first to go under fire. The pilot is not much better. While the windscreen is quite thick it is also very small and the 8 mm of steel will only stop a sneeze. Any calibre past 7 mm will kiss your pilot's cheek.<br>
Ace Tip #1 applies: ''Don't get shot at!''
* 8 mm Steel - Armoured headrest
* 50 mm Bulletproof glass - Armoured windscreen

== Armaments ==
=== Offensive armament ===

{{main|MG 151/20 (20 mm)|Breda-SAFAT (12.7 mm)}}

The '''''{{PAGENAME}}''''' is armed with:
* 2 x 20 mm MG 151/20 cannons, wing-mounted (250 rpg = 500 total)
* 2 x 12.7 mm Breda-SAFAT machine guns, nose-mounted (400 rpg = 800 total)

== Usage in battles ==

The first most important thing the Folgore needs is Speed, and Altitude. It's generally a good idea to climb to at least 5000 - 6000 meters before levelling out and gaining speed. From there on, it's Boom and Zoom, working your way from top to bottom. Priority should be given to [[P-39 (Family)|P-39 Airacobra]]'s, [[F6F (Family)|F6F Hellcats]] and the early [[Spitfire (Family)|Spitfire]], as these are hard to beat if they are allowed to engage on their terms. The Hellcat is a considerable problem for the Folgore, due to the fact its considerably faster and climbs only slightly worse. The best way of dealing with them is to fight them at speeds above 400 km/h, where the Hellcat begins to stiffen up, but you retain your very good roll rate, which you can use to spoil his gun solution by constantly changing direction.

While diving on your chosen target, be mindful of your speed: the Folgore's rate of roll becomes considerably worse when you hit 600 km/h, so its a good idea to cut throttle at the final part of your dive slowing your acceleration down by a bit. Also when trying to lead an enemy plane that is making a hard break turn, try to prevent making high G turns or turns that burn a lot of speed, this mostly happens when you dive in at a shallow angle, as it kills all the speed you have, forcing you to engage in a dogfight, where the turn rate offers an advantage to the enemy. While it's doable, it's generally better to run, by going into a shallow dive and retreating. Alternatively, engage in a shallow climb, the rate of climb is one of the best at its tier, meaning that if you have a small speed advantage you can get some separation and climb away.

The guns make it unsuited to effectively engage bombers, especially the well defended bombers such as the B-25 and the A-20. It's better to team up with your teammates than try to attack them on your own. It is best to aim for the engines and wings, basically engaging them the same way as you would engage fighters.
Furthermore, the Folgore can't carry any bombs, so its useless in ground attack role.

For belts use ''Tracers'', ''Anti-air'' or ''Stealth'' as they deal the most damage, with a good mix of incendiary and shrapnel. Breda-SAFAT's, focus on taking out the engines.

====Specific enemies worth noting====

* [[Bf 109 (Family)|Bf 109]] - The Messerschmitts you will encounter at this rank have a higher climb rate and better energy retention. While uncommon, you can encounter the [[Bf 109 F-4]] at this BR, which outclasses the Folgore in every way. Don't engage them unless you have an advantage.
* [[Spitfire (Family)|Spitfire]] - The legendary British fighters have a higher climb rate than the Folgore does and have a turning circle that would make many aircraft but the A6M Zero blush. However they are terrible at altitude and worse in the vertical, where the Folgore performs the best. Do not take them lightly.
* [[F6F (Family)|F6F-5 Hellcat]] - A considerable problem for the Folgore. The Hellcat is faster than the Folgore and climbs only slightly worse. With its six .50 cal Browning M2's, it can tear the Folgore to shreds in one pass.

=== Manual Engine Control ===
{| class="wikitable" style="text-align:center"
|-
! colspan="7" | MEC elements
|-
! rowspan="2" | Mixer
! rowspan="2" | Pitch
! colspan="3" | Radiator
! rowspan="2" | Supercharger
! rowspan="2" | Turbocharger
|-
! Oil
! Water
! Type
|-
| Not controllable || rowspan="2" | Controllable<br>Not auto controlled || rowspan="2" | Controllable<br>Not auto controlled || rowspan="2" | Controllable<br>Not auto controlled || rowspan="2" | Separate || rowspan="2" | Not controllable<br>1 gear || rowspan="2" | Not controllable
|-
|}

=== Modules ===
{| class="wikitable"
! colspan="1" | Tier
! colspan="2" | Flight performance
! colspan="1" | Survivability
! colspan="1" | Weaponry
|-
| I
| Fuselage repair
| Radiator
|
| Offensive 12 mm
|-
| II
|
| Compressor
| Airframe
| New 12 mm MGs
|-
| III
| Wings repair
| Engine
|
| Offensive 20 mm
|-
| IV
|
| Engine injection
| Cover
| New 20 mm cannons
|-
|}

* The Folgore's focus on energy fighting should be reflected in the desired grind strategy. Compressor & Engine are the top priority, boosting the acceleration and climb to the maximum needed for most situations. The next upgrades are free to choose. New belts are always nice, but the default ones are decent. Engine throttle as of now has no impact on performance.

=== Pros and cons ===


'''Pros:'''
* Good rate of roll under 600 km/h
* Decent cockpit visibility, especially to the rear
* Decent energy retention in horizontal turns
* Great firepower (2 x MG 151/20 cannons with Minengeschoß rounds and 2 x 12.7 Breda-SAFAT machine guns)
* Very good BR considering that it has the firepower of a [[Fw 190 A-1]]

'''Cons:'''
* Large turn radius, the C.202EC is clearly not as agile as its predecessor
* Thick canopy frame can make spotting hard from cockpit view
* Bad climb rate compared to the original [[C.202]]
* Locks up at speeds above 600 km/h (don't dive at 90° angle at a victim that is lower than 1.5 km above ground!)
* Very vulnerable engine (take care with head-ons and rear gunners)

== History ==

[[File:FighterImage_Mc202folgore01.jpg|thumbnail|right|Folgore in an olive grove]]
The famed Italian ace Maggiore Adriano Visconti flew the Folgore, as well as the predecessor Macchi C.200 Saetta and the successor Macchi C.205 Veltro.

In late 1941 the newer and deadlier Macchi MC.202 Folgore (Thunderbolt) began to equip units of 7° Gruppo, and in early 1942 Visconti began flying the sleek, new fighter on photo reconnaissance sorties over Malta. Throughout these early years of the war, a near constant trickle of supplies was required to keep the strategically vital island of Malta alive and in allied hands: mid-June 1942 saw two of these convoys simultaneously attempt to resupply the island from different directions. Operation Harpoon – a convoy from Gibraltar – was coordinated with Operation Vigorous from Alexandria. Both convoys were opposed by axis forces and on June 15th, in the air battle above Operation Harpoon which would become known as the Battle of Pantelleria, Visconti shot down a Bristol Blenheim. On August 13th, whilst on a two aircraft reconnaissance sortie, Visconti and his wingman were jumped by four RAF Spitfires. Visconti engaged and shot down two Spitfires, allowing the second M.C.202 to complete the sortie. He was awarded another Medaglie d’Argento for his skill and courage.

Visconti served in Greece before being promoted to Capitano and taking command of 76a Squadriglia as 54° Stormo was deployed in Tunisia in March 1943. In the brief weeks of fighting which led up to the axis surrender in May, Visconti was credited with two Spitfires and a P-40, as well as several other probable victories. Sharing a cramped cockpit with a fellow pilot, Visconti escaped the allied advance by flying to Sicily. Given his wealth of experience carrying out high speed, daylight reconnaissance flights over Malta, Visconti was given command of 310a Squadriglia Caccia Aerofotografica, a newly formed reconnaissance squadron equipped with modified Macchi C.205 Veltros (Greyhounds) which were based east of Rome.<ref name="Visconti WT forum Ace of the Month">An excerpt from [https://forum.warthunder.com/index.php?/topic/291927-profile-ace-of-the-month-january-maggiore-adriano-visconti/ Ace of the Month - January - Maggiore Adriano Visconti], written by Mark Barber, War Thunder Historical Consultant alias Wafu Vasco.</ref>

Visconti remains a controversial figure due to his political alignment with Mussolini's Italian Social Republic.<br />

== Media ==

[http://live.warthunder.com/feed/camouflages/?q=%23mc202 '''Skins''' and camouflages for the M.C. 202 from live.warthunder.com.]
[http://i.imgur.com/epyLoJi.jpg Custom skin - plane close up screenshot]

== See also ==

* [https://forum.warthunder.com/index.php?/topic/291927-profile-ace-of-the-month-january-maggiore-adriano-visconti/ [Profile<nowiki>]</nowiki> Ace of the Month - January - Maggiore Adriano Visconti] from the War Thunder official forum.

<references />

== External links ==
''Paste links to sources and external resources, such as:''
* ''topic on the official game forum;''
* ''encyclopedia page on the aircraft;''
* ''other literature.''

{{Italy fighters}}

Marcolin's C.R.42 CN (Germany)

2019-10-31T13:00:15Z

U2363119: updates to f-performance, armour and armament

{{Specs-Card|code=fiat_cr42_marcolin}}
{{About
| about = premium German fighter '''{{PAGENAME}}'''
| usage = other uses
| link = C.R.42 (Family)
}}

== Description ==

[[File:GarageImage_Marcolins_C.R.42_CN.jpg|420px|thumb|left]]
{{break}}
The '''{{Specs|name}}''' is a premium rank {{Specs|rank}} German fighter {{Battle-rating}}. It was introduced in Update 1.31, however it was replaced as a starter premium in the German tree by the [[Flegel%27s_Bf_109_A|Flegel's Bf 109 A]] in [[Update 1.69 "Regia Aeronautica"]] and has since been moved to the [[Marcolin%27s_C.R.42_CN|Italian tree]], though still available in the German tree for those who unlocked it prior Update 1.69. The plane is painted after the camouflage scheme of Italian pilot Luciano Marcolin, the commanding officer of the 377<sup>a</sup> ''Squadriglia Autonoma'' dedicated in a night fighting role.

The CR.42 possesses exceptional manoeuvrability, speed, and durability, especially for a biplane. Armament is quite good as well, due to the Breda-SAFAT .50 calibre MGs. At 1.7 BR, the CR.42 gets thrown with the likes of [[P-36A|P-36]]'s and [[LaGG-3-8|LaGG-3]]'s. As such, the majority of aircraft the CR.42 will engage are faster, and more heavily armed. The best bet for survival, and securing kills, is to climb to about medium altitude, and lure fighters into turning combat. The overwhelming majority of pilots are unwilling to run from a lowly biplane, allowing you to score critical damage before they realize that they have expended all their energy and must extend away from you. By that time, the damage is usually severe enough that they cannot accelerate away from you quickly enough to escape further damage.

For the armament, the same applies to all other Italian aircraft; generally you want to use ''Tracers'', ''Anti-air'' or ''Stealth'' since they are the belts that deal the most damage. Shell velocity is low, hence they suffer above 300 meters, so only fire at or below that range for best effects. Furthermore, much like the other Italian fighters the armament is woefully inadequate to deal with bombers, hence it is best to avoid them entirely, or focus on taking out the engines. Only exception are the very early biplane bombers, such as [[Swordfish Mk I|Swordfish]], [[Po-2]] and other light bombers.
== General info ==
=== Flight Performance ===
As one of the last generation of biplane fighters, the Falco incorporates many advantages , but also disadvantages of said built. Notably a low stall speed, predicating it for [[Turn and Burn|Turn Fights]]. Climb speed is good to great, but cannot compare to many later fighters ([[Category:Second_rank_aircraft|Tier II]]). Another advantage gained is the ''relatively'' high break speeds of ~570 km/h IAS and the late lock up speed of 450 IAS for the elevator. The top speed is good for [[Category:First_rank_aircraft|Tier I]], but only reached after a short dive and quickly dwindles with damage received.
{| class="wikitable" style="text-align:center"
|-
! colspan="8" | Characteristics
|-
! colspan="8" | ''Stock''
|-
! colspan="2" | Max Speed<br>(km/h at 5,200 m)
! rowspan="2" | Max altitude<br>(meters)
! colspan="2" | Turn time<br>(seconds)
! colspan="2" | Rate of climb<br>(meters/second)
! rowspan="2" |Take-off run<br>(meters)
|-
! AB
! RB
! AB
! RB
! AB
! RB
|-
| 410 || 402 || 8,500 || 20.2 || 20.6 || 12.6 || 14.3 || 294
|-
! colspan="8" | ''Upgraded''
|-
! colspan="2" | Max Speed<br>(km/h at 5,200 m)
! rowspan="2" |Max altitude (meters)
! colspan="2" | Turn time (seconds)
! colspan="2" | Rate of climb<br>(meters/second)
! rowspan="2" |Take-off run (meters)
|-
! AB
! RB
! AB
! RB
! AB
! RB
|-
| 449 || 429 || 8,500 || 18.3 || 19.2 || 23.9 || 17.2 || 294
|-
|}

====Details====
{| class="wikitable" style="text-align:center"
|-
! colspan="5" | Features
|-
! Combat flap
! Take-off flap
! Landing flap
! Air brakes
! Arrestor gear
|-
| X || X || X || X || X 
|-
|}

{| class="wikitable" style="text-align:center"
|-
! colspan="5" | Limits
|-
! rowspan="2" | Wing-break speed<br>(km/h)
! rowspan="2" | Gear limit<br>(km/h)
! rowspan="2" | Combat flap<br> (km/h)
! colspan="2" | Max Static G
|-
! +
! -
|-
| 580 || 450 || ??? || ~19 || ~19
|-
|}

{| class="wikitable" style="text-align:center"
|-
! colspan="4" | Optimal velocities
|-
! Ailerons<br>(km/h)
! Rudder<br>(km/h)
! Elevators<br>(km/h)
! Radiator<br>(km/h)
|-
| < 380 || < 420 || < 320 || > 200
|-
|}

{| class="wikitable" style="text-align:center"
|-
! colspan="3" | Compressor (RB/SB)
|-
! colspan="3" | Setting 1
|-
! Optimal altitude
! 100% Engine power
! WEP Engine power
|-
| 4,271 m || 856 hp || 1,001 hp
|-

|}

=== Survivability and armour ===

* No armour plating
* No armour glazing
* Critical components located at front of aircraft (fuel, pilot, engine, controls)

=== Survivability and armour ===

Biplanes by design have a lot of surface and consquently have plenty of aircraft to be shot at. This makes them feel more vulnerable than they really are, although again: They are fairly big, hard to miss targets, so the feeling ''is'' justified. Even more so as the fabric skin is easily damaged by small arms fire. The change to a aluminium monocoque fuselage design was linked with an increase in armament size for a reason. However, here lies a great advantage: Many explosive triggers and fuzes have their detonation sensitivies set to metall skins, not fabric ones, so they may just whizzle through your craft, leaving only two 20 mm sized holes.

The CR.42 in itself features no armour. Only the air cooled rotary engines is rather durable due to lacking any water-cooling and by design.

Ace tip: ''Don't get shot!''
== Armaments ==
=== Offensive armament ===

{{main|Breda-SAFAT (12.7 mm)}}

The '''''{{PAGENAME}}''''' is armed with:

* 2 x 12.7 mm Breda-SAFAT machine guns, nose-mounted (400 rpg = 800 total)

The two machine guns are both mounted on the upper fuselage just in front of the pilot and fire through the propeller arc. Each is armed with the same amount of ammunition, which means that all guns will fire together until empty.

The center lined armament is always a great advantage. However compared to other nation's fighter crafts with their fast firing 7.7 mm machine guns, the BREDA's slower rate of fire offsets the gained advantage in claibre size and explosive ammunition (IAI).

== Usage in the battles ==

In AB, the CR.42 is nothing more than a point-and-shoot arcade-style plane. There is little skill involved at these early tier matches. Therefore turning is the most appropriate tactic. However, due to the high climb rate, BnZ can be effective, as most monoplanes cannot nearly climb as fast.

As in real-life the Falco faces off against advanced mono-wing designs. While a grim view at first the CR.42 is the pinnacle of biplane evolution, only rivaled by the up-gunned [[I-153_M-62|Chaika]] series. Common opponents are faster and have superior armament. However, the CR.42 has got traits to counter. It is immensely agile, and can easily out-manoeuvre any monoplane in Tier 1. Turning is thus an appropriate tactic for the CR.42. Due to it being a biplane, the Falco can also be used to effectively rope-a-dope enemy aircraft. Stall fighting is one of the strongest play styles, albeit the slowest and hardest to master.

Even Boom and Zoom is feasible, as altitude can be gained quickly; however, the lack of cannon armament forces the pilot to use significant trigger control as well as aiming when diving and attacking opponents at a lower level.
If Boom & Zooming, watch your speed in a dive. The CR.42 does have a limit of around 440~480 km/h (274~300 mph) before instability and finally failure sets in.

The Breda SAFAT .50 calibre MGs are actually very effective for their [[BR]]. Tracers are by far the best belt for these main armament, due to the presence of entirely API-T rounds, which easily set fire to enemy planes and provide good penetration and damage capability. Due to the MGs being placed in the centre cowl, they provide heavy damage when fire is focused on your opponent's wings or engines.
Unfortunately, machine guns in general are ridiculously weak against bombers.

Visibility is normal for a biplane. Rearward vistas are non-existent while frontward vision is hampered by the second strut/wing. The open cockpit does provide decent visibility in general, though.

====Specific enemies worth noting====

Versus other biplanes the Falco can rely on its top speed and should combat them in they very same fashion mono-planes use to fight them off. Exception to this rule is the aforementioned [[I-153_M-62|Chaika]], which is in most aspects on par with the CR.42. Against this Soviet fighter either scissors or careful turn fights are advised.

===Manual Engine Control===
{| class="wikitable" style="text-align:center"
|-
! colspan="7" | MEC elements
|-
! rowspan="2" |Mixer
! rowspan="2" |Pitch
! colspan="3" |Radiator
! rowspan="2" |Supercharger
! rowspan="2" |Turbocharger
|-
! Oil
! Water
! Type
|-
| Controllable || rowspan="2" | Not controllable || rowspan="2" | Not controllable || rowspan="2" | Not controllable || rowspan="2" | Separate || rowspan="2" | Not ontrollable || rowspan="2" | Not controllable
|-
|}

===Modules===
{| class="wikitable"
! Tier
! Flight performance
! Survivability
! Weaponry
|-
| I
| Fuselage Repair, Radiator
|
| Offensive 12 mm
|-
| II
| Compressor
| Airframe
|
|-
| III
| Wing Repair, Engine
|
| New 12 mm MGs
|-
| IV
| Engine Injection
| Cover
|
|-
|}

=== Pros and cons ===


'''Pros:'''
* High speed for a biplane.
* Good ammunition count.
* Manoeuvrability is sufficient to out turn nearly all non biplane opponents.
* Well armed for a biplane.
* Ammo belts use heavy amounts of incendiary ammo.

'''Cons:'''
* Poor energy retention.
* Lightly armed compared to most of the opposition it is faced with.
* No options for striking heavy targets.
* Turn rate is worse than of most biplanes.
* Poor armour protection.

== History ==

The CR.42 was Fiat's attempt at modernizing their CR.32 design, which was deployed during the Spanish Civil War with great success. The new fighter would be of all metal construction, with Fiat's new, home grown A.74 supercharged radial engine. The result, was a fast, accurate, and manoeuvrable platform, that, while outdated at the onset of World War Two, would be almost the pinnacle of biplane design.

Early in the war, CR.42's were used with some success as escorts, night fighters, and even interceptors. Against the early Hurricanes and Spitfires, Italian and German pilots both were delighted to find that the manoeuvrability of the Falco put it, at the least, on par in a dogfight. However as the war dragged on, and enemy aircraft became faster, the CR.42 was relegated to night harassment, light ground attack, and sparingly used as night fighters.

The CR.42 is also credited with the world's last aerial combat biplane kill. A group of CR.42's based in Croatia under the command of ''Nachtschlachtgruppe 7'' were directed to Grabovica Airfield for a strafing mission. However, the flight was redirected at the last moment to a harassment mission Northwest of Sisak, where they were intercepted by P-38's of the 14th Fighter Group. Three Fiats were lost for two P-38's, one of which was claimed by an unknown German pilot.

== Media ==
''An excellent addition to the article will be video guides, as well as screenshots from the game and photos.''

== Read also ==
''Links to the articles on the War Thunder Wiki that you think will be useful for the reader, for example,''
* ''reference to the series of the aircraft;''
* ''links to approximate analogues of other nations and research trees.''


== Sources ==
''Paste links to sources and external resources, such as:''
* ''topic on the official game forum;''
* ''page on aircraft encyclopedia;''
* ''other literature.''

{{Germany fighters}}

Marcolin's C.R.42 CN

2019-10-31T13:00:11Z

U2363119: updates to f-performance, armour and armament

{{Specs-Card|code=fiat_cr42_marcolin_italy}}
{{About
| about = premium Italian fighter '''{{PAGENAME}}'''
| usage = other versions
| link = C.R.42 (Family)
}}

== Description ==

[[File:GarageImage_Marcolins_C.R.42_CN.jpg|420px|thumb|left]]
{{break}}
The '''{{Specs|name}}''' is a premium rank {{Specs|rank}} Italian fighter {{Battle-rating}}. The ''CN'' is Italian for ''Combattente Notti'' or Night Fighter, hence the black paint job. Though a [[Marcolin's C.R.42 CN (Germany)|version]] existed in the German tech tree as a premium vehicle and is still available to those who unlocked it, it was moved to the Italian tech tree as a gift vehicle in [[Update 1.69 "Regia Aeronautica"]]. The plane is painted after the camouflage scheme of Italian pilot Luciano Marcolin, the commanding officer of the 377<sup>a</sup> ''Squadriglia Autonoma'' dedicated in a night fighting role.

The C.R.42 is a rank I biplane fighter. It possesses exceptional manoeuvrability, speed, and durability, especially for a biplane. Its armament is quite good as well, due to the Breda-SAFAT .50 calibre MGs. Due to its battle rating, the C.R.42 gets thrown in with the likes of [[P-36A|P-36]]'s and [[LaGG-3-8|LaGG-3]]'s. As such, the majority of aircraft the C.R.42 will engage are faster, and more heavily armed. The best bet for survival, and securing kills, is to climb to about medium altitude, and lure fighters into turning combat. The overwhelming majority of pilots are unwilling to run from a lowly biplane, allowing you to score critical damage before they realize that they have expended all their energy and must extend away from you. By that time, the damage is usually severe enough that they cannot accelerate away from you quickly enough to escape further damage.

Fighting other biplanes is a whole other issue. Being lighter and thusly having lower stall speeds, they initially perform better in tight turns. Yet all is not lost as the hostile (lower tier) biplane will lose speed (and thusly energy) doing so. Here the CR.42 can find its figthing edge. Being slightly more aerodynamic and heavier which fortunately offset by a stronger engine, the CR.42 can either power through the early turns taking a few hits in the process, ''or'' perform advanced [[aerobatic maneuvers]]. Such include a combiantion of high and low Yo-Yos to abuse the superior energy retention, or a Split-S to gain speed for altitude, hoping that the enemy biplane either reaches terminal speeds ([[RB]] and [[SB]] only), has their controls locked up, or yourself can [[Boom and Run|run away safely to initiate a new attack]]. Due to the excellent stall characteristics of many biplanes, [[Boom and Zoom]] tactics can quite literally 'back' fire.

For the armament, the same applies to all other Italian aircraft; generally you want to use ''Tracers'', ''Air targets'' or ''Stealth'' since they are the belts that deal the most damage. Shell velocity is low, hence they suffer above 300 meters, so only fire at or below that range for best effects. Furthermore, much like the other Italian fighters, the armament is woefully inadequate to deal with bombers, hence it is best to avoid them entirely, or focus on taking out the engines. Only exception are the very early biplane bombers, such as [[Swordfish Mk I|Swordfish]], [[Po-2]] and the like.

== General info ==
=== Flight Performance ===
As one of the last generation of biplane fighters, the CR.42 incorporates many advantages , but also disadvantages of said built. Notably a low stall speed, predicating it for [[Turn and Burn|Turn Fights]]. Climb speed is good to great, but cannot compare to many later fighters ([[Category:Second_rank_aircraft|Tier II]]). Another advantage gained is the ''relatively'' high break speeds of ~570 km/h IAS and the late lock up speed of 450 IAS for the elevator. The top speed is good for [[Category:First_rank_aircraft|Tier I]], but only reached after a short dive and quickly dwindles with damage received.

{| class="wikitable" style="text-align:center"
|-
! colspan="8" | Characteristics
|-
! colspan="8" | ''Stock''
|-
! colspan="2" | Max Speed<br>(km/h at 5,200 m)
! rowspan="2" | Max altitude<br>(meters)
! colspan="2" | Turn time<br>(seconds)
! colspan="2" | Rate of climb<br>(meters/second)
! rowspan="2" | Take-off run<br>(meters)
|-
! AB
! RB
! AB
! RB
! AB
! RB
|-
| 413 || 402 || {{Specs|ceiling}} || 20.0 || 20.6 || 14.2 || 14.2 || 294
|-
! colspan="8" | ''Upgraded''
|-
! colspan="2" | Max Speed<br>(km/h at 5,200 m)
! rowspan="2" | Max altitude<br>(meters)
! colspan="2" | Turn time<br>(seconds)
! colspan="2" | Rate of climb<br>(meters/second)
! rowspan="2" | Take-off run<br>(meters)
|-
! AB
! RB
! AB
! RB
! AB
! RB
|-
| 447 || 429 || {{Specs|ceiling}} || 18.5 || 19.2 || 21.1 || 17.2 || 294
|-
|}

==== Details ====
{| class="wikitable" style="text-align:center"
|-
! colspan="5" | Features
|-
! Combat flaps
! Take-off flaps
! Landing flaps
! Air brakes
! Arrestor gear
|-
| X || X || X || X || X 
|-
|}

{| class="wikitable" style="text-align:center"
|-
! colspan="5" | Limits
|-
! rowspan="2" | Wing-break speed<br>(km/h)
! rowspan="2" | Gear limit<br>(km/h)
! rowspan="2" | Combat flaps<br>(km/h)
! colspan="2" | Max Static G
|-
! +
! -
|-
| {{Specs|destruction|constructions}} || {{Specs|destruction|chassis}} || 520 || ~13 || ~5
|-
|}

{| class="wikitable" style="text-align:center"
|-
! colspan="4" | Optimal velocities
|-
! Ailerons<br>(km/h)
! Rudder<br>(km/h)
! Elevators<br>(km/h)
! Radiator<br>(km/h)
|-
| < 280 || < 240 || < 450 || > 250
|-
|}

{| class="wikitable" style="text-align:center"
|-
! colspan="3" | Compressor (RB/SB)
|-
! colspan="3" | Setting 1
|-
! Optimal altitude
! 100% Engine power
! WEP Engine power
|-
| 4,300 m || 828 hp || 973 hp
|-
|}

=== Survivability and armour ===

Biplanes by design have a lot of surface and consquently have plenty of aircraft to be shot at. This makes them feel more vulnerable than they really are, although again: They are fairly big, hard to miss targets, so the feeling ''is'' justified. Even more so as the fabric skin is easily damaged by small arms fire. The change to a aluminium monocoque fuselage design was linked with an increase in armament size for a reason. However, here lies a great advantage: Many explosive triggers and fuzes have their detonation sensitivies set to metall skins, not fabric ones, so they may just whizzle through your craft, leaving only two 20 mm sized holes.

The CR.42 in itself features no armour. Only the air cooled rotary engines is rather durable due to lacking any water-cooling and by design.

Ace tip: ''Don't get shot!''
== Armaments ==
=== Offensive armament ===

{{main|Breda-SAFAT (12.7 mm)}}

The '''''{{PAGENAME}}''''' is armed with:

* 2 x 12.7 mm Breda-SAFAT machine guns, nose-mounted (400 rpg = 800 total)

The two machine guns are both mounted on the upper fuselage just in front of the pilot and fire through the propeller arc. Each is armed with the same amount of ammunition, which means that all guns will fire together until empty.

The center lined armament is always a great advantage. However compared to other nation's fighter crafts with their fast firing 7.7 mm machine guns, the BREDA's slower rate of fire offsets the gained advantage in claibre size and explosive ammunition (IAI).

== Usage in battles ==

In AB, the C.R.42 is nothing more than a point-and-shoot arcade-style plane. There is little skill involved at these early tier matches. Therefore turning is the most appropriate tactic. However, due to the high climb rate, Boom & Zoom can be effective, as most monoplanes cannot nearly climb as fast.

As in real-life the Falco faces off advanced mono-wing designs. While a grim view at first the C.R.42 is the pinnacle of biplane evolution, only rivalled by the up-gunned [[I-153_M-62|Chaika]] series. Common opponents are faster and have superior armament. However, the C.R.42 has got traits to counter. It is immensely agile, and can easily out-manoeuvre any monoplane in Tier 1. Turning is thus an appropriate tactic for the C.R.42. Due to it being a biplane, the Falco can also be used to effectively rope-a-dope enemy aircraft. Stall fighting is one of the strongest play styles, albeit the slowest and hardest to master.

Even Boom & Zoom is feasible, as altitude can be gained quickly; however, the lack of cannon armament forces the pilot to use significant trigger control as well as aiming when diving and attacking opponents at a lower level.
If BnZing, watch your speed in a dive. The C.R.42 does have a limit of around 440 - 480 km/h (274 - 300 mph) before instability sets in.

The Breda SAFAT .50 calibre MGs are actually very effective for their BR. Tracers are by far the best belt for these main armament, due to the presence of entirely API-T rounds, which easily set fire to enemy planes and provide good penetration and damage capability. Due to the MGs being placed in the centre cowl, they provide heavy damage when fire is focused on your opponent's wings or engines. Unfortunately, MGs in general are ridiculously weak against bombers.

Visibility is normal for a biplane. Rearward vistas are non-existent while forward vision is hampered by the second strut/wing. The open cockpit does provide decent visibility in general, though.

=== Manual Engine Control ===
{| class="wikitable" style="text-align:center"
|-
! colspan="7" | MEC elements
|-
! rowspan="2" | Mixer
! rowspan="2" | Pitch
! colspan="3" | Radiator
! rowspan="2" | Supercharger
! rowspan="2" | Turbocharger
|-
! Oil
! Water
! Type
|-
| Controllable || rowspan="2" | Not controllable<br>Not auto controlled || rowspan="2" | Not controllable<br>Not auto controlled || rowspan="2" | Controllable<br>Not auto controlled || rowspan="2" | Separate || rowspan="2" | Not controllable<br>1 gear || rowspan="2" | Not controllable
|-
|}

=== Modules ===
{| class="wikitable"
! colspan="1" | Tier
! colspan="2" | Flight performance
! colspan="1" | Survivability
! colspan="1" | Weaponry
|-
| I
| Fuselage repair
| Radiator
|
| Offensive 12 mm
|-
| II
|
| Compressor
| Airframe
|
|-
| III
| Wings repair
| Engine
|
| New 12 mm MGs
|-
| IV
|
| Engine injection
| Cover
|
|-
|}

=== Pros and cons ===


'''Pros:'''
* High speed for a biplane
* Good ammunition count
* Manoeuvrability is sufficient to out turn nearly all non biplane opponents
* Well armed for a biplane
* Ammo belts use heavy amounts of incendiary ammo

'''Cons'''
* Poor energy retention
* Lightly armed compared to most of the opposition it is faced with
* No options for striking heavy targets
* Turn rate is worse than of most biplanes
* Poor armour protection

== History ==

The C.R.42 was Fiat's attempt at modernizing their C.R.32 design, which was deployed during the Spanish Civil War with great success. The new fighter would be of all metal construction, with Fiat's new, home-grown A.74 supercharged radial engine. The result, was a fast, accurate, and manoeuvrable platform, that, while outdated at the onset of World War Two, would be almost the pinnacle of biplane design.

Early in the war, C.R.42's were used with some success as escorts, night fighters, and even interceptors. Against the early Hurricanes and Spitfires, Italian and German pilots both were delighted to find that the manoeuvrability of the Falco put it, at the least, on par in a dogfight. However as the war dragged on, and enemy aircraft became faster, the C.R.42 was relegated to night harassment, light ground attack, and sparingly used as night fighters.

The C.R.42 is also credited with the world's last aerial combat biplane kill. A group of C.R.42's based in Croatia under the command of ''Nachtschlachtgruppe 7'' were directed to Grabovica Airfield for a strafing mission. However, the flight was redirected at the last moment to a harassment mission Northwest of Sisak, where they were intercepted by P-38's of the 14th Fighter Group. Three Fiats were lost for two P-38's, one of which was claimed by an unknown German pilot.

== Media ==
''Excellent additions to the article would be video guides, screenshots from the game, and photos.''

== See also ==
''Links to the articles on the War Thunder Wiki that you think will be useful for the reader, for example:''
* ''reference to the series of the aircraft;''
* ''links to approximate analogues of other nations and research trees.''

== External links ==
''Paste links to sources and external resources, such as:''
* ''topic on the official game forum;''
* ''encyclopedia page on the aircraft;''
* ''other literature.''

{{Italy fighters}}
{{Italy premium aircraft}}

CR.42 (Germany)

2019-10-31T13:00:07Z

U2363119: updates to f-performance, armour and armament

{{Specs-Card|code=fiat_cr42}}
{{About
| about = fighter '''{{PAGENAME}}'''
| other
| usage-1 = the Italian version
| link-1 = CR.42
| usage-2 = other uses
| link-2 = C.R.42 (Family)
}}

== Description ==

[[File:GarageImage_CR.42.jpg|420px|thumb|left]]
{{break}}
The '''{{Specs|name}}''' is a rank {{Specs|rank}} German biplane fighter {{Battle-rating}}. It has been in the game since the start of the Open Beta Test prior to Update 1.27 in the [[:Category:Germany aircraft|German aviation tree]]. In [[Update 1.69 "Regia Aeronautica"]], the CR.42, as well as the other Italian planes in the German tree, were moved to the new [[:Category:Italy aircraft|Italian tree]], although it still exists in the German tree for those who unlocked it prior to the update.

The CR.42 is a rank {{Specs|rank}} biplane in the "German" Italian line of fighters. It possesses exceptional manoeuvrability, speed, and durability, especially for a biplane. Armament is quite good as well, due to the Breda-SAFAT .50 calibre MGs. Due to its BR, the CR.42 gets thrown with the likes of [[P-36 (Family)|P-36's]] and [[LaGG-3 (Family)|LaGG-3's]]. As such, the majority of aircraft the CR.42 will engage are faster, and more heavily armed. The best bet for survival, and securing kills, is to climb to about medium altitude and lure fighters into turning combat. An overwhelming majority of pilots are unwilling to run from a lowly biplane, allowing you to score critical damage before they realise that they have expended all their energy and must extend away from you. By that time, the damage is usually severe enough that they cannot accelerate away from you quickly enough to escape further damage.

For the armament, the same applies to all other Italian aircraft; generally, you want to use ''Tracers'', ''Anti-air'' or ''Stealth'' since they are the belts that deal the most damage. Shell velocity is low, hence they suffer above 300 meters, so only fire at or below that range for best effects. Furthermore, much like the other Italian fighters, the armament is woefully inadequate to deal with bombers, hence it is best to avoid them entirely, or focus on taking out the engines. The only exceptions are the very early biplane bombers, such as [[Swordfish Mk I|Swordfish]], [[Po-2]] and [[:Category:Light_bombers|the likes]].

== General info ==
=== Flight Performance ===
As one of the last generation of biplane fighters, the Falco incorporates many advantages , but also disadvantages of said built. Notably a low stall speed, predicating it for [[Turn and Burn|Turn Fights]]. Climb speed is good to great, but cannot compare to many later fighters ([[Category:Second_rank_aircraft|Tier II]]). Another advantage gained is the ''relatively'' high break speeds of ~570 km/h IAS and the late lock up speed of 450 IAS for the elevator. The top speed is good for [[Category:First_rank_aircraft|Tier I]], but only reached after a short dive and quickly dwindles with damage received.

{| class="wikitable" style="text-align:center"
|-
! colspan="8" | Characteristics
|-
! colspan="8" | ''Stock''
|-
! colspan="2" | Max Speed<br>(km/h at 5,200 m)
! rowspan="2" | Max altitude<br>(meters)
! colspan="2" | Turn time<br>(seconds)
! colspan="2" | Rate of climb<br>(meters/second)
! rowspan="2" | Take-off run<br>(meters)
|-
! AB
! RB
! AB
! RB
! AB
! RB
|-
| 413 || 402 || {{Specs|ceiling}} || 20.0 || 20.6 || 14.2 || 14.2 || 294
|-
! colspan="8" | ''Upgraded''
|-
! colspan="2" | Max Speed<br>(km/h at 5,200 m)
! rowspan="2" | Max altitude<br>(meters)
! colspan="2" | Turn time<br>(seconds)
! colspan="2" | Rate of climb<br>(meters/second)
! rowspan="2" | Take-off run<br>(meters)
|-
! AB
! RB
! AB
! RB
! AB
! RB
|-
| 447 || 429 || {{Specs|ceiling}} || 18.5 || 19.2 || 21.1 || 17.2 || 294
|-
|}

==== Details ====
{| class="wikitable" style="text-align:center"
|-
! colspan="5" | Features
|-
! Combat flaps
! Take-off flaps
! Landing flaps
! Air brakes
! Arrestor gear
|-
| X || X || X || X || X 
|-
|}

{| class="wikitable" style="text-align:center"
|-
! colspan="5" | Limits
|-
! rowspan="2" | Wing-break speed<br>(km/h)
! rowspan="2" | Gear limit<br>(km/h)
! rowspan="2" | Combat flaps<br>(km/h)
! colspan="2" | Max Static G
|-
! +
! -
|-
| {{Specs|destruction|constructions}} || {{Specs|destruction|chassis}} || 520 || ~13 || ~5
|-
|}

{| class="wikitable" style="text-align:center"
|-
! colspan="4" | Optimal velocities
|-
! Ailerons<br>(km/h)
! Rudder<br>(km/h)
! Elevators<br>(km/h)
! Radiator<br>(km/h)
|-
| < 280 || < 240 || < 450 || > 250
|-
|}

{| class="wikitable" style="text-align:center"
|-
! colspan="3" | Compressor (RB/SB)
|-
! colspan="3" | Setting 1
|-
! Optimal altitude
! 100% Engine power
! WEP Engine power
|-
| 4,300 m || 828 hp || 972 hp
|-
|}

=== Survivability and armour ===

Biplanes by design have a lot of surface and consquently have plenty of aircraft to be shot at. This makes them feel more vulnerable than they really are, although again: They are fairly big, hard to miss targets, so the feeling ''is'' justified. Even more so as the fabric skin is easily damaged by small arms fire. The change to a aluminium monocoque fuselage design was linked with an increase in armament size for a reason. However, here lies a great advantage: Many explosive triggers and fuzes have their detonation sensitivies set to metall skins, not fabric ones, so they may just whizzle through your craft, leaving only two 20 mm sized holes.

The CR.42 in itself features no armour. Only the air cooled rotary engines is rather durable due to lacking any water-cooling and by design.

Ace tip: ''Don't get shot!''
== Armaments ==
=== Offensive armament ===

{{main|Breda-SAFAT (12.7 mm)}}

The '''''{{PAGENAME}}''''' is armed with:

* 2 x 12.7 mm Breda-SAFAT machine guns, nose-mounted (400 rpg = 800 total)

The two machine guns are both mounted on the upper fuselage just in front of the pilot and fire through the propeller arc. Each is armed with the same amount of ammunition, which means that all guns will fire together until empty.

The center lined armament is always a great advantage. However compared to other nation's fighter crafts with their fast firing 7.7 mm machine guns, the BREDA's slower rate of fire offsets the gained advantage in claibre size and explosive ammunition (IAI).

== Usage in battles ==

In AB, the CR.42 is nothing more than a point-and-shoot arcade-style plane. There is little skill involved at these early tier matches. Therefore turning is the most appropriate tactic. However, due to the high climb rate, Boom & Zoom can be effective, as most monoplanes cannot nearly climb as fast.

As in real-life, the Falco faces off advanced mono-wing designs. While a grim view at first the CR.42 is the pinnacle of biplane evolution, only rivalled by the up-gunned [[I-153 M-62|Chaika]] series. Common opponents are faster and have a superior armament. However, the CR.42 has got traits to counter. It is immensely agile, and can easily out-manoeuvre any monoplane in rank I. Turning is thus an appropriate tactic for the CR.42. Due to it being a biplane, the Falco can also be used to effectively rope-a-dope enemy aircraft. Stall fighting is one of the strongest play styles, albeit the slowest and hardest to master.

Even Boom & Zoom is feasible, as altitude can be gained quickly; however, the lack of cannon armament forces the pilot to use significant trigger control as well as aiming when diving and attacking opponents at a lower level.
If Boom & Zooming, watch your speed in a dive. The CR.42 does have a limit of around 440 - 480 km/h (274 - 300 mph) before instability sets in.

The Breda SAFAT .50 calibre MGs are actually very effective for their battle rating. Tracers are by far the best belt for these main armaments, due to the presence of entirely APIT rounds, which easily set fire to enemy planes and provide good penetration and damage capability. Due to the MGs being placed in the centre cowl, they provide heavy damage when the fire is focused on your opponent's wings or engines.

Unfortunately, MGs, in general, are ridiculously weak against bombers.

Visibility is normal for a biplane. Rearward vistas are non-existent while frontward vision is hampered by the second strut/wing. The open cockpit does provide decent visibility in general, though.

====Specific enemies worth noting====

Versus other biplanes, the Falco can rely on its top speed and should combat them in the very same fashion mono-planes use to fight them off. An exception to this rule is the aforementioned [[I-153 M-62|Chaika]], which is in most aspects on par with the CR.42. Against this Soviet fighter, either scissors or careful turn fights are advised.

=== Manual Engine Control ===
{| class="wikitable" style="text-align:center"
|-
! colspan="7" | MEC elements
|-
! rowspan="2" | Mixer
! rowspan="2" | Pitch
! colspan="3" | Radiator
! rowspan="2" | Supercharger
! rowspan="2" | Turbocharger
|-
! Oil
! Water
! Type
|-
| Controllable || rowspan="2" | Controllable<br>Not auto controlled || rowspan="2" | Not controllable<br>Not auto controlled || rowspan="2" | Controllable<br>Not auto controlled || rowspan="2" | Separate || rowspan="2" | Not controllable<br>1 gear || rowspan="2" | Not controllable
|-
|}

=== Modules ===
{| class="wikitable"
! colspan="1" | Tier
! colspan="2" | Flight performance
! colspan="1" | Survivability
! colspan="1" | Weaponry
|-
| I
| Fuselage repair
| Radiator
|
| Offensive 12 mm
|-
| II
|
| Compressor
| Airframe
|
|-
| III
| Wings repair
| Engine
|
| New 12 mm MGs
|-
| IV
|
| Engine injection
| Cover
|
|-
|}

=== Pros and cons ===


'''Pros:'''
* High speed for a biplane
* Good ammunition count
* Manoeuvrability is sufficient to out turn nearly all non-biplane opponents
* Well armed for a biplane
* Ammo belts use heavy amounts of incendiary ammo

'''Cons:'''
* Poor Energy Retention
* Lightly armed compared to most of the opposition it faces
* No options for striking heavy targets
* Turn rate is worse than of most biplanes
* Poor armour protection

== History ==

The CR.42 was Fiat's attempt at modernizing their CR.32 design, which was deployed during the Spanish Civil War with great success. The new fighter would be of all metal construction, with Fiat's new, homegrown A.74 supercharged radial engine. The result was a fast, accurate, and manoeuvrable platform, that, while outdated at the onset of World War Two, would be almost the pinnacle of biplane design.

Early in the war, CR.42's were used with some success as escorts, night fighters, and even interceptors. Against the early Hurricanes and Spitfires, Italian and German pilots both were delighted to find that the manoeuvrability of the Falco put it, at the least, on par in a dogfight. However as the war dragged on, and enemy aircraft became faster, the CR.42 was relegated to night harassment, light ground attack, and sparingly used as night fighters.

The CR.42 is also credited with the world's last aerial combat biplane kill. A group of CR.42's based in Croatia under the command of ''Nachtschlachtgruppe 7'' were directed to Grabovica Airfield for a strafing mission. However, the flight was redirected at the last moment to a harassment mission northwest of Sisak, where they were intercepted by P-38's of the 14th Fighter Group. Three Fiats were lost for two P-38's, one of which was claimed by an unknown German pilot.

=== In-game description ===
The CR.42 Falco (“Falcon”) fighter plane had, for a biplane, excellent speed and handling, and is rightly considered one of the best biplanes of the Second World War.

Despite the fact that it was clear (even at the time of the prototype CR.42) that monoplanes would have an advantage in air battles, the Italian Air Force still gave the go-ahead for development and production of the biplane, which began to enter the service in 1939.

The sheathing of a greater part of the fuselage was made of duralumin, and the frame was built of steel pipes. The plane had smaller control surfaces and fuselage sections between the cab and tail to save weight and had fairings for the fixed main landing gear. An 840-horsepower engine was used for the CR.42. The first production version of the Falco was armed with two synchronous machine guns - one 12.7 mm and the other 7.7 mm.

All in all, 1,781 CR.42 fighters were produced.

== Media ==
''Excellent additions to the article would be video guides, screenshots from the game, and photos.''

== See also ==
''Links to the articles on the War Thunder Wiki that you think will be useful for the reader, for example:''
* ''reference to the series of the aircraft;''
* ''links to approximate analogues of other nations and research trees.''

== External links ==
''Paste links to sources and external resources, such as:''
* ''topic on the official game forum;''
* ''encyclopedia page on the aircraft;''
* ''other literature.''

{{Germany fighters}}

CR.42

2019-10-31T12:52:25Z

U2363119: How to vs Biplanes, updates to f-performance, armour and armament

{{Specs-Card|code=fiat_cr42_italy}}
{{About
| about = Italian fighter '''{{PAGENAME}}'''
| other
| usage-1 = the German version
| link-1 = CR.42 (Germany)
| usage-2 = other uses
| link-2 = C.R.42 (Family)
}}

== Description ==

[[File:GarageImage_{{PAGENAME}}.jpg|420px|thumb|left]]
{{break}}
The '''{{Specs|name}}''' is a rank {{Specs|rank}} Italian fighter {{Battle-rating}}. It was introduced in [[Update 1.69 "Regia Aeronautica"]] along with the initial Italian aviation tree, though a variant existed in the Germany aircraft tech tree prior to the update.

The CR.42 possesses exceptional manoeuvrability, speed, and durability, especially for a biplane. Its armament, which is two Breda-SAFAT .50 calibre machine guns, is quite good as well. However, due to its BR, the majority of aircraft the CR.42 will engage is faster and more heavily armed. The best bet for survival, and getting scores, is to climb to medium altitude and lure fighters into turn fighting. An overwhelming majority of pilots are unwilling to run from a lowly biplane, allowing you to score critical damage before they realize that they have expended all their energy and must extend away from you. By that time, the damage is usually severe enough that they will not be able to accelerate away from you quickly enough to escape further damage.

Fighting other biplanes is a whole other issue. Being lighter and thusly having lower stall speeds, they initially perform better in tight turns. Yet all is not lost as the hostile (lower tier) biplane will lose speed (and thusly energy) doing so. Here the CR.42 can find its figthing edge. Being slightly more aerodynamic and heavier which fortunately offset by a stronger engine, the CR.42 can either power through the early turns taking a few hits in the process, ''or'' perform advanced [[aerobatic maneuvers]]. Such include a combiantion of high and low Yo-Yos to abuse the superior energy retention, or a Split-S to gain speed for altitude, hoping that the enemy biplane either reaches terminal speeds ([[RB]] and [[SB]] only), has their controls locked up, or yourself can [[Boom and Run|run away safely to initiate a new attack]]. Due to the excellent stall characteristics of many biplanes, [[Boom and Zoom]] tactics can quite literally 'back' fire.

For the armament belts, the same applies to all other Italian aircraft; generally, you want to use ''Tracers'', ''Anti-air'', or ''Stealth'' since these are the belts that deal the most damage. Shell velocity is low, hence your shots will be increasingly difficult to aim over 300m from the enemy. Only fire at enemies at or below this distance to ensure that your shots will consistently hit. Furthermore, much like the other Italian fighters, the armament is woefully inadequate to deal with bombers, hence it is best to avoid them entirely. If you find yourself the situation where you are attacking bombers, focus on taking out the engines. The only exception to this rule is the very early biplane bombers, such as the [[Swordfish Mk I|Swordfish]] and [[Po-2]].

== General info ==
=== Flight Performance ===
As one of the last generation of biplane fighters, the CR.42 incorporates many advantages , but also disadvantages of said built. Notably a low stall speed, predicating it for [[Turn and Burn|Turn Fights]]. Climb speed is good to great, but cannot compare to many later fighters ([[Category:Second_rank_aircraft|Tier II]]). Another advantage gained is the ''relatively'' high break speeds of ~570 km/h IAS and the late lock up speed of 450 IAS for the elevator. The top speed is good for [[Category:First_rank_aircraft|Tier I]], but only reached after a short dive and quickly dwindles with damage received.

{| class="wikitable" style="text-align:center"
|-
! colspan="8" | Characteristics
|-
! colspan="8" | ''Stock''
|-
! colspan="2" | Max Speed<br>(km/h at 5,200 m)
! rowspan="2" | Max altitude<br>(meters)
! colspan="2" | Turn time<br>(seconds)
! colspan="2" | Rate of climb<br>(meters/second)
! rowspan="2" | Take-off run<br>(meters)
|-
! AB
! RB
! AB
! RB
! AB
! RB
|-
| 413 || 402 || {{Specs|ceiling}} || 20.0 || 20.6 || 14.2 || 14.2 || 294
|-
! colspan="8" | ''Upgraded''
|-
! colspan="2" | Max Speed<br>(km/h at 5,200 m)
! rowspan="2" | Max altitude<br>(meters)
! colspan="2" | Turn time<br>(seconds)
! colspan="2" | Rate of climb<br>(meters/second)
! rowspan="2" | Take-off run<br>(meters)
|-
! AB
! RB
! AB
! RB
! AB
! RB
|-
| 447 || 429 || {{Specs|ceiling}} || 18.5 || 19.2 || 21.1 || 17.2 || 294
|-
|}

==== Details ====
{| class="wikitable" style="text-align:center"
|-
! colspan="5" | Features
|-
! Combat flaps
! Take-off flaps
! Landing flaps
! Air brakes
! Arrestor gear
|-
| X || X || X || X || X 
|-
|}

{| class="wikitable" style="text-align:center"
|-
! colspan="5" | Limits
|-
! rowspan="2" | Wing-break speed<br>(km/h)
! rowspan="2" | Gear limit<br>(km/h)
! rowspan="2" | Combat flaps<br>(km/h)
! colspan="2" | Max Static G
|-
! +
! -
|-
| {{Specs|destruction|constructions}} || {{Specs|destruction|chassis}} || 520 || ~13 || ~5
|-
|}

{| class="wikitable" style="text-align:center"
|-
! colspan="4" | Optimal velocities
|-
! Ailerons<br>(km/h)
! Rudder<br>(km/h)
! Elevators<br>(km/h)
! Radiator<br>(km/h)
|-
| < 280 || < 240 || < 450 || > 250
|-
|}

{| class="wikitable" style="text-align:center"
|-
! colspan="3" | Compressor (RB/SB)
|-
! colspan="3" | Setting 1
|-
! Optimal altitude
! 100% Engine power
! WEP Engine power
|-
| 4,300 m || 828 hp || 972 hp
|-
|}

=== Survivability and armour ===

Biplanes by design have a lot of surface and consquently have plenty of aircraft to be shot at. This makes them feel more vulnerable than they really are, although again: They are fairly big, hard to miss targets, so the feeling ''is'' justified. Even more so as the fabric skin is easily damaged by small arms fire. The change to a aluminium monocoque fuselage design was linked with an increase in armament size for a reason. However, here lies a great advantage: Many explosive triggers and fuzes have their detonation sensitivies set to metall skins, not fabric ones, so they may just whizzle through your craft, leaving only two 20 mm sized holes.

The CR.42 in itself features no armour. Only the air cooled rotary engines is rather durable due to lacking any water-cooling and by design.

Ace tip: ''Don't get shot!''
== Armaments ==
=== Offensive armament ===

{{main|Breda-SAFAT (12.7 mm)}}

The '''''{{PAGENAME}}''''' is armed with:

* 2 x 12.7 mm Breda-SAFAT machine guns, nose-mounted (400 rpg = 800 total)

The two machine guns are both mounted on the upper fuselage just in front of the pilot and fire through the propeller arc. Each is armed with the same amount of ammunition, which means that all guns will fire together until empty.

The center lined armament is always a great advantage. However compared to other nation's fighter crafts with their fast firing 7.7 mm machine guns, the BREDA's slower rate of fire offsets the gained advantage in claibre size and explosive ammunition (IAI).

== Usage in battles ==

=== Arcade Battles ===
The CR.42 is nothing more than a point-and-shoot arcade-style plane. There is little skill involved at these early rank matches. Therefore, turning is the most appropriate tactic. However, due to the high climb rate, BnZ can be effective strategy in this gamemode. Most monoplanes cannot climb nearly as fast as the CR.42, so you will be able to hold the altitude advantage on them.

=== Realistic and Simulator Battles ===
In Realistic Battles (RB) and Simulator Battles (SB), as in real life, the Falco faces off against advanced mono-wing designs. While this may seem daunting at first, the CR.42 is the pinnacle of biplane evolution, only rivalled by the up-gunned [[I-153P|Chaika]] series. This aircraft begins to show the playstyle that Italian pilots will use for the rest of their in-game career; a situationally dependent switch between Energy-fighting (Boom & Zoom) and turn-fighting.

When flying in simulator battles, visibility is normal for a biplane. Rearward vistas are non-existent while forward vision is hampered by the second strut/wing. The open cockpit does provide decent visibility in general, though.

=== General Usage ===
Something that applies to this plane in all battle modes is its engine. Unlike most other biplanes and the CR.32 before it, this aircraft has a radial engine. This offers several advantages. First, it is able to offer moderate performance at all altitudes. Second, hits to the cooling system are not as damaging as they are to aircraft that have in-line engines. In-line engines will suffer from hits to their water (fluid) cooling systems - even the slightest of hits at all tiers and BRs will either outright disable the engine or make it overheat very fast, and leading to the engine's death. The engine is well-cooled and has no WEP limit, so beginner pilots will not have to worry about cooling issues or rationing Manual Engine Control.

Monoplane opponents are faster and have a superior armament. You will not be able to face these planes in head-ons, nor will you be able to disengage using a high-speed dash. Once you have engaged or been engaged by a monoplane, you '''must''' bring the engagement to an end yourself. The aircraft you have is highly agile, and can easily out-manoeuvre any monoplane it will meet- these primarily being the [[Hurricane (Family)|Hurricane family]], [[LaGG-3-11]]<nowiki/>s, the [[P-36 (Family)|P-36 family]], and the [[M.S.405C1]]. This plane can effectively rope-a-dope these aircraft by remaining outside their reach, while continually staying in a sustained, slow, spiral climb that allows it to preserve its speed while forcing the enemy to constantly lose it. Eventually, the enemy will stall, and you will be able to easily pick it off. Stall-fighting is one of this plane's best tactics.

Even Boom & Zoom is feasible, as altitude can be gained quickly; however, the lack of cannon armament forces the pilot to use significant trigger control as well as aiming when diving and attacking opponents at a lower level.
If booming and zooming, watch your speed in a dive. The CR.42 has a speed limit of around 440 - 480 km/h (274 - 300 mph) before the wings begin shaking (i.e. you begin to hear rattling noises, and flashing red text appears on your screen) and eventually completely rip off.

The [[Breda-SAFAT (12.7 mm)]] is actually very effective for their battle rating. Tracers are by far the best belt at this BR for fighter-on-fighter combat, due to the presence of only API-T rounds, which easily set fire to enemy biplanes and provide good penetration + damage capability. Due to the machine guns being placed in the centre cowl, they provide heavy damage when the fire is focused on your opponent's wings or engine. However, when taking on bigger game such as monoplanes or bombers, it is better to take the Air Targets belt, since it has a belt composition of API-T-API-IAI that allows it to do large amounts of damage when, again, focused on critical modules such as the engines or wings. Thanks to the relatively high rate of climb and ammo pool, this aircraft is good at intercepting twin-engine bombers that begin appearing. However, it is not recommended to attempt this as a beginner pilot. The 12.7 mms will require some experience to aim at the engines of enemy bombers, and in addition, the lack of armour leaves a good possibility for pilot-snipes and critical hits by enemy bombers.

In summary, the CR.42 Falco is a good introduction to the situational hybrid fighting style of later aircraft. It is a severely underappreciated aircraft that deserves more love and usage by pilots and is a forgiving aircraft for beginners to fly.

=== Manual Engine Control ===
{| class="wikitable" style="text-align:center"
|-
! colspan="7" | MEC elements
|-
! rowspan="2" | Mixer
! rowspan="2" | Pitch
! colspan="3" | Radiator
! rowspan="2" | Supercharger
! rowspan="2" | Turbocharger
|-
! Oil
! Water
! Type
|-
| Controllable || rowspan="2" | Controllable<br>Not auto controlled || rowspan="2" | Not controllable<br>Not auto controlled || rowspan="2" | Controllable<br>Not auto controlled || rowspan="2" | Separate || rowspan="2" | Not controllable<br>1 gear || rowspan="2" | Not controllable
|-
|}

=== Modules ===
{| class="wikitable"
! colspan="1" | Tier
! colspan="2" | Flight performance
! colspan="1" | Survivability
! colspan="1" | Weaponry
|-
| I
| Fuselage repair
| Radiator
|
| Offensive 12 mm
|-
| II
|
| Compressor
| Airframe
|
|-
| III
| Wings repair
| Engine
|
| New 12 mm MGs
|-
| IV
|
| Engine injection
| Cover
|
|-
|}

=== Pros and cons ===


'''Pros:'''

* High speed for a biplane
* Good ammunition count
* Manoeuvrability is sufficient to out turn nearly all non-biplane opponents
* Well armed for a biplane
* Ammo belts use heavy amounts of incendiary ammo

'''Cons:'''

* Poor Energy Retention
* Lightly armed compared to most of the opposition it is faced with
* No options for striking heavy targets
* Turn rate is worse than that of most biplanes
* Poor armour protection

== History ==

The CR.42 was Fiat's attempt at modernising their CR.32 design, which was deployed during the Spanish Civil War with great success. The new fighter would be of all metal construction, with Fiat's new, homegrown A.74 supercharged radial engine. The result was a fast, accurate, and manoeuvrable platform, that, while outdated at the onset of World War II, would be almost the pinnacle of biplane design.

Early in the war, CR.42's were used with some success as escorts, night fighters, and even interceptors. Against the early Hurricanes and Spitfires, Italian and German pilots both were delighted to find that the manoeuvrability of the Falco put it, at the least, on par in a dogfight. However as the war dragged on, and enemy aircraft became faster, the CR.42 was relegated to night harassment, light ground attack, and sparingly used as night fighters.

The CR.42 is also credited with the world's last aerial combat biplane kill. A group of CR.42's based in Croatia under the command of ''Nachtschlachtgruppe 7'' were directed to Grabovica Airfield for a strafing mission. However, the flight was redirected at the last moment to a harassment mission northwest of Sisak, where they were intercepted by P-38's of the 14th Fighter Group. Three Fiats were lost for two P-38's, one of which was claimed by an unknown German pilot.

Over 1,780 were built. The plane was designed by Fiat's Celestino Rosatelli, who was also behind the CR.32 and the B.R. 20. He replaced the 32's inline engine with a less vulnerable air-cooled radial engine. Foreign orders came from Hungary (50), Belgium (34), and Sweden (72). It entered combat service with the Italian 53rd Gruppe in May, 1939. At the start of the war it was the backbone of Italy's fighter force.

Belgium's CR. 42s were the first to see action in May, 1940, claiming 3 aerial victories, but losing most of their fighters on the ground. Italy used them in the 1940 French campaign, the Battle of Britain, and over Greece, the Mediterranean, and Africa, where they sparred with another biplane, the Gloster Gladiator, until the arrival of British Hurricanes and Spitfires. 113 were still in service when Italy surrendered in September, 1943.

== Media ==
''Excellent additions to the article would be video guides, screenshots from the game, and photos.''

== See also ==
''Links to the articles on the War Thunder Wiki that you think will be useful for the reader, for example:''

* ''reference to the series of the aircraft;''
* ''links to approximate analogues of other nations and research trees.''

== External links ==
''Paste links to sources and external resources, such as:''

* ''topic on the official game forum;''
* ''encyclopedia page on the aircraft;''
* ''other literature.''

{{Italy fighters}}