War Thunder Wiki - User contributions [en]

Brave Borderer

2020-11-11T03:10:59Z

U16697154: Re adding commented template description and removed some stronger language.

{{Specs-Card|code=uk_brave_borderer}}

== Description ==

[[File:GarageImage_{{PAGENAME}}.jpg|420px|thumb|left]]
{{Break}}
The '''{{specs|name}}''' is a rank {{specs|rank}} British motor torpedo boat {{Battle-rating|1}}. It was introduced in [[Update 1.83 "Masters of the Sea"]] as part of the British fleet closed beta test.

== General info ==
=== Survivability and armour ===
''Talk about the vehicle's armour. Note the most well-defended and most vulnerable zones, e.g. the ammo magazine. Evaluate the composition of components and assemblies responsible for movement and manoeuvrability. Evaluate the survivability of the primary and secondary armament separately. Don't forget to mention the size of the crew, which plays an important role in fleet mechanics. Tips for preserving survivability should be saved for the "Use in battle" section.''

''If necessary, use a graphic template to show the most well-protected or most vulnerable points in the armour.''

=== Mobility ===
''Write about the ship’s mobility. Evaluate its power and manoeuvrability, rudder rerouting speed, stopping speed at full tilt, with its maximum forward speed and reverse speed.''

== Armament ==
=== Primary armament ===
{{main|QF Mark VII (40 mm)}}
''Provide information about the characteristics of the primary armament. Evaluate their efficacy in battle based on their reload speed, ballistics and the capacity of their shells.''

''Broadly describe the ammunition available for the primary armament, and provide recommendations on how to use it and which ammunition to choose.''

=== Torpedo armament ===
{{main|Mk.VIII (533 mm)}}
''Many ships are armed with torpedo launchers, and for some vessels such as boats, torpedoes are an extremely important means of defeating an opponent. Evaluate the position of the torpedo launchers, discuss the ammunition available, firing specifics such as dead zones, features of the torpedoes themselves, etc.''

=== Special armament ===
{{main|Mk.VII depth charge}}
''Depth charges, mines, rocket launchers and missiles are also effective in skilled hands and can be an unexpected surprise for an opponent. Evaluate the ammunition of this type of armament and rate its performance in combat.''

== Usage in battles ==


In rank 2 arcade battles, the basic version of the craft really underwhelms. Essentially appearing to be a more deadly version of the FPB1102 as it possess a second primary armament on the back of the boat, which enhances its ability to deal damage when straffing enemies.

However, even with this addition in armament, it lacks the firepower to engage larger craft at its new higher matchmaking bracket that you are forced to fight against. Coupled with a lack of an AI turret to provide some anti-air coverage and increased module research time, players should weigh the cost and benefit before dedicating their time to grind this vehicle.

=== Modules ===
{| class="wikitable"
!Tier
!Seakeeping
! colspan="2" |Unsinkability
! colspan="3" |Firepower
|-
|I
|Dry-Docking
|Tool Set
|
|40 mm HE clips
|
|
|-
|II
|Rudder Replacement
|Fire Protection System
|Smokescreen
|40 mm AP clips
|
|
|-
|III
|Propeller Replacement
|
|
|Improved Rangefinder
|Primary Armament Targeting
|Depth Charges
|-
|IV
|Engine Maintenance
|New Pumps
|
|Artillery Support
|Torpedo Mode
|
|}

=== Pros and cons ===
''Summarize and briefly evaluate the vehicle in terms of its characteristics and combat effectiveness. Mark its pros and cons in the bulleted list. Try not to use more than 6 points for each of the characteristics. Avoid using categorical definitions such as "bad", "good" and the like - they have a substitution in the form of softer "inadequate", "effective".''

'''Pros:'''

* FPB1102 +1 gun

'''Cons:'''

* Expensive to deploy and quick to die

== History ==
''Describe the history of the creation and combat usage of the ship in more detail than in the introduction. If the historical reference turns out to be too big, take it to a separate article, taking a link to an article about the vehicle and adding a block "/ History" (example: <nowiki>https://wiki.warthunder.com/(Vehicle-name)/History</nowiki>) and add a link to it here using the <code>main</code> template. Be sure to reference text and sources by using <code><nowiki><ref></nowiki></code>, as well as adding them at the end of the article.''

== Media ==
''An excellent addition to the article will be video guides, as well as screenshots from the game and photos.''

== See also ==
''Links to the articles on the War Thunder Wiki that you think will be useful for the reader, for example:''

* ''reference to the series of the ship;''
* ''links to approximate analogues of other nations and research trees.''

== External links ==
''Paste links to sources and external resources, such as:''

* ''topic on the official game forum;''
* ''encyclopedia page on ship;''
* ''other literature.''

{{Britain boats}}

Fairmile D (617)

2020-11-11T03:06:10Z

U16697154: Re adding commented template description

{{Specs-Card|code=uk_fairmile_d_617_632}}

== Description ==

[[File:GarageImage_{{PAGENAME}}.jpg|420px|thumb|left]]
{{Break}}
The '''{{specs|name}}''' is a rank {{specs|rank}} British motor torpedo boat {{Battle-rating|1}}. It was introduced in [[Update 1.83 "Masters of the Sea"]] as part of the British fleet closed beta test.

== General info ==
=== Survivability and armour ===
''Talk about the vehicle's armour. Note the most well-defended and most vulnerable zones, e.g. the ammo magazine. Evaluate the composition of components and assemblies responsible for movement and manoeuvrability. Evaluate the survivability of the primary and secondary armament separately. Don't forget to mention the size of the crew, which plays an important role in fleet mechanics. Tips for preserving survivability should be saved for the "Use in battle" section.''

''If necessary, use a graphic template to show the most well-protected or most vulnerable points in the armour.''

=== Mobility ===
''Write about the ship’s mobility. Evaluate its power and manoeuvrability, rudder rerouting speed, stopping speed at full tilt, with its maximum forward speed and reverse speed.''

== Armament ==
=== Primary armament ===
{{main|6pdr 7cwt QF Mk IIA (57 mm)}}
''Provide information about the characteristics of the primary armament. Evaluate their efficacy in battle based on their reload speed, ballistics and the capacity of their shells.''

''Broadly describe the ammunition available for the primary armament, and provide recommendations on how to use it and which ammunition to choose.''

=== Secondary armament ===
{{main|Oerlikon Mark V (20 mm)}}
''Some ships are fitted with weapons of various calibres. Secondary armament is defined by the weapon chosen with the control <code>Select secondary weapon</code>. Evaluate the secondary armament and give advice on how to use them. Describe the ammunition available for the secondary armament. Provide recommendations on how to use them and which ammunition to choose. Remember that anti-air armament, even heavy calibre weapons, belong in the next section.''

=== Anti-aircraft armament ===
{{main|Vickers Mk.V (12.7 mm)|Vickers GO No.5 (7.7 mm)}}
''An important part of the ship’s armament responsible for air raid defense. Anti-aircraft armament is defined by the weapon chosen with the control <code>Select anti-aircraft weapons</code>. Talk about the ship’s anti-air cannons and machine guns, the number of guns and their positions, their effective range, and about their overall effectiveness – including against surface targets.''

=== Torpedo armament ===
{{main|Mk.VIII (533 mm)}}
''Many ships are armed with torpedo launchers, and for some vessels such as boats, torpedoes are an extremely important means of defeating an opponent. Evaluate the position of the torpedo launchers, discuss the ammunition available, firing specifics such as dead zones, features of the torpedoes themselves, etc.''

=== Special armament ===
{{main|Mk.VII depth charge}}
''Depth charges, mines, rocket launchers and missiles are also effective in skilled hands and can be an unexpected surprise for an opponent. Evaluate the ammunition of this type of armament and rate its performance in combat.''

== Usage in battles ==


In AB this boat works best when the opposing team has started using aircraft as the boat has good coverage from its secondary and anti-aircraft armaments and is used to provide anti-air cover (with HE rounds equippped) for other more powerful boats. However, given its speed and agility it is good when making breaks for neutralising or capturing points, especially if they are not being guarded by larger more heavily-armoured craft.

The high fire rate and placement of the primary cannon means that it is easy to use and will handle craft of a similar size (plus there is no overheat mechanic). Against larger or more heavily-armoured targets the user should rely on the torpedoes or team mates (especially against craft such as the similary BR rated SF40) as the main cannon is too low caliber to end head-to-head conflicts quickly enough given the lighweight nature of the hull. Against smaller boats such as the Pr.123 or the ubiquitours LS3, it is best the use the secondary or anti-air armaments (especially when the target is within 1.5km) as they are sufficiently powerful to deal with their armour while being able to keep up with these agile craft but a few well place shots at longer ranges from the primary cannon can be very satisfying.

Much like the rest of British coastal boats, this boat is not suited for areas of intense fighting and is best used as anti-air support or when used with hit and run tactics.

=== Modules ===
{| class="wikitable"
! Tier
! colspan="1" | Seakeeping
! colspan="2" | Unsinkability
! colspan="3" | Firepower
|-
| I
| Dry-Docking
| Tool Set
|
| 20 mm HE
| Anti-Air Armament Targeting
|
|-
| II
| Rudder Replacement
| Fire Protection System
| Smokescreen
| 20 mm AP
| Auxiliary Armament Targeting
|
|-
| III
| Propeller Replacement
|
|
| Depth Charges
| Primary Armament Targeting
| Improved Rangefinder
|-
| IV
| Engine Maintenance
| New Pumps
|
|
| Artillery Support
| Torpedo Mode
|-
|}

=== Pros and cons ===
''Summarize and briefly evaluate the vehicle in terms of its characteristics and combat effectiveness. Mark its pros and cons in the bulleted list. Try not to use more than 6 points for each of the characteristics. Avoid using categorical definitions such as "bad", "good" and the like - they have a substitution in the form of softer "inadequate", "effective".''

'''Pros:'''

* Reasonable anti-air
* Fast and agile

'''Cons:'''

* Light armour

== History ==
''Describe the history of the creation and combat usage of the ship in more detail than in the introduction. If the historical reference turns out to be too big, take it to a separate article, taking a link to an article about the vehicle and adding a block "/ History" (example: <nowiki>https://wiki.warthunder.com/(Vehicle-name)/History</nowiki>) and add a link to it here using the <code>main</code> template. Be sure to reference text and sources by using <code><nowiki><ref></nowiki></code>, as well as adding them at the end of the article.''

== Media ==
''An excellent addition to the article will be video guides, as well as screenshots from the game and photos.''

== See also ==


* [[Fairmile D (601)]] - Sister ship that with 57 mm armaments replaced with automatic 40 mm cannons and no torpedoes.
* [[Fairmile D (697)]] - Sister ship that is slightly slower with a pair of Mk XV torpedoes.
* [[Fairmile D (5001)]] - Sister ship that is slightly slower with a pair of both Mk.VIII and Mk XV torpedoes.

== External links ==
''Paste links to sources and external resources, such as:''

* ''topic on the official game forum;''
* ''encyclopedia page on ship;''
* ''other literature.''

{{Britain boats}}

AMX-30B2 BRENUS

2020-11-09T02:44:05Z

U16697154: Re adding commented template description

{{Specs-Card|code=fr_amx_30_b2_brenus}}
{{About
|about=medium tank '''{{PAGENAME}}'''
|usage=other uses
|link=AMX-30 (Family)
}}

== Description ==


[[File:GarageImage_{{PAGENAME}}.jpg|420px|thumb|left]]
{{break}}
The '''{{Specs|name}}''' is a Rank {{Specs|rank}} French medium tank {{Battle-rating}}. It was introduced in [[Update 1.77 "Advancing Storm"]].
The AMX-30B2 BRENUS, or Brennus in some sources, was a modernized French MBT which saw combat in the Gulf War.

== General info ==
=== Survivability and armour ===


The AMX-30B2 has a complex array of armour plates in addition of the ERA.

The frontal glacis is in two parts, the upper area that is 50 mm RHA sloped at 76 degrees and the lower one being 79 mm CHA sloped at roughly 70 degrees. The lower part of the front glacis is, in theory, able to withstand the [[T-54 (1951)|T-54]] APCBC shell better than the Leopard does. However, shots contacting the upper part will often resulting the shot bouncing upward and penetrating the turret front, which is very weak (even the [[M18 GMC]] can penetrate it with ease). The lower glacis plate is not as strong since it is not sloped as much as the front plate, but penetrating this plate will often not result in a colossal damage. However, the curve joint between the upper and the lower glacis plate is very weak and often a penetration through this area will end with a one-shot.

Also, it is noted that there is a fuel container in the front of the tank protecting the ammo rack, which sometimes penetrating rounds will just set afire just like the T-54 does. The difference is that AMX-30 tank's first stage ammo rack is the turret rack, so after experiencing prolonged combat, the hull ammo rack will be emptied and left defused. The hull sides and rears are very weak, they are all 30 mm plates. Even anti-aircraft vehicles doing side shots will penetrate this tank fast (for example, the [[R3 T20 FA-HS]] at BR 4.0 for Italy).
[[File:AMX-30B2-BRENUS-ERA.png|left|thumb|344x344px|AMX-30B2 BRENUS max effective armour]]
The turret armour is not sufficient at this rank, nor at any rank from even rank IV upwards. The gun shield itself mostly offers a 60-100 mm protection. However, some sabot shots will get absorbed by the breech, which actually offers better protection in the [[AMX-30B2]] than the [[Leopard 1 (Family)|Leopard 1]] does. Shooting the turret ring will damage the turret drives, and can sometimes trigger a crew knock out. The turret sides are very weak, often gives you a protection around 60 mm. The rear is worse, plus the turret ammo rack is placed at the end of the turret rear, shooting this area will destroy the tank one shot.

The ERA offers a really good protection for chemical energy penetrators such as HEAT-FS, ATGMs and anti-tank grenades, having a protection of 400 mm from just the block itself. This makes the tank capable of withstanding hits of almost all HEAT-FS of the BR (most of them penetrate between 320 mm to 480 mm) and even some ATGMs (between 400 mm to 650 mm). It should be noted that ERA itself cannot stop all the spalling created by the premature explosion, some ATGM's like the 9M117 (ATGM of the [[T-55AM-1]] and [[T-62M-1]]) will be partially stopped by the ERA reducing its spalling significantly but can still be able to damage modules and crew members (most of the time they will be left orange or red although they can sometimes knock them out). It is also able to reduce the penetration or stop ATGM like the [[9M113 Konkurs]] (ATGM of the [[BMP-2]]) and 9M112 (ATGM of the [[T-64B]]) although do not expect it to happen all the time, it depends on your angling and where the missile impacts. Chassis should be angled most of the time to potentialize the ERA effectiveness with the 79 mm thick steel plate, capable of making the armour reach 1,432 mm of effective armour against CE penetrators (refer to picture) making it capable of even stopping completely [[9M133]] Kornet ATGM (ATGM of the [[BMP-2M]]) which has 1,300 mm of penetration.

'''Armour type:'''

* Explosive reactive armour
* Cast homogeneous armour
* Rolled homogeneous armour (Rear roof, Engine grille)

{| class="wikitable"
|-
! Armour !! Front (Slope angle) !! Sides !! Rear !! Roof
|-
| Hull || 79* mm (57-68°), 50* mm (52-76°) ''Front glacis'' 79 mm (0-57°), 30 mm (75°) ''Lower glacis'' || 35-57 mm (0-35) 30 mm ''Bottom'' 25 mm (70°) ''Belly'' || 30 mm (10°) ''Top'' 30 mm ''Center'' 25 mm (70°) ''Bottom'' || 15 mm 8 mm ''Engine grille''
|-
| Turret || 30-150* mm (0-79°) ''Gun mantlet'' 30* mm (61-75°) ''Turret front top'' || 41.5* mm (19-47°) || 30 mm (1-64°) 20 mm (54-64°) ''Turret underside'' || 20 mm
|-
! Armour !! Sides !! Roof
|-
| Cupola || 60 mm || 20 mm
|-
! Special armour* !! Kinetic !! Chemical
|-
| ERA || 5 mm || 400 mm
|-
|}

=== Mobility ===


{{tankMobility|abMinHp= 1162|rbMinHp= 663}}

When fully upgraded, the engine offers a 750 hp output at 2400 rpm. Max speed is 65 km/h, and the tank can achieve 45-50 km/h on a map like Kursk (when driving downward, you can achieve 65 km/h). Reverse gear is 27 km/h, which is fast. The reverse gear is faster than Leopard 1's by 2 km/h. The tank feels somewhat lighter than Leopard 1 series of tanks, since it has lighter weight (note that Leopard 1 tanks have a 830 hp output engine).

== Armaments ==
=== Main armament ===


{{main|CN-105-F1 (105 mm)}}

The AMX-30B2 BRENUS features the same gun the other AMX-30's have in game, the 105/56 mm Modèle F1, CN-105-F1 in short. It is a potent main gun capable of displaying an excellent performance at its br. The gun is capable of firing the OCC 105 F1 HEAT-FS ammunition which is also present in past AMX-30 versions. As the AMX-30B2, the BRENUS has access to the OFL 105 F1 APFSDS ammunition, capable of penetrating 361 mm at 10 m at 0°, a very powerful dart capable of piercing most of the tanks it will face in its br. With its high velocity of 1,525 m/s, the BRENUS is more than capable of engaging targets at far range despite the relatively low zoom main sights. With addition of the laser rangefinder, doing long range engagements turn to be relatively easy with almost pinpoint accuarcy.
{| class="wikitable" style="text-align:center"
|-
! colspan="6" | [[CN-105-F1 (105 mm)|105 mm CN-105-F1]]
|-
! colspan="3" rowspan="1" style="width:5em" |Capacity
! rowspan="1" | Vertical guidance
! rowspan="1" | Horizontal guidance
! rowspan="1" | Stabilizer
|-
| colspan="3" | 47 || -8°/+20° || ±180° || N/A
|-
! colspan="6" | Turret rotation speed (°/s)
|-
! style="width:4em" |Mode
! style="width:4em" |Stock
! style="width:4em" |Upgraded
! style="width:4em" |Prior + Full crew
! style="width:4em" |Prior + Expert qualif.
! style="width:4em" |Prior + Ace qualif.
|-
| ''Arcade'' || 28.6 || __.__ || __.__ || __.__ || __.__
|-
| ''Realistic'' || 17.9 || 22.1 || 25.7 || 28.4 || 30.0
|-
! colspan="4" | Reloading rate (seconds)
|-
! colspan="1" style="width:4em" |Stock
! colspan="1" style="width:4em" |Prior + Full crew
! colspan="1" style="width:4em" |Prior + Expert qualif.
! colspan="1" style="width:4em" |Prior + Ace qualif.
|-
| 8.7 || 7.7 || 7.1 || 6.7
|-
|}

===== Ammunition =====
{| class="wikitable sortable" style="text-align:center" width="100%"
! colspan="8" | Penetration statistics
|-
! rowspan="2" data-sort-type="text" | Ammunition
! rowspan="2" class="unsortable" | Type of warhead
! colspan="6" | '''Penetration''' '''''in mm''''' '''@ 0° Angle of Attack'''
|-
! 10m
! 100m
! 500m
! 1000m
! 1500m
! 2000m
|-
| OCC 105 F1 || HEAT || 400 || 400 || 400 || 400 || 400 || 400
|-
| OE 105 F1 Mle.60 || HE || 26 || 26 || 25 || 25 || 25 || 25
|-
| OFL 105 F1 || APFSDS || 361 || 358 || 350 || 341 || 332 || 322
|-
|}
{| class="wikitable sortable" style="text-align:center" width="100%"
! colspan="11" | Shell details
|-
! rowspan="2" data-sort-type="text" | Ammunition
! rowspan="2" class="unsortable" | Type of warhead
! rowspan="2" |Velocity in m/s
! rowspan="2" |Projectile Mass in kg
! rowspan="2" | ''Fuse delay''
''in m:''
! rowspan="2" | ''Fuse sensitivity''
''in mm:''
! rowspan="2" | ''Explosive Mass in g (TNT equivalent):''
! rowspan="2" | ''Normalization At 30° from horizontal:''
! colspan="3" | ''Ricochet:''
|-
! 0%
! 50%
! 100%
|-
| OCC 105 F1 || HEAT || 1,000 || 10.95 || 0.0 || 0.1 || 1,020 || +0° || 62° || 69° || 73°
|-
| OE 105 F1 Mle.60 || HE || 700 || 12.1 || 0.1 || 0.1 || 2,000 || +0° || 79° || 80° || 81°
|-
| OFL 105 F1 || APFSDS || 1,525 || 3.8 || N/A || N/A || N/A || ° || 78° || 80° || 81°
|-
|}
{| class="wikitable sortable" style="text-align:center"
! colspan="7" | Smoke characteristic
|-
! Ammunition
! Velocity in m/s
! Projectile Mass in kg
! ''Screen radius in m''
! ''Screen time in s''
! ''Screen hold time in s:''
! ''Explosive Mass in g (TNT equivalent):''
|-
| OFPH 105 F1 || 700 || 11.4 || 20 || 5 || 25 || 50
|-
|}

===== [[Ammo racks|Ammo racks]] =====
[[File:Ammoracks_{{PAGENAME}}.png|right|thumbnail|x250px|Ammo racks of the {{PAGENAME}}.]]The ammo racks on the AMX-30B2 BRENUS consists of the same manner the other AMX-30 have their ammo racks: 1 ready rack on the turret's bustle, 1 ammo rack next to the driver. It should be noted that the ammo rack next to the driver can be affected by fires lit on the fuel tank surrounding it which can lead to an ammo explosion. It is recommended to fill this ammo rack as least as possible to raise the vehicle's survivability agaisnt frontal attacks, preferably carrying 30 rounds at most. Chemical energy attacks can be completely stopped by the fuel tank acting as spaced armor for HEAT and ATGM when the ERA is not enough to stop the whole penetration but will lit the vehicle on fire but still operational to retreat back to cover. It should be noted the fuel tank may not stop kinetic energy attacks like APDS or APFSDS causing an ammo explosion when rack is full, liting the fuel tank, over penning to the engine or all of the previously listed.
[[File:2020-11-08 (1).png|thumb|Number 1: 19 piece ready rackNumber 2: 20 piece ammo rack]]
{| class="wikitable sortable" style="text-align:center"
|-
! class="wikitable unsortable" |Full ammo
! class="wikitable unsortable" |1st rack empty
! class="wikitable unsortable" |2nd rack empty
! class="wikitable unsortable" |3rd rack empty
! class="wikitable unsortable" |4th rack empty
! class="wikitable unsortable" |5th rack empty
! class="wikitable unsortable" |6th rack empty
! class="wikitable unsortable" |Visual discrepancy
|-
|| '''47''' || 23 ''(+24)'' ||  ''(+)'' ||  ''(+)'' ||  ''(+)'' ||  ''(+)'' ||  ''(+)'' || style="text-align:left" | no
|-
|}


=== Machine guns ===

{{main|M693 (20 mm)|AAN-F1 (7.62 mm)}}

{| class="wikitable" style="text-align:center"
|-
! colspan="7" | [[M693 (20 mm)|20 mm M693]]
|-
! colspan="7" | ''Coaxial mount''
|-
! colspan="4" rowspan="1" style="width:5em" |Capacity (Belt capacity)
! rowspan="1" | Fire rate (shots/minute)
! rowspan="1" | Vertical guidance
! rowspan="1" | Horizontal guidance
|-
| colspan="4" | 1,000 (500) || 740 || -0°/+20° || N/A
|-
|}
{| class="wikitable" style="text-align:center"
|-
! colspan="7" | [[AAN-F1 (7.62 mm)|7.62 mm AAN-F1]]
|-
! colspan="7" | ''Pintle mount''
|-
! colspan="4" rowspan="1" style="width:5em" |Capacity (Belt capacity)
! rowspan="1" | Fire rate (shots/minute)
! rowspan="1" | Vertical guidance
! rowspan="1" | Horizontal guidance
|-
| colspan="4" | 2,000 (100) || 900 || -10°/+45° || ±120°
|-
|}

==Usage in battles==

The AMX 30B2 Brenus cannot withstand a frontal encounter most of the time with most opponents due to the lack of a reliable armor and a stabilizer, making the tank an easy prey for almost anyone on the battlefield when in urban combat. However, the tank comes with a great mobility, able to reach 65 km/h in RB (72 in AB) even in reverse, making it the ideal tank to shoot the enemy and rapidly retreat to change position. The optics are better than the ones found on the other AMX-30s, but still not sufficient to properly see targets at long ranges, unlike tanks like the Leopard I with its 16x. However, it's not something to worry about: the thermal sight will allow the player to easily spot targets from far away. Its gun is capable of punching through most of enemy tanks, but caution is a must when uptiered: tanks like the T-72 cannot be damaged in the turret even by the AMX-30B2's APFSDS, leaving only the hull as a potential target.

The tank is not very suitable for urban combat, since most enemies will have a stabilizer and thus will be capable of landing the first shot, often knocking out the gunner, disabling the engine, the gun, or just setting the tank on fire. The best thing to do, in these cases, is to avoid the center of the map, flanking the enemy to hit him from the side and staying hidden from sight so enemies don't focus their firepower on the AMX-30B2.

In larger and flat maps the tank gives its best, thanks to the high mobility and the capability to shoot the enemy from far away and, as stated as before, the only threat for the AMX-30 is dart ammunition of really high penetrating CE ammunition as most of the time the ERA will do its job preventing CE penetrators to disable completely your tank, although the commander cupola can be an issue since it ruin the silhouette of the tank, making it clearly visible and perfect for trapshots, sometimes even when behind cover.

===Modules===
{| class="wikitable"
! Tier
! colspan="2" |Mobility
! Protection
! colspan="3" |Firepower
|-
| I
| Tracks
|
| Parts
| Horizontal Drive
| OFPH 105 F1
|
|-
| II
| Suspension
| Brake System
| FPE
| Adjustment of Fire
| OFL 105 F1
|
|-
| III
| Filters
|
| Crew Replenishment
| Elevation Mechanism
| Smoke grenade
|
|-
| IV
| Transmission
| Engine
|
| Artillery Support
| Laser rangefinder
| NVD
|-
|}

===Pros and cons===


'''Pros:'''

*Reactive armour, good chemical protection
*Good mobility
*Good forward and reverse speed
*Low profile
*Effective in an ambush role
*Thermals can be unlocked
*Laser rangefinder, high-velocity APFSDS rounds and thermal vision make for an effective sniper
*The coaxial 20mm cannon makes short work of thinly armoured vehicles and helicopters. Also works great against tracks and cannon barrels

'''Cons:'''

*Same ammunition as B2 version, random HEAT rounds effects and low APFSDS penetration
*No composite armour, low survivability against kinetic rounds
*Some weak spots between reactive armor plates
*Not having a gun stabilizer greatly hampers its performance
*Ammo racks in turret, high risk of explosion

== History ==


During the mid to late 1990s, AMX-30B2 tanks of the 1er/ 2e Chasseurs tank regiments, which formed France’s rapid reaction force in peacetime, underwent upgrading under the Brenus modernization program, whilst two further regiments received modifications to quickly upgrade their AMX-30s with the Brenus package if needed (2e/5e Dragons). The Brenus upgrade package (acronym for briques réactives de surblindage) most notably allowed for the installation of 112 ERA blocks developed by the GIAT company across the front portion of the hull and turret. To compensate for the additional weight of the ERA packages, an improved 8-cylinder 750 horsepower MACK E9 diesel engine was fitted. The Brenus modernization upgrade was among the last to be fitted to the original AMX-30 tank.

''- From [https://warthunder.com/en/news/5349-development-amx-30b2-brenus-modern-ironclad-en Devblog]''

== Media ==


;Skins

* [https://live.warthunder.com/feed/camouflages/?vehicleCountry=france&vehicleType=tank&vehicleClass=medium_tank&vehicle=fr_amx_30_b2_brenus Skins and camouflages for the {{PAGENAME}} from live.warthunder.com.]

;Videos
{{Youtube-gallery|wJkQW4kSJjM|'''French MBTs''' discusses the {{PAGENAME}} at 3:04 - ''War Thunder Official Channel''}}

== See also ==
''Links to the articles on the War Thunder Wiki that you think will be useful for the reader, for example:''

* ''reference to the series of the vehicles;''
* ''links to approximate analogues of other nations and research trees.''

== External links ==


* [https://warthunder.com/en/news/5349-development-amx-30b2-brenus-modern-ironclad-en [Devblog<nowiki>]</nowiki> AMX-30B2 Brenus: Modern Ironclad]

{{France medium tanks}}

He 162 A-2

2020-11-08T03:45:28Z

U16697154: Grammar edits

{{Specs-Card|code=he-162a-2}}
{{About
| about = German jet fighter '''{{PAGENAME}}'''
| usage = other version
| link = He 162 A-1
}}

== Description ==

[[File:GarageImage_{{PAGENAME}}.jpg|420px|thumb|left]]
{{Break}}
The '''{{Specs|name}}''' is a rank {{Specs|rank}} German jet fighter {{Battle-rating}}. It has been in the game since the start of the Open Beta Test prior to Update 1.27.

== General info ==
=== Flight performance ===

[[File:Cockpit He162.jpg|x150px|right|thumb|none|Cockpit of the He 162]]

{| class="wikitable" style="text-align:center" width="70%"
! rowspan="2" | Characteristics
! colspan="2" | Max Speed (km/h at 6,000 m)
! rowspan="2" | Max altitude (metres)
! colspan="2" | Turn time (seconds)
! colspan="2" | Rate of climb (metres/second)
! rowspan="2" | Take-off run (metres)
|-
! AB !! RB !! AB !! RB !! AB !! RB
|-
! Stock
| 801 || 776 || rowspan="2" | {{Specs|ceiling}} || 31.4 || 32.3 || 19.1 || 18.1 || rowspan="2" | 750
|-
! Upgraded
| 875 || 840 || 28.8 || 30.0 || 28.2 || 23.4
|-
|}

==== Details ====
{| class="wikitable" style="text-align:center" width="50%"
|-
! colspan="6" | Features
|-
! Combat flaps !! Take-off flaps !! Landing flaps !! Air brakes !! Arrestor gear !! Drogue chute
|-
| ✓ || ✓ || ✓ || X || X || X 
|-
|}

{| class="wikitable" style="text-align:center" width="50%"
|-
! colspan="7" | Limits
|-
! rowspan="2" | Wings (km/h)
! rowspan="2" | Gear (km/h)
! colspan="3" | Flaps (km/h)
! colspan="2" | Max Static G
|-
! Combat !! Take-off !! Landing !! + !! -
|-
| {{Specs|destruction|body}} || {{Specs|destruction|gear}} || 700 || 700 || 500 || ~12 || ~7
|-
|}

{| class="wikitable" style="text-align:center"
|-
! colspan="4" | Optimal velocities (km/h)
|-
! Ailerons !! Rudder !! Elevators !! Radiator
|-
| < 500 || < 500 || < 580 || N/A
|-
|}

==== Engine performance ====
{| class="wikitable" style="text-align:center"
|-
! colspan="3" | Engine
! colspan="4" | Aircraft mass
|-
! colspan="2" | Engine name || Number
! colspan="2" | Empty mass || colspan="2" | Wing loading (full fuel)
|-
| colspan="2" | BMW 003 || 1
| colspan="2" | 1,877 kg || colspan="2" | 205 kg/m2
|-
! colspan="3" | Engine characteristics
! colspan="3" | Mass with fuel (no weapons load) || rowspan="2" | Max Takeoff Weight
|-
! Weight (each) || colspan="2" | Type
! 7m fuel || 20m fuel || 23m fuel
|-
| 673 kg || colspan="2" | Axial-flow turbojet
| 2,044 kg || 2,313 kg || 2,375 kg || 2,495 kg
|-
! colspan="3" | {{Annotation|Maximum engine thrust @ 0 m (RB / SB)|The maximum thrust produced by each engine, while mounted in the aircraft. NOTE: Thrust varies significantly depending on speed & altitude.}}
! colspan="4" | Thrust to weight ratio @ 0 m (108%)
|-
! Condition || 100% || 108%
! 7m fuel || 20m fuel || 23m fuel || MTOW
|-
| ''Stationary'' || 801 kgf || 910 kgf
| 0.46 || 0.39 || 0.38 || 0.36
|-
| ''Optimal'' || 801 kgf (0 km/h) || 910 kgf (0 km/h)
| 0.46 || 0.39 || 0.38 || 0.36
|-
|}

=== Survivability and armour ===


* 15 mm steel - bulkhead behind cockpit
* Engine exposed on top of the fuselage
* Fuel tanks in fuselage and wings below the engine

== Armaments ==
=== Offensive armament ===

{{main|MG 151 (20 mm)}}

The '''''{{PAGENAME}}''''' is armed with:

* 2 x 20 mm MG 151 cannons, chin-mounted (120 rpg = 240 total)

The twin MG 151s are one of the weaker cannons equipped by the early Rank 5 jets. However, when compared to the 30 mm Mk. 108's found on other German jets, its cannons have acceptable muzzle velocity, though this will remain a problem. The ammo count is less than enough considering the speeds at which jet combat takes place.

== Usage in battles ==


This aircraft is best used exclusively for Boom & Zoom attacks and fighting at high altitudes (over 5 km).

It bleeds energy fast in dogfights against early jets, and when matched with propeller planes, dogfights become suicide. Head-ons may seem like a good idea due to the plane's small size and powerful 20 mm cannons, but keep in mind that most of the time you will be fighting American or British aircraft, which will often one-shot or severely damage you with their multiple sets of .50 cal's or Hispanos.

He 162 is an excellent bomber hunter, especially if you choose to fly with minimum (7 min) fuel and go to intercept bombers attacking your team's bases. Your 20 mm and small size will make you a deadly opponent, but keep in mind that most propeller bombers at this rank have great defensive armaments. When up-tiered with jets you will probably never see a bomber in-game.

When attempting to Boom & Zoom enemy fighters, it is vital that you climb at least 1 km above the enemy. Try climbing along the corners of the map, as if you go head-on you'll run into fighters without the energy you need to getaway. Avoid sharp turns when diving and pulling up as you lose energy very fast in this aircraft. This becomes even more important when up-tiered, as enemy jets at higher battle-ratings have no problem catching up to you just long enough to destroy you.

The best place for He 162 is combined battles, where it has relatively low SP requirements and does not face a large group of enemy fighters. In this mode fly with a minimum tank load (7 min) as it's all you need and it gives you agility. Just as in air realistic, use Boom & Zoom to shoot down enemies ground attacking your team or unsuspecting enemy fighters.

=== Modules ===
{| class="wikitable"
! Tier
! colspan="2" | Flight performance
! Survivability
! Weaponry
|-
| I
| Fuselage repair
|
|
| Offensive 20 mm
|-
| II
|
| Compressor
| Airframe
|
|-
| III
| Wings repair
|
|
| New 20 mm cannons
|-
| IV
|
| Engine
| Cover
|
|-
|}

"Offensive 20 mm", "Compressor", "Wings repair", then "Engine", is the recommended order of unlocking. Why? The stock MG 151 belts are bad as they lack the very powerful HE ''Minengeschosse''. Compressor and Engine are no-brainers. Everything that improves acceleration is a must for early jets. Wings repair is superior to new cannons, the stock MG 151 does not overheat and accuracy is acceptable in short bursts.

=== Pros and cons ===


'''Pros:'''

* Often faces propeller-powered aircraft which have significantly lower top speeds.
* Good bomber hunter, especially if the bomber isn't very well self-protected
* Will outturn nearly every early jets at 500 km/h excluding the Yak-15, Yak-17 or F80A
* Good acceleration for an early jet at speeds below 700km/h
* Good climb rate for an early jet, even exceeding that of the F80A or F84B-26
* Excellent dive rate, can catch up even the MiG-9 and F-84B-26 in shallow dive
* Hard-hitting armament of two 20 mm MG 151/20 cannons that fires Minengeschoß shells
* Does not have war emergency power, however, the throttle can push past 100% (up to 108% throttle)
* Very good visibility
* Small wing surface area means difficult target when turning
* Loses no energy in rudder turns still maintaining acceptable turning radius
* Can use its 108% throttle almost indefinitely above 6,000 m
* Great roll rate

'''Cons:'''

* Inferior to American counterparts of the same rank like F80A or F86B-26 regarding top-end acceleration and top speed
* Very significant speed loss when turning to dogfight other jets
* Easily outturned by propeller-powered planes
* When uptiered, has no chance with later jets, will not catch any jet bomber save the Arado Ar 234-B2
* Very fragile even for a jet, little damage can cause significant performance loss
* Little armour protecting the pilot, often gets pilot knocked-out
* Energy retention limited due to slightly lacklustre high-speed engine performance and a lightweight airframe
* Suitable only for energy fighting, avoid dogfights at all costs, significant energy loss in rapid elevator turns
* Not the best plane for head-ons due to little to no armor protecting the pilot and fragile exposed engine
* Poor performance when stock
* Ammo runs out quickly
* 20 mm 151/20 cannon muzzle velocity begins to show its age in the jet era
* Extended usage of the throttle over 100% burns out the jet engine (deteriorates quality of use until its own destruction)
* Difficulty with take-off, struggles on some airfields
* Engine mounted on top, vertical manoeuvre techniques need to account for the pitching-down moment of the engine thrust
* Engine easily overheats below 2,000 m

== History ==

Initially, this Heinkel fighter was designated He 500, but by October, in order to fool enemy intelligence services, the RLM redesignated the plane He 162; the number being previously assigned to a Messerschmitt fast bomber prototype that competed with the Ju 88. At the same time, the fighter was named the Salamander, which initially was the codename for the very same fast bomber design. The official name at the start of introduction was ''Volksjäger'' to emphasize the usage as ''every man's fighter'' similar to ''Volkswagen'' aka VW.

Overall 170 to 320 aircraft were produced, most of them A-2 variants. The previous A-1 were first fitted with Mk108, but these shocked the airframe too hard and were changed into the less recoil-heavy MG 151/20. An interesting feature is the dorsal mounted engine. It serves two purposes; first: Easier maintenance like with Me 262s underwing gondolas and second - and most importantly: The high installation greatly reduced foreign object damage - or FOD. Unpaved runways were common on all sides in WW2 and rocks and other debris were often sucked into the intake -- the main cause of engine failures in early jets.

Albeit named the Volksjäger, the jet was a dangerous vehicle for beginners. Short flight time and a high stall speed compared to the gliders most recruits trained on caused a high after-combat crash rate, especially on landing approaches. Pilots often failed to attain the recommended landing speed of 250 km/h (100 more than the Bf109) due either inexperience or lack of fuel. The high landing speed was the cause of even more deadly problems.

In the air, however, the aircraft was praised even by its foes. Allied pilots loved to take the captured He 162s into the air, praising its smooth flight and good controllability. The only downside was the weak rudder and weak in the literal meaning. RAF pilot, Flt Lt. R. A. Marks, despite being instructed not to use heavy rudder on high speed, performed a low-altitude, high-speed barrel roll during a demonstration. A fin and rudder assembly ripped out of its socket, the sudden loss of control and insufficient height resulted in a fatal crash.

Like the Me 262 Schwalbe, the Volksjäger proved to be too little too late.

=== In-game description ===
Initially this Heinkel fighter was designated He 500, but by October, in order to fool enemy intelligence services, the RLM redesignated the plane He 162; the number being previously assigned to a Messerschmitt fast bomber prototype that competed with the Ju 88. At the same time, the fighter was named the Salamander, which initially was the codename for the entire program.

== Media ==
''Excellent additions to the article would be video guides, screenshots from the game, and photos.''

== See also ==
''Links to the articles on the War Thunder Wiki that you think will be useful for the reader, for example:''

* ''reference to the series of the aircraft;''
* ''links to approximate analogues of other nations and research trees.''

== External links ==
''Paste links to sources and external resources, such as:''

* ''topic on the official game forum;''
* ''encyclopedia page on the aircraft;''
* ''other literature.''

{{AirManufacturer Heinkel}}
{{Germany jet aircraft}}

He 162 A-2

2020-10-30T01:18:14Z

U16697154: Removing some opinions in cons section

{{Specs-Card|code=he-162a-2}}
{{About
| about = German jet fighter '''{{PAGENAME}}'''
| usage = other version
| link = He 162 A-1
}}

== Description ==

[[File:GarageImage_{{PAGENAME}}.jpg|420px|thumb|left]]
{{Break}}
The '''{{Specs|name}}''' is a rank {{Specs|rank}} German jet fighter {{Battle-rating}}. It has been in the game since the start of the Open Beta Test prior to Update 1.27.

== General info ==
=== Flight performance ===

[[File:Cockpit He162.jpg|x150px|right|thumb|none|Cockpit of the He 162]]

{| class="wikitable" style="text-align:center" width="70%"
! rowspan="2" | Characteristics
! colspan="2" | Max Speed (km/h at 6,000 m)
! rowspan="2" | Max altitude (metres)
! colspan="2" | Turn time (seconds)
! colspan="2" | Rate of climb (metres/second)
! rowspan="2" | Take-off run (metres)
|-
! AB !! RB !! AB !! RB !! AB !! RB
|-
! Stock
| 801 || 776 || rowspan="2" | {{Specs|ceiling}} || 31.4 || 32.3 || 19.1 || 18.1 || rowspan="2" | 750
|-
! Upgraded
| 875 || 840 || 28.8 || 30.0 || 28.2 || 23.4
|-
|}

==== Details ====
{| class="wikitable" style="text-align:center" width="50%"
|-
! colspan="6" | Features
|-
! Combat flaps !! Take-off flaps !! Landing flaps !! Air brakes !! Arrestor gear !! Drogue chute
|-
| ✓ || ✓ || ✓ || X || X || X 
|-
|}

{| class="wikitable" style="text-align:center" width="50%"
|-
! colspan="7" | Limits
|-
! rowspan="2" | Wings (km/h)
! rowspan="2" | Gear (km/h)
! colspan="3" | Flaps (km/h)
! colspan="2" | Max Static G
|-
! Combat !! Take-off !! Landing !! + !! -
|-
| {{Specs|destruction|body}} || {{Specs|destruction|gear}} || 700 || 700 || 500 || ~12 || ~7
|-
|}

{| class="wikitable" style="text-align:center"
|-
! colspan="4" | Optimal velocities (km/h)
|-
! Ailerons !! Rudder !! Elevators !! Radiator
|-
| < 500 || < 500 || < 580 || N/A
|-
|}

==== Engine performance ====
{| class="wikitable" style="text-align:center"
|-
! colspan="3" | Engine
! colspan="4" | Aircraft mass
|-
! colspan="2" | Engine name || Number
! colspan="2" | Empty mass || colspan="2" | Wing loading (full fuel)
|-
| colspan="2" | BMW 003 || 1
| colspan="2" | 1,877 kg || colspan="2" | 205 kg/m2
|-
! colspan="3" | Engine characteristics
! colspan="3" | Mass with fuel (no weapons load) || rowspan="2" | Max Takeoff Weight
|-
! Weight (each) || colspan="2" | Type
! 7m fuel || 20m fuel || 23m fuel
|-
| 673 kg || colspan="2" | Axial-flow turbojet
| 2,044 kg || 2,313 kg || 2,375 kg || 2,495 kg
|-
! colspan="3" | {{Annotation|Maximum engine thrust @ 0 m (RB / SB)|The maximum thrust produced by each engine, while mounted in the aircraft. NOTE: Thrust varies significantly depending on speed & altitude.}}
! colspan="4" | Thrust to weight ratio @ 0 m (108%)
|-
! Condition || 100% || 108%
! 7m fuel || 20m fuel || 23m fuel || MTOW
|-
| ''Stationary'' || 801 kgf || 910 kgf
| 0.46 || 0.39 || 0.38 || 0.36
|-
| ''Optimal'' || 801 kgf (0 km/h) || 910 kgf (0 km/h)
| 0.46 || 0.39 || 0.38 || 0.36
|-
|}

=== Survivability and armour ===


* 15 mm steel - bulkhead behind cockpit
* Engine exposed on top of the fuselage
* Fuel tanks in fuselage and wings below the engine

== Armaments ==
=== Offensive armament ===

{{main|MG 151 (20 mm)}}

The '''''{{PAGENAME}}''''' is armed with:

* 2 x 20 mm MG 151 cannons, chin-mounted (120 rpg = 240 total)

The twin MG 151s are one of the weaker cannons equipped by the early Rank 5 jets. However, when compared to the 30 mm Mk. 108's found on other German jets, its cannons have acceptable muzzle velocity, though this will remain a problem. The ammo count is less than enough considering the speeds at which jet combat takes place.

== Usage in battles ==


This aircraft is best used exclusively for Boom-n-Zoom (BnZ) attacks and fighting at high altitudes (over 5 km).

It bleeds energy fast in dogfights against early jets, and when matched with propeller planes, dogfights become suicide. Head-ons may seem like a good idea due to the plane's small size and powerful 20 mm cannons, but keep in mind that most of the time you will be fighting American or British aircraft, which will often one shot or severely damage you with their multiple sets of .50 cal's or Hispanos.

He 162 is an excellent bomber hunter, especially if you choose to fly with minimum (7 min) fuel and go to intercept bombers attacking your team's bases. Your 20 mm and small size will make you a deadly opponent, but keep in mind that most propeller bombers at this rank have great defensive armaments. When uptiered with jets you will probably never see a bomber in game.

When attempting to BnZ enemy fighters, it is vital that you climb at least 1 km above the enemy. Try climbing along the map's corners, as if you go head-on you'll run into fighters without the energy you need to get away. Avoid sharp turns when diving and pulling up as you lose energy very fast in this aircraft. This becomes even more important when uptiered, as enemy jets at higher battle-ratings have no problem catching up to you just long enough to destroy you.

The best place for He 162 is combined battles, where it has relatively low SP requirements and does not face a large group of enemy fighters. In this mode fly with a minimum tank load (7 min) as it's all you need and it gives you agility. Just as in air realistic, use BnZ to shoot down enemies ground attacking your team or unsuspecting enemy fighters.

=== Modules ===
{| class="wikitable"
! Tier
! colspan="2" | Flight performance
! Survivability
! Weaponry
|-
| I
| Fuselage repair
|
|
| Offensive 20 mm
|-
| II
|
| Compressor
| Airframe
|
|-
| III
| Wings repair
|
|
| New 20 mm cannons
|-
| IV
|
| Engine
| Cover
|
|-
|}

"Offensive 20 mm", "Compressor", "Wings repair", then "Engine", is the recommended order of unlock. Why? The stock MG 151 belts are bad as they lack the very powerful HE ''Minengeschosse''. Compressor and Engine are no-brainers. Everything that improves acceleration is a must for early jets. Wings repair is superior to new cannons, the stock MG 151 does not overheat and accuracy is acceptable in short bursts.

=== Pros and cons ===


'''Pros:'''

* Top speed in comparison to propeller planes of the same rank
* Good acceleration for an early jet
* Great bomber hunter
* Almost don't lose any speed during rudder turns still maintaining good turning radius
* Good climb rate for an early jet, climbs even better than American jets of the same rank
* Excellent dive rate, can catch up even the MiG-9 and F-84B-26 in shallow dive
* Hard-hitting armament of two 20 mm MG 151/20 cannons that fires Minengeschoß shells
* Does not have WEP, however throttle can push past 100% (up to 108% throttle)
* Very good visibility
* Second to none energy retention
* Small wing surface area means difficult target when turning
* Loses no energy in rudder turns
* Can use its 108% throttle almost indefinitely above 6,000 m
* Great roll rate

'''Cons:'''

* Lacklustre top speed in comparison to some of early jets
* Outgunned and out-turned by later jets when up-tiered
* Suitable only for energy fighting, avoid dogfights at all costs
* Poor performance when stock
* Ammo runs out quickly
* Higher speed acceleration (above 800 km/h) is significantly lower
* Lose whole energy during elevator turns
* Turn radius which is average isn't making any advantage for this plane towards other jets
* Engine prone to take damage
* Damage of fuselage and wings decreases performance significantly
* 20mm MG 151/20 cannon muzzle velocity could be better
* Extended usage of the throttle over 100% burns up the jet engine (deteriorates quality of use until its own destruction)
* Difficult take off, struggles on some airfields
* Good energy retention + high speed + absence of airbrakes = hard landing
* Low roll stability
* Engine mounted on top, vertical manoeuvre techniques need to account for the pitching-down moment of the engine thrust
* Engine easily overheats below 2,000 m
* Little armour protecting the pilot, often gets pilot sniped

== History ==

Initially, this Heinkel fighter was designated He 500, but by October, in order to fool enemy intelligence services, the RLM redesignated the plane He 162; the number being previously assigned to a Messerschmitt fast bomber prototype that competed with the Ju 88. At the same time, the fighter was named the Salamander, which initially was the codename for the very same fast bomber design. The official name at the start of introduction was ''Volksjäger'' to emphasize the usage as ''every man's fighter'' similar to ''Volkswagen'' aka VW.

Overall 170 to 320 aircraft were produced, most of them A-2 variants. The previous A-1 were first fitted with Mk108, but these shocked the airframe too hard and were changed into the less recoil-heavy MG 151/20. An interesting feature is the dorsal mounted engine. It serves two purposes; first: Easier maintenance like with Me 262s underwing gondolas and second - and most importantly: The high installation greatly reduced foreign object damage - or FOD. Unpaved runways were common on all sides in WW2 and rocks and other debris were often sucked into the intake -- the main cause of engine failures in early jets.

Albeit named the Volksjäger, the jet was a dangerous vehicle for beginners. Short flight time and a high stall speed compared to the gliders most recruits trained on caused a high after-combat crash rate, especially on landing approaches. Pilots often failed to attain the recommended landing speed of 250 km/h (100 more than the Bf109) due either inexperience or lack of fuel. The high landing speed was the cause of even more deadly problems.

In the air, however, the aircraft was praised even by its foes. Allied pilots loved to take the captured He 162s into the air, praising its smooth flight and good controllability. The only downside was the weak rudder and weak in the literal meaning. RAF pilot, Flt Lt. R. A. Marks, despite being instructed not to use heavy rudder on high speed, performed a low-altitude, high-speed barrel roll during a demonstration. A fin and rudder assembly ripped out of its socket, the sudden loss of control and insufficient height resulted in a fatal crash.

Like the Me 262 Schwalbe, the Volksjäger proved to be too little too late.

=== In-game description ===
Initially this Heinkel fighter was designated He 500, but by October, in order to fool enemy intelligence services, the RLM redesignated the plane He 162; the number being previously assigned to a Messerschmitt fast bomber prototype that competed with the Ju 88. At the same time, the fighter was named the Salamander, which initially was the codename for the entire program.

== Media ==
''Excellent additions to the article would be video guides, screenshots from the game, and photos.''

== See also ==
''Links to the articles on the War Thunder Wiki that you think will be useful for the reader, for example:''

* ''reference to the series of the aircraft;''
* ''links to approximate analogues of other nations and research trees.''

== External links ==
''Paste links to sources and external resources, such as:''

* ''topic on the official game forum;''
* ''encyclopedia page on the aircraft;''
* ''other literature.''

{{AirManufacturer Heinkel}}
{{Germany jet aircraft}}

Pr.1204

2020-09-27T23:36:31Z

U16697154: Re adding commented template description

{{Specs-Card|code=ussr_pr_1204}}

== Description ==

[[File:GarageImage_{{PAGENAME}}.jpg|420px|thumb|left]]
{{break}}
The '''{{Specs|name}}''' is a premium rank {{Specs|rank}} Russian armoured gun boat {{Battle-rating}}. It was introduced in [[Update 1.91 "Night Vision"]].

== General info ==
=== Survivability and armour ===
''Talk about the vehicle's armour. Note the most well-defended and most vulnerable zones, e.g. the ammo magazine. Evaluate the composition of components and assemblies responsible for movement and manoeuvrability. Evaluate the survivability of the primary and secondary armaments separately. Don't forget to mention the size of the crew, which plays an important role in fleet mechanics. Save tips on preserving survivability for the "Usage in battles" section. If necessary, use a graphical template to show the most well-protected or most vulnerable points in the armour.''

=== Mobility ===
''Write about the ship's mobility. Evaluate its power and manoeuvrability, rudder rerouting speed, stopping speed at full tilt, with its maximum forward and reverse speed.''

== Armament ==
=== Primary armament ===
''Provide information about the characteristics of the primary armament. Evaluate their efficacy in battle based on their reload speed, ballistics and the capacity of their shells. Add a link to the main article about the weapon: <code><nowiki>{main|Weapon name (calibre)}</nowiki></code>. Broadly describe the ammunition available for the primary armament, and provide recommendations on how to use it and which ammunition to choose.''
{{main|D-56TS (76 mm)}}

=== Secondary armament ===
''Some ships are fitted with weapons of various calibres. Secondary armaments are defined as weapons chosen with the control <code>Select secondary weapon</code>. Evaluate the secondary armaments and give advice on how to use them. Describe the ammunition available for the secondary armament. Provide recommendations on how to use them and which ammunition to choose. Remember that any anti-air armament, even heavy calibre weapons, belong in the next section. If there is no secondary armament, remove this section.''
{{main|KPVT (14.5 mm)}}
=== Special armament ===
{{main|YAM-43 mine}}

''Depth charges, mines, rocket launchers and missiles are also effective in skilled hands and can take an off-guard opponent by surprise. Evaluate the ammunition of this type of armament and rate its performance in combat. If there are no special armaments, remove this section.''

== Usage in battles ==
''Describe the technique of using this ship, the characteristics of her use in a team and tips on strategy. Abstain from writing an entire guide – don't try to provide a single point of view, but give the reader food for thought. Talk about the most dangerous opponents for this vehicle and provide recommendations on fighting them. If necessary, note the specifics of playing with this vehicle in various modes (AB, RB, SB).''

=== Modules ===
{| class="wikitable"
! Tier
! Seakeeping
! colspan="2" | Unsinkability
! colspan="3" | Firepower
|-
| I
| Dry-Docking
| Tool Set
|
| IAI
|
|
|-
| II
| Rudder Replacement
| Fire Protection System
| Smokescreen
| API-T
| Auxiliary Armament Targeting
| 53-BR-354
|-
| III
| Propeller Replacement
|
|
|
| Primary Armament Targeting
| Improved Rangefinder
|-
| IV
| Engine Maintenance
| New Pumps
|
| Artillery Support
|Mines
|
|-
! colspan="7" |This is a premium vehicle: all modifications are unlocked on purchase
|-
|}

=== Pros and cons ===
''Summarise and briefly evaluate the vehicle in terms of its characteristics and combat effectiveness. Mark its pros and cons in the bulleted list. Try not to use more than 6 points for each of the characteristics. Avoid using categorical definitions such as "bad", "good" and the like - use substitutions with softer forms such as "inadequate" and "effective".''

'''Pros:'''

*

'''Cons:'''

*

== History ==


The Pr.1204 (Or Shmel) class of river boats were developed in the mid 1960's as a successor to the USSR's aging fleet of WWII era river boats. 118 Shmel class river boats were built between 1967 and 1974. The boats were designed specifically to operate in shallow waters, such as rivers or littoral waters. The Shmel class was designed to support operations in rivers or or shallow water conditions such as denying waterway passages, protecting harbors supporting troop movements, as well as providing fire support form ship to shore scenarios.<ref name=":0">https://www.militaryfactory.com/ships/detail.asp?ship_id=shmel-class-artillery-gunboat-soviet-union</ref> As of 2017,several are still in service with the Russian Navy<ref name=":0" />, with at least 4 assigned to the Caspian fleet.

== [[Media]] ==
''Excellent additions to the article would be video guides, screenshots from the game, and photos.''

== See also ==
''Links to articles on the War Thunder Wiki that you think will be useful for the reader, for example:''

* ''reference to the series of the ship;''
* ''links to approximate analogues of other nations and research trees.''

== External links ==
''Paste links to sources and external resources, such as:''

* https://www.militaryfactory.com/ships/detail.asp?ship_id=shmel-class-artillery-gunboat-soviet-union

{{USSR boats}}
{{USSR premium ships}}

SGB Grey Goose

2020-09-27T23:23:10Z

U16697154: Re adding commented template description

{{Specs-Card
|code=uk_sgb_309
|market=SGB (S309) (Britain)}}

== Description ==

[[File:GarageImage_{{PAGENAME}}.jpg|420px|thumb|left]]
{{Break}}
The '''{{Specs|name}}''' is a premium gift rank {{Specs|rank}} British motor gun boat {{Battle-rating}}. It was introduced during [[Update 1.97 "Viking Fury"]] as a reward for the [[wt:en/news/6669-special-space-race-en|"Space Race" event]].

== General info ==
=== Survivability and armour ===


The Grey Goose has 6mm thick steel hull and 4mm thick steel superstructure, with barely any armour whatsoever. It has 12.7mm antifragmentation armour on the front guns and 8mm antifragmentation armour on the 76mm gun on the back, this combined with the profile of the guns result in the armaments only getting hit and disabled rarely. It also has 19mm thick antifragmentation armour located on both sides of the boat near the center, where the engine is located. This makes the engine protected against most low caliber weapons on its tier, and it can usually be only penetrated by higher caliber AP rounds. This armor however does not extend far enough to protect any of the ammo storages on the ship, and if the front is under heavy fire, it will usually result in the detonation of the quite large ammunition storage. The ship crew consists of only 34 people, making it the second most common cause of destruction.

=== Mobility ===


The ship has a maximum speed of 87 km/h in AB and 65 km/h in RB. Acceleration and deceleration is poor, but turning rate is excellent at high speeds compared to other ships of its size, comparable to PT boats, which it can mostly keep up with.

Displacement is 255 tons.

== Armament ==
=== Primary armament ===
{{main|2pdr QF Mk.IIc (40 mm)|Oerlikon Mk.II (20 mm)}}

The main guns are located on the front of the ship, a [[2pdr QF Mk.IIc (40 mm)]] automatic cannon and a [[20 mm/70 Oerlikon Mark 24 (20 mm)|20 mm/70 Oerlikon Mk.II (20 mm) autocannon]]. Both have 56 ammo in a clip, but the 20mm fires considerably faster, usually emptying multiple seconds before the 40mm. This can prove to be useful, as you can sustain fire with at least one of the guns at all times. They have 2240 and 1800 maximum total ammunition respectively, providing a generous pool for long engagements. The turrets can rotate almost all the way to the back, but the 20mm blocks the 40mm from firing directly to the front, so the ship needs to be angled slightly off target if both guns need to be fired on it. They are fit for close to medium range engagements, but quickly fall off at long ranges.

The available ammunition belts are as follows:

* Universal (HEF/AP-T/HEF/AP-T)

* 40 mm HE (HEF/HEF/HEF/AP-T)

* 40 mm AP (AP-T/AP-T/AP-T/HEF)

All three belts contain the same AP-T (Armour-piercing tracer shell) and HEF (High-explosive fragmentation shell) ammunition, only in different ratios. This makes all belts viable,the selection should be only based on speculation of opponents or preferred targets, and eliminate the need to switch belt type mid-battle.

=== Secondary armament ===
{{main|OQF 3in 20cwt (76 mm)}}

The ship is armed with a [[OQF 3in 20cwt (76 mm)]] cannon, which has 150 total ammunition.

It can use 2 types of rounds:

* HE shell
* Mk.1 shrapnel shell

The HE shell should be used against other ships, but it only has 6mm of penetration, so it is only effectyve agains lightly armoured targets. The shrapnel round is effective against small boats, and thanks to its unique quality, it can also be used as a crude variable time fuze AA cannon. Due to the relatively low muzzle velocity and low caliber compared to proper flak cannons, it will usually only deterr enemy aircraft, with actual kills with it being rare. If both sea and air targets are set to be engaged, this turret will prefer air targets,usually supressing them through the course of the match.

=== Anti-aircraft armament ===
{{main|Vickers Mk.V (12.7 mm)}}

Two turrets outfitted each with two [[Vickers Mk.V (12.7 mm)]] machine guns can be found on both sides of the boat, and they have 8000 total ammunition. They can aim to the sides of the ship, and all the way up, and thaks to the high firerate, usually kills smaller close flying aircraft and smaller PT-boats, but becoming ineffective at medium-long ranges.

=== Torpedo armament ===
{{main|Mk.VIII (533 mm)}}

The ship is outfitted with 2 '''''[[Mk.VIII (533 mm)]]''''' torpedo launcher tubes, pointing forward, but angled away considerably. This angle matches the usual engagement angle. The destructive power combined with high mobility can be deadly against larger craft, which would resist the smaller armaments on the ship otherwise.

=== Special armament ===
{{main|Type M Mark I mine}}
The ship can be equipped with 4 [[Type M Mark I mine]]<nowiki/>s, 2 on each side in the back. They are dropped individually, starting with the 2 on the left and then on the right. They can destroy almost any vessel on the same battle rating, mostly if deployed along high traffic, narrow routes, or near capture points.

== Usage in battles ==
The Grey Goose is best played as a PT-boat hunter, but remains usable up to ships of the same size. The rapid-firing guns allow for quick adjustements, making it adaptable to quick range or speed changes of the target. The amount and type of armaments on the ship allow it to take up the position of an AA-ship for a while, if need be. It is best to avoid larger ships and long engagement ranges, as any hit from a larger caliber can destroy it, and the majority of the guns fall off at great distances.

=== Modules ===
{| class="wikitable"
! Tier
! Seakeeping
! colspan="2" |Unsinkability
! colspan="3" |Firepower
|-
| I
| Dry-Docking
| Tool Set||
| 40 mm HE||Anti-Air Armament Targeting||
|-
| II
| Rudder Replacement
| Fire Protection System||Smokescreen
| 40 mm AP||Auxiliary Armament Targeting||76 mm Mk.I shrapnel
|-
| III
| Propeller Replacement
| ||
| ||Primary Armament Targeting||Improved Rangefinder
|-
| IV
| Engine Maintenance
| New Pumps||
| Artillery Support||Torpedo Mode||Mines
|-
! colspan="7" | This is a premium vehicle: all modifications are unlocked on purchase
|-
|}

=== Pros and cons ===
'''Pros:'''

* High speed
* Manouverability
* Rapid-firing, accurate armaments
* Option for a "primitive" flak cannon

*

'''Cons:'''

* Poor acceleration and deceleration
* No armor around some components and ammunition
* Short effective distance
* Weapons not fit to fight larger ships

*

== History ==
The SGB series was designed due to the need of a hybrid of a motor gun boat and a motor torpedo boat by the Royal Navy. They were the only Coastal Forces ships to be made of steel. The Royal Navy originally wanted 52 of them, but only ordered 9. The series was marked SGB 1 to 9. 2 of them were destroyed during production, and only 6 of them survived the war. SGB9 was used as a trial vessel until 1956 by Vospers. The Grey Goose was sold in 1957, and is currently in Hoo ST Werburgh used as a houseboat.

== Media ==

== See also ==

* [[SGB (S304)]]

== External links ==

* [[wikipedia:Steam_Gun_Boat|Wikipedia - Steam Gun Boat]]

{{Britain boats}}
{{Britain premium ships}}

T95

2020-09-24T02:09:16Z

U16697154: Rewriting con.

{{Specs-Card|code=us_t95}}

== Description ==

[[File:GarageImage_T95GMC.jpg|420px|thumb|left]]
{{Break}}
The '''{{Specs|name}}''' is a rank {{Specs|rank}} American tank destroyer {{Battle-rating}}. It was introduced in [[Update 1.49 "Weapons of Victory"]].

The T95 is good at providing support and dragging enemy fire. As of [[Update 1.59 "Flaming Arrows"]], the T95 shares the HE-filled APCBC T13 shells, researchable at tier 1 modifications, giving it an incredible punch that puts it on par with the [[Jagdtiger]]. It is very well known for its amazing frontal armour, hard to penetrate for the majority of guns at its rank. Experienced enemy players are aware of the T95's downsides: one hit weak spots, poor top speed, long reload and they will subsequently use it against the ''mighty Doom Turtle''.

The T95 is a very heavy and slow TD, the main purpose of which is to hold and defend a tactical position or to lead a forward push, thereby giving allied vehicles the the chance to strike at the enemy, most likely distracted by the defying task of taking down the immensely armoured T95.

Even with its great frontal armour, a few enemies can still destroy the T95 frontally by using HEAT ammo (e.g. [[M103|M103]]: 380 mm and [[SU-122-54]]: 400mm pen), or for any other tank starting with [[:Category:Third_rank_ground_vehicles|rank 3]] by hitting the two obvious weak spots.

To hide the weak spots, one should try to find a spot where the cupolas are at well hidden from the enemy, either by finding a favourable slope or a high place, thus angling the vehicle to a point where only the front armour plates are in the sights of the enemy. Staying out of range (+600 m) to deny easy hits, alternatively, is a simple yet still quite effective tactic. Whenever an object such as a pillar presents itself in a combat area, the T95 driver should cleverly place the driver's cupola behind it — as with any other vehicle, proper use of the terrain is of utmost importance.

Despite its bad top speed, the T95 has amazing traverse speed, making it quite hard for an enemy (even light tank) to flank. This is further enhanced with good lower side armour and well angled top side armour. The sides are around 210 mm total with spaced armour in the tracks, any shot that hits it using HE-filled rounds will often explode before penetration inside occurs.

Though the T95 is a walking shield (aside from the two weak spots), the tank is very situational due to its slow speed. It has advantages in smaller maps with narrow corridors, such as city-based maps, while it struggles in larger maps with hilly terrain due to its poor climbing ability.

Using the explosive-filled T13 shell (APCBC), the T95 can dispatch almost any tank it can penetrate in one go, given that the necessary conditions of detonation are present, i.e. the penetration of 20mm of armour and the total of 1.2m travelled — a lucky [[ASU-85]] could endure a hit from the side without the customary fate of disastrous explosion, but these rare moments shouldn't be expected by anyone versing the T95. Anyways, the 12.7mm machine gun does a fine job at disposing of such lightly armoured targets when the necessity arises.

The .50 calibre machine gun is mounted on the commander's cupola and manned by the very same, this heavy machine gun allows for decent anti-air fire arcs. Fire arcs are ~300° with a small dead spot to the rear and ~80° upwards, or rather for how much the camera allows for. If used freely and without constraint, the ammo will drain quickly. Some moderation is advised, given the lack of a co-axial MG for clearing bushes and fences. Clearing obstacles is the secondary armaments primary usage. Mostly due to the cannons low mounting height. Even small fences can obstruct the sight.

== General info ==
=== Survivability and armour ===

'''Armour type:'''

*Rolled homogeneous armour
*Cast homogeneous armour

{| class="wikitable"
|-
! Armour !! Front (Slope angle) !! Sides !! Rear !! Roof
|-
| Hull basic || 305 mm (0-29°) ''Front'' 133.35 mm (60°) ''Lower Glacis'' || 152 mm bottom 63.5mm top|| 50.8 mm || 38.1 mm
|-
|Cupola
|76.2 mm
|76.2 mm
|76.2 mm
|76.2 mm
|-
| Additional armour || 292.1 mm ''Mantlet'' 76.2 mm ''Cupolas'' 76.2 mm ''track guard''|| 76.2 - 101.6 mm ''lower track guard'' 63.5 mm ''upper outer track guard'' 25.4 mm ''upper inner track guard (drawer)''|| N/A || 38.1mm ''radiator cover''
|}

*Engine-crew-compartment wall is 25.4mm
*Plenty of attached ''rolled homogeneous'' accessory with 25.4mm
*25.4mm of belly armour at quite a big height off the ground. Therefore safe from 122mm cannons using HE between the tracks.
*20mm of ''structural steel'' for suspension and rollers. The track section is riddled with them

=== Mobility ===

[[File:T95 firing.jpg|thumbnail|right|In the ruins of the Berlin map this T95 wears the "Destruction" decal, unlockable for defeating 700 enemy tanks with US ground forces.]]

{{tankMobility|abMinHp=710|rbMinHp=442}}

== Armaments ==
=== Main armament ===

{{main|T5E1 (105 mm)}}

{| class="wikitable" style="text-align:center" width="100%"
|-
! colspan="5" | [[T5E1 (105 mm)|105 mm T5E1]] || colspan="5" | Turret rotation speed (°/s) || colspan="4" | Reloading rate (seconds)
|-
! Mode !! Capacity !! Vertical !! Horizontal !! Stabilizer
! Stock !! Upgraded !! Full !! Expert !! Aced
! Stock !! Full !! Expert !! Aced
|-
! ''Arcade''
| rowspan="2" | 62 || rowspan="2" | -5°/+19° || rowspan="2" | -10°/+11° || rowspan="2" | N/A ||8.8||12.2||14.8||16.4||17.4|| rowspan="2" |20.0|| rowspan="2" | 17.7 || rowspan="2" | 16.3 || rowspan="2" | 15.4
|-
! ''Realistic''
|5.9||7.0|| 8.5 ||9.4|| 10.0
|-
|}

==== Ammunition ====
'''T32 ''APBC''''' 
The stock shell and previously the only one ever needed, unless engaging in combat over 1,000 m distance. It features decent normalization and good penetration even at ~60°, unlike the T29E3 APCR. Only downfall is the 50% ricochet chance against ~60° angled armour plates, like the frontal plate of the [[T-54 (1947)|T-54s]], which the shell would otherwise easily penetrate up to 1,000 m range([[T-54 (1949)|mod. 1949]] & [[T-54 (1951)|mod. 1951]]). 
Post-penetration effects are meagre. No HE filler, therefore only spalling and direct impact cause damage. For ammo racks, the detonation chance is roughly 5-10%. A bit better for starting fires, though. Therefore focus on crew members and vital modules.

'''T29E3 ''APCR''''' 
+50 mm penetration on all ranges looks good on paper, but a further check reveals a great disadvantage. With greater armour angles the penetration quickly drops, even past the stock APBC shot! And as angled plates become very common in era IV, this shell can just be ignored. Exemption is on ranges '''exceeding 1,000 m.''' Pack extra for expected long-range sniper duels. 
Additionally, the post-penetration effects are small and angle normalization does not happen upon impact. Direct hits on ammo racks have a small chance to cause an explosion like the APBC. Focus fire on crewmen and important modules!

'''T30E1 ''HE''''' 
Despite the calibre the HE is worse than similar calibres found on [[Tiger II (10.5 cm Kw.K)|King Tiger's]] [[KwK L/68 (105 mm)|105 mm]] and [[D-10S (100 mm)|D-10 cannon]], even less than on [[M3A1 (90 mm)|90 mm cannons]] on the [[M46|Patton]]'s. Damage against common [[:Category:Anti-aircraft_vehicles|SPAA]] is therefore unsatisfactory and the roof mounted [[M2HB (12.7 mm)|M2HB Browning]] heavy machine gun is the better weapon of choice.

'''T13 ''APCBC''''' 
This should be the go-to ammunition with the T95, at any range. While it sacrifices some penetration (about 40mm at many ranges when compared to the T32 APBC), it has a HE filler. This allows this shell to one-shot almost anything it penetrates. It has massive post-penetration damage, and this is why the sacrifice of raw penetration is worth it. Despite the lower penetration, with proper aiming, the T13 shot can penetrate any tank it sees. When fighting King Tigers, simply aim for the turret faces (right side preferably) and lower glacis. When fighting T-44s and T-55s, aim for the turret faces, to the left and right of the gun, or the cupola if close enough to consistently hit. When fighting another heavy TD like the Jadgtiger, simply aim for the lower glacis, while it will rarely be a one-shot like this, it will immobilize him, and allow the leisure of finishing it off at an opportune time. Tanks like the IS-3 and T-10 are one of the greatest challenges for this shot, as their pike fronts are usually strong enough to bounce it if they are facing the T95. To defeat them aim for the area right at the top of the pike and below the gun, though this can be challenging. The cupola is again a valid target for pike front soviet heavies if close enough. To destroy an IS-6 frontally, aim for turret front, cupolas, or right under the gun where the shot can bounce down into the hull. While on paper, this shot lacks the penetration to penetrate the front of the Maus turret, it can actually penetrate it due to the armour penalty that the Maus has, which makes its armour weaker. Most other tanks can simply be shot centre of mass.

{| class="wikitable sortable" style="text-align:center" width="100%"
! colspan="8" | Penetration statistics
|-
! rowspan="2" data-sort-type="text" | Ammunition
! rowspan="2" | Type of warhead
! colspan="6" | '''Penetration @ 0° Angle of Attack (mm)'''
|-
! 10 m !! 100 m !! 500 m !! 1,000 m !! 1,500 m !! 2,000 m
|-
| T32 || APCBC || 256 || 253 || 238 || 221 || 205 || 190
|-
| T13 || APCBC || 253 || 250 || 236 || 219 || 204 || 190
|-
| T29E3 || APCR || 292 || 287 || 266 || 242 || 220 || 200
|-
| T30E1 || HE || 20 || 20 || 20 || 20 || 20 || 20
|-
|}
{| class="wikitable sortable" style="text-align:center" width="100%"
! colspan="10" | Shell details
|-
! rowspan="2" data-sort-type="text" | Ammunition
! rowspan="2" | Type of warhead
! rowspan="2" | Velocity (m/s)
! rowspan="2" | Projectile Mass (kg)
! rowspan="2" | Fuse delay (m)
! rowspan="2" | Fuse sensitivity (mm)
! rowspan="2" | Explosive Mass (TNT equivalent) (g)
! colspan="3" | Ricochet
|-
! 0% !! 50% !! 100%
|-
| T32 || APCBC || 914 || 17.70 || N/A || N/A || N/A || 48° || 63° || 71°
|-
| T13 || APCBC || 899 || 18.59 || 1.2 || 19.0 || 177.38 || 48° || 63° || 71°
|-
| T29E3 || APCR || 1,128 || 11.20 || N/A || N/A || N/A || 66° || 70° || 72°
|-
| T30E1 || HE || 945 || 15.20 || 0.1 || 0.5 || 1,550 || 79° || 80° || 81°
|-
|}

==== [[Ammo racks]] ====
{| class="wikitable" style="text-align:center"
|-
! Full ammo
! Ammo part
! 1st rack empty
! 2nd rack empty
! 3rd rack empty
! 4th rack empty
! 5th rack empty
! 6th rack empty
! 7th rack empty
! 8th rack empty
! 9th rack empty
! 10th rack empty
! Visual discrepancy
|-
| '''62''' || style="text-align:right" | ''Projectiles'' ''Propellants'' || 57 ''(+5)'' 52 ''(+10)'' || 47 ''(+15)'' 41 ''(+21)'' || 42 ''(+20)'' 36 ''(+26)'' || 37 ''(+25)'' 31 ''(+31)'' || 31 ''(+31)'' 25 ''(+37)'' || 25 ''(+37)'' 19 ''(+43)'' || 19 ''(+43)'' 13 ''(+49)'' || 13 ''(+49)'' 7 ''(+55)'' || 7 ''(+55)'' 1 ''(+61)'' || 1 ''(+61)''   || style="text-align:center" |Yes: Rack 2 holds 10 instead of 11 shells Right upper rear rack (x) currently never depletes
|-
|}
[[File:Ammoracks_T28GMC.png|right|thumbnail|Ammo racks of the [[T28]] (identical to the T95).|300px]]

20 rounds are enough for [[:Category:Game_modes|AB]]

30 rounds are enough for [[:Category:Game_modes|RB]]/[[:Category:Game_modes|SB]]

=== Machine guns ===

{{main|M2HB (12.7 mm)}}

{| class="wikitable" style="text-align:center" width="50%"
|-
! colspan="5" | [[M2HB (12.7 mm)|12.7 mm M2HB]]
|-
! Mount !! Capacity (Belt) !! Fire rate !! Vertical !! Horizontal
|-
| Pintle || 1,000 (200) || 577 || -10°/+70° || ±140°
|-
|}

== Usage in battles ==

With this in mind let us talk about the need for speed:

The Doom Turtle is slow. Very slow. To be exact the slowest vehicle in-game, if we exclude a [[F-86F-2|F-86F]] without the engines running.

For tactics, we must rather think of strategy: It may only reach one specific point through an entire match, so make sure the T95 is actually needed at that point or all that will be spent is digital gasoline.

Study the map and look for choke points, places of fierce narrow fielded conflict. Points were fighting will always take place.

There are two main playstyles: '''Support''' and '''CHARGE!!!'''. Playstyle does not really change with the game modes, they can be universally used.

=====Support=====
The biggest problem of the Doom Turtle is the weak spots, undermining the trade-off speed for armour. However, if the T95 stays beyond decent accuracy (+500 m), or gain height advantage and use gun depression, then the weak spots are no longer accessible. Do not mistake this with a sniper role! The average range should be 400m to 800m. Stay with the team, the T95 is their shield. Be a classic ''tank'' in RPG sense. If the situation is about to grind down and come to hold, change to the '''CHARGE!!!''' strategy (see below).

The main task is to provide fire assistance since the cannon is not made to take out tanks and features a long reload, disabling enemy tanks with engine hits is the priority. Further, draw the enemies attention to the T95. Force foes into sniper duels. Every shot at the T95 is one away from an ally. To enhance this sit in an exposed position and attack enemies with the machine gun. Make them shoot at the T95. Once using the T13 shell, the disabling shots the T32 made will turn into nasty shots with post-penetration damages.

Good places to go for are where the heavy tanks would rush to fight with their armour. Or spots medium tanks use but do not hide in the cover, leave it open for the allied medium tanks. Their support is essential to enhance the T95 own's slow firing rate. Playing driving cover/pillbox is also something to consider under these circumstances.

=====Charge=====
[[File:T95 - putting up pressure.jpg|thumbnail|'''CHARGE!!!''' Although going this close is ill-advised, as for enemy tanks can have better reverse speeds than the T95 can drive forwards. Not to mention the cupola weak spots becomes an easy target. '' However!'' The T95 is putting pressure on and places the opponent under stress. Psychological effects should not be underestimated. In this case, the [[Tiger II (10.5 cm Kw.K)|Kingtiger 105]] got stuck on the rubble pile and is further blocking his allied [[IS-4M]] the sight. Reversing now allows for a free shot into the Tigers transmission, locking him in place.]]
The following tactic goes against anything one would expect with the above and described the tank's issues. While it sounds easy, there must be put a lot of thought into it to succeed.

Press and hold "W" and click "Mouse button 1" once in a while. It, in theory, will get the T95 heavily damaged or even destroyed, but in practice, a 86 tonnes vehicle is determined to steamroll everything in its path . . . and everyone gets scared, panicked even. An example can be seen in the screenshot on the right

But which place to charge through like the Light Brigade? The goal of this attack is to push the team out of camping positions and draw selected enemy's fire onto the T95. Long narrow sections with decent cover left and right is good places. Other places would be on the edge of the map and come in from an angle, limiting the foes attack front to only <100°. Having on to worry about only one side armour section allows for good angling opportunities. On Poland, the northern town's part in domination is a good example of this. The northern side is usually clear and south are only has got a few spots where fire can hit the side, make sure to turn south at those spots to further improve the south facing side armour via armour angling. 
Next step ones close enough is to capture the control point and/or keep advancing into the enemy to dig them out. 
Now, once the position is secured, the strategy can be changed to a Support role (see above), or go sneaky and hide around a corner.

Main difference to support is the change of module targets: Gun breech and gunner are to priorities, as this close up the T95's weak spots are very easy to hit. Further keep spamming the machine gun, to cloud the foe's sight and make them focus on the T95, helping the allies (who hopefully followed) to take them out.

[[File:T95 EasternEurope.jpg|thumbnail|left|Although a '''''stationary''''' tank destroyer, this does not mean to remain immobile! Keep changing position after some shots and be aware of the surroundings — otherwise, the T95 turns into one of those craters.]]

Sitting at an uneasy spot with 7.0 in AB and 6.7 in RB/SB, facing off Rank 5 vehicles and a variety of WW2 vehicles. All vehicles can penetrate the upper side armour and the weak spots. Therefore all medium vehicles are dangerous and their engines should be disabled ASAP. 
Foes able to frontally penetrate the T95 are labelled red. 
As only solid shot ammo is available, specific modules must be a target. Generally: Medium tanks - Engine; Heavy tanks - Cannon breech, crew; TDs - Crew compartment, gunner;

* Tank destroyers/☠[[SU-122-54]]: Except for the Jagdtiger all TDs should be shot at their gunner position to disable at least two crewmen.
*[[IS-3]]: Pike is difficult to get through. Try to disable the cannon, or wait for him to angle the tank wrong to shoot through the pike. Otherwise, with only 4 crewmen keep disabling them one by one.
*[[IS-4M]]: The drives hatch is hard to get through with the tiny hole behind the additional armour. More favourable is the lower plate. The same as for the IS-3 applies.
*T-54s & ☠[[T-54 (1951)|mod.51]]: All can be penetrated through the turret front (left and right of gun mantlet) from closer than 500m. Except for the [[T-54 (1947)|mod.47]], the glacis plate may also be targeted, if it is straight pointed at the T95. Target either the engine or the ammorack+fuel tank at the front (chance to set if off is slim though).
*[[T-44]]: Turret can be very trolly, but is the best way to avoid return fire. Engine and crew are again good targets.
*[[Tiger II (H)|Kingtiger]]: Right turret cheek to disable the gunner, alternatively the lower glacis to get the transmission.
*[[Maus|Maus]]: Given its height, the T95's weak spot is very easy to hit. Disable the gunner via a shot in the right turret cheek. If closer than 1000m, retreat before he can man the cannon again.
*[[Jagdtiger|Jagdtiger]]: A tough nut, plus 250mm of raw and sloped armour disables APBC and APCR shells. Thankfully the lower plate is a good place to shoot. Make sure to hit at a good flat angle, as the APBC likes to bounce.
*☠[[Leopard I|Leopard]]: Shoot anywhere at the front, but do so quickly, as a good player can shoot and very quickly destroy the T95. Yet, due to the low armour thickness, the shrapnel damage inflicted is great and may even one shot it.
*☠[[M103|M103]]: Try to shoot into the turret trap (lower gun mantlet) or the turrets cheeks. Try to disable the cannon, breech and crew men.
*[[Panther_F|Panthers]]/[[M26|Pershing]]/[[M46|M46]]: Entire front is penetrable. Shooting the upper glacis and into the engine through the fighting compartment will deal decent damage.
*☠[[M47|M47]]: Don't shoot the upper glacis, more preferably the turret. Engine and gun breech are good targets to start with
*☠[[M60|M60]]: Lots of sloped armour. Frontally, the commander's hatch can be hit quite easily, but this fight should be avoided at all costs. Basically an up-armoured Leopard.
*☠[[U-SH 405]]: Easy to destroy with one shot, but extremely fast and armed with 18 rockets with 330 mm of penetration. These rockets will cut right through your armor. Do not miss your shot when engaging one of these tanks.

==== Fighting Against the T95 ====
When facing the T95, it is very important to know the weak spots. A major weak spot is the commander's cupola on the top left (right if facing it) of the T95. This spot can be penetrated by most guns at its BR, and if APHE or HESH is used is likely to result in the death of a few crew members. Another strategy is to disable the tracks, then flank to the side. This is probably the most viable strategy when the T95 is alone. However, if it is accompanied by team members, which it should be, then this strategy will be more difficult to pull off. It is important to disable all of the tracks, as the T95 is still able to turn with only 2 or 3 tracks intact. Once you are at its flank, however, it will be easy to take it out. Like most tanks with formidable frontal armor, it has much less armor at the sides. Also, most of the crew or ammo racks are able to be hit from the side without interference from other modules. Overall, the T95, like other turretless tank destroyers, is very formidable from the front, albeit for the weak spot on the cupola, but suffers when flanked. As stated above, however, due to the 4 tracks the T95 has a very good turning speed, which makes flanking much more risky.

=== Modules ===
{| class="wikitable"
! Tier
! colspan="2" | Mobility
! Protection
! colspan="2" | Firepower
|-
| I
| Tracks
|
| Parts
| Horizontal Drive
| T13
|-
| II
| Suspension
| Brake System
| FPE
| Adjustment of Fire
| T29E3
|-
| III
| Filters
|
| Crew Replenishment
| Elevation Mechanism
|
|-
| IV
| Transmission
| Engine
|
|
|
|-
|}

After Parts and FPE, priority research targets for this tank should be mobility upgrades and the T13 APCBC explosive-filled shell.

=== Pros and cons ===

[[File:T95 vs KingTiger Comparison.jpg|thumbnail|right|T95 and [[Tiger II (H)]] height comparison. The T95 is as tall as the Tiger's chassis and with similar hull length. The Tiger II is one of the taller vehicles.]]

'''Pros:'''

* Extremely tough armour; 300 mm of frontal armour, and very strong sides thanks to the massive tracks.
* The T95's resilience to bombs, artillery, and large calibre HE shells rivals that of the [[Maus]] and [[E-100]].
* Massive gun mantlet.
* Four sets of very strong tracks that are difficult to destroy in a single shot.
* The four sets of tracks gives this tank incredible hull traverse. The reactive mobility is so good that some light tanks simply aren't fast enough to circle the T95 with out getting shot.
* Mounts the same impressive 105 mm found on the [[T28]] and [[T29]], firing an extremely powerful APCBC shell.
* The raw frontal armour thickness coupled with the extremely powerful gun makes this tank one of the best snipers/ breakthrough tanks in the game.
* Roof-mounted .50 cal machine gun; can actually defend its self against attacking aircraft.
* Extremely intimidating tank. Many players will simply avoid fighting this tank.

'''Cons:'''

* The single slowest tank in the game, with very little potential of fleeing.
* Due to the terrible top speed, some large maps force the player to become a sniper since some games will end before you even reach the objective.
* A prime target for many enemy attackers and bombers thanks to its terrible top speed.
* The frontal armour still stands no chance against APDS and HEAT shells.
* Gun mantlet isn't as tough as the [[Jagdtiger]]'s. Most HEAT shells and close-range APDS shots able to go through the mantlet and destroy the breech.
* Despite having the same gun as the T29, it has much slower rate of fire.
* The side armour above the tracks is weakly armoured and lined with ammo.
* The driver can be killed if shots enter to the top left cupola, while the commander can die if shots enter the right cupola.
* The high intimidation factor is a double edged sword. Since a portion of the enemy team will be actively trying to avoid the T95, it's not uncommon to go an entire match without firing the main gun once.
* Very expensive repair cost. You have to have a very good game to even make a profit.
* Barrel, and thus gun sight, is very low to the ground. Drivers will need to expose a large amount of the upper tank in order to bring the cannon to bare in a hull down position.

== History ==

===Development===
Years before the invasion of Normandy, there were men among the Allied planners worrying about the heavily-defended fortification lines such as the Siegfried Line blocking the path from France to Germany. One of the proposed methods was to develop extremely heavily armoured vehicles capable of destroying any fortification it comes across and any resistance the German had. Britain and America both worked on this project in order to develop these super-heavy tanks.

The American solution was a vehicle that would be called the '''T28 Heavy Tank''' and work began on such vehicle in September 1943. The initial vehicle concept called for a casemate design with a [[T5E1_(105_mm)|105mm T5 gun]], which was evaluated to be "extremely effective at reducing heavy fortifications". The only other armament on the vehicle would be a .50 cal machine gun for use by the commander. The armour on the design was 203 mm at first, but in January 1945 the head of Ordnance worried about the effect of German APCR ammunition, and so the already significant armour was upped to an astounding 305mm thick frontal armour, at the increase of weight to 95 tons. The vehicle's electric drive was a carryover from the [[M6A1|M6]] and T23 tank, with the engine the same from the [[M26|M26 Pershing]] (which was the same as the [[M4A3 (76) W|M4A3 Sherman]]). The heavyweight with the underpowered engine allowed the T28 to reach a whopping 8 miles per hour speed. To carry this design, the vehicle had four sets of tracks, two on each side, 328mm wide each in order to lower ground pressure. For transport, the extra set of tracks on the sides can be removed to make the vehicle thinner (4.55m to 3.15m) for easier transport, but raising ground pressure (0.82kg/cm2 to 1.14kg/cm2) and reducing armour since the detached track sets comes with 102 mm skirt armour.<ref name="EstesHeavyTanks">Estes Kenneth W. ''Super-heavy Tanks of World War II'' Great Britain: Osprey Publishing Ltd., 2014</ref>

The T28 heavy tank continued with the development and in March 1944, the U.S. Army gave it the name and also placed an order for five pilot models for testings. In March 1945, Ordnance then renamed the T28 into the '''[[T95|105 mm Gun Motor Carriage T95]]''' due to the lack of turret for a "tank" and any regular secondary armaments. Then, in June 1946, the vehicle was renamed again to the '''[[T29|Super Heavy Tank T28]]''' due to the United States construction of self-propelled guns being lightly armoured, in order to distinguish it as a radically different design than simply a "tank destroyer". Today, the T95 and T28 naming are both used to title this vehicle.<ref name="EstesHeavyTanks" />

[[File:T28 Front Quarter.jpg|thumbnail|right|Front three-quarter view of the T28 at the Patton Museum. T28 Super Heavy Tank - no longer on exhibit as it has been prepared to move to Fort Benning GA.]]

===Procurement and deployment===
The five pilot models requested by the U.S. Army had Ordnance look for a manufacturer to produce these vehicles. The war effort had made many prominent manufacturers busy with pre-existing orders. The Pacific Car and Foundry Company were then contracted to produce the design, with production starting in March 1945. The complete tank design was finished by August 1945, by this time the war had already ended in Europe three months ago. Efforts continued on the tank until the surrender of Japan in September, ending World War II. The post-war cutbacks led to the request for five tanks lowered to just two. The first T28 prototypes appeared in Aberdeen Proving Grounds on 21 December 1945, with the second arriving on 10 January 1946. These two prototype tanks went through evaluations at Aberdeen and Yuma Proving Grounds, mostly for engineering tests to check the durability of the components used. The second prototype model caught an engine fire in Yuma and had to be scrapped. The T28 project finally ended in October 1947 when development for such heavy vehicles stopped. Records on the sole T28 prototype ended afterwards, many assumed the vehicle was destroyed or scrapped.<ref name="EstesHeavyTanks" />

In 1974, the sole remaining T28/T95 prototype was found in the fields behind Fort Belvoir, Virginia by a wanderer, rumoured to be a farmer out hunting or a lieutenant conducting inventory inspection. To this day, no one is certain how the T28 tank was left abandoned in the fields or what happened during the years in absence. It was moved to the Fort Knox, Kentucky to be displayed in the Patton Museum of Cavalry and Armor. Today, its resting place is in the National Armor and Cavalry Museum in Fort Benning, Georgia.<ref name="EstesHeavyTanks" />

===Legacy===
In the end, the super heavy tanks designs made by the Americans (T28) and the British ([[Tortoise|Tortoise]]) only proved that such needs for tanks were unnecessary. The Siegfried Line and other such fortifications were taken out by use of the standard issued medium tanks such as the [[M4|M4 Shermans]], proving that affordable, mass-produced vehicles could dominate the modern battlefield. The super heavy tanks were also a strain on battle operations, as one of the most pressing questions during the development of the super-heavy tanks were on just how to get the tanks across the ocean to Europe and supply them with the fuel and ammo. The only positive note that these heavy tanks provided was that it showed the true extent of American and British industrial capabilities, being able to produce these massive monsters.

=== In-game description ===
A heavy assault tank developed on the basis of research conducted by the armament department. It was designed to break through well-fortified positions. Two models were built and underwent testing between 1945 and 1947. A new 105mm gun was attached to the base, allowing the tank to fight against fortifications. However, the project was eventually determined to be unrealistic.

== Media ==


;Skins

* [https://live.warthunder.com/feed/camouflages/?vehicleCountry=usa&vehicleType=tank&vehicleClass=tank_destroyer&vehicle=us_t95 Skins and camouflages for the {{PAGENAME}} from live.warthunder.com.]

;Videos
{{Youtube-gallery|3i7pnCRSBME|'''{{PAGENAME}} Tank Review''' - ''NUSensei''|B2woWvJK4ew|'''Top 7 most armoured vehicles''' discusses the {{PAGENAME}} at 1:04 - ''War Thunder Official Channel''|PosWOnOGkSo|'''Best experimental vehicles''' discusses the {{PAGENAME}} at 6:55 - ''War Thunder Official Channel''}}

== See also ==
''Links to the articles on the War Thunder Wiki that you think will be useful for the reader, for example:''

* ''reference to the series of the vehicles;''
* ''links to approximate analogues of other nations and research trees.''

== External links ==


*[http://forum.warthunder.com/index.php?/topic/243508-tales-of-the-doom-turtle-%E2%80%93-the-blog/ WT Forum T95 Blog: "''Astonishing and amazing 'Tales of the Doom turtle!' – The blog''"]
*[[wt:en/devblog/current/767/|[Devblog] T28 and T95]]

=== References ===
<references />

{{USA tank destroyers}}

RakJPz 2 (HOT)

2020-09-24T02:07:20Z

U16697154: Expanded cons addition.

{{Specs-Card|code=germ_raketenjagdpanzer_2_hot}}

== Description ==

[[File:GarageImage_{{PAGENAME}}.jpg|420px|thumb|left]]
{{Break}}
The '''{{Specs|name}}''' is a rank {{Specs|rank}} German tank destroyer {{Battle-rating}}. It was introduced in [[Update 1.63 "Desert Hunters"]]. Compared to its [[RakJPz 2|predecessor]], this variant has an upgraded missile known as the '''HOT''' ('''H'''igh Subsonic '''O'''ptical Remote-Guided, '''T'''ube-Launched) that is aimed by simply sticking the gun's sight onto the desired target.

Due to its relatively low profile, the Raketenjagdpanzer 2 HOT is able to completely conceal itself behind hills and rocks and fire over them. This allows for quick hit and run strikes, and ambushes are made much easier. According to several commanders, the reverse rate of this vehicle is outstanding, allowing retreat if needed. The ATGM itself is rather glitchy in long-range flight but is outstanding in mid to close range engagements. However, it cannot fire directly in front of it, nor does the ATGM perform well in vertical manoeuvring.

== General info ==
=== Survivability and armour ===

'''Armour type:'''

* Rolled homogeneous armour

{| class="wikitable"
|-
! Armour !! Front !! Sides !! Rear !! Roof
|-
| Hull || 50 mm (51°) ''Front glacis'' 50 mm (54°) ''Lower glacis'' || 30 mm (35°) ''Top'' 30 mm ''Bottom'' || 30 mm (44°) ''Top'' 30 mm (41°) ''Bottom'' || 10 mm
|-
| Turret || 20 mm || 20 mm || 20 mm || 20 mm
|-
|}
'''Notes:'''

* Suspension wheels are 15 mm thick while tracks are 20 mm thick.
* Turret has a very low profile, but is very vulnerable

=== Mobility ===


{{tankMobility|abMinHp=710|rbMinHp=442}}

== Armaments ==
=== Main armament ===

{{main|HOT-K3S}}

{| class="wikitable" style="text-align:center" width="100%"
|-
! colspan="5" | [[HOT-K3S]] ATGM || colspan="5" | Turret rotation speed (°/s) || colspan="4" | Reloading rate (seconds)
|-
! Mode !! Capacity !! Vertical !! Horizontal !! Stabilizer
! Stock !! Upgraded !! Full !! Expert !! Aced
! Stock !! Full !! Expert !! Aced
|-
! ''Arcade''
| rowspan="2" | 20 || rowspan="2" | -5°/+10° || rowspan="2" | ±15° || rowspan="2" | N/A || 22.0 || 30.5 || 37.0 || 40.9 || 43.5 || rowspan="2" | 10.0 || rowspan="2" | 10.0 || rowspan="2" | 10.0 || rowspan="2" | 10.0
|-
! ''Realistic''
| 14.8 || 17.5 || 21.3 || 23.5 || 25.0
|-
|}

==== Ammunition ====
{| class="wikitable" style="text-align:center" width="100%"
! colspan="8" | Penetration statistics
|-
! rowspan="2" data-sort-type="text" | Ammunition
! rowspan="2" | Type of warhead
! colspan="6" | '''Penetration @ 0° Angle of Attack (mm)'''
|-
! 10 m !! 100 m !! 500 m !! 1,000 m !! 1,500 m !! 2,000 m
|-
| HOT || ATGM || 700 || 700 || 700 || 700 || 700 || 700
|-
|}
{| class="wikitable" style="text-align:center" width="100%"
! colspan="11" | Shell details
|-
! rowspan="2" data-sort-type="text" | Ammunition
! rowspan="2" | Type of warhead
! rowspan="2" | Velocity (m/s)
! rowspan="2" | Range (m)
! rowspan="2" | Projectile Mass (kg)
! rowspan="2" | Fuse delay (m)
! rowspan="2" | Fuse sensitivity (mm)
! rowspan="2" | Explosive Mass (TNT equivalent) (g)
! colspan="3" | Ricochet
|-
! 0% !! 50% !! 100%
|-
| HOT || ATGM || 240 || 4,000 || 26.0 || 0 || 0.1 || 3,000 || 80° || 82° || 90°
|-
|}

==== [[Ammo racks]] ====
[[File:Ammoracks_{{PAGENAME}}.jpg|right|thumb|x250px|[[Ammo racks]] of the {{PAGENAME}}]]
'''Last updated: 1.101.0.71'''
{| class="wikitable" style="text-align:center"
|-
! Full ammo
! Visual discrepancy
|-
| '''20''' || No
|-
|}
Notes:

* It is not possible to select how many missiles to bring into battle.
* Missiles are modeled individually and disappear after having been shot or loaded.
* Missiles deplete from rack 1 then 2. Rack 3 represents the ATGM launcher.

=== Machine guns ===

{{main|MG3A1 (7.62 mm)}}

{| class="wikitable" style="text-align:center" width="50%"
|-
! colspan="5" | [[MG3A1 (7.62 mm)|7.62 mm MG3A1]]
|-
! Mount !! Capacity (Belt) !! Fire rate !! Vertical !! Horizontal
|-
| Pintle || 2,500 (1,000) || 1,200 || -10°/+20° || ±90°
|-
|}

== Usage in battles ==

The RakJPz 2 (HOT) is a very deadly vehicle if played correctly. The vehicle is extremely lightly armored and has to be mainly played in defensive positions. The location of the launcher and sight give it the ability to hide the hull of the vehicle and only expose the launcher keeping you protected while still being able to destroy oncoming enemies.

=== Modules ===
{| class="wikitable"
! Tier
! colspan="2" | Mobility
! Protection
! colspan="2" | Firepower
|-
| I
| Tracks
|
| Parts
| Horizontal Drive
|
|-
| II
| Suspension
| Brake System
| FPE
|
|
|-
| III
| Filters
|
| Crew Replenishment
| Elevation Mechanism
|
|-
| IV
| Transmission
| Engine
|
| Smoke grenade
| NVD
|-
|}

=== Pros and cons ===


'''Pros:'''

* Low profile
* Good horizontal control of the ATGM
* Amazing penetration
* Fast and manoeuvrable
* HOT missile can penetrate Rank VI special armour
* Can fire on the move

'''Cons:'''

* Poor vertical control of the ATGM
* If flanked, cannot return fire easily
* Fires up initially, preventing the tank from firing directly in front of it
* Due to a slight offset between the gunners sight and missile launcher, missiles in flight will oscillate back and forth horizontally across the center of the screen during travel, making it hard to hit targets if close enough. This is a fault of the game design as missiles normally would follow a laser designator, not attempt to remain at the center of a scope.

== History ==

{{main|Raketenjagdpanzer 2 (History)}}

===Development===
In the 1960s, development of a missile carrier acting as a tank destroyer. The result came in 1961 with the ''Raketenjagdpanzer 1'', which features the French SS.11 anti-tank missile. The Raketenjagdpanzer 1 features two mounts for the missiles, but only one is available at a time as while one remains ready to fire, the other is reloading inside the vehicle. The vehicle can hold 10 missiles inside on a Hispano-Suiza HS-30 chassis. The vehicle carried lots of problems with the HS-30 chassis so only a limited amount was made at only 95 vehicles produced from 1961 to 1962. A second version was produced alongside the [[JPz 4-5|Jagdpanzer 4-5]] between 1963 and 1965, and the two were designed on the same chassis. The finished model was designated the ''[[RakJPz 2|Raketenjagdpanzer 2]]'' and this was accepted into service in 1967 for the German Bundeswehr. The Raketenjagdpanzer 2 was produced from 1967 to 1968 with a total of 318 units produced.

===Design===
Though slightly larger than the Raketenjagdpanzer 1, the Raketenjagdpanzer 2 had better automotive performances with a newer chassis and using a 500 hp diesel engine and a torsion bar suspension. The new vehicle chassis design allowed for increased missile storage for 14 SS.11 missiles. The Raketenjagdpanzer 2 features two rails for the missiles, both ready to fire and reloads are done automatically by each mount inside the vehicle. The SS.11 missiles allow the vehicle to engage enemy armour up to 3 kilometres away, with the missiles strong enough to take out most Soviet armour at the time. MG3 machine guns were added onto the vehicle for anti-infantry and anti-aircraft defence purposes.

===Usage===
The German Bundeswehr used the Raketenjagdpanzer 2 from 1967 as far as to the early 2000s. The Raketenjagdpanzer 2's purpose was to engage enemy armour in the ranges between 1.5 to 3 kilometres away, which tank armaments accuracy and power are reduced at the distances. The SS.11 missile's range and lethality made the Raketenjagdpanzer 2 perfect for its role as it could defeat the main Soviet tanks such as the [[T-54 (1951)|T-54/55]] and [[T-62]]. The Germans organized the Raketenjagdpanzer 2 in tank destroyer companies attached to Panzergrenadier brigades and Panzer brigades, with eight vehicles per company in the Panzergrenadier brigades and 13 vehicles per company in the Panzer brigades. When the manual-guided SS.11 missiles became obsolete, the Raketenjagdpanzer 2 underwent an upgrade between 1978 and 1982 in armour and in its missile armament from the SS.11 to the '''HOT''' ('''H'''igh Subsonic '''O'''ptical Remote-Guided, '''T'''ube-Launched) missiles with improved lethality and guidance system. The upgraded Raketenjagdpanzer 2 was called the '''[[RakJPz 2 (HOT)|Raketenjagdpanzer 2 HOT]]'''. This saw an improvement again between 1993 and 1995 when some extra armour, a new optic, and thermal imaging system were installed into the vehicle. This upgrade was called the Raketenjagdpanzer 3 Jaguar 1A3. The Raketenjagdpanzers were retired from the Bundeswehr in 2005 and the Austrian army in 2006, never seeing combat in the Cold War.

== Media ==


;Skins

* [https://live.warthunder.com/feed/camouflages/?vehicleCountry=germany&vehicleType=tank&vehicleClass=tank_destroyer&vehicle=germ_raketenjagdpanzer_2_hot Skins and camouflages for the {{PAGENAME}} from live.warthunder.com.]

;Videos
{{Youtube-gallery|cv79zrNctuA|'''{{PAGENAME}}: Ready for the new E.R.A.?''' - ''Napalmratte''}}

== See also ==


* [[JPz 4-5]]
* [[RakJPz 2]]

== External links ==


* [[wt:en/news/3737-development-raketenjagdpanzer-2-the-low-profile-slinger-en|[Devblog] Raketenjagdpanzer 2, the Low Profile Slinger]]

{{Germany tank destroyers}}

T-34-85 No.215

2020-09-17T18:55:29Z

U16697154: Please do not copy word for word from Tanks Encyclopedia. Paraphrase or summarise the text.

{{Specs-Card|code=cn_t_34_85_zis_53_no215}}

== Description ==

[[File:GarageImage_{{PAGENAME}}.jpg|420px|thumb|left]]
{{Break}}
The '''{{Specs|name}}''' is a premium rank {{Specs|rank}} Chinese medium tank {{Battle-rating}}. It was introduced during [[Update 1.95 "Northern Wind"]] in the [[wt:en/news/6562-shop-the-lunar-new-year-2020-en|Lunar New Year Sale 2020]].

== General info ==
=== Survivability and armour ===

'''Armour type:'''

*Rolled homogeneous armour (Hull, Turret roof)
*Cast homogeneous armour (Turret, Cupola, Driver's hatch, Machine gun port)

{| class="wikitable"
|-
! Armour !! Front (Slope angle) !! Sides !! Rear !! Roof
|-
| Hull || 45 mm (60°) ''Front glacis'' 45 mm (60°) ''Lower glacis'' 75 mm (60°) ''Driver's hatch'' 65 mm (30°) ''Machine gun port'' || 45 mm (39-40°) ''Top'' 45 mm ''Bottom'' || 45 mm (47-49°) ''Top'' 45 mm (46°) ''Bottom'' || 20 mm
|-
| Turret || 90 mm (1-69°) ''Turret front'' 90 + 40 mm (8-61°) ''Gun mantlet'' || 75 mm (19-22°) ''Front 2/3rd'' 52 mm (13-19°) ''Rear 1/3rd'' || 52 mm (9°) || 20 mm
|-
! Armour !! Sides !! Roof
|-
| Cupola || 90 mm || 20 mm
|}
'''Notes:'''

* The gun mantlet has 90 mm in front with additional small and thin 40 mm plates on the sides of the gun. [http://i.imgur.com/HhKRdli.jpg See here.]
* Suspensions wheels are 20 mm thick and tracks are 18 mm thick

Any enemy vehicle around the T-34-85's BR bracket can destroy it if it can get a solid shot on the hull armour. Beware when exposing hull when coming out to take a shot on an enemy, someone is bound to be watching for the T-34-85 and they won't be afraid to plant a shell into the 45 mm hull armour.

=== Mobility ===


{{tankMobility|abMinHp= 775|rbMinHp= 442|AoAweight= 0.2}}

== Armaments ==
=== Main armament ===

{{main|ZIS-S-53 (85 mm)}}

{| class="wikitable" style="text-align:center" width="100%"
|-
! colspan="5" | [[ZIS-S-53 (85 mm)|85 mm ZIS-S-53]] || colspan="5" | Turret rotation speed (°/s) || colspan="4" | Reloading rate (seconds)
|-
! Mode !! Capacity !! Vertical !! Horizontal !! Stabilizer
! Stock !! Upgraded !! Full !! Expert !! Aced
! Stock !! Full !! Expert !! Aced
|-
! ''Arcade''
| rowspan="2" | 60 || rowspan="2" | -5°/+22° || rowspan="2" | ±180° || rowspan="2" | N/A || 23.8 || __._ || __._ || __._ || __._ || rowspan="2" | 9.6 || rowspan="2" | __.__ || rowspan="2" | __.__ || rowspan="2" | 7.4
|-
! ''Realistic''
| 14.9 || __._ || __._ || __._ || 25.0
|-
|}

==== Ammunition ====
{| class="wikitable sortable" style="text-align:center" width="100%"
! colspan="8" | Penetration statistics
|-
! rowspan="2" data-sort-type="text" | Ammunition
! rowspan="2" | Type of warhead
! colspan="6" | '''Penetration @ 0° Angle of Attack (mm)'''
|-
! 10 m !! 100 m !! 500 m !! 1,000 m !! 1,500 m !! 2,000 m
|-
| BR-365A || APHEBC || 135 || 133 || 125 || 115 || 106 || 97
|-
| BR-365K || APHE || 148 || 143 || 126 || 106 || 90 || 77
|-
| BR-365P || APCR || 195 || 187 || 154 || 120 || 94 || 74
|-
| O-365K || HE || 10 || 10 || 10 || 10 || 10 || 10
|-
|}
{| class="wikitable sortable" style="text-align:center" width="100%"
! colspan="11" | Shell details
|-
! rowspan="2" data-sort-type="text" | Ammunition
! rowspan="2" | Type of warhead
! rowspan="2" | Velocity (m/s)
! rowspan="2" | Projectile Mass (kg)
! rowspan="2" | Fuse delay (m)
! rowspan="2" | Fuse sensitivity (mm)
! rowspan="2" | Explosive Mass (TNT equivalent) (g)
! rowspan="2" | Normalisation at 30° from horizontal
! colspan="3" | Ricochet
|-
! 0% !! 50% !! 100%
|-
| BR-365A || APHEBC || 792 || 9.2 || 1.2 || 14.0 || 164 || +4.0° || 48° || 63° || 71°
|-
| BR-365K || APHE || 792 || 9.2 || 1.2 || 14.0 || 73.92 || -1.0° || 47° || 60° || 65°
|-
| BR-365P || APCR || 1,050 || 4.99 || N/A || N/A || N/A || +1.5° || 66° || 70° || 72°
|-
| O-365K || HE || 793 || 9.54 || 0.1 || 0.3 || 660 || +0.0° || 79° || 80° || 81°
|-
|}

==== [[Ammo racks]] ====
[[File:Ammoracks T-34-85.png|right|thumbnail|x250px|[[Ammo racks|Ammo racks]] of the T-34-85.]]
{| class="wikitable sortable" style="text-align:center"
|-
! class="wikitable unsortable" |Full ammo
! class="wikitable unsortable" |1st rack empty
! class="wikitable unsortable" |2nd rack empty
! class="wikitable unsortable" |3rd rack empty
! class="wikitable unsortable" |4th rack empty
! class="wikitable unsortable" |5th rack empty
! class="wikitable unsortable" |6th rack empty
! class="wikitable unsortable" |Visual discrepancy
|-
|| '''60''' || 51 ''(+9)'' || 41 ''(+19)'' || 31 ''(+29)'' || 21 ''(+39)'' || 11 ''(+49)'' || 1 ''(+59)'' || style="text-align:left" | no
|-
|}

''Turret empty:'' 24 ''(+12)''



=== Machine guns ===

{{main|DT (7.62 mm)}}

{| class="wikitable" style="text-align:center"
|-
! colspan="5" | [[DT (7.62 mm)|7.62 mm DT]]
|-
! Mount
! Capacity (Belt capacity)
! Rate of fire (shots/minute)
! Vertical guidance
! Horizontal guidance
|-
| Coaxial || 1,890 (63) || 600 || N/A || N/A
|-
|}

== Usage in battles ==

The '''T-34-85'''<nowiki/>'s best playstyle is that of a flanker. Due to its high mobility, fast turret traverse, and a capable cannon with excellent post-penetration damage, the '''T-34-85''' fills this role perfectly. Since the turret is so tall, it makes combat behind low obstacles difficult, as the turret segment above the main gun is visible. The '''T-34-85'''<nowiki/>'s other playstyle can be as a support tank, by keeping up with more protected vehicles like the [[IS-2]] and supplement firepower while their heavy armament reloads.

The '''T-34-85''' would not make a very suitable short-range brawler though even with the 85 mm gun as the gun has a rather tedious reload for the specific playstyle and the [[T-34-57|T-34]]'s armour is very poor at its BR. With that, the '''T-34-85''' would tend to be able to fire one shot at a close enemy before it gets taken out by other enemies nearby. However, it is understandable that the situation is unavoidable, so it is recommended to stay steady by firing one shot at an unsuspecting enemy at close range before retreating to reload, evading enemy shots.

While the T-34-85 Gai is a fairly well-rounded tank, its poor armor and high speed mean that one should play it more like a light tank than a medium. The gun is very lethal but the penetration is not particularly good, so it is better to flank and go for side shots, which can instantly knock out all but the largest and most spacious opponents. During frontal engagements, Tiger Is should be shot in the flat portions of the hull (avoiding the driver's port), Panthers should be shot in the turret (in the less curved portion of the mantlet) or possibly in the lower glacis, and non-Jumbo Shermans can generally be shot anywhere. The Tiger II (P) is only vulnerable in a small portion of the turret cheeks and the Tiger II (H) is essentially frontally immune, so for these kinds of targets, circle around to get a good look at the hull sides and let the slope modifiers take care of the rest. Watch out for American tanks like the [[M4A3 (76) W]] and [[T25]], as they have vertical stabilizers and can often shoot first if they are aware of you.

===Tactics===
In AB, you should play this tank like any other T-34. Push because you have a pretty well-rounded tank and will generally be able to adapt to whatever situation that develops. The AB meta generally favors more heavily armed and armored tanks due to the presence of markers making flanking and ambushes more difficult, so play carefully and take advantage of your high mobility.

In RB, play this tank offensively yet carefully. Use your speed and keep up with your teammates, or alternatively play it like a light tank and go on long flanks. If one decides to use the T-34 as a main battle tank, it's advisable to hide the hull as well as possible which has the weakest armour. Unfortunately, most heavy tanks like the Tiger II are nearly invulnerable from the front, but many mediums and even Cold War MBT's can still be destroyed. At this rank bracket, however, its speed, turret location, and poor armour push it towards a flanking role, away from the 1940-43 main battle comfort zone. The gun is still very potent, and the ammunition often knocks out nearly the entire crew, but the increases in armour of enemy vehicles necessitate learning their weakspots. The gun is generally accurate and most shells retain their velocity even into far ranges -- at 1000 meters a Tiger I can be destroyed with a frontal hit.

In SB, play this tank very cautiously because the optics aren't that good and most of the time you will face tanks from pretty far distances. Panthers generally have better optics than you so try to avoid encounters with Panthers or Tigers.

=== Modules ===
{| class="wikitable"
! Tier
! colspan="2" | Mobility
! Protection
! colspan="2" | Firepower
|-
| I
| Tracks
|
| Parts
| Horizontal Drive
| BR-365A
|-
| II
| Suspension
| Brake System
| FPE
| Adjustment of Fire
|
|-
| III
| Filters
|
| Crew Replenishment
| Elevation Mechanism
| BR-365P
|-
| IV
| Transmission
| Engine
| Add-on Armor
| Artillery Support
|
|-
! colspan="6" |This is a premium vehicle: all modifications are unlocked on purchase
|-
|}

=== Pros and cons ===

'''Pros:'''

* Excellent gun with adequate penetration, destructive damage and good reload rate
* 56 km/h top speed and great manoeuvrability allows it to reposition easily
* 5-man crew increases survivalility
* Access to BR-365P APCR to effectively penetrate tough tanks up cloes (M4A3E2s, Tigers & Panthers)
* Has two types of AP for players to choose: BR-365K with higher pen but less TNT, and BR-365A with less pen but plenty of TNT
* Similar playstyle with the previous T-34s which is beginner-friendly
* Fast turret traverse to easily deal with targets from multiple directions
* Sloped hull and round frontal turret might bounce small caliber shells

'''Cons:'''

* Armour is fairly useless in its BR
* 5 degrees gun depression is below average
* A bit below average penetration with standard ammo
* High profile. Since the turret is so tall, it makes combat behind low obstacles difficult, as the turret segment above the main gun is visible

== History ==
''Describe the history of the creation and combat usage of the vehicle in more detail than in the introduction. If the historical reference turns out to be too long, take it to a separate article, taking a link to the article about the vehicle and adding a block "/History" (example: <nowiki>https://wiki.warthunder.com/(Vehicle-name)/History</nowiki>) and add a link to it here using the <code>main</code> template. Be sure to reference text and sources by using <code><nowiki><ref></ref></nowiki></code>, as well as adding them at the end of the article with <code><nowiki><references /></nowiki></code>. This section may also include the vehicle's dev blog entry (if applicable) and the in-game encyclopedia description (under <code><nowiki>=== In-game description ===</nowiki></code>, also if applicable).''

== Media ==
''Excellent additions to the article would be video guides, screenshots from the game, and photos.''

== See also ==
''Links to the articles on the War Thunder Wiki that you think will be useful for the reader, for example:''

* ''reference to the series of the vehicles;''
* ''links to approximate analogues of other nations and research trees.''

== External links ==
''Paste links to sources and external resources, such as:''

* ''topic on the official game forum;''
* ''encyclopedia page on the tank;''
* ''other literature.''

{{China medium tanks}}
{{China premium ground vehicles}}

USS Brooklyn

2020-09-08T14:15:33Z

U16697154: Undo revision 69134 by U20282603 (talk). Please do not insert personal opinions such as worth of repair cost when such value changes month by month.

{{Specs-Card|code=us_cruiser_brooklyn_class_brooklyn}}

== Description ==

[[File:GarageImage_{{PAGENAME}}.jpg|420px|thumb|left]]
{{break}}
The '''{{Specs|name}}''' is a rank {{Specs|rank}} American light cruiser {{Battle-rating}}. It was introduced in [[Update 1.87 "Locked On"]].

== General info ==
=== Survivability and armour ===

The Brooklyn is protected by both sheer internal volume and thick armour around vital components. The turrets are easily the most protected in the game, with 165mm of rolled cemented armour on the turret face, 75mm of RHA on the turret sides, and 152mm of antifragmentation armour on the ammo elevators.

Bow ammunition storage is stored below the waterline, and it is protected not only by 51mm of antifragmentation armour but also by a "wrapped" fuel tank that can absorb incoming shells.

=== Mobility ===

Manoeuvrability is what should be expected for a 12,242-ton vessel: sluggish.

== Armament ==
=== Primary armament ===

{{main|6 inch/47 Mk.16 (152 mm)}}Brooklyn has a devastating primary armament of fifteen 6"/47 Mk.16 cannons, arranged in triple turrets with three in front and two in back. With a rate of fire of 10 rounds per minute this makes Brooklyn have some of the best offensive ability among all other ships in the game. All of the turrets have a horizontal guidance limit of ±150° and a vertical guidance limit of -5°/+40° which does allow for limited anti-aircraft fire, but only at longer ranges which avoids more extreme elevation. The turrets do have a slow traverse rate of 4.3 °/second which can cause issues at closer ranges as well as switching between targets.

The 6"/47 Mk. 16 cannons have access to four different types of ammunition:

* 6 inch Mk. 34 HC: This is the standard HE shell, with a muzzle velocity of 812 m/s (2,665 f/s) and a TNT equivalent explosive mass of 5.88 kg. Standard HE shells have a near instantaneous detonation as this shell has a fuse delay of 0.35 meters, so it is best used on unarmoured targets or on targets that the HE shell can penetrate that have a small internal volume. This is the default shell for the Brooklyn.
* 6 inch Mk. 35 AP: This is an APCBC that is able to unlocked, with a muzzle velocity of 762 m/s (2,500 f/s) and a TNT equivalent explosive mass of 866.32 grams. The penetration of this shell is very respectable compared to similar ones (such as the German [[15cm/60 SK C/25 (150 mm)|'''''15cm/60 SK C/25 (150 mm)''''']] and the Russian [[152 mm/57 B-38 (152 mm)|'''''152 mm/57 B-38 (152 mm)''''']]) and will hold its penetrative ability out to longer ranges, only dropping below 100 mm at 0° past 10 km. The fuse delay is 9 meters, meaning that this shell is best used against heavily armoured targets with larger internal volumes (essentially, other cruisers). Due to the low explosive mass of the shell, precise aiming will be necessary. Typical targets of AP shells will be engine and machinery rooms as well as ammunition storage.
* 6 inch Mk. 34 HC (Base Fuse): This an HE shell that is nearly identical to the default HE shell with the only difference being a base detonating fuse rather than a point contact fuse. This shell has a fuse sensitivity of 10 mm and a fuse delay of 3 meters (as opposed to 0.1 mm and 0.35 meters, respectively, for the default shell). This makes the shell less effective against small targets such as torpedo boats as the shell may pass through the target without detonating. Slightly larger targets that do not have heavy armour can be heavily damaged with this shell, as it will detonate further inside the ship's volume.
* 6 inch Mk. 34 HC (VT): This is, again, nearly identical to the default HE shell with the only difference being that it is fitted with a variable time fuse. The sensitivity and delay are the same as the default HE shell with a trigger radius of 23 meters. Like other HE-VT shells, these can still be used as normal HE shells against surface targets but will detonate in the air if an aircraft is detected within the trigger radius. As these shells have almost double the explosive mass of the [[5/38 Mark 12 Dual Purpose (127 mm)|'''''5/38 Mark 12 Dual Purpose (127 mm)''''']] found on American destroyers (as well as Brookyln's secondary armament, the [[5 inch/25 Mk.13 AA (127 mm)|'''''5 inch/25 Mk.13 AA (127 mm)''''']]), any aircraft caught by these shells will be eviscerated. The major factor holding these shells back is the limited elevation of the guns to only +40° and the slow traverse rate, which means that any agile aircraft at closer ranges and/or high altitude are not affected by this shell. Larger and slower aircraft at low/medium altitude are the best targets for these shells.

=== Secondary armament ===

{{main|5 inch/25 Mk.13 AA (127 mm)}}

Brooklyn has a total of eight 5"/25 Mk.13 cannons, with four on each side of the ship at amidships. Three on each side are on the main deck level and have a firing angle of 180° while two are mounted on an elevated deck facing forward and have a horizontal guidance limit of 40°/160°. All of the cannons have a vertical guidance limit of -10°/+85° which allows them to engage both air and surface targets. A horizontal 17 °/second gives them good flexibility to track aircraft as well as faster moving motor boats. A quick rate of fire at 20 rounds per minute also aid in taking down targets before they get too close or escape behind cover.

The 5"/25 Mk.13 AA cannons have access to two different types of ammunition:

* 5 inch Mk. 36 AAC: This is the default HE shell with a mechanical delay fuse. They have a muzzle velocity of 657 m/s (2,155 f/s) and a TNT equivalent explosive mass of 3.16 kg. As these are delay fuses set at the moment of firing, they are affected by the Gunner crew skill "Distance fuse set accuracy" and do need a ranging shot fired before the fuse can be set accurately. These shells are rendered effectively useless after unlocking the Mk. 28 AAC-VT shell.
* 5 inch Mk. 28 AAC-VT: These shells are identical to the Mk. 36 AAC with the exception being the usage of a VT shell rather than a mechanical time delay fuse. This gives the shell more flexibility and destructive potential against aircraft thanks to the VT fuse. The trigger radius is 23 meters.

=== Anti-aircraft armament ===

{{main|AN-M2 (12.7 mm)}}

The Brooklyn comes with eight 12.7 mm (.50 cal) AN-M2 machine guns, which act the last line of defense against aircraft and small surface craft. They are all located on elevated decks around the superstructure evenly spread, four of them port and starboard as well as fore and aft. The actual defensive capability provided by these is almost negligible, and relying on them to take out enemies will only be a mistake.

The 12.7 mm AN-M2 machine guns come with only a default ammunition belt: API-T / AP / I / AP

==Usage in battles==

The Brooklyn is easily the strongest ship in War Thunder. Combining adequate protection with unparalleled firepower, it can hold its own most other cruisers without much threat to itself. If isolated, a Brooklyn can be taken down by a group of cruisers or even destroyers via ammo racking. If, however, the Brooklyn is integrated into a team of CLs, the chance of defeating it becomes far lower.

The main threats to the Brooklyn are the Kirov, Southampton, and Furutaka. It is advised to engage these targets first and other cruisers second; the Kirov and Furutaka have sufficient firepower to threaten a Brooklyn, and the Southampton's armour dampens the firepower advantage of the Brooklyn.

===Modules===
{| class="wikitable"
! Tier
! Seakeeping
! colspan="2" |Unsinkability
! colspan="3" |Firepower
|-
| I
| Dry-Docking
| Tool Set
|
| 6 inch Mk.35 AP
| Anti-Air Armament Targeting
|
|-
| II
| Rudder Replacement
| Fire Protection System
| Smokescreen
| 6 inch Mk.34 HC
| Auxiliary Armament Targeting
|
|-
| III
| Propeller Replacement
| Shrapnel Protection
| Ventilation
| 5 inch Mk.28 AAC-VT
| Primary Armament Targeting
| Improved Rangefinder
|-
| IV
| Engine Maintenance
| New Pumps
| Ammo Wetting
| 6 inch Mk.34 HC
|
|
|-
|}

===Pros and cons===


'''Pros:'''

* Great broadside firepower for a cruiser
* Fairly resilient to small-calibre rounds
* Has one of the best turret protections of every ship in the game

'''Cons:'''

* Can't carry torpedoes
* Very light anti-aircraft defence (not including the 5-inch guns)
* Rather slow compared to PT boats
* Large target overall

== History ==

In 1930, the London Naval Treaty extended the limitations imposed by the Washington Naval Treaty by further limiting the construction of large warships. Well-aware of the importance of such warships for operations in the Pacific, the U.S. Navy initiated the development of a new light cruiser design that would suit their needs, whilst remaining within the limitations of both treaties. The new design, that would become the Brooklyn-class light cruisers, was a compromise between heavy cruiser size and protection and light cruiser armament. In other words, the ship would remain within the 10,000-ton displacement limit, but would also offer the desired seaworthiness and autonomy at the same time.

Initially, the ship was intended to carry only a dozen 6-inch main guns. However, with the appearance of the Japanese Mogami-class cruiser, a decision was hastily made to increase the number of main guns to 15, in order to match the armament of the Mogami-class. With this choice, the Brooklyn-class cruisers would become the most heavily armed light cruisers ever built for the USN. The first orders for four ships were issued in 1933, followed by an additional three in 1934. The lead ship of the class, USS Brooklyn (CL-40), was laid down in March 1935 and commissioned into service in September 1937.

USS Brooklyn primarily served in the Mediterranean theatre during WW2, participating in the North African campaign and later on in the Italian campaign. The ship mostly served as a support in landing operations and performed coastline bombardments, while also engaging in the occasional naval skirmish. Soon after the end of WW2, USS Brooklyn was decommissioned in 1947 and handed over to the Chilean Navy in 1951 under the new name of O’Higgins (CL-02). The ship would continue to serve on with the Chilean Navy for over 40 years, before being sold for scraps in 1992.

''- From [[wt:en/news/6050-development-uss-brooklyn-more-means-more-en|Devblog]]''

== Media ==


;Images
<gallery>
File:USS Brooklyn Damage Model.jpg|Damage model of the ship viewed in 3D Max, as revealed by the developers during the [https://warthunder.com/en/news/6575-qa-answers-from-the-developers-en QA session on 6 February 2020]
</gallery>

;Videos
{{Youtube-gallery|Ze0dEvB77fE|'''Best Combo #3''' discusses the {{PAGENAME}} at 3:18 - ''War Thunder Official Channel''}}

== See also ==
''Links to the articles on the War Thunder Wiki that you think will be useful for the reader, for example:''

* ''reference to the series of the ship;''
* ''links to approximate analogues of other nations and research trees.''

==External links==


* [[wt:en/news/6050-development-uss-brooklyn-more-means-more-en|[Development<nowiki>]</nowiki> USS Brooklyn: More Means More]]

{{USA light cruisers}}

TBD-1

2020-08-25T03:26:37Z

U16697154: Re adding commented template description

{{Specs-Card
|code=tbd-1_1938
|cockpit=cockpit_tbd-1_1938.jpg
}}

== Description ==

[[File:GarageImage_{{PAGENAME}}.jpg|420px|thumb|left]]
{{break}}
The '''{{Specs|name}}''' is a rank {{Specs|rank}} American torpedo bomber {{Battle-rating}}. It was introduced in [[Update 1.53 "Firestorm"]].

The {{PAGENAME}} is the first usable bomber in the U.S. aircraft line up. While the likes of the OS2Us and the SB2Us are capable of bombing, they cannot do what the {{PAGENAME}} can do and that is to carry a torpedo or optionally upwards of 1,600 lbs (725 kg) of bombs. The Devastator is adept at bombing either naval or land-based targets. On maps with naval ships, torpedoes require the little naval bomber to release from a very low altitude, a maximum of 340 ft ( 104 m) or 820 ft (250 m) depending on the torpedo used. For those pilots who prefer utilizing bombs, they can be just as easily used on ships as on land-based vehicles except to ensure greater accuracy; this requires the aircraft to be quite low to the ground.

The lone offensive machine gun does not offer much, but can be effectively used to pick off damaged ground targets or even getting a luck shot on an enemy fighter. The lone rear-facing dorsal machine gun is not a miracle worker, though it does a good job of making it difficult for enemy fighters to sit on the {{PAGENAME}}’s tail. The aircraft is quite manoeuvrable and can quickly whip around to attempt a second bombing run on a target if there are any bombs left over. Though state-of-the-art when developed, this bomber was quickly outdated, but that did not stop it being utilised at the beginning of World War II. While in War Thunder this bomber might seem to be an easy target for new pilots, those with some practice under their belt can utilise this as a very effective early bomber, racking up destroyed ground vehicles and anti-aircraft artillery targets.

== General info ==
=== Flight Performance ===


The TBD-1 Devastator is a very slow but useful aircraft. It has a max speed of 327 kph in Arcade Battles and 312 kph in Realistic battles. The TBD-1 devastator has a pretty decent turn time for a bomber, making it viable for the most extreme of the pilots to use it as a basic dogfighter. It’s slow speed makes the aircraft vulnerable to enemy fighter attacks, so be sure to have fighter escort!
{{break}}
[[File:TBD-1 an trn 26 003.png|400px|thumb|right|Torpedo runs are a speciality of the '''{{PAGENAME}}'''.]]
{{break}}
[[File:TBD-1 an trn 26 001.png|400px|thumb|right|A '''{{PAGENAME}}''' setting up for a torpedo run against Japanese warships in the Pacific.]]
{| class="wikitable" style="text-align:center"
|-
! colspan="8" | Characteristics
|-
! colspan="8" | ''Stock''
|-
! colspan="2" | Max Speed (km/h at 2,500 m)
! rowspan="2" | Max altitude (meters)
! colspan="2" | Turn time (seconds)
! colspan="2" | Rate of climb (meters/second)
! rowspan="2" | Take-off run (meters)
|-
! AB
! RB
! AB
! RB
! AB
! RB
|-
| 298 || 287 || {{Specs|ceiling}} || 19.8 || 20.5 || 4.3 || 4.3 || 150
|-
! colspan="8" | ''Upgraded''
|-
! colspan="2" | Max Speed (km/h at 2,500 m)
! rowspan="2" | Max altitude (meters)
! colspan="2" | Turn time (seconds)
! colspan="2" | Rate of climb (meters/second)
! rowspan="2" | Take-off run (meters)
|-
! AB
! RB
! AB
! RB
! AB
! RB
|-
| 327 || 312 || {{Specs|ceiling}} || 18.3 || 19.0 || 8.3 || 6.1 || 150
|-
|}

====Details====
{| class="wikitable" style="text-align:center"
|-
! colspan="5" | Features
|-
! Combat flaps
! Take-off flaps
! Landing flaps
! Air brakes
! Arrestor gear
|-
| ✓ || ✓ || ✓ || X || ✓ 
|-
|}

{| class="wikitable" style="text-align:center"
|-
! colspan="5" | Limits
|-
! rowspan="2" | Wing-break speed (km/h)
! rowspan="2" | Gear limit (km/h)
! rowspan="2" | Combat flaps (km/h)
! colspan="2" | Max Static G
|-
! +
! -
|-
| {{Specs|destruction|constructions}} || {{Specs|destruction|chassis}} || 212 || ~8 || ~2
|-
|}

{| class="wikitable" style="text-align:center"
|-
! colspan="4" | Optimal velocities
|-
! Ailerons (km/h)
! Rudder (km/h)
! Elevators (km/h)
! Radiator (km/h)
|-
| < 465 || < 400 || < 380 || > 323
|-
|}

{| class="wikitable" style="text-align:center"
|-
! colspan="3" | Compressor (RB/SB)
|-
! colspan="3" | Setting 1
|-
! Optimal altitude
! 100% Engine power
! WEP Engine power
|-
| 2,620 m || 900 hp || 963 hp
|-
|}

=== Survivability and armour ===


* 12.7 mm steel - behind the engine
* 12.7 mm steel - behind the pilot

== Armaments ==
=== Offensive armament ===

[[File:TBD-1 an trn 26 004.png|400px|thumb|right|A '''{{PAGENAME}}''' blitzing ground artillery with a mix of 100 and 500 lb bombs.]]
{{main|Browning M2 (12.7 mm)}}

The '''''{{PAGENAME}}''''' is armed with:

* 1 x 12.7 mm Browning M2 machine gun, nose-mounted (500 rpg)

=== Suspended armament ===

{{main|AN-M30A1 (100 lb)|AN-M64A1 (500 lb)|Mk.13/44|Mk.13}}

The '''''{{PAGENAME}}''''' can be outfitted with the following ordnance:

* 12 x 100 lb AN-M30A1 bombs (1,200 lb total)
* 1 х Mk.13 torpedo
* 1 х Mk.13/44 torpedo
* 2 x 500 lb AN-M64A1 bombs + 6 x 100 lb AN-M30A1 bombs (1,600 lb total)

=== Defensive armament ===

{{main|Browning (7.62 mm)}}

The '''''{{PAGENAME}}''''' is defended by:

* 1 x 7.62 mm Browning machine gun, dorsal turret (600 rpg)

== Usage in battles ==

[[File:TBD-1 an trn 26 002.png|400px|thumb|right|A '''{{PAGENAME}}''' scoring a direct torpedo hit on a Japanese ship.]]
The first thing a pilot will notice about the TBD in gameplay is its "rubber-banding" tendency to return to a stable speed of about 250 km/h. The aircraft has mediocre energy retention, especially in a turn or when coming out of a dive. However, it is a stable and easy plane to fly, even in Realistic Battles. Strangely enough, the TBD has awesome acceleration from a standing start. The acceleration peters off after about 140 km/h (just above its stall speed) but makes it a nice plane to take-off, especially from carriers. The armament on this plane is very bad and will get shot down if engaged with a fighter. The TBD is a very attractive target for fighters so climb to an altitude of 5000 meters. When dropping bombs, decrease your throttle to 50% as the bombs are more accurate when flying slow.

This aircraft is best used in a ground strike role, carpet bombing ground targets with a large quantity of smaller bombs available out of the box, and in this role, it performs respectably. It features a single 12.7 mm MG attached to the starboard side of the engine, with a generous ammo load, but although the TBD has a good turning radius it is not recommended to engage as a fighter. A rear gunner also wields a 7.7 mm MG, and although its horizontal coverage is laughable, it is a welcome addition to a low-flying pilot with the ability to keep his enemies in his gunner's (or main gun's) sights.

It is important to note that the TBD suffers from extremely fragile flaps and gear, at least in Realistic and Simulator Battles; even combat flaps will break off at any speed above about 210 km/h, while the gear rip at about 180.

===Manual Engine Control===
{| class="wikitable" style="text-align:center"
|-
! colspan="7" | MEC elements
|-
! rowspan="2" | Mixer
! rowspan="2" | Pitch
! colspan="3" | Radiator
! rowspan="2" | Supercharger
! rowspan="2" | Turbocharger
|-
! Oil
! Water
! Type
|-
| Controllable || rowspan="2" | Controllable Not auto controlled || rowspan="2" | Not controllable Not auto controlled || rowspan="2" | Controllable Auto control available || rowspan="2" | Separate || rowspan="2" | Not controllable 1 gear || rowspan="2" | Not controllable
|-
|}

===Modules===
{| class="wikitable"
! colspan="1" | Tier
! colspan="2" | Flight performance
! colspan="1" | Survivability
! colspan="2" | Weaponry
|-
| I
| Fuselage repair
| Radiator
|
| Turret 7 mm
| ITC mk.III
|-
| II
|
| Compressor
| Airframe
| New 7 mm MGs (turret)
| Improved torpedo
|-
| III
| Wings repair
| Engine
|
| Offensive 12 mm
| SBC mk.I
|-
| IV
|
| Engine injection
| Cover
| New 12 mm MGs
|
|-
|}

=== Pros and cons ===


'''Pros:'''

* Low stall speed
* Has a bombsight
* Has an arrestor hook for carrier landing
* Very stable and easy to fly
* Very manoeuvrable for a bomber
* Very good turn and roll rate
* Carries a decent quantity of bombs without requiring any research
* Great standing acceleration
* Cockpit offers somehow decent visibility

'''Cons:'''

* Armaments are extremely underwhelming, with a single 12.7 mm in front and a 7.62 mm in the rear
* Low sustainable "cruise" speed (200-250 km/h)
* Slow
* Very bad energy retention
* Bombs are mounted on external pylons
* A dive bomber without any air brakes
* Poor overall armament with limited defensive coverage
* No gun sight in cockpit other than a scope with an extremely limited (and very shaky) field of view
* Doesn't come with its Navy Blue camouflage unlike other US Navy planes
* Fragile flaps and gear
* Gunner has no armour

== History ==


The active-duty life of the {{PAGENAME}} Devastator was a relatively short one in which it went from being the Navy’s most advanced aircraft in service to being outdated only three years later and then removed from active service within five years. Though seeing limited action during WWII and recorded performance as abysmal later was vindicated when documentation recorded that the U.S. Mk. 13 torpedo, one of the main suspended armaments of this aircraft was to share much of this blame as their failure rate (sinking, not-exploding, running cold, not running true, porposing) was extremely high.

The Devastator had a strong start as a winner of a U.S. Navy competition for a new carrier-based bomber. This aircraft included many firsts for the Navy as the {{PAGENAME}} was a monoplane manufactured from all metal (no fabric covering for any surfaces), and hydraulically folding wings to allowing stowage of more aircraft on the carrier. The Devastator had a crew of three, the pilot would fly the aircraft and operate the single forward-facing machine gun while the bombardier who sat in the centre of the cockpit would lay prone on the bottom of the aircraft and would aim the Norden bombsight located under the pilot’s seat through a window in the belly of the aircraft. The third crew member was the radio operator/rear gunner who also operated a single machine gun in the dorsal turret to fend off any attacking enemy aircraft.

A total of 129 {{PAGENAME}} units were purchased and delivered to the U.S. Navy and were farmed out to several aircraft carriers such as the notable Enterprise, Lexington, Wasp and Hornet. Unfortunately, the Navy realized by 1940 that the Devastator was not the frontline bomber it needed and its replacement the Grumman TBF Avenger was not yet at a stage where it could be operational. Though outclassed by many Japanese fighters, the {{PAGENAME}} was still pressed into active service, however, as an example, 41 were deployed during the Battle of Midway with only four returning to the carriers. Though other factors contributed such as miscommunication and uncoordinated sorties, the Devastators flew without fighter cover and were easily picked off when lining up for torpedo runs often flying in a straight line at around 115 mp/h (185 km/h). Ship batteries also had an easy time bearing down on these slow and predictable torpedo runs. Though, the attacks were not a complete waste, as the Devastator attacks tied up the Imperial Japanese Navy and their protective fighters which allowed the late-arriving SBD dauntless dive bombers to inflict massive damage on the IJN carriers with very little resistance allowing them to carry out more effective attacks.

The Battle of Midway showed the technological age of the Devastator and the Navy elected to withdraw the remaining {{PAGENAME}}s from active service and relegate them to training duty for both pilots and mechanics, while others were used by firefighters to practice extinguishing aircraft fires. All surviving Devastators are unsalvageable wrecks (the U.S. Navy will not relinquish ownership and thus cannot be salvaged) with one sitting in the Atlantic Ocean off of Miami, Florida USA, another in the Pacific Ocean just off of the coast of Mission Beach, California USA, two more in Jaluit Lagoon in the Marshall Islands and seven resting near the USS Lexington on the ocean floor of the Coral Sea.

== Media ==
''Excellent additions to the article would be video guides, screenshots from the game, and photos.''

== See also ==
''Links to the articles on the War Thunder Wiki that you think will be useful for the reader, for example:''

* ''reference to the series of the aircraft;''
* ''links to approximate analogues of other nations and research trees.''

== External links ==
''Paste links to sources and external resources, such as:''

* ''topic on the official game forum;''
* ''encyclopedia page on the aircraft;''
* ''other literature.''

{{AirManufacturer Douglas}}
{{USA bombers}}

SPAA radars

2020-08-23T16:44:56Z

U16697154: Update page to 1.101

{{DISPLAYTITLE: SPAA Radar & Sensor Systems}}


{{Notice|Due to constant updates to radar UI and in-game functionality of the system, it is recommended to manually refresh the page before browsing, to see if any example images were updated.}}

War Thunder [[Update 1.87 "Locked On"]] introduced mechanics for radars and other sensors. The new mechanics replaced an "arcade-style" lead indicator previously present, and a greater number of aircraft and SPAA vehicles which were historically equipped with radars gained access to the new features allowing for a more in-depth, realistic and a historic feel when playing them.

Prior to this update, SPAA's equipped with radars were able to use an Arcade battles style lead indicator in realistic and simulator battle modes. While the targeting reticles tended to be extremely inaccurate, they were nonetheless helpful to the operator, giving them a general idea of there to shoot. After the update, the arcade-style lead indicator was removed. SPAA vehicles are now equipped with various radars and other sensor systems which provide the ability to detect and/or track aircraft. Vehicles with this capability have a radar display visible as part of the in-game interface, the location of detected air targets is displayed on this interface. In addition for vehicles equipped with tracking systems the player may lock onto targets, this proves an accurate range and relative velocity information about the target and, when the target is close enough, an accurate lead indicator.

Although such systems provide SPAA players with distinct battlefield advantages, many come with risks to their use. A number of modern helicopters are equipped with Radar Warning Receivers (RWR), which are capable of detecting radar emissions from SPAAs and altering the helicopter pilot to their position.

With the release of [[Update 1.89]], the functionality of radars and other sensors was changed. Tracking errors were added, meaning that lead indicators are less accurate at longer ranges and aircraft flying at low altitudes (less than 100 m from terrain) became harder to track. Although less effective than previously, radars are still a very useful tool to have.

==Ground radar / sensors controls==
Below is a table showing all the key-bindings associated with the use of radars and other sensors on ground vehicles. It is recommended to change the default key bindings to make radar systems easier to use.

{| class="wikitable" style="text-align:center"
! colspan="3" | Radar / Sensor Controls
|-
! Control name
! Default Keybind (PC keyboard & mouse)
! Description
|-
| Switch radar search on / off || Alt + R || Turns the vehicle's search radar (or other types of search sensor) on or off.
|-
| Change radar mode || Unbound || Unknown
|-
| Change radar search mode || Unbound || Toggles between the radars search modes e.g. sector scan or 360° scan (see radar pages for scan modes supported)
|-
| Change radar scope scale || Unbound || Changes the range scale of the radar display
|-
| Select radar target to lock on || Alt + T || Selects which target on the display to lock on to
|-
| Lock radar target on || Alt + F || Locks onto the selected or nearest target on radar display. In sniper/gunner view: Force '''tracking''' sensor sweep and attempt to lock on the target in the crosshairs with it, or onto the first aircraft the tracker detects.
|-
| Switch radar indicator type || Unbound || Switches between a Plan Position Indicator (PPI) radar display and a B-Scope radar display
|-
|}

{{Notice| Despite being on the same button, locking on with search sensor and tracking sensor '''is not''' the same thing - even if your search radar cannot track something, maybe your tracking radar can. Practice your radar controls in test drive before going on the field.}}

==Radars and Sensors User Interface==
This section will cover the general user interface for ground vehicles with radars and sensors; some sensors have slight differences in their interfaces which will be covered in their own subsection. For the images in this section, a [[Gepard]] is used. All SPAA vehicles with radars and other sensors gain a radar display and compass on their HUD.
===Radar Display===
[[File:Ground_Radars_General.png|300px|thumb|right|A general depiction of the radar display. The default PPI display is at the top with the B-Scope display shown below.]]

There are two types of radar display (see image to the right) which the player can choose from. The default display is a Plan Position Indicator (PPI) display; by pressing the "Switch radar indicator type" key the player can change this to a B-Scope display if they wish.

The PPI is a circular display showing a top-down representation of the airspace around the player's vehicle; the display is a "North Up" format meaning that north is always at the top of the display.

The player's vehicle is located in the centre of the display and a line indicates what direction the turret is facing. If the search radar/sensor is turned on (evident by the presence of a lightning bolt above the display) then a line will appear, moving around the display, representing where the sensor is pointing. There are also pale lines extending from the centre of the display to the edge, these are spaced apart at 30°, and along with the bearing markers on the radar display and compass allow you to work out in which direction a target is located. There are also 4 rings (including the outside edge of the display) within the display, these are evenly spaced and allow you to work out how far away a detected target is (divide the range setting by four to get the distance between rings). If the vehicle has a tracking system then a darker region will be present indicating the area within which targets can be tracked (the area will usually move with the movement of the tank's turret).

The B-Scope is a rectangular display proving a 2D top-down representation of space. The player's vehicle is located at the bottom of the display. The horizontal axis shows what azimuth the target is from the player, and the vertical axis shows distance. North is locked in the middle of the display with -180° in azimuth shown on the left-hand side of the display, and +180 in azimuth shown on the right-hand side of the display. A vertical line represents the direction the turret is facing, and a thicker line represents the sweep of the scanner (when it is turned on). Again there are four range lines which can be used to work out how far away radar targets are. The tracking area is displayed as a darkened box on the display.

====Radar Target Types====
[[File:Radar_Target_Types.png|800px|thumb|left|The different types of targets which can be present on the radar display. Fast moving targets will be represented by a line instead of a dot, but designations will remain same.]]
{{break}}
There are different types of targets which can appear on the radar display, these are shown above. When a target is detected by a search radar (or another type of search sensor) it will most often show up on the radar display as a normal radar target (left-most example in image). If the vehicle's search system is equipped with an Identification Friend or Foe (IFF) system then targets which are on your team will be displayed with a line under them (right-most example), if an IFF system is not present then all targets will be displayed as normal targets on the radar display.

One of the targets within the vehicle's tracking area on the display will be chosen as the selected target and displayed with a vertical bar on each side of it. The selected target is the one which will be locked on to when the "Lock radar target on" button is pressed. The selected target can be changed to another one within the lock-on-area by pressing the "Select radar target to lock on" key. Targets which have been locked on to are displayed with a solid square around them.

===Compass and Tracked Targets===
[[File:Radar compass and tracking.jpg|500x500px|thumb|right|The interface for the compass and a tracked target]]
In addition to a radar display SPAA vehicles also have a compass present on the HUD, located at the top of the screen. This compass shows what direction the turret is pointing in degrees (0° is due north). Targets which are detected will also be displayed on the compass as triangles. If a target is locked then a solid box appears around its triangle.

When a target is locked onto a box will appear around it. Next, to the box, the distance between the target and the player's vehicle, as well as its speed relative to the player's vehicle will be displayed. Once the target closes to a suitable range an accurate firing indicator will appear.

If the lock on a target is lost for any reason then the tracking square around the target will drift and start flashing to show that it has been lost, after a few seconds it will disappear.

When a target is tracked, the turret will receive the targeting information feed and use it to adjust ammunition self-destruction fuse delays as well as follow the target automatically. When this happens the targeting reticle which appears has a high level of accuracy, as long as the target maintains speed and bearing and does not dramatically alter its speed, course or direction.

==SPAA Sensor Types==

The sensor systems in War Thunder can be categorised into Active Radar systems and Passive Systems. Active radar systems work by transmitting radio waves at a target and detecting those which bounce back, while passive systems use a variety of techniques to allow them to carry out their job passively (i.e. without emitting anything).

Sensor systems also differ in roles, either falling into the category of search systems or tracking systems. When activated search systems will scan the area around the SPAA and display any targets they detect on the radar display and compass. Tracking systems do not detect targets; instead, they lock on to a single target and provide information about it, as well as a firing lead indicator. Most SPAAs have both a search and tracking system allowing them to detect targets and then lock onto them. Some SPAAs however only have tracking systems; in this case, the user must manually place the crosshairs over a visible target to lock the radar onto it. It is possible for vehicles to have a mix of sensor systems. For example the [[ADATS]] has a search radar and an infrared tracking system.

===Active Radar===

Active radar systems are by far the most common type of SPAA sensor; they work by transmitting radio waves at a target and detecting those which bounce back. They come with the disadvantage that these radio waves can be detected by Radar Warning Receivers (RWR) fitted to some aircraft, alerting the aircraft to the SPAA's location. Radar systems also have the disadvantage of suffering ground clutter (false returns from the ground making it harder to detect targets), the multipath effect (an effect where the tracking box appears below low flying aircraft instead of over it), and tracking inaccuracies.

{{Notice|Trees are half-transparent for radars. Radar distance shortens for every tree in its scan direction.|!}}

When the radar is in search mode and does not have a lock on a target, it will scan the area around the vehicle, either through a full 360° or within a limited sector. The current direction of the scanner is represented by a moving line on the radar display (usually thicker than the turret heading line). Targets can only be detected by the radar when it is pointing straight at them, and so a target's position will only be updated as the scanner sweep line passes over it. Be aware, that small planes are harder to detect due to their small profile and obstacles such as trees and hills will obscure radar's field of view, preventing detection or tracking of objects on the other side of them. Even if the search radar is offline or fails to spot a target it is usually still possible to manually position the crosshairs over a target and press the "Lock radar target on" key.

{{Notice|Radars cannot detect or track targets which have a relative speed which is too low|!}}
Another important consideration with radars is that they are incapable of detecting or tracking targets with a low relative speed. The relative speed is not the true speed which the target is actually moving; it is the speed which it is moving relative to the radar. If a target is flying in a circle around the player, moving at a speed near that of the rotation of the radar, then it is possible for their relative speed to drop to a point where it is too low to track/detect.

Radars also have a minimum range, below which they cannot detect or track targets. See individual radar pages for the minimum range and speed characteristics of each radar.

{{Notice|Different radars have different characteristics, a target detectable by a vehicle's search radar may not be visible to its tracking radar and vice versa.}}

If the search radar has detected a target within the radar's locking area (darker area of the radar display) on of the targets in that area will be marked as selected (two vertical lines around it), a lock can be acquired on the selected target by pressing the "Lock radar target on" key. The selected target can be changed by pressing the "Select radar target to lock on" key if a target has been detected in the area but cannot be selected it means it is visible to the search radar but not the tracking radar. When a selected target is locked on to the guns will automatically move to point at it, regardless of where they were pointing previously. Multiple targets (even allied aircraft) close together within the field of the tracking radar can confuse the tracking radar and cause tracking problems, including the loss of a target lock, or the lock transitioning to another aircraft. In the event of multiple aircraft in the search area, it is recommended to switch to gunner view and manually attack targets to ensure not accidentally shooting down any friendly aircraft.

{{Notice|The darker area on the display is the area within which targets can initially be locked on to. Once locked on some radars can track a target even outside of this area.}}

Once a solid lock is achieved, the only concern now is preventing your opponent from dodging the incoming volley of ammunition. For this reason, conservation of ammunition is important and the gunner should not waste ammo firing in long continuous bursts in the same direction if your SPAA's accuracy is adequate.

[[File:Radar_shot_marksman.jpg|none|thumb|500x400px|Enemy plane suffered a serious hit. Even if they somehow escape the rest of the volley, they're out of fighting capability and may crash soon.]]

====Combined Search / Track Radars====
[[File:Radar_Without_TWS.png|300px|thumb|right|A radar without TWS, notice how all other targets are removed from the display when a target is locked.]]
Most SPAA vehicles operate two separate radars or sensors, one for searching and one for tracking. Some vehicles, however, operate a single combined search and tracking radar. These systems operate much the same as regular radars, however, nearly all of them lack Track While Scan (TWS) capability. As a result, when you lock onto a target with such radar, you lose search functionality and cannot see any targets other than the one you are tracking. By comparison, vehicles using a separate search and tracking radar are able to still use their search radar while the tracking radar is active.

====Radar Range Finders====

In real life radar range finding systems were used as a simpler way of proving radar tracking like capability. Rangefinders work by calculating the distance between two objects. There are two main components of a radio rangefinder are the transmitter unit and the receiver unit. The transmitter's job is to transmit a signal, usually, several hundred times a second and then wait. If an object such as an aircraft is hit by the transmitted signals from the rangefinder they will bounce off of the aircraft and reflect back to the SPAA to be received by the receiver.

The rangefinder's processing unit will calculate the time between when the signal was transmitted and received and use it to calculate the distance to the target. The more often the transmitters transmit, the more reflections are received giving the rangefinder an up-to-date distance to the moving aircraft. With this data, the SPAA can set fuses for self-destroying ammo causing it to automatically explode near to where the tracked aircraft is showing to be, not requiring a direct hit, but close enough to cause damage through exploding shells. The range of information can also be used to calculate a firing lead indicator.

In-game radar range finders work like tracking radars, however vehicles equipped with them have no search radar, to the target must be manually identified and locked.
[[File:Rangefinder radar display.jpg|none|thumb|How radar display looks with rangefinder only. There will be no searching going on, and no passive scanning.]]

To use the radar rangefinder substitute, you have to go to gunner (sniper) sight and direct the targeting crosshairs onto the target enemy aircraft, then press the "Lock radar target on" key.

As a result, lock-on will occur:
[[File:M163 radio lock-on.JPG|none|thumb|500x500px|M163 locked on. Always make sure trees do not obscure the gunner's view.]]

All that is left is to aim the true targeting reticle and open fire on the enemy aircraft.

The above information is also true for vehicles such as the [[SIDAM 25]] which use an optronic tracking system, without search functionality.

{{Notice|Although the SIDAM 25's tracker can track targets in an elevation range of -20°/+85° once locked on, it can only initially lock on to targets between -20°/+20° in elevation.}}

====Sector Scan Radar Mode====
Some search radars support sector scanning as well as 360°. The scan mode can be changed by pressing the "Change radar search mode" key. In Sector scanning mode the radar moves back and forth, scanning a sector between two angles. The scanning sector is relative to the front of the turret, so if the turret moves the sector covered by the radar moves also.
[[File:Sector view radar.jpg|none|thumb|300px|Sector view radar. In case of these radars, the system only actively looks for an enemy in a small sector in front of your turret (represented by dark green field).]]

====Line of Sight Scan Radar Mode====
Some radars also support Line of Sight searching, again this can be selected by pressing the "Change radar search mode" key. This mode will stop the radar dish from spinning and lock it facing the front of the turret. In this mode the radar is only scanning a very narrow sector dead in front of the turret, so you need to point straight at aircraft in order to detect them. Since the radar is static in this mode, it is advisable to move the turret a bit, just in case if the plane took a bit different route to where you think it is. You also should note, that smaller planes that fly near to ground are harder to detect, and even this trick might not work on them.

===Passive Infrared and Optronic Systems===

{{Notice|As of Update "Raining Fire" 1.101, no SPAA in the game have full passive tracking radar and missile guidance. All missile launches will trigger a helicopter's Laser Warning System.}}

After a certain point, air forces realised the danger of radars to their ranks and started using specific radar-seeking missiles, which were able to automatically detect and guide straight onto radars and destroy them.

As a way to avoid this new threat entirely, passive systems which were capable of detecting and tracking aircraft without emitting radar were developed.

One method known as optronic tracking uses a powerful camera controlled by the gunner. The gunner manually identifies the target and locks into it, a computer then uses the video feed of a target to track it and provide a firing lead indicator.

Other method uses infrared sensors to detect the infrared energy emitted from aircraft in order to detect and track them.

These systems tend to have a short-range by Radar standard but are capable of doing the job while being unnoticed by anti-radar detectors.

====Using Passive Infrared Systems====
[[File:Passive_IR_Search_System_UI.png|300px|thumb|right|The interface for Passive IR search, notice how all targets are marked at a fixed range, with only azimuth different.]]
The user interface for passive infrared systems feels about the same as radar. The most noticeable difference at first glance is that power symbol is replaced by letters "IRST". However another difference soon becomes more apparent: infrared '''search''' systems are incapable of telling the range to a target, as such all targets are displayed at the same range around the edge of the display, with only the azimuth being different between them. This is compensated by ability of system to tell if target is hostile or not.

{{Notice|Trees are non transparent for optical sights and guiding devices, such as ADATS tracker or Stormer SPAAGs. Try to not choose positions next to a forest, if possible.|!}}

While this is a serious downgrade, it starts making sense when you actually try to lock on and observe the way IRST targeting sensors work.

Generally, due to low range of infrared tracking systems they are used on vehicles equipped with Anti-Air missiles, which can compensate for the system weaknesses. Overall, infrared tracking does seem to be slightly less accurate and reliable than radar tracking, and heavily relies on optical tracking from sniper seat. For this reason, these kinds of systems require a higher level of "targeting" on crew gunner for better turret tracking and high coordination of the player, as you have to guide very sensitive missiles towards the target as precisely as you can.

{{Notice|The [[Stormer HVM]] has no guns, so there is no lead indicator for this vehicle. The [[ADATS]] does have a lead indicator for its infrared Tracker.}}

[[File:Stormer HMV passive system lock on.jpg|none|thumb|500x400px]]

As could be seen on screenshot above, in full IRST mode sniper crosshair tries to imitate the drag of missile as it tracks the aircraft, by keeping sniper crosshairs on plane you can guide your missile towards an aircraft. Keeping an actual missile on target is more important, however, as system accuracy is generally far from stellar.

Do note, that a plane approaching at a sharp angle will mess with turret automatic guidance, due to it passing by too fast. It is also worth remembering, that SPAA, which rely purely on IRST, have huge gaps in optical zooms, and maximum zoom '''does not equal best missile tracking'''.

[[File:Stormer HVM hit with weird lock-on data.jpg|none|thumb|500x400px]]

As example, Stormer HVM has 10-40X optics, which can be manually adgusted during AA duty, but simply hitting "maximum zoom" will probably result in a miss. Since it is extremely inconvenient to toggle zoom level every time, one can remain in sniper seat and use radar display to lock-on to targets around - spin the turret in direction of your next target on display and try to lock on, the targeting device will do the rest.

==Sensor guidance errors==

While in-game lock-on ballistic calculations are absolute and are always correct, since [[update 1.89]] the guidance error can happen. If you will not pay attention to those, your volley may miss entirely.

===Unstable lock-on===

The more things there are in between of SPAA and plane and the closer the tracking sensor is to its limits, the more lock-on scope "shakes". Eventually, it may start going all over the place and even detach from aircraft. This makes radar-guided reticle less than absolutely accurate and may decrease timing accuracy of proximity fuse shells.

[[File:Sensor error - unstable lock sniper.jpg|thumb|left|As clearly seen here, there is no way sniper would know that the scope is detached from plane, and the error is actually quite big for a 35 mm gun]]

{{break}}

This error is the most dangerous when you fire while using sniper scope, as it's often hard to see both the aircraft and ballistic solution reticle at the same time, so you may not even notice it for a while.

Ingame, the ballistic solution is usually still correct, but your sensor thinks, that aircraft is located in another spot, thus giving you an incorrect firing angle. To counter this error, look how far and in which direction the lock-on square is separated from the actual aircraft and adjust your aim at "true aiming reticle" in opposite direction, firing to where the enemy plane would actually be.

[[File:Sensor error - counter unstable lock.jpg|thumb|left|Shift gun around the reticle to compensate for wobbly radar lock indicator. Note, that the worse lock becomes, the more scope moves around.]]

{{break}}

To avoid getting this error at all, it is better to stay in high and open spot and track at range and angle comfortable for your tracking device, but it makes you more vulnerable to enemy fire, and many hostile aircrafts can attack you back while being well outside of your comfort zone, so it is safer to just get used to it.

===Multipath (Ground echo)===

If hostile aircraft is flying very low (~100 m away from the ground), the ground will start jamming radar-based signal with similar signature echo, bringing the "lock-on" tracker down to the ground.

This error is very confusing, so being prepared is the key. To counter the error, keep your distance and aim where your radar says to, but adjust the height to one at which the plane is flying manually. Resist any attempts of the turret to follow the reticle under the ground. In case of 10.0 SAM you may fire missile at aircraft directly and hope it can intercept plane in time.

[[File:Sensor error - ground echo.JPG|thumb|left|ADATS intercepts low flying jet. Since it's missile is extremely fast, it ignores gun reticle and just tries to hit plane with proximity missile, but it technically could fire gun and still hit a target.]]

{{break}}

==Drawbacks of Using the Radar==

Certain helicopters have a radar detection system, and as such, whenever the radar waves from your vehicle’s radar "hit" them, they see radar alerts. These alerts appear in the form of a lighting symbol appearing on their own "counter radar" display, to indicate roughly what direction a radar is in. The more sophisticated "counter-radar" is, the better it is at telling what is searching for the helicopter, where from and so on. Most versions of it it also trigger sound alert, when radar starts actively tracking them, so if your tracking device is also a radar, they '''will''' know you are about to shoot them down.


Here is an example of what happens, when you got noticed by a helicopter:
[[File:Radar detection ATGM helicopter.jpg|none|thumb]]

Certain helicopters and planes may have no problems with carpet-bombing your position with rockets, just to make sure you aren't going to fire at them ever again. To avoid being bombed like this, you can turn the radar off when you don't need it. This will shut down radar search, but you can usually still lock on to targets (As already mentioned, be aware, that your tracking device may use radar technology as well, and by themselves can still trigger radar warnings). Certain SPAA's also fold their radar behind them, making their profile much smaller and harder to notice by tanks around them.

Vehicles operating passive systems are immune to Radar Warning Receivers.

==SPAA's Which Have Radars and Other Sensors==

{| class="wikitable" style="text-align:center"
! colspan="4" | SPAA vehicles with radars or other sensor systems
|-
! Vehicle Name
! Search System
! Tracking System
! Comments
|-
| [[M163]] || None || [[AN/VPS-2]] (Radar Range Finder) || Only has a radar range finder mounted on the side of the turret
|-
| [[M247]] || AN/APG-66 (Search Radar) || [[Albis]] (Tracking Radar) || Radar cannot be folded. Uses [[Albis]] as generic tracking radar.
|-
| [[ADATS]] || ADATS Search (Search Radar) || ADATS Track (Passive Infared Tracker) || Search radar can fold. Missiles are beam riding and locks triggers LWS on helicopters.
|-
| [[Gepard]] || [[MPDR 12]] (Search Radar) || [[Albis]] (Tracking Radar) || Search radar can fold. [[Albis]] is historically correct radar.
|-
| [[FlaRakPz 1]] || Roland Search (Search Radar) || Roland Track (Tracking Radar) || Tracking radar can fold, search cannot.
|-
| [[ZSU-23-4]] || [[1RL33]] (Search Radar) || [[1RL33]] (Tracking Radar) || Radar cannot be folded. Combined search and track radar without TWS capability.
|-
| [[ZPRK 2S6]] || [[1RL144]] (Search Radar) || [[1RL144]] (Tracking Radar) || Search radar can be folded. Combined search and track radar with TWS functionality.
|-
| [[Chieftain Marksman]] || [[Marconi S 400]] (Search Radar) || [[Marconi S 400]] (Tracking Radar) || Radar can be folded. Combined search and track radar without TWS capability.
|-
| [[Stormer HVM]] || Thales ADAD (Passive Infared Search) || Thales ADAD (Passive Infared Track) || Sensor cannot be folded (is very very small though). Missiles are beam riding and locks triggers LWS on helicopters.
|-
| [[Type 87]] || [[MPDR 12]] (Search Radar) || [[Albis]] (Tracking Radar) || Radars cannot be folded. Radars semi-historical.
|-
| [[SIDAM 25]] || None || [[3JB10]] (Optronic Tracker) || Tracker cannot be folded, very small though.
|-
| [[OTOMATIC]] || [[SMA VPS-A05]] (Search Radar) || [[SMA VPG-A06]] (Tracking Radar) || Radar can be folded.
|-
| [[AMX-30 DCA]] || [[DR-VC-1A]] (Search Radar) || [[Albis]] (Tracking Radar) || Radar cannot be folded. Uses [[Albis]] as generic tracking radar.
|-
| [[Roland 1]] || Roland Search (Search Radar) || Roland Track (Tracking Radar) || Radar cannot be folded
|-
| [[SIDAM 25 (Mistral)]] || ??? || ??? || Missiles act like Air to Air IR guided rockets. Flares can occasionally cause missile to miss.
|-
|}

== Media ==

{{Youtube-gallery|3BbIiDovPPk|'''The Shooting Range #139''' - ''Tactics and strategy'' section at 09:26 discusses the basics of SPAA radars.|luvhoX8Ht1I|'''War Thunder''' - New anti-air defence.|Wq9qHd_TCgk|'''The Shooting Range #184''' - ''Tactics and strategy'' section at 09:26 discusses the tactical use of radar-equipped SPAAs and the typical mistakes to avoid.|tcIeR_s6fp8|'''The Shooting Range #204''' - ''Tactics & Strategy'' section at 09:23 discusses the radars.}}

== External links ==


* [[wt:en/news/6064-development-radar-station-new-opportunities-in-the-game-en|[Devblog] Radar Station: New opportunities in the game]]

[[Category:Game_mechanics]]
[[Category:Radars]]

SPAA radars

2020-08-21T02:53:04Z

U16697154: ADATS radar can fold as of August 20, 2020.

{{DISPLAYTITLE: SPAA Radar & Sensor Systems}}


{{Notice|Due to constant updates to radar UI and in-game functionality of the system, it is recommended to manually refresh the page before browsing, to see if any example images were updated.}}

War Thunder [[Update 1.87 "Locked On"]] introduced mechanics for radars and other sensors. The new mechanics replaced an "arcade-style" lead indicator previously present, and a greater number of aircraft and SPAA vehicles which were historically equipped with radars gained access to the new features allowing for a more in-depth, realistic and a historic feel when playing them.

Prior to this update, SPAA's equipped with radars were able to use an Arcade battles style lead indicator in realistic and simulator battle modes. While the targeting reticles tended to be extremely inaccurate, they were nonetheless helpful to the operator, giving them a general idea of there to shoot. After the update, the arcade-style lead indicator was removed. SPAA vehicles are now equipped with various radars and other sensor systems which provide the ability to detect and/or track aircraft. Vehicles with this capability have a radar display visible as part of the in-game interface, the location of detected air targets is displayed on this interface. In addition for vehicles equipped with tracking systems the player may lock onto targets, this proves an accurate range and relative velocity information about the target and, when the target is close enough, an accurate lead indicator.

Although such systems provide SPAA players with distinct battlefield advantages, many come with risks to their use. A number of modern helicopters are equipped with Radar Warning Receivers (RWR), which are capable of detecting radar emissions from SPAAs and altering the helicopter pilot to their position.

With the release of [[Update 1.89]], the functionality of radars and other sensors was changed. Tracking errors were added, meaning that lead indicators are less accurate at longer ranges and aircraft flying at low altitudes (less than 100 m from terrain) became harder to track. Although less effective than previously, radars are still a very useful tool to have.

==Ground radar / sensors controls==
Below is a table showing all the key-bindings associated with the use of radars and other sensors on ground vehicles. It is recommended to change the default key bindings to make radar systems easier to use.

{| class="wikitable" style="text-align:center"
! colspan="3" | Radar / Sensor Controls
|-
! Control name
! Default Keybind (PC keyboard & mouse)
! Description
|-
| Switch radar search on / off || Alt + R || Turns the vehicle's search radar (or other types of search sensor) on or off.
|-
| Change radar mode || Unbound || Unknown
|-
| Change radar search mode || Unbound || Toggles between the radars search modes e.g. sector scan or 360° scan (see radar pages for scan modes supported)
|-
| Change radar scope scale || Unbound || Changes the range scale of the radar display
|-
| Select radar target to lock on || Alt + T || Selects which target on the display to lock on to
|-
| Lock radar target on || Alt + F || Locks onto the selected or nearest target on radar display. In sniper/gunner view: Force '''tracking''' sensor sweep and attempt to lock on the target in the crosshairs with it, or onto the first aircraft the tracker detects.
|-
| Switch radar indicator type || Unbound || Switches between a Plan Position Indicator (PPI) radar display and a B-Scope radar display
|-
|}

{{Notice| Despite being on the same button, locking on with search sensor and tracking sensor '''is not''' the same thing - even if your search radar cannot track something, maybe your tracking radar can. Practice your radar controls in test drive before going on the field.}}

==Radars and Sensors User Interface==
This section will cover the general user interface for ground vehicles with radars and sensors; some sensors have slight differences in their interfaces which will be covered in their own subsection. For the images in this section, a [[Gepard]] is used. All SPAA vehicles with radars and other sensors gain a radar display and compass on their HUD.
===Radar Display===
[[File:Ground_Radars_General.png|300px|thumb|right|A general depiction of the radar display. The default PPI display is at the top with the B-Scope display shown below.]]

There are two types of radar display (see image to the right) which the player can choose from. The default display is a Plan Position Indicator (PPI) display; by pressing the "Switch radar indicator type" key the player can change this to a B-Scope display if they wish.

The PPI is a circular display showing a top-down representation of the airspace around the player's vehicle; the display is a "North Up" format meaning that north is always at the top of the display.

The player's vehicle is located in the centre of the display and a line indicates what direction the turret is facing. If the search radar/sensor is turned on (evident by the presence of a lightning bolt above the display) then a line will appear, moving around the display, representing where the sensor is pointing. There are also pale lines extending from the centre of the display to the edge, these are spaced apart at 30°, and along with the bearing markers on the radar display and compass allow you to work out in which direction a target is located. There are also 4 rings (including the outside edge of the display) within the display, these are evenly spaced and allow you to work out how far away a detected target is (divide the range setting by four to get the distance between rings). If the vehicle has a tracking system then a darker region will be present indicating the area within which targets can be tracked (the area will usually move with the movement of the tank's turret).

The B-Scope is a rectangular display proving a 2D top-down representation of space. The player's vehicle is located at the bottom of the display. The horizontal axis shows what azimuth the target is from the player, and the vertical axis shows distance. North is locked in the middle of the display with -180° in azimuth shown on the left-hand side of the display, and +180 in azimuth shown on the right-hand side of the display. A vertical line represents the direction the turret is facing, and a thicker line represents the sweep of the scanner (when it is turned on). Again there are four range lines which can be used to work out how far away radar targets are. The tracking area is displayed as a darkened box on the display.

====Radar Target Types====
[[File:Radar_Target_Types.png|800px|thumb|left|The different types of targets which can be present on the radar display. Fast moving targets will be represented by a line instead of a dot, but designations will remain same.]]
{{break}}
There are different types of targets which can appear on the radar display, these are shown above. When a target is detected by a search radar (or another type of search sensor) it will most often show up on the radar display as a normal radar target (left-most example in image). If the vehicle's search system is equipped with an Identification Friend or Foe (IFF) system then targets which are on your team will be displayed with a line under them (right-most example), if an IFF system is not present then all targets will be displayed as normal targets on the radar display.

One of the targets within the vehicle's tracking area on the display will be chosen as the selected target and displayed with a vertical bar on each side of it. The selected target is the one which will be locked on to when the "Lock radar target on" button is pressed. The selected target can be changed to another one within the lock-on-area by pressing the "Select radar target to lock on" key. Targets which have been locked on to are displayed with a solid square around them.

===Compass and Tracked Targets===
[[File:Radar compass and tracking.jpg|500x500px|thumb|right|The interface for the compass and a tracked target]]
In addition to a radar display SPAA vehicles also have a compass present on the HUD, located at the top of the screen. This compass shows what direction the turret is pointing in degrees (0° is due north). Targets which are detected will also be displayed on the compass as triangles. If a target is locked then a solid box appears around its triangle.

When a target is locked onto a box will appear around it. Next, to the box, the distance between the target and the player's vehicle, as well as its speed relative to the player's vehicle will be displayed. Once the target closes to a suitable range an accurate firing indicator will appear.

If the lock on a target is lost for any reason then the tracking square around the target will drift and start flashing to show that it has been lost, after a few seconds it will disappear.

When a target is tracked, the turret will receive the targeting information feed and use it to adjust ammunition self-destruction fuse delays as well as follow the target automatically. When this happens the targeting reticle which appears has a high level of accuracy, as long as the target maintains speed and bearing and does not dramatically alter its speed, course or direction.

==SPAA Sensor Types==

The sensor systems in War Thunder can be categorised into Active Radar systems and Passive Systems. Active radar systems work by transmitting radio waves at a target and detecting those which bounce back, while passive systems use a variety of techniques to allow them to carry out their job passively (i.e. without emitting anything).

Sensor systems also differ in roles, either falling into the category of search systems or tracking systems. When activated search systems will scan the area around the SPAA and display any targets they detect on the radar display and compass. Tracking systems do not detect targets; instead, they lock on to a single target and provide information about it, as well as a firing lead indicator. Most SPAAs have both a search and tracking system allowing them to detect targets and then lock onto them. Some SPAAs however only have tracking systems; in this case, the user must manually place the crosshairs over a visible target to lock the radar onto it. It is possible for vehicles to have a mix of sensor systems. For example the [[ADATS]] has a search radar and an infrared tracking system.

===Active Radar===

Active radar systems are by far the most common type of SPAA sensor; they work by transmitting radio waves at a target and detecting those which bounce back. They come with the disadvantage that these radio waves can be detected by Radar Warning Receivers (RWR) fitted to some aircraft, alerting the aircraft to the SPAA's location. Radar systems also have the disadvantage of suffering ground clutter (false returns from the ground making it harder to detect targets), the multipath effect (an effect where the tracking box appears below low flying aircraft instead of over it), and tracking inaccuracies.

{{Notice|Trees are half-transparent for radars. Radar distance shortens for every tree in its scan direction.|!}}

When the radar is in search mode and does not have a lock on a target, it will scan the area around the vehicle, either through a full 360° or within a limited sector. The current direction of the scanner is represented by a moving line on the radar display (usually thicker than the turret heading line). Targets can only be detected by the radar when it is pointing straight at them, and so a target's position will only be updated as the scanner sweep line passes over it. Be aware, that small planes are harder to detect due to their small profile and obstacles such as trees and hills will obscure radar's field of view, preventing detection or tracking of objects on the other side of them. Even if the search radar is offline or fails to spot a target it is usually still possible to manually position the crosshairs over a target and press the "Lock radar target on" key.

{{Notice|Radars cannot detect or track targets which have a relative speed which is too low|!}}
Another important consideration with radars is that they are incapable of detecting or tracking targets with a low relative speed. The relative speed is not the true speed which the target is actually moving; it is the speed which it is moving relative to the radar. If a target is flying in a circle around the player, moving at a speed near that of the rotation of the radar, then it is possible for their relative speed to drop to a point where it is too low to track/detect.

Radars also have a minimum range, below which they cannot detect or track targets. See individual radar pages for the minimum range and speed characteristics of each radar.

{{Notice|Different radars have different characteristics, a target detectable by a vehicle's search radar may not be visible to its tracking radar and vice versa.}}

If the search radar has detected a target within the radar's locking area (darker area of the radar display) on of the targets in that area will be marked as selected (two vertical lines around it), a lock can be acquired on the selected target by pressing the "Lock radar target on" key. The selected target can be changed by pressing the "Select radar target to lock on" key if a target has been detected in the area but cannot be selected it means it is visible to the search radar but not the tracking radar. When a selected target is locked on to the guns will automatically move to point at it, regardless of where they were pointing previously. Multiple targets (even allied aircraft) close together within the field of the tracking radar can confuse the tracking radar and cause tracking problems, including the loss of a target lock, or the lock transitioning to another aircraft. In the event of multiple aircraft in the search area, it is recommended to switch to gunner view and manually attack targets to ensure not accidentally shooting down any friendly aircraft.

{{Notice|The darker area on the display is the area within which targets can initially be locked on to. Once locked on some radars can track a target even outside of this area.}}

Once a solid lock is achieved, the only concern now is preventing your opponent from dodging the incoming volley of ammunition. For this reason, conservation of ammunition is important and the gunner should not waste ammo firing in long continuous bursts in the same direction if your SPAA's accuracy is adequate.

[[File:Radar_shot_marksman.jpg|none|thumb|500x400px|Enemy plane suffered a serious hit. Even if they somehow escape the rest of the volley, they're out of fighting capability and may crash soon.]]

====Combined Search / Track Radars====
[[File:Radar_Without_TWS.png|300px|thumb|right|A radar without TWS, notice how all other targets are removed from the display when a target is locked.]]
Most SPAA vehicles operate two separate radars or sensors, one for searching and one for tracking. Some vehicles, however, operate a single combined search and tracking radar. These systems operate much the same as regular radars, however, nearly all of them lack Track While Scan (TWS) capability. As a result, when you lock onto a target with such radar, you lose search functionality and cannot see any targets other than the one you are tracking. By comparison, vehicles using a separate search and tracking radar are able to still use their search radar while the tracking radar is active.

====Radar Range Finders====

In real life radar range finding systems were used as a simpler way of proving radar tracking like capability. Rangefinders work by calculating the distance between two objects. There are two main components of a radio rangefinder are the transmitter unit and the receiver unit. The transmitter's job is to transmit a signal, usually, several hundred times a second and then wait. If an object such as an aircraft is hit by the transmitted signals from the rangefinder they will bounce off of the aircraft and reflect back to the SPAA to be received by the receiver.

The rangefinder's processing unit will calculate the time between when the signal was transmitted and received and use it to calculate the distance to the target. The more often the transmitters transmit, the more reflections are received giving the rangefinder an up-to-date distance to the moving aircraft. With this data, the SPAA can set fuses for self-destroying ammo causing it to automatically explode near to where the tracked aircraft is showing to be, not requiring a direct hit, but close enough to cause damage through exploding shells. The range of information can also be used to calculate a firing lead indicator.

In-game radar range finders work like tracking radars, however vehicles equipped with them have no search radar, to the target must be manually identified and locked.
[[File:Rangefinder radar display.jpg|none|thumb|How radar display looks with rangefinder only. There will be no searching going on, and no passive scanning.]]

To use the radar rangefinder substitute, you have to go to gunner (sniper) sight and direct the targeting crosshairs onto the target enemy aircraft, then press the "Lock radar target on" key.

As a result, lock-on will occur:
[[File:M163 radio lock-on.JPG|none|thumb|500x500px|M163 locked on. Always make sure trees do not obscure the gunner's view.]]

All that is left is to aim the true targeting reticle and open fire on the enemy aircraft.

The above information is also true for vehicles such as the [[SIDAM 25]] which use an optronic tracking system, without search functionality.

{{Notice|Although the SIDAM 25's tracker can track targets in an elevation range of -20°/+85° once locked on, it can only initially lock on to targets between -20°/+20° in elevation.}}

====Sector Scan Radar Mode====
Some search radars support sector scanning as well as 360°. The scan mode can be changed by pressing the "Change radar search mode" key. In Sector scanning mode the radar moves back and forth, scanning a sector between two angles. The scanning sector is relative to the front of the turret, so if the turret moves the sector covered by the radar moves also.
[[File:Sector view radar.jpg|none|thumb|300px|Sector view radar. In case of these radars, the system only actively looks for an enemy in a small sector in front of your turret (represented by dark green field).]]

====Line of Sight Scan Radar Mode====
Some radars also support Line of Sight searching, again this can be selected by pressing the "Change radar search mode" key. This mode will stop the radar dish from spinning and lock it facing the front of the turret. In this mode the radar is only scanning a very narrow sector dead in front of the turret, so you need to point straight at aircraft in order to detect them. Since the radar is static in this mode, it is advisable to move the turret a bit, just in case if the plane took a bit different route to where you think it is. You also should note, that smaller planes that fly near to ground are harder to detect, and even this trick might not work on them.

===Passive Infrared and Optronic Systems===

After a certain point, air forces realised the danger of radars to their ranks and started using specific radar-seeking missiles, which were able to automatically detect and guide straight onto radars and destroy them.

As a way to avoid this new threat entirely, passive systems which were capable of detecting and tracking aircraft without emitting radar were developed.

One method known as optronic tracking uses a powerful camera controlled by the gunner. The gunner manually identifies the target and locks into it, a computer then uses the video feed of a target to track it and provide a firing lead indicator.

Other method uses infrared sensors to detect the infrared energy emitted from aircraft in order to detect and track them.

These systems tend to have a short-range by Radar standard but are capable of doing the job while being unnoticed by anti-radar detectors.

====Using Passive Infrared Systems====
[[File:Passive_IR_Search_System_UI.png|300px|thumb|right|The interface for Passive IR search, notice how all targets are marked at a fixed range, with only azimuth different.]]
The user interface for passive infrared systems feels about the same as radar. The most noticeable difference at first glance is that power symbol is replaced by letters "IRST". However another difference soon becomes more apparent: infrared '''search''' systems are incapable of telling the range to a target, as such all targets are displayed at the same range around the edge of the display, with only the azimuth being different between them. This is compensated by ability of system to tell if target is hostile or not.

{{Notice|Trees are non transparent for optical sights and guiding devices, such as ADATS tracker or Stormer SPAAGs. Try to not choose positions next to a forest, if possible.|!}}

While this is a serious downgrade, it starts making sense when you actually try to lock on and observe the way IRST targeting sensors work.

Generally, due to low range of infrared tracking systems they are used on vehicles equipped with Anti-Air missiles, which can compensate for the system weaknesses. Overall, infrared tracking does seem to be slightly less accurate and reliable than radar tracking, and heavily relies on optical tracking from sniper seat. For this reason, these kinds of systems require a higher level of "targeting" on crew gunner for better turret tracking and high coordination of the player, as you have to guide very sensitive missiles towards the target as precisely as you can.

{{Notice|The [[Stormer HVM]] has no guns, so there is no lead indicator for this vehicle. The [[ADATS]] does have a lead indicator for its infrared Tracker.}}

[[File:Stormer HMV passive system lock on.jpg|none|thumb|500x400px]]

As could be seen on screenshot above, in full IRST mode sniper crosshair tries to imitate the drag of missile as it tracks the aircraft, by keeping sniper crosshairs on plane you can guide your missile towards an aircraft. Keeping an actual missile on target is more important, however, as system accuracy is generally far from stellar.

Do note, that a plane approaching at a sharp angle will mess with turret automatic guidance, due to it passing by too fast. It is also worth remembering, that SPAA, which rely purely on IRST, have huge gaps in optical zooms, and maximum zoom '''does not equal best missile tracking'''.

[[File:Stormer HVM hit with weird lock-on data.jpg|none|thumb|500x400px]]

As example, Stormer HVM has 10-40X optics, which can be manually adgusted during AA duty, but simply hitting "maximum zoom" will probably result in a miss. Since it is extremely inconvenient to toggle zoom level every time, one can remain in sniper seat and use radar display to lock-on to targets around - spin the turret in direction of your next target on display and try to lock on, the targeting device will do the rest.

==Sensor guidance errors==

While in-game lock-on ballistic calculations are absolute and are always correct, since [[update 1.89]] the guidance error can happen. If you will not pay attention to those, your volley may miss entirely.

===Unstable lock-on===

The more things there are in between of SPAA and plane and the closer the tracking sensor is to its limits, the more lock-on scope "shakes". Eventually, it may start going all over the place and even detach from aircraft. This makes radar-guided reticle less than absolutely accurate and may decrease timing accuracy of proximity fuse shells.

[[File:Sensor error - unstable lock sniper.jpg|thumb|left|As clearly seen here, there is no way sniper would know that the scope is detached from plane, and the error is actually quite big for a 35 mm gun]]

{{break}}

This error is the most dangerous when you fire while using sniper scope, as it's often hard to see both the aircraft and ballistic solution reticle at the same time, so you may not even notice it for a while.

Ingame, the ballistic solution is usually still correct, but your sensor thinks, that aircraft is located in another spot, thus giving you an incorrect firing angle. To counter this error, look how far and in which direction the lock-on square is separated from the actual aircraft and adjust your aim at "true aiming reticle" in opposite direction, firing to where the enemy plane would actually be.

[[File:Sensor error - counter unstable lock.jpg|thumb|left|Shift gun around the reticle to compensate for wobbly radar lock indicator. Note, that the worse lock becomes, the more scope moves around.]]

{{break}}

To avoid getting this error at all, it is better to stay in high and open spot and track at range and angle comfortable for your tracking device, but it makes you more vulnerable to enemy fire, and many hostile aircrafts can attack you back while being well outside of your comfort zone, so it is safer to just get used to it.

===Multipath (Ground echo)===

If hostile aircraft is flying very low (~100 m away from the ground), the ground will start jamming radar-based signal with similar signature echo, bringing the "lock-on" tracker down to the ground.

This error is very confusing, so being prepared is the key. To counter the error, keep your distance and aim where your radar says to, but adjust the height to one at which the plane is flying manually. Resist any attempts of the turret to follow the reticle under the ground. In case of 10.0 SAM you may fire missile at aircraft directly and hope it can intercept plane in time.

[[File:Sensor error - ground echo.JPG|thumb|left|ADATS intercepts low flying jet. Since it's missile is extremely fast, it ignores gun reticle and just tries to hit plane with proximity missile, but it technically could fire gun and still hit a target.]]

{{break}}

==Drawbacks of Using the Radar==

Certain helicopters have a radar detection system, and as such, whenever the radar waves from your vehicle’s radar "hit" them, they see radar alerts. These alerts appear in the form of a lighting symbol appearing on their own "counter radar" display, to indicate roughly what direction a radar is in. The more sophisticated "counter-radar" is, the better it is at telling what is searching for the helicopter, where from and so on. Most versions of it it also trigger sound alert, when radar starts actively tracking them, so if your tracking device is also a radar, they '''will''' know you are about to shoot them down.


Here is an example of what happens, when you got noticed by a helicopter:
[[File:Radar detection ATGM helicopter.jpg|none|thumb]]

Certain helicopters and planes may have no problems with carpet-bombing your position with rockets, just to make sure you aren't going to fire at them ever again. To avoid being bombed like this, you can turn the radar off when you don't need it. This will shut down radar search, but you can usually still lock on to targets (As already mentioned, be aware, that your tracking device may use radar technology as well, and by themselves can still trigger radar warnings). Certain SPAA's also fold their radar behind them, making their profile much smaller and harder to notice by tanks around them.

Vehicles operating passive systems are immune to Radar Warning Receivers.

==SPAA's Which Have Radars and Other Sensors==

{| class="wikitable" style="text-align:center"
! colspan="4" | SPAA vehicles with radars or other sensor systems
|-
! Vehicle Name
! Search System
! Tracking System
! Comments
|-
| [[M163]] || None || [[AN/VPS-2]] (Radar Range Finder) || Only has a radar range finder mounted on the side of the turret
|-
| [[M247]] || AN/APG-66 (Search Radar) || [[Albis]] (Tracking Radar) || Radar cannot be folded. Uses [[Albis]] as generic tracking radar.
|-
| [[ADATS]] || ADATS Search (Search Radar) || ADATS Track (Passive Infared Tracker) || Search radar can fold.
|-
| [[Gepard]] || [[MPDR 12]] (Search Radar) || [[Albis]] (Tracking Radar) || Search radar can fold. [[Albis]] is historically correct radar.
|-
| [[FlaRakPz 1]] || Roland Search (Search Radar) || Roland Track (Tracking Radar) || Tracking radar can fold, search cannot.
|-
| [[ZSU-23-4]] || [[1RL33]] (Search Radar) || [[1RL33]] (Tracking Radar) || Radar cannot be folded. Combined search and track radar without TWS capability.
|-
| [[ZPRK 2S6]] || [[1RL144]] (Search Radar) || [[1RL144]] (Tracking Radar) || Search radar can be folded. Combined search and track radar with TWS functionality.
|-
| [[Chieftain Marksman]] || [[Marconi S 400]] (Search Radar) || [[Marconi S 400]] (Tracking Radar) || Radar can be folded. Combined search and track radar without TWS capability.
|-
| [[Stormer HVM]] || Thales ADAD (Passive Infared Search) || Thales ADAD (Passive Infared Track) || Sensor cannot be folded (is very very small though).
|-
| [[Type 87]] || [[MPDR 12]] (Search Radar) || [[Albis]] (Tracking Radar) || Radars cannot be folded. Radars semi-historical.
|-
| [[SIDAM 25]] || None || [[3JB10]] (Optronic Tracker) || Tracker cannot be folded, very small though.
|-
| [[OTOMATIC]] || [[SMA VPS-A05]] (Search Radar) || [[SMA VPG-A06]] (Tracking Radar) || Radar can be folded.
|-
| [[AMX-30 DCA]] || [[DR-VC-1A]] (Search Radar) || [[Albis]] (Tracking Radar) || Radar cannot be folded. Uses [[Albis]] as generic tracking radar.
|-
| [[Roland 1]] || Roland Search (Search Radar) || ADATS Track (Passive Infared Tracker) || Radar cannot be folded
|-
| [[SIDAM 25 (Mistral)]] || ??? || ??? || Required information regarding missile lock (A-A Missile lock or guided missile?)
|-
|}

== Media ==

{{Youtube-gallery|3BbIiDovPPk|'''The Shooting Range #139''' - ''Tactics and strategy'' section at 09:26 discusses the basics of SPAA radars.|luvhoX8Ht1I|'''War Thunder''' - New anti-air defence.|Wq9qHd_TCgk|'''The Shooting Range #184''' - ''Tactics and strategy'' section at 09:26 discusses the tactical use of radar-equipped SPAAs and the typical mistakes to avoid.|tcIeR_s6fp8|'''The Shooting Range #204''' - ''Tactics & Strategy'' section at 09:23 discusses the radars.}}

== External links ==


* [[wt:en/news/6064-development-radar-station-new-opportunities-in-the-game-en|[Devblog] Radar Station: New opportunities in the game]]

[[Category:Game_mechanics]]
[[Category:Radars]]

SPAA radars

2020-08-15T05:01:14Z

U16697154: Relocating notice to top of page instead of center.

{{DISPLAYTITLE: SPAA Radar & Sensor Systems}}


{{Notice|Due to constant updates to radar UI and in-game functionality of the system, it is recommended to manually refresh the page before browsing, to see if any example images were updated.}}

War Thunder [[Update 1.87 "Locked On"]] introduced mechanics for radars and other sensors. The new mechanics replaced an "arcade-style" lead indicator previously present, and a greater number of aircraft and SPAA vehicles which were historically equipped with radars gained access to the new features allowing for a more in-depth, realistic and a historic feel when playing them.

Prior to this update, SPAA's equipped with radars were able to use an Arcade battles style lead indicator in realistic and simulator battle modes. While the targeting reticles tended to be extremely inaccurate, they were nonetheless helpful to the operator, giving them a general idea of there to shoot. After the update, the arcade-style lead indicator was removed. SPAA vehicles are now equipped with various radars and other sensor systems which provide the ability to detect and/or track aircraft. Vehicles with this capability have a radar display visible as part of the in-game interface, the location of detected air targets is displayed on this interface. In addition for vehicles equipped with tracking systems the player may lock onto targets, this proves an accurate range and relative velocity information about the target and, when the target is close enough, an accurate lead indicator.

Although such systems provide SPAA players with distinct battlefield advantages, many come with risks to their use. A number of modern helicopters are equipped with Radar Warning Receivers (RWR), which are capable of detecting radar emissions from SPAAs and altering the helicopter pilot to their position.

With the release of [[Update 1.89]], the functionality of radars and other sensors was changed. Tracking errors were added, meaning that lead indicators are less accurate at longer ranges and aircraft flying at low altitudes (less than 100 m from terrain) became harder to track. Although less effective than previously, radars are still a very useful tool to have.

==Ground radar / sensors controls==
Below is a table showing all the key-bindings associated with the use of radars and other sensors on ground vehicles. It is recommended to change the default key bindings to make radar systems easier to use.

{| class="wikitable" style="text-align:center"
! colspan="3" | Radar / Sensor Controls
|-
! Control name
! Default Keybind (PC keyboard & mouse)
! Description
|-
| Switch radar search on / off || Alt + R || Turns the vehicle's search radar (or other types of search sensor) on or off.
|-
| Change radar mode || Unbound || Unknown
|-
| Change radar search mode || Unbound || Toggles between the radars search modes e.g. sector scan or 360° scan (see radar pages for scan modes supported)
|-
| Change radar scope scale || Unbound || Changes the range scale of the radar display
|-
| Select radar target to lock on || Alt + T || Selects which target on the display to lock on to
|-
| Lock radar target on || Alt + F || Locks onto the selected or nearest target on radar display. In sniper/gunner view: Force '''tracking''' sensor sweep and attempt to lock on the target in the crosshairs with it, or onto the first aircraft the tracker detects.
|-
| Switch radar indicator type || Unbound || Switches between a Plan Position Indicator (PPI) radar display and a B-Scope radar display
|-
|}

{{Notice| Despite being on the same button, locking on with search sensor and tracking sensor '''is not''' the same thing - even if your search radar cannot track something, maybe your tracking radar can. Practice your radar controls in test drive before going on the field.}}

==Radars and Sensors User Interface==
This section will cover the general user interface for ground vehicles with radars and sensors; some sensors have slight differences in their interfaces which will be covered in their own subsection. For the images in this section, a [[Gepard]] is used. All SPAA vehicles with radars and other sensors gain a radar display and compass on their HUD.
===Radar Display===
[[File:Ground_Radars_General.png|300px|thumb|right|A general depiction of the radar display. The default PPI display is at the top with the B-Scope display shown below.]]

There are two types of radar display (see image to the right) which the player can choose from. The default display is a Plan Position Indicator (PPI) display; by pressing the "Switch radar indicator type" key the player can change this to a B-Scope display if they wish.

The PPI is a circular display showing a top-down representation of the airspace around the player's vehicle; the display is a "North Up" format meaning that north is always at the top of the display.

The player's vehicle is located in the centre of the display and a line indicates what direction the turret is facing. If the search radar/sensor is turned on (evident by the presence of a lightning bolt above the display) then a line will appear, moving around the display, representing where the sensor is pointing. There are also pale lines extending from the centre of the display to the edge, these are spaced apart at 30°, and along with the bearing markers on the radar display and compass allow you to work out in which direction a target is located. There are also 4 rings (including the outside edge of the display) within the display, these are evenly spaced and allow you to work out how far away a detected target is (divide the range setting by four to get the distance between rings). If the vehicle has a tracking system then a darker region will be present indicating the area within which targets can be tracked (the area will usually move with the movement of the tank's turret).

The B-Scope is a rectangular display proving a 2D top-down representation of space. The player's vehicle is located at the bottom of the display. The horizontal axis shows what azimuth the target is from the player, and the vertical axis shows distance. North is locked in the middle of the display with -180° in azimuth shown on the left-hand side of the display, and +180 in azimuth shown on the right-hand side of the display. A vertical line represents the direction the turret is facing, and a thicker line represents the sweep of the scanner (when it is turned on). Again there are four range lines which can be used to work out how far away radar targets are. The tracking area is displayed as a darkened box on the display.

====Radar Target Types====
[[File:Radar_Target_Types.png|800px|thumb|left|The different types of targets which can be present on the radar display. Fast moving targets will be represented by a line instead of a dot, but designations will remain same.]]
{{break}}
There are different types of targets which can appear on the radar display, these are shown above. When a target is detected by a search radar (or another type of search sensor) it will most often show up on the radar display as a normal radar target (left-most example in image). If the vehicle's search system is equipped with an Identification Friend or Foe (IFF) system then targets which are on your team will be displayed with a line under them (right-most example), if an IFF system is not present then all targets will be displayed as normal targets on the radar display.

One of the targets within the vehicle's tracking area on the display will be chosen as the selected target and displayed with a vertical bar on each side of it. The selected target is the one which will be locked on to when the "Lock radar target on" button is pressed. The selected target can be changed to another one within the lock-on-area by pressing the "Select radar target to lock on" key. Targets which have been locked on to are displayed with a solid square around them.

===Compass and Tracked Targets===
[[File:Radar compass and tracking.jpg|500x500px|thumb|right|The interface for the compass and a tracked target]]
In addition to a radar display SPAA vehicles also have a compass present on the HUD, located at the top of the screen. This compass shows what direction the turret is pointing in degrees (0° is due north). Targets which are detected will also be displayed on the compass as triangles. If a target is locked then a solid box appears around its triangle.

When a target is locked onto a box will appear around it. Next, to the box, the distance between the target and the player's vehicle, as well as its speed relative to the player's vehicle will be displayed. Once the target closes to a suitable range an accurate firing indicator will appear.

If the lock on a target is lost for any reason then the tracking square around the target will drift and start flashing to show that it has been lost, after a few seconds it will disappear.

When a target is tracked, the turret will receive the targeting information feed and use it to adjust ammunition self-destruction fuse delays as well as follow the target automatically. When this happens the targeting reticle which appears has a high level of accuracy, as long as the target maintains speed and bearing and does not dramatically alter its speed, course or direction.

==SPAA Sensor Types==

The sensor systems in War Thunder can be categorised into Active Radar systems and Passive Systems. Active radar systems work by transmitting radio waves at a target and detecting those which bounce back, while passive systems use a variety of techniques to allow them to carry out their job passively (i.e. without emitting anything).

Sensor systems also differ in roles, either falling into the category of search systems or tracking systems. When activated search systems will scan the area around the SPAA and display any targets they detect on the radar display and compass. Tracking systems do not detect targets; instead, they lock on to a single target and provide information about it, as well as a firing lead indicator. Most SPAAs have both a search and tracking system allowing them to detect targets and then lock onto them. Some SPAAs however only have tracking systems; in this case, the user must manually place the crosshairs over a visible target to lock the radar onto it. It is possible for vehicles to have a mix of sensor systems. For example the [[ADATS]] has a search radar and an infrared tracking system.

===Active Radar===

Active radar systems are by far the most common type of SPAA sensor; they work by transmitting radio waves at a target and detecting those which bounce back. They come with the disadvantage that these radio waves can be detected by Radar Warning Receivers (RWR) fitted to some aircraft, alerting the aircraft to the SPAA's location. Radar systems also have the disadvantage of suffering ground clutter (false returns from the ground making it harder to detect targets), the multipath effect (an effect where the tracking box appears below low flying aircraft instead of over it), and tracking inaccuracies.

{{Notice|Trees are half-transparent for radars. Radar distance shortens for every tree in its scan direction.|!}}

When the radar is in search mode and does not have a lock on a target, it will scan the area around the vehicle, either through a full 360° or within a limited sector. The current direction of the scanner is represented by a moving line on the radar display (usually thicker than the turret heading line). Targets can only be detected by the radar when it is pointing straight at them, and so a target's position will only be updated as the scanner sweep line passes over it. Be aware, that small planes are harder to detect due to their small profile and obstacles such as trees and hills will obscure radar's field of view, preventing detection or tracking of objects on the other side of them. Even if the search radar is offline or fails to spot a target it is usually still possible to manually position the crosshairs over a target and press the "Lock radar target on" key.

{{Notice|Radars cannot detect or track targets which have a relative speed which is too low|!}}
Another important consideration with radars is that they are incapable of detecting or tracking targets with a low relative speed. The relative speed is not the true speed which the target is actually moving; it is the speed which it is moving relative to the radar. If a target is flying in a circle around the player, moving at a speed near that of the rotation of the radar, then it is possible for their relative speed to drop to a point where it is too low to track/detect.

Radars also have a minimum range, below which they cannot detect or track targets. See individual radar pages for the minimum range and speed characteristics of each radar.

{{Notice|Different radars have different characteristics, a target detectable by a vehicle's search radar may not be visible to its tracking radar and vice versa.}}

If the search radar has detected a target within the radar's locking area (darker area of the radar display) on of the targets in that area will be marked as selected (two vertical lines around it), a lock can be acquired on the selected target by pressing the "Lock radar target on" key. The selected target can be changed by pressing the "Select radar target to lock on" key if a target has been detected in the area but cannot be selected it means it is visible to the search radar but not the tracking radar. When a selected target is locked on to the guns will automatically move to point at it, regardless of where they were pointing previously. Multiple targets (even allied aircraft) close together within the field of the tracking radar can confuse the tracking radar and cause tracking problems, including the loss of a target lock, or the lock transitioning to another aircraft. In the event of multiple aircraft in the search area, it is recommended to switch to gunner view and manually attack targets to ensure not accidentally shooting down any friendly aircraft.

{{Notice|The darker area on the display is the area within which targets can initially be locked on to. Once locked on some radars can track a target even outside of this area.}}

Once a solid lock is achieved, the only concern now is preventing your opponent from dodging the incoming volley of ammunition. For this reason, conservation of ammunition is important and the gunner should not waste ammo firing in long continuous bursts in the same direction if your SPAA's accuracy is adequate.

[[File:Radar_shot_marksman.jpg|none|thumb|500x400px|Enemy plane suffered a serious hit. Even if they somehow escape the rest of the volley, they're out of fighting capability and may crash soon.]]

====Combined Search / Track Radars====
[[File:Radar_Without_TWS.png|300px|thumb|right|A radar without TWS, notice how all other targets are removed from the display when a target is locked.]]
Most SPAA vehicles operate two separate radars or sensors, one for searching and one for tracking. Some vehicles, however, operate a single combined search and tracking radar. These systems operate much the same as regular radars, however, nearly all of them lack Track While Scan (TWS) capability. As a result, when you lock onto a target with such radar, you lose search functionality and cannot see any targets other than the one you are tracking. By comparison, vehicles using a separate search and tracking radar are able to still use their search radar while the tracking radar is active.

====Radar Range Finders====

In real life radar range finding systems were used as a simpler way of proving radar tracking like capability. Rangefinders work by calculating the distance between two objects. There are two main components of a radio rangefinder are the transmitter unit and the receiver unit. The transmitter's job is to transmit a signal, usually, several hundred times a second and then wait. If an object such as an aircraft is hit by the transmitted signals from the rangefinder they will bounce off of the aircraft and reflect back to the SPAA to be received by the receiver.

The rangefinder's processing unit will calculate the time between when the signal was transmitted and received and use it to calculate the distance to the target. The more often the transmitters transmit, the more reflections are received giving the rangefinder an up-to-date distance to the moving aircraft. With this data, the SPAA can set fuses for self-destroying ammo causing it to automatically explode near to where the tracked aircraft is showing to be, not requiring a direct hit, but close enough to cause damage through exploding shells. The range of information can also be used to calculate a firing lead indicator.

In-game radar range finders work like tracking radars, however vehicles equipped with them have no search radar, to the target must be manually identified and locked.
[[File:Rangefinder radar display.jpg|none|thumb|How radar display looks with rangefinder only. There will be no searching going on, and no passive scanning.]]

To use the radar rangefinder substitute, you have to go to gunner (sniper) sight and direct the targeting crosshairs onto the target enemy aircraft, then press the "Lock radar target on" key.

As a result, lock-on will occur:
[[File:M163 radio lock-on.JPG|none|thumb|500x500px|M163 locked on. Always make sure trees do not obscure the gunner's view.]]

All that is left is to aim the true targeting reticle and open fire on the enemy aircraft.

The above information is also true for vehicles such as the [[SIDAM 25]] which use an optronic tracking system, without search functionality.

{{Notice|Although the SIDAM 25's tracker can track targets in an elevation range of -20°/+85° once locked on, it can only initially lock on to targets between -20°/+20° in elevation.}}

====Sector Scan Radar Mode====
Some search radars support sector scanning as well as 360°. The scan mode can be changed by pressing the "Change radar search mode" key. In Sector scanning mode the radar moves back and forth, scanning a sector between two angles. The scanning sector is relative to the front of the turret, so if the turret moves the sector covered by the radar moves also.
[[File:Sector view radar.jpg|none|thumb|300px|Sector view radar. In case of these radars, the system only actively looks for an enemy in a small sector in front of your turret (represented by dark green field).]]

====Line of Sight Scan Radar Mode====
Some radars also support Line of Sight searching, again this can be selected by pressing the "Change radar search mode" key. This mode will stop the radar dish from spinning and lock it facing the front of the turret. In this mode the radar is only scanning a very narrow sector dead in front of the turret, so you need to point straight at aircraft in order to detect them. Since the radar is static in this mode, it is advisable to move the turret a bit, just in case if the plane took a bit different route to where you think it is. You also should note, that smaller planes that fly near to ground are harder to detect, and even this trick might not work on them.

===Passive Infrared and Optronic Systems===

After a certain point, air forces realised the danger of radars to their ranks and started using specific radar-seeking missiles, which were able to automatically detect and guide straight onto radars and destroy them.

As a way to avoid this new threat entirely, passive systems which were capable of detecting and tracking aircraft without emitting radar were developed.

One method known as optronic tracking uses a powerful camera controlled by the gunner. The gunner manually identifies the target and locks into it, a computer then uses the video feed of a target to track it and provide a firing lead indicator.

Other method uses infrared sensors to detect the infrared energy emitted from aircraft in order to detect and track them.

These systems tend to have a short-range by Radar standard but are capable of doing the job while being unnoticed by anti-radar detectors.

====Using Passive Infrared Systems====
[[File:Passive_IR_Search_System_UI.png|300px|thumb|right|The interface for Passive IR search, notice how all targets are marked at a fixed range, with only azimuth different.]]
The user interface for passive infrared systems feels about the same as radar. The most noticeable difference at first glance is that power symbol is replaced by letters "IRST". However another difference soon becomes more apparent: infrared '''search''' systems are incapable of telling the range to a target, as such all targets are displayed at the same range around the edge of the display, with only the azimuth being different between them. This is compensated by ability of system to tell if target is hostile or not.

{{Notice|Trees are non transparent for optical sights and guiding devices, such as ADATS tracker or Stormer SPAAGs. Try to not choose positions next to a forest, if possible.|!}}

While this is a serious downgrade, it starts making sense when you actually try to lock on and observe the way IRST targeting sensors work.

Generally, due to low range of infrared tracking systems they are used on vehicles equipped with Anti-Air missiles, which can compensate for the system weaknesses. Overall, infrared tracking does seem to be slightly less accurate and reliable than radar tracking, and heavily relies on optical tracking from sniper seat. For this reason, these kinds of systems require a higher level of "targeting" on crew gunner for better turret tracking and high coordination of the player, as you have to guide very sensitive missiles towards the target as precisely as you can.

{{Notice|The [[Stormer HVM]] has no guns, so there is no lead indicator for this vehicle. The [[ADATS]] does have a lead indicator for its infrared Tracker.}}

[[File:Stormer HMV passive system lock on.jpg|none|thumb|500x400px]]

As could be seen on screenshot above, in full IRST mode sniper crosshair tries to imitate the drag of missile as it tracks the aircraft, by keeping sniper crosshairs on plane you can guide your missile towards an aircraft. Keeping an actual missile on target is more important, however, as system accuracy is generally far from stellar.

Do note, that a plane approaching at a sharp angle will mess with turret automatic guidance, due to it passing by too fast. It is also worth remembering, that SPAA, which rely purely on IRST, have huge gaps in optical zooms, and maximum zoom '''does not equal best missile tracking'''.

[[File:Stormer HVM hit with weird lock-on data.jpg|none|thumb|500x400px]]

As example, Stormer HVM has 10-40X optics, which can be manually adgusted during AA duty, but simply hitting "maximum zoom" will probably result in a miss. Since it is extremely inconvenient to toggle zoom level every time, one can remain in sniper seat and use radar display to lock-on to targets around - spin the turret in direction of your next target on display and try to lock on, the targeting device will do the rest.

==Sensor guidance errors==

While in-game lock-on ballistic calculations are absolute and are always correct, since [[update 1.89]] the guidance error can happen. If you will not pay attention to those, your volley may miss entirely.

===Unstable lock-on===

The more things there are in between of SPAA and plane and the closer the tracking sensor is to its limits, the more lock-on scope "shakes". Eventually, it may start going all over the place and even detach from aircraft. This makes radar-guided reticle less than absolutely accurate and may decrease timing accuracy of proximity fuse shells.

[[File:Sensor error - unstable lock sniper.jpg|thumb|left|As clearly seen here, there is no way sniper would know that the scope is detached from plane, and the error is actually quite big for a 35 mm gun]]

{{break}}

This error is the most dangerous when you fire while using sniper scope, as it's often hard to see both the aircraft and ballistic solution reticle at the same time, so you may not even notice it for a while.

Ingame, the ballistic solution is usually still correct, but your sensor thinks, that aircraft is located in another spot, thus giving you an incorrect firing angle. To counter this error, look how far and in which direction the lock-on square is separated from the actual aircraft and adjust your aim at "true aiming reticle" in opposite direction, firing to where the enemy plane would actually be.

[[File:Sensor error - counter unstable lock.jpg|thumb|left|Shift gun around the reticle to compensate for wobbly radar lock indicator. Note, that the worse lock becomes, the more scope moves around.]]

{{break}}

To avoid getting this error at all, it is better to stay in high and open spot and track at range and angle comfortable for your tracking device, but it makes you more vulnerable to enemy fire, and many hostile aircrafts can attack you back while being well outside of your comfort zone, so it is safer to just get used to it.

===Multipath (Ground echo)===

If hostile aircraft is flying very low (~100 m away from the ground), the ground will start jamming radar-based signal with similar signature echo, bringing the "lock-on" tracker down to the ground.

This error is very confusing, so being prepared is the key. To counter the error, keep your distance and aim where your radar says to, but adjust the height to one at which the plane is flying manually. Resist any attempts of the turret to follow the reticle under the ground. In case of 10.0 SAM you may fire missile at aircraft directly and hope it can intercept plane in time.

[[File:Sensor error - ground echo.JPG|thumb|left|ADATS intercepts low flying jet. Since it's missile is extremely fast, it ignores gun reticle and just tries to hit plane with proximity missile, but it technically could fire gun and still hit a target.]]

{{break}}

==Drawbacks of Using the Radar==

Certain helicopters have a radar detection system, and as such, whenever the radar waves from your vehicle’s radar "hit" them, they see radar alerts. These alerts appear in the form of a lighting symbol appearing on their own "counter radar" display, to indicate roughly what direction a radar is in. The more sophisticated "counter-radar" is, the better it is at telling what is searching for the helicopter, where from and so on. Most versions of it it also trigger sound alert, when radar starts actively tracking them, so if your tracking device is also a radar, they '''will''' know you are about to shoot them down.


Here is an example of what happens, when you got noticed by a helicopter:
[[File:Radar detection ATGM helicopter.jpg|none|thumb]]

Certain helicopters and planes may have no problems with carpet-bombing your position with rockets, just to make sure you aren't going to fire at them ever again. To avoid being bombed like this, you can turn the radar off when you don't need it. This will shut down radar search, but you can usually still lock on to targets (As already mentioned, be aware, that your tracking device may use radar technology as well, and by themselves can still trigger radar warnings). Certain SPAA's also fold their radar behind them, making their profile much smaller and harder to notice by tanks around them.

Vehicles operating passive systems are immune to Radar Warning Receivers.

==SPAA's Which Have Radars and Other Sensors==

{| class="wikitable" style="text-align:center"
! colspan="4" | SPAA vehicles with radars or other sensor systems
|-
! Vehicle Name
! Search System
! Tracking System
! Comments
|-
| [[M163]] || None || [[AN/VPS-2]] (Radar Range Finder) || Only has a radar range finder mounted on the side of the turret
|-
| [[M247]] || AN/APG-66 (Search Radar) || [[Albis]] (Tracking Radar) || Radar cannot be folded. Uses [[Albis]] as generic tracking radar.
|-
| [[ADATS]] || ADATS Search (Search Radar) || ADATS Track (Passive Infared Tracker) || Radars cannot be folded.
|-
| [[Gepard]] || [[MPDR 12]] (Search Radar) || [[Albis]] (Tracking Radar) || Search radar can fold. [[Albis]] is historically correct radar.
|-
| [[FlaRakPz 1]] || Roland Search (Search Radar) || Roland Track (Tracking Radar) || Tracking radar can fold, search cannot.
|-
| [[ZSU-23-4]] || [[1RL33]] (Search Radar) || [[1RL33]] (Tracking Radar) || Radar cannot be folded. Combined search and track radar without TWS capability.
|-
| [[ZPRK 2S6]] || [[1RL144]] (Search Radar) || [[1RL144]] (Tracking Radar) || Search radar can be folded. Combined search and track radar with TWS functionality.
|-
| [[Chieftain Marksman]] || [[Marconi S 400]] (Search Radar) || [[Marconi S 400]] (Tracking Radar) || Radar can be folded. Combined search and track radar without TWS capability.
|-
| [[Stormer HVM]] || Thales ADAD (Passive Infared Search) || Thales ADAD (Passive Infared Track) || Sensor cannot be folded (is very very small though).
|-
| [[Type 87]] || [[MPDR 12]] (Search Radar) || [[Albis]] (Tracking Radar) || Radars cannot be folded. Radars semi-historical.
|-
| [[SIDAM 25]] || None || [[3JB10]] (Optronic Tracker) || Tracker cannot be folded, very small though.
|-
| [[OTOMATIC]] || [[SMA VPS-A05]] (Search Radar) || [[SMA VPG-A06]] (Tracking Radar) || Radar can be folded.
|-
| [[AMX-30 DCA]] || [[DR-VC-1A]] (Search Radar) || [[Albis]] (Tracking Radar) || Radar cannot be folded. Uses [[Albis]] as generic tracking radar.
|-
| [[Roland 1]] || Roland Search (Search Radar) || ADATS Track (Passive Infared Tracker) || Radar cannot be folded
|-
| [[SIDAM 25 (Mistral)]] || ??? || ??? || Required information regarding missile lock (A-A Missile lock or guided missile?)
|-
|}

== Media ==

{{Youtube-gallery|3BbIiDovPPk|'''The Shooting Range #139''' - ''Tactics and strategy'' section at 09:26 discusses the basics of SPAA radars.|luvhoX8Ht1I|'''War Thunder''' - New anti-air defence.|Wq9qHd_TCgk|'''The Shooting Range #184''' - ''Tactics and strategy'' section at 09:26 discusses the tactical use of radar-equipped SPAAs and the typical mistakes to avoid.|tcIeR_s6fp8|'''The Shooting Range #204''' - ''Tactics & Strategy'' section at 09:23 discusses the radars.}}

== External links ==


* [[wt:en/news/6064-development-radar-station-new-opportunities-in-the-game-en|[Devblog] Radar Station: New opportunities in the game]]

[[Category:Game_mechanics]]
[[Category:Radars]]

Lightning F.6

2020-08-12T08:34:14Z

U16697154: Undo revision 66248 by U61398379 (talk). Please do not put notices on pages. The database will be updated in due time.

{{Specs-Card|code=lightning_f6}}

== Description ==

[[File:GarageImage_{{PAGENAME}}.jpg|420px|thumb|left]]
{{Break}}
The '''{{Specs|name}}''' is a rank {{Specs|rank}} British jet fighter {{Battle-rating}}. It was introduced in [[Update 1.97 "Viking Fury"]].

The Lightning is a very distinctive aircraft, with its unique stacked engine design, highly swept wings, and large ventral fuel tank. It was designed as a high performance interceptor aircraft, to defend against Soviet bombers, sacrificing range and flexibility for raw performance. With most of the fuselage taken up by the two powerful Rolls-Royce Avon engines, fuel had to be put wherever it could fit inside the wings (including inside the flaps), and in a large ventral fuel tank fitted to the underside of the aircraft. Another factor adding to the Lightning's unique appearance is the fitment of two air-to-air missiles to the sides of the forward fuselage.

In-game, the Lightning has decent acceleration, climb rate, and top speed; and can carry two Firestreak or Red Top missiles. While its missiles are not the best in the game they are still powerful weapons, although the limited quantity does require you to chose your shots carefully.

== General info ==
=== Flight performance ===


The Lightning F.6 possesses good acceleration and climb performance, although arguably not as good as late model MiG-21s, and some [[F-4 Phantom II (Family)|Phantoms]]. The Lightning's two powerful Avon 302 engines do however give it the unique capability of being able to supercruise (fly supersonic without afterburner) at all altitudes, something no other aircraft in the game can do. At sea level the Lightning can supercruise at Mach 1.03, with this generally increasing with altitude (for example at 5,000 m it can supercruise at Mach 1.07). The Lightning has a lower listed wing rip speed than other top tier jets such as MiG-21s and [[F-4 Phantom II (Family)|F-4 Phantoms]], however it due to its powerful engines it is capable of reaching (and exceeding) this speed in level flight, even with a full missile armament. This means that the Lightning is actually faster than many of its competitors in a low altitude chase situation, being able to reach Mach 1.08 safely at sea level and Mach 1.10 if you want to push it (structural failure tends to occur at this speed so be careful); Mach 1.14 can be safely reached at 1,000 m. Enemy aircraft can still catch you if they are coming out of a dive, but a surprising number will not be able to keep up in a prolonged chase with a Lightning. Supercruise can be used to give the Lightning longer endurance than other top tier jets, without having to sacrifice speed.

In real life the Lightning's optimal climb profile was to accelerate to 450 knots (833 km/h) and then enter a climb, adjusting the climb angle to maintaining 450 kts / Mach 0.87 (whichever is lower)<ref name="LightningF6ODM" />, and this method works well in game however a simpler approach can just be to accelerate to a reasonably high speed (around 1,000 km/h and enter a 30 degree climb). The Lightning is not a particularly manoeuvrable aircraft, however it can turn fairly well when at high subsonic speed and lower altitude, turning off the afterburner can also improve turning performance in some situations. The roll rate varies with speed and altitude, but is generally nothing special (bar a few speed / altitude combinations, where it rolls surprisingly well).

{| class="wikitable" style="text-align:center" width="70%"
! rowspan="2" | Characteristics
! colspan="2" | Max Speed (km/h at 12,192 m)
! rowspan="2" | Max altitude (metres)
! colspan="2" | Turn time (seconds)
! colspan="2" | Rate of climb (metres/second)
! rowspan="2" | Take-off run (metres)
|-
! AB !! RB !! AB !! RB !! AB !! RB
|-
! Stock
| 2,215 || 2,200 || rowspan="2" | {{Specs|ceiling}} || 27.9 || 28.2 || 150.7 || 141.4 || rowspan="2" | 850
|-
! Upgraded
| 2,386 || 2,290 || 24.4 || 26.0 || 195.3 || 172.0
|-
|}

==== Details ====
{| class="wikitable" style="text-align:center" width="50%"
|-
! colspan="6" | Features
|-
! Combat flaps !! Take-off flaps !! Landing flaps !! Air brakes !! Arrestor gear !! Drogue chute
|-
| X || ✓ || ✓ || ✓ || ✓ || ✓ 
|-
|}

{| class="wikitable" style="text-align:center" width="50%"
|-
! colspan="7" | Limits
|-
! rowspan="2" | Wings (km/h)
! rowspan="2" | Gear (km/h)
! colspan="3" | Flaps (km/h)
! colspan="2" | Max Static G
|-
! Combat !! Take-off !! Landing !! + !! -
|-
| {{Specs|destruction|body}} || {{Specs|destruction|gear}} || N/A || 720 || 463 || ~10 || ~6
|-
|}

{| class="wikitable" style="text-align:center"
|-
! colspan="4" | Optimal velocities (km/h)
|-
! Ailerons !! Rudder !! Elevators !! Radiator
|-
| < 850 || < 700 || < 700 || N/A
|-
|}

==== Engine performance ====
{| class="wikitable" style="text-align:center"
|-
! colspan="3" | Engine
! colspan="3" | Aircraft mass
|-
! colspan="2" | Engine name || Number
! colspan="1" | {{Annotation|Basic Mass|Mass of the aircraft with pilot and engine oil, but no fuel or weapons load}} || colspan="2" | Wing loading (full fuel)
|-
| colspan="2" | Rolls-Royce Avon Mk.302 || 2
| colspan="1" | 14,020 kg || colspan="2" | 437 kg/m2
|-
! colspan="3" | Engine characteristics
! colspan="2" | Mass with fuel (no weapons load) || rowspan="2" | Max Takeoff Weight
|-
! Weight (each) || colspan="2" | Type
! 5m fuel || 18m fuel
|-
| 1,310 kg || colspan="2" | Afterburning axial-flow turbojet
| 15,353 kg || 18,632 kg || 19,000 kg
|-
! colspan="3" | {{Annotation|Maximum engine thrust @ 0 m (RB / SB)|The maximum thrust produced by each engine, while mounted in the aircraft. NOTE: Thrust varies significantly depending on speed & altitude.}}
! colspan="3" | Thrust to weight ratio @ 0 m (WEP)
|-
! Condition || 100% || WEP
! 5m fuel || 18m fuel || MTOW
|-
| ''Stationary'' || 5,616 kgf || 7,413 kgf
| 0.97 || 0.80 || 0.78
|-
| ''Optimal'' || 5,616 kgf (0 km/h) || 7,747 kgf (1,000 km/h)
| 1.00 || 0.83 || 0.82
|-
|}

=== Survivability and armour ===


In line with its role as a high-performance interceptor aircraft the Lightning F.6 has no armoured plating or bulletproof glass, such additions would have increased the weight of the aircraft, while offering no real benefit for it's intended role.

Most of the inside of the wings (including the flaps) consists of fuel tanks, fuel is also stored in the ventral tank. The top engine is mounted above and to the rear of the bottom engine, this leaves it exposed to enemy fire; on the flip side the bottom engine is shielded from enemy fire by the top engine and wing fuel tanks, this makes is surprisingly resilient to damage, it is not uncommon for it to even continue functioning after the aircraft has been hit by a missile (although the rest of the aircraft will be well and truly broken afterwards).

The large belly tank and high wings of the Lightning mean it is able to survive belly landings very well.

== Armaments ==
=== Offensive armament===

{{main|ADEN (30 mm)}}

The '''''{{PAGENAME}}''''' is armed with:

* 2 x 30 mm ADEN cannon, mounted in bell tank (120 RPG = 240 total)

=== Suspended armament===

{{main|Firestreak|Red Top}}

The '''''{{PAGENAME}}''''' can be outfitted with the following ordenance:

* Without load
* 2 x Firestreak missiles
* 2 x Red Top missiles

== Usage in battles ==


In combined battles, pilots of the {{PAGENAME}} may find themselves unable to deal much damage against ground vehicles, especially without the use of rockets, anti-tank missiles, or bombs. As such, this fighter is better suited to dealing with enemy air targets such as helicopters, which are plentiful at the Lightning's battle rating.

Although it faces challenges there, air realistic battles are where the Lightning truly belongs. The F.6 is able to use its Red Top missiles to dispatch enemies from a distance. Best practice with the missiles is to fire when there is about a 1.5 km gap between the F.6 and the enemy aircraft. This gap gives the missile time to lock on its target and track the enemy. One downside to the Red Tops is that they are not particularly fast compared to other missiles at its tier and may have trouble manoeuvring to catch an enemy aircraft travelling at top speed.

The {{PAGENAME}} handles well at subsonic speeds, although dogfights at those speeds are not common at this battle rating. Flying slowly leaves the pilot vulnerable to nearby enemies. Among those enemies may be the [[MiG-21 F-13]], which the Lightning can often out-dogfight and the [[F-4 Phantom II (Family)|F-4C]], which the Lightning has an extremely difficult time trying to out-dogfight. The Lightning just doesn't have the energy retention that the Phantom does.

Keeping this in mind, it is advised that pilots use this plane as part of a team, rather than as an attempted solo carry. It is recommended that they climb to higher altitude early on in the match and by gaining as much energy as possible before dumping it in dogfight manoeuvres.

Enemy planes that the Lightning F.6 is well-suited to take on in a fight are the [[Mitsubishi T-2]], the [[F-100D]], and the [[MiG-19 (Family)|Mig-19s]] of all variants.

=== Modules ===
The Lightning is a difficult aircraft to use when stock. If you particularly dislike the stock ADEN cannons then you may wish to priorities the cannon upgrades, however generally it is advisable to focus on flight performance and missile upgrades. Once you gain the ability to unlock tier 2 modifications you should probably priorities the Firestreaks, they are far from the best missiles in the game, but they can be useful; after that the new boosters modification is worth getting to improve the general handling of the aircraft. For tier 3 modifications you should get the wings repair and engine upgrades (unless you really want the ADEN upgrades). For tier 4 you will probably want the Red Top missiles for all round better performance than the Firestreaks. After this you can research the rest of the upgrades according to personal preference.
{| class="wikitable"
!Tier
! colspan="2" |Flight performance
!Survivability
! colspan="2" |Weaponry
|-
|I
|Fuselage repair
|
|
|Offensive 30 mm
|
|-
|II
|New boosters
|Compressor
|Airframe
|
|Firestreak
|-
|III
|Wings repair
|Engine
|
|New 30 mm cannons
|
|-
|IV
|G-Suit
|
|Cover
|
|Red Top
|}

=== Pros and cons ===


'''Pros:'''

* Surprisingly good turn rate between 800 - 1,000 km/h indicated airspeed (IAS)
* Red Top missiles have good seeker gimballing, high-G overload, and an all-aspect capability with radar lock-on (slaving)
* Armed with a pair of powerful ADEN cannons
* Good climb rate and acceleration

'''Cons:'''

* A large target for enemy aircraft to target
* Pulls a high angle of attack and loses speed in turns
* Below average roll rate
* Limited armament selection, shoehorned more into an air-to-air combat role
* Sacrifices maneuverability for sheer speed
* Relatively low top speed (1,280 km/h IAS at sea level)

== History ==

===Background===
In February 1946 the British government cancelled the Miles M.52 programme, only a few months before the first prototype was due to fly. The M.52 was a supersonic research aircraft, designed to reach speeds in excess of 1,000 mph (1,600 km/h) and potentially become the first aircraft to achieve supersonic speeds in level flight.<ref name="LightningStrikesTwice">Bowman 2009</ref> The cancellation sent a message to the aviation industry that the British Government had little interest in the development of supersonic aircraft. This did not deter English Electric Company engineer W. E. W. Petter; from his work designing the Canberra bomber he could tell that current fighters would be incapable of intercepting such an aircraft, and so began sketching designs for a new supersonic fighter.<ref name="IconsLightningStory">Chorlton 2012</ref>

Petter lobbied the government to pursue supersonic aircraft development and in early 1947 presented his proposed design to the Ministry of Supply (MoS), to his surprise this lead to the MoS issuing specification ER.103 calling for companies to produce designs for a supersonic research aircraft capable of Mach 1.5 at 36,000 ft.<ref name="IconsLightningStory" /> English Electric set to work on their proposal, which would later be known as the P.1.

===Development===
By the middle of 1948 most of the P.1's key design features were in place, the aircraft would have two engines stacked one on top of the other (this allowed for 2x increase in thrust while only increasing frontal area by 1.5x) and highly swept wings. English Electric was given a contract to develop the design further through 1949; wind tunnel testing indicated that the tailplane should be moved from the top of the vertical stabiliser to the bottom of the fuselage, and the wing sweep increased from 40° to 60°.<ref name="EnglishElectricAircraft">Ransom and Fairclough 1987</ref> By the end of 1949 most of the P.1's design had been finalised.

In September 1949, the MoS released the first draft of specification F.23/49 laying out the requirements for a supersonic fighter aircraft. English Electric decided they could modify the P.1 design to meet the new F.23/49 specification. In April 1950, they received a contract to produce three prototype P.1 aircraft (two for flight testing and one for static testing).<ref name="EnglishElectricAircraft" /> Engineers at the Royal Aircraft Establishment (RAE) doubted English Electric's design for the P.1, believing that the aircraft should have had a 50° swept wing and kept the original high-mounted tailplane; this would lead to a second contract being handed to Short Brothers to produce an aircraft known as the SB.5. The SB.5 was a low-speed research aircraft (resembling the P.1) which facilitated the wings and tail being mounted in different configurations, with the aim being to find out whether English Electric or the RAE were correct. Later during testing it would be found that 60° was the optimal wing sweep and the high tail design would prove to be unstable in flight; proving English Electric correct in their design choices.<ref name="IconsLightningStory" />

In July 1952, while English Electric was working on building the P.1 prototypes, they were notified that the government intended to order a number of prototype fighters built to the F.23/49 specification, and so detailed design on the modified P.1 began. To avoid confusion, the two original P.1 aircraft would be known as P.1 and P.1A with the new fighter version known as the P.1B.<ref name="EnglishElectricAircraft" /> The official order for 3 P.1B prototypes was placed in August 1953 and was followed in February 1954 by an order for 20 P.1B development aircraft. The P.1 / P.1A were visually similar to the Lightning but had distinct differences; most notable were its use of non-afterburning Armstrong Siddeley Sapphire SA.5 engines and a significantly different cockpit and forward fuselage. The P.1 lacked the Lightning's distinctive shock cone intake, instead having a pear-shaped intake in the nose and also initially lacked the ventral fuel tank of production Lightnings. The P.1B was much closer to the production Lightning F.1 aircraft, being visually very similar, and incorporating most of the features of the production aircraft.<ref name="BurkeLightning">Burke 2016</ref>

The first P.1 was finished in May 1954 and taken to Boscombe Down, where it spent the next couple of months carrying out ground tests and fast taxi runs.<ref name="EnglishElectricAircraft" /> With tests progressing well, the first flight for the P.1 was set to be the 3rd August 1954. However, as test pilot Roland Beamont climbed into the cockpit for the first flight, he accidentally triggered the engine bay fire extinguishers; with the rest of the day spent cleaning up the fire retardant the flight had to be postponed until the next day.<ref name="IconsLightningStory" /> The P.1 first flew on 4th August 1954, and shortly afterwards on its third flight it went supersonic, supercruising at Mach 1.02; in subsequent flights super-cruise at Mach 1.08 in level flight would be achieved and in one flight the aircraft would eventually reach a speed of Mach 1.22.<ref name="EnglishElectricAircraft" /> The second P.1 prototype, known as P.1A, flew on 18th July 1955, featuring a ventral tank, twin 30 mm ADEN cannons mounted above the intake, and redesigned flaps.<ref name="LightningMk1_6">Darling 2008</ref> While the P.1A was undergoing testing, the original P.1 prototype was modified with Sapphire SA.5R engines which produced less dry thrust than the SA.5's but featured reheat (afterburner) which gave them much greater thrust than the SA.5 when engaged. With the new engines the P.1 could reach Mach 1.56; the P.1A was never fitted with the new engines. During testing of the P.1, problems with the cockpit canopy became apparent, on one test flight in August 1955 while the aircraft was flying at Mach 0.95 the canopy broke away from the aircraft. The test pilot was able to land without further incident, and the canopy locking mechanism was adjusted; however a few weeks later the canopy broke loose again. After further modifications English Electric believed the problem was resolved; until once more the canopy came away from the aircraft, this time while the aircraft was flying at supersonic speed.<ref name="EnglishElectricAircraft" /> Following this incident, English Electric decided to completely redesign the canopy locking mechanism, finally fixing the issue, luckily none of the pilots were seriously injured in any of the incidents.<ref name="LightningMk1_6" />

The P.1B first flew on the 4th April 1957 and was successfully taken to Mach 1.2 on its first flight.<ref name="EnglishElectricAircraft" /> On the same day the P.1B first flew, the Government published the now infamous 1957 Defence White Paper, which cancelled most of Britain's advanced aircraft programmes under the (now known to be incorrect) belief that missile technology would make manned aircraft irrelevant; the P.1 was one of the few aircraft programmes not cancelled.<ref name="LightningStrikesTwice" /> On the 23rd of October 1958 the P.1B was officially renamed to the Lightning.<ref name="EnglishElectricAircraft" /> Development of the P.1B continued with no major problems and on 25th November 1958 the P.1B became the first British aircraft to achieve Mach 2, sustaining it in level flight and with engines on the lowest of their four reheat settings.<ref name="EnglishElectricAircraft" /> Development continued with the last of the 20 P.1B pre-production aircraft taking to the air in September 1959;<ref name="LightningMk1_6" /> this was followed by the first P.1B Lightnings being delivered to RAF service in December 1959.

===RAF Service===
The first production version of the Lightning to enter RAF service was the Lightning F.1, which differed only slightly from the pre-production P.1Bs, it entered service with 74 squadron at Coltishall in 1960.<ref name="BurkeLightning" /> The F.1 was powered by two Avon 200R engines each producing 11,200 lb of dry thrust or 14,400 lb of thrust with maximum reheat (afterburner).<ref name="LightningF1PilotsNotes">Pilot's Notes, Lightning F.Mk 1 & F.Mk 1A</ref><ref name="IconsLightningStory" /> In terms of armament, the F.1 had two 30 mm ADEN cannons mounted above the air intake and provision for three different interchangeable weapon packs to be fitted in the weapons bay. The most common weapons pack (and the only one most people are aware of) was the Firestreak pack; the internals of the pack contained electronic and cooling systems, while pylons protruding from either side of the pack allowed the lightning to carry two Firestreak air-to-air missiles, one on either side of the fuselage. The other two packs were less well known, one allowed the fitment of two additional 30 mm ADEN cannons (bringing the total to four), and the other allowed the cartridge of 48 x 2" unguided air-to-air rockets.<ref name="LightningF1PilotsNotes" /> During normal flight the rockets would be stored internally, when the rockets were to be fired two launchers (each containing 24 rockets) would fold outwards from the weapon pack.<ref name="LightningMk1_6" />

A total of 22 production standard Lightning F.1s were built before production was switched to the improved F.1A standard. The F.1A was only slightly different to the F.1, featuring provision for an in-flight refuelling probe, some re-routed cabling from inside the engine bay to external cable ducts on the side of the fuselage, and Avon 210R engines; the engines had modifications to the reheat control system, but preformed the same as the Avon 200R engines of the F.1.<ref name="IconsLightningStory" /><ref name="EngineDatabaseHandbook">Roux 2007</ref> The F.1A entered service in December 1960 serving alongside the Lightning F.1s. The first two-seat Lightning trainers, known as T.4s were also delivered in 1960; the T.4 was based on the F.1A and featured two pilots sat side by side in the cockpit.<ref name="IconsLightningStory" /> By 1965 the F.1s and F.1As had been withdrawn from front-line service, joining the T.4s in being used for pilot training and other duties into the 1970s.<ref name="IconsLightningStory" />

The next version of the Lightning to enter service was the F.2, planned as an interim version to enter service while the more advanced F.3 was still being developed. Externally it looked almost identical to the F.1A, with the only difference being the addition of a small air scoop on the "spine" of the aircraft. Internally however there were more changes; the engines were upgraded with fully variable reheat (instead of the 4 position reheat on earlier models), a significantly lighter and more compact oxygen system for the pilot, and an improved navigation system.<ref name="LightningMk1_6" /> The F.2 entered service with two squadrons in 1961, and became the first Lighting variant to serve outside of the UK, being based at RAF bases in West Germany.<ref name="IconsLightningStory" />

After the Lightning F.2 came the Lightning F.3; which was a major upgrade over all previous models of the Lightning. The most obvious external feature of the F.3 was a new, larger, squared-off tail; this was necessary to allow the F.3 to safely carry the new Red Top missile. The Red Top was a major improvement over the Firestreak, having improved range, a more destructive warhead, and a new seeker giving the missile limited all-aspect capability. Internally, the F.3 featured a more advanced AI.23B radar, new navigation equipment, and most significantly new Avon 301R engines.<ref name="EnglishElectricAircraft" /> The Avon 301s produced significantly more thrust than previous Avon engines with 12,600 lb of dry thrust and 16,300 lb of thrust each on full reheat. The Lightning F.3 entered RAF service in January 1964.<ref name="LightningStrikesTwice" />

The F.3 was followed into service by the F.3A and the T.5 (a two-seat trainer variant of the F.3) in 1965. The F.3A was an interim version which designed to address the Lightning's limited range before the planned F.6 version was ready. The F.3A significantly increased the size of the ventral fuel tank, in addition it was fitted with a new wing featuring a kinked and cambered leading edge; this wing reduced subsonic drag leading to a 20% increase in cruising range. The new wing also improved the handling characteristics of the Lightning; it did however come at the cost of reducing supersonic acceleration.<ref name="EnglishElectricAircraft" />

The final production model of Lightning to enter RAF service was the F.6. The Lightning F.6 had been intended to fix some of the shortfalls of the F.3; it included the enlarged ventral tank and new wing design of the F.3A, and returned the cannon armament with two 30 mm ADEN cannons mounted in the front of the ventral fuel tank. The F.6 also included support for a pair of over-wing fuel tanks, further improving the aircraft's range. The F.6 entered service in December 1965, serving alongside the F.3s; the superior range of the F.6 led to them being used for long-range interception missions, while the higher performance F.3 lent itself to being used for shorter range missions.<ref name="EnglishElectricAircraft" /> Although originally retaining the Avon 301 engines of the F.3 and F.3A, the F.6 would later be upgraded with Avon 302 engines; these engines provided better high altitude flight performance and reduced fuel consumption.<ref name="LightningF6ODM">Lightning F.Mk 6, Operating Data Manual</ref>

The improved range of the Lightning F.6 proved popular with the RAF and so it was decided to rebuild 31 of the Lightning F.2s stationed in Germany to near F.6 standard.<ref name="LightningStrikesTwice" /> These aircraft were known as F.2As and began entering service in 1968, they featured the enlarged ventral tank and new wings of the F.6, but retained the less powerful Avon 211 engines as well as the 30 mm cannons mounted in their original location above the intake.<ref name="LightningF2AAircrewManual">Lightning F Mk 2A, Aircrew Manual</ref> As the F.2A also lacked the updated avionics of later models it was incapable of carrying Red Top missiles, instead carrying either Firestreaks or a gun pack containing two additional ADEN cannons.<ref name="LightningF2AAircrewManual" /> The F.2A was well-liked by its pilots, the fitment of ADEN cannons above the intake allowed the entire ventral tank to be filled with fuel (instead of partly being taken up by cannons); coupled with less fuel-hungry engines this gave it the best endurance of any Lightning variant. The F.2A spent most of its service life carrying out low-level interceptions missions in Germany, where the increased endurance was greatly appreciated.<ref name="LightningBoys">Pike 2011</ref>

The English Electric Lightning was the RAF's primary front-line interceptor from its introduction in 1959 up until the mid-1970s when it began to be replaced by the Phantom FGR.2. Even so, the Lightning would continue to serve in the interceptor role with the RAF until 1988, leaving RAF service less than two years before the first Phantoms began to be retired from service. Although the Lightning was primary used to intercept Soviet bombers entering UK airspace it was also stationed outside of the UK, most notably in Germany; the Lightning did also see service at RAF Tengah in Singapore and RAF Akrotiri in Cyprus.<ref name="LightningBoys" /> Despite serving in the RAF for 29 years the Lightning never once shot down a hostile aircraft. Officially the only aircraft ever shot down by a Lightning was a pilotless Harrier; the pilot had ejected however the Harrier kept flying, it was decided to shoot it down rather than risk it entering Soviet territory.

===Export Service===
As well as RAF service, the Lightning did also see some export service with the Kuwait Air Force and Royal Saudi Air Force. The first Lightnings delivered to the Royal Saudi Air Force arrived in 1966; they came in the form of five Lightning F.52s and two T.54s; these aircraft were simply ex-RAF Lightning F.2s and T.4s.<ref name="DerryLightning">Derry 2016</ref> Through 1968 - 1969 the Royal Saudi Air Force took delivery of more advanced Lightning F.53s and T.55s; the Kuwait Air Force would also receive its F.53s and T.55s in the same time span.<ref name="DerryLightning" />

The Lightning F.53 was effectively a Lightning F.6 upgraded to become a multi-role fighter. The most notable change was the addition of underwing hardpoints capable of carrying 1,000 lb bombs and SNEB rocket pods. In addition, the 2" rocket pack from the Lightning F.1 was returned to carry air-to-air or air-to-ground rockets, and a new photo-reconnaissance pack was made available, in addition to the Firestreak and Red Top weapon packs.<ref name="LightningF53PilotsNotes">Lightning F Mk. 53, Pilots Notes</ref> Various improvements were proposed for the F.53 including adapters to allow two bombs or rocket pods to be fitted to each underwing pylon, and dual rocket pods to be carried on the over-wing pylons (originally used for the fuel tanks on the F.6). While the dual underwing adapter would be approved for use on Saudi Lightnings the over-wing rocket pods never made it past mock-up stage.<ref name="EnglishElectricAircraft" /> The T.55 was a T.5 upgraded to better reflect the Lightning F.53; it received the enlarged ventral tank and new wings of the Lightning F.6 and F.53.<ref name="DerryLightning" />

===Lightning F.6 compared to other variants===
With the Lightning F.6 being the ultimate version of the Lightning in RAF service some may find it surprising to hear that it lags behind most other Lightning models in terms of raw flight performance. With the F.6 it had chosen to sacrifice the raw performance of previous Lightnings in order to improve the aircraft's range and return the cannon armament. As an example, a Lightning F.1 could accelerate from stationary to 450 kts (833 km/h) within 36 seconds of brake release; while an F.6 would take 42 seconds to achieve the same.<ref name="LightningF1ODM">Lightning F.Mks 1,1A,2 &T.MK.4, Operating Data Manual</ref><ref name="LightningF6ODM" /> Likewise, from brake release to 36,000 ft would take 2 minutes 18 seconds in a Lightning F.1; while a Lightning F.6 would take 2 minutes 42 seconds.<ref name="LightningF1ODM" /><ref name="LightningF6ODM" /> By far the best performing Lightning variant was the F.3; it mated the much more powerful engines of the F.6 with the significantly lighter airframe of earlier Lightnings.

=== [[wt:en/news/6615-development-lightning-f-6-saddled-to-a-skyrocket-en|Devblog]] ===
Development of the Lightning began in 1947, after the Ministry of Supply issued a requirement for the development of an experimental supersonic aircraft, in order to gain insights on supersonic flight and aircraft design. By 1949 however, the requirements were changed to incorporate fighter levels of maneuverability, thus kicking off the development process which would eventually result in the Lightning.

While the first prototypes of the Lightning (P.1A) were designed to reach speeds of around Mach 1.5, in 1952, the decision was made to further develop a second batch of prototypes (P.1B), capable of reaching speeds of Mach 2. In August 1954, the P.1A prototype first took to the skies for its maiden flight, while the P.1B conducted its first flight in April 1957 and as the first British aircraft, reached speeds of Mach 2 in November.

Following a successful test phase, the Lightning was ordered into production and subsequently entered service with the RAF in 1959. The aircraft served throughout the Cold War period - until 1988 - with many variants being created which improved the Lightning’s performance further, most notably increasing its originally very limited range.

With the advent of far more capable aircraft in the late stages of the Cold War, the over 330 Lightnings built were phased out of service in the late 1980s. Apart from its service with the UK, the Lightning also served with the armed forces of Kuwait and Saudi Arabia, the latter two being its only foreign operators.

== Media ==


;Images
<gallery mode="packed-hover" heights="150px">
File:Lightning F.6 WTWallpaper 001.jpg|
File:Lightning F.6 WTWallpaper 002.jpg|
File:Lightning F.6 WTWallpaper 003.jpg|
File:Lightning F.6 WTWallpaper 004.jpg|
File:Lightning F.6 WTWallpaper 005.jpg|
File:Lightning F.6 WTWallpaper 006.jpg|
</gallery>

;Videos
{{Youtube-gallery|CDl68kOR9ig|'''The Shooting Range #191''' - ''Pages of History'' section at 04:56 discusses the Lightning F.6.}}

== See also ==


* [[Phantom FG. Mk1|Phantom FG.1]]
* [[Phantom FGR.2]]
* [[MiG-21MF (Germany)|MiG-21MF]]
* [[MiG-21SMT]]

== External links ==


* [[wt:en/news/6615-development-lightning-f-6-saddled-to-a-skyrocket-en|[Devblog] Lightning F.6: Saddled to a Skyrocket!]]
* [https://forum.warthunder.com/index.php?/topic/479190-lightning-f6/ [Forums<nowiki>]</nowiki> Aircraft Data Sheets: Lightning F.6]

===Citations===
<references />

===Bibliography===

* Bowman, M. (2009). Lightning Strikes Twice: The Story of the English Electric Lightning. Stroud: Amberley Publishing.
* Burke, D. (2016). English Electric Lightning. Retrieved from [https://www.thunder-and-lightnings.co.uk/lightning/history.php Thunder and Lightnings]
* Chorlton, M. (2012). The Lightning story - from P.1 to F.6. Aeroplane Icons, pp. 6-16.
* Darling, K. (2008). English Electric / British Aircraft Corporation Lightning Mks 1-6. Lulu.com.
* Derry, M. (2016). English Electric Lightning. Barnsley: Pen and Sword Aviation.
* Lightning F Mk 2A, Aircrew Manual. (1968). Warton Aerodrome, UK: English Electric Technical Services.
* Lightning F Mk. 53, Pilots Notes. (1983). Warton Aerodrome, UK: British Aircraft Corporation Ltd.
* Lightning F.Mk 6, Operating Data Manual. (1977). Warton Aerodrome, UK: English Electric Technical Services.
* Lightning F.Mks 1,1A,2 &T.MK.4, Operating Data Manual. (1975). Warton Aerodrome, UK: English Electric Technical Services.
* Pike, R. (2011). The Lightning Boys. London: Grub Street.
* Pilot's Notes, Lightning F.Mk 1 & F.Mk 1A. (1962). Warton Aerodrome, UK: English Electric Technical Services.
* Ransom, S., & Fairclough, R. (1987). English Electric Aircraft and their Predecessors. London: Putnam.
* Roux, E. (2007). Turbofan and Turbojet Engines Database Handbook. Lulu.com.

{{AirManufacturer EEC}}
{{Britain jet aircraft}}

AMX-13-M24

2020-07-21T03:46:01Z

U16697154: Very similat to https://tanks-encyclopedia.com/category/cold-war-french-tanks/. Not copy paste but would prefer to be replaced.

{{Specs-Card|code=fr_amx_13_chaffee}}

== Description ==

[[File:GarageImage_{{PAGENAME}}.jpg|420px|thumb|left]]
{{Break}}
The '''{{Specs|name}}''' is a premium rank {{Specs|rank}} French light tank {{Battle-rating}}. It was introduced in [[Update "Starfighters"]].

This tank is a child of two different tank families fused together. It takes an [[M24]] Chaffee turret and the hull from the [[AMX-13]]. This one of the more unique french premium vehicles, following the [[M4A1 (FL10)]] style of mixing almost two different periods of design into one neat package. Since this tank mounts a turret from the M24 Chaffee, it wields the powerful [[M6 (75 mm)|75 mm M6]] gun that can dispatch most anything around its BR. The AMX-13 hull provides this tank with decent mobility since this is a light tank, but likewise a player shouldn't expect to bounce shots heading your way, though it can provide protection against some high-calibre machine gun or autocannon fire if angled well.

== General info ==
=== Survivability and armour ===

''Describe armour protection. Note the most well protected and key weak areas. Appreciate the layout of modules as well as the number and location of crew members. Is the level of armour protection sufficient, is the placement of modules helpful for survival in combat? If necessary use a visual template to indicate the most secure and weak zones of the armour.''

{| class="wikitable"
|-
! Armour !! Front (Slope angle) !! Sides !! Rear !! Roof
|-
| Hull || ___ mm || ___ mm ''Top'' ___ mm ''Bottom'' || ___ mm || ___ - ___ mm
|-
| Turret || ___ - ___ mm ''Turret front'' ___ mm ''Gun mantlet'' || ___ - ___ mm || ___ - ___ mm || ___ - ___ mm
|-
| Cupola || ___ mm || ___ mm || ___ mm || ___ mm
|-
|}

'''Notes:''' 


=== Mobility ===

''Write about the mobility of the ground vehicle. Estimate the specific power and manoeuvrability, as well as the maximum speed forwards and backwards.''

{{tankMobility}}

== Armaments ==
=== Main armament ===

''Give the reader information about the characteristics of the main gun. Assess its effectiveness in a battle based on the reloading speed, ballistics and the power of shells. Do not forget about the flexibility of the fire, that is how quickly the cannon can be aimed at the target, open fire on it and aim at another enemy. Add a link to the main article on the gun: <code><nowiki>{{main|Name of the weapon}}</nowiki></code>. Describe in general terms the ammunition available for the main gun. Give advice on how to use them and how to fill the ammunition storage.''
{{main|M6 (75 mm)}}

{| class="wikitable" style="text-align:center" width="100%"
|-
! colspan="5" | [[M6 (75 mm)|75 mm M6]] || colspan="5" | Turret rotation speed (°/s) || colspan="4" | Reloading rate (seconds)
|-
! Mode !! Capacity !! Vertical !! Horizontal !! Stabilizer
! Stock !! Upgraded !! Full !! Expert !! Aced
! Stock !! Full !! Expert !! Aced
|-
! ''Arcade''
| rowspan="2" | 37 || rowspan="2" | -10°/+15° || rowspan="2" | ±180° || rowspan="2" | N/A || __.__ || __.__ || __.__ || __.__ || __.__ || rowspan="2" | _.__ || rowspan="2" | _.__ || rowspan="2" | _.__ || rowspan="2" | _.__
|-
! ''Realistic''
| __.__ || __.__ || __.__ || __.__ || __.__
|-
|}

==== Ammunition ====
{| class="wikitable sortable" style="text-align:center" width="100%"
! colspan="8" | Penetration statistics
|-
! rowspan="2" data-sort-type="text" | Ammunition
! rowspan="2" | Type of warhead
! colspan="6" | '''Penetration @ 0° Angle of Attack (mm)'''
|-
! 10 m !! 100 m !! 500 m !! 1,000 m !! 1,500 m !! 2,000 m
|-
| M72 shot || AP || __ || __ || __ || __ || __ || __
|-
| M61 shot || APCBC || __ || __ || __ || __ || __ || __
|-
| M48 shell || HE || __ || __ || __ || __ || __ || __
|-
|}
{| class="wikitable sortable" style="text-align:center" width="100%"
! colspan="10" | Shell details
|-
! rowspan="2" data-sort-type="text" | Ammunition
! rowspan="2" | Type of warhead
! rowspan="2" | Velocity (m/s)
! rowspan="2" | Projectile Mass (kg)
! rowspan="2" | Fuse delay (m)
! rowspan="2" | Fuse sensitivity (mm)
! rowspan="2" | Explosive Mass (TNT equivalent) (g)
! colspan="3" | Ricochet
|-
! 0% !! 50% !! 100%
|-
| M72 shot || AP || ___ || _.__ || __ || _._ || ___ || __° || __° || __°
|-
| M61 shot || APCBC || ___ || _.__ || __ || _._ || ___ || __° || __° || __°
|-
| M48 shell || HE || ___ || _.__ || __ || _._ || ___ || __° || __° || __°
|-
|}
{| class="wikitable" style="text-align:center"
! colspan="7" | Smoke shell characteristics
|-
! Ammunition
! Velocity (m/s)
! Projectile Mass (kg)
! Screen radius (m)
! Screen deploy time (s)
! Screen hold time (s)
! Explosive Mass (TNT equivalent) (g)
|-
| M64 || ___ || ____ || __ || __ || __ || ___
|-
|}

==== [[Ammo racks]] ====

{| class="wikitable" style="text-align:center"
|-
! Full ammo
! 1st rack empty
! 2nd rack empty
! 3rd rack empty
! 4th rack empty
! 5th rack empty
! 6th rack empty
! Visual discrepancy
|-
| '''37''' || __ ''(+__)'' || __ ''(+__)'' || __ ''(+__)'' || __ ''(+__)'' || __ ''(+__)'' || __ ''(+__)'' || __
|-
|}

=== Machine guns ===

''Offensive and anti-aircraft machine guns not only allow you to fight some aircraft but also are effective against lightly armoured vehicles. Evaluate machine guns and give recommendations on its use.''
{{main|M2HB (12.7 mm)|M1919A4 (7.62 mm)}}

{| class="wikitable" style="text-align:center" width="50%"
|-
! colspan="5" | [[M2HB (12.7 mm)|12.7 mm M2HB]]
|-
! Mount !! Capacity (Belt) !! Fire rate !! Vertical !! Horizontal
|-
| || ___ (___) || ___ || __° || __°
|-
|}
{| class="wikitable" style="text-align:center" width="50%"
|-
! colspan="5" | [[M1919A4 (7.62 mm)|7.62 mm M1919A4]]
|-
! Mount !! Capacity (Belt) !! Fire rate !! Vertical !! Horizontal
|-
| || ___ (___) || ___ || __° || __°
|-
|}

== Usage in battles ==

''Describe the tactics of playing in the vehicle, the features of using vehicles in the team and advice on tactics. Refrain from creating a "guide" - do not impose a single point of view but instead give the reader food for thought. Describe the most dangerous enemies and give recommendations on fighting them. If necessary, note the specifics of the game in different modes (AB, RB, SB).''

===Modules===
{| class="wikitable"
! Tier
! colspan="2" |Mobility
! Protection
! colspan="3" |Firepower
|-
| I
| Tracks
|
| Parts
| Horizontal Drive
|
|
|-
| II
| Suspension
| Brake System
| FPE
| Adjustment of Fire
| M61 shot
| Airstrike
|-
| III
| Filters
|
| Crew Replenishment
| Elevation Mechanism
| Smoke grenade
|
|-
| IV
| Transmission
| Engine
|
| Artillery Support
| M64
| Improved optics
|-
! colspan="7" |This is a premium vehicle: all modifications are unlocked on purchase
|-
|}

=== Pros and cons ===

''Summarise and briefly evaluate the vehicle in terms of its characteristics and combat effectiveness. Mark its pros and cons in a bulleted list. Try not to use more than 6 points for each of the characteristics. Avoid using categorical definitions such as "bad", "good" and the like - use substitutions with softer forms such as "inadequate" and "effective".''

'''Pros:'''

*

'''Cons:'''

*

== History ==


In 1956, the French military attempted to modernize its M-24 Chaffee fleet, and few solutions were suggested. One of these was to attach an M24 turret to a newly developed AMX-13 chassis, which lead to the designation AMX-US. Still, sooner, other nicknames were added, like AMX-13 Chaffee or AMX-13 Avec Tourelle(translated from french as with Chaffee turret) and a small number of these conversions was produced until FL10 turret was introduced. These tanks were sent peacekeep and protected French colonial interest, but were soon replaced with the new AMX-13 with an oscillated turret.

== Media ==

''Excellent additions to the article would be video guides, screenshots from the game, and photos.''

== See also ==

''Links to the articles on the War Thunder Wiki that you think will be useful for the reader, for example:''

* ''reference to the series of the vehicles;''
* ''links to approximate analogues of other nations and research trees.''

== External links ==

''Paste links to sources and external resources, such as:''

* ''topic on the official game forum;''
* ''encyclopedia page on the tank;''
* ''other literature.''

{{France light tanks}}
{{France premium ground vehicles}}

Type 16

2020-07-01T06:34:51Z

U16697154: top tier -> competition

{{Specs-Card|code=jp_type_16}}

== Description ==

[[File:GarageImage_{{PAGENAME}}.jpg|420px|thumb|left]]
{{break}}
The '''{{Specs|name}}''' is a rank {{Specs|rank}} Japanese tank destroyer {{Battle-rating}}. It was introduced in [[Update 1.89 "Imperial Navy"]].

== General info ==
=== Survivability and armour ===
''Describe armour protection. Note the most well protected and key weak areas. Appreciate the layout of modules as well as the number and location of crew members. Is the level of armour protection sufficient, is the placement of modules helpful for survival in combat? If necessary use a visual template to indicate the most secure and weak zones of the armour.''

=== Mobility ===


{{tankMobility|abMinHp= 810|rbMinHp= 504}}

== Armaments ==
=== Main armament ===

{{main|JSW (105 mm)}}

The primary armament of the Type 16 MCV is a 105 mm JSW cannon, derived from the L7A3 much like many other NATO/BLUFOR vehicles. It features the standard selection of APFSDS, HESH, HEAT-FS, and smoke, in addition to the Type 93 shell, one of the better APFSDS at this tier. While you will struggle against 10.0 and 10.3 main battle tanks from the front, your gun is very effective against everything else. The HEAT-FS is especially effective against lightly armoured vehicles - it will often hull break where the APFSDS will not deal sufficient damage.

When fighting MBTs, you should try to get side on shots. Type 93 will struggle against most 10.0s and 10.3s from the front, but from the side it will act like any other fin round. This is especially effective against "T series" tanks like the T-64, T-72, and T-80.

{| class="wikitable" style="text-align:center"
|-
! colspan="6" | [[JSW (105 mm)|105 mm JSW]]
|-
! colspan="3" | Capacity
! Vertical guidance
! Horizontal guidance
! Stabilizer
|-
| colspan="3" | 40 || -6°/+15° || ±180° || Two-plane
|-
! colspan="6" | Turret rotation speed (°/s)
|-
! Mode
! Stock
! Upgraded
! Prior + Full crew
! Prior + Expert qualif.
! Prior + Ace qualif.
|-
| ''Arcade'' || ??.?? || ??.?? || ??.?? || ??.?? || ??.??
|-
| ''Realistic'' || ??.?? || ??.?? || ??.?? || ??.?? || ??.??
|-
! colspan="4" | Reloading rate (seconds)
|-
! Stock
! Prior + Full crew
! Prior + Expert qualif.
! Prior + Ace qualif.
|-
| ??.?? || ??.?? || ??.?? || ??.??
|-
|}

==== Ammunition ====
{| class="wikitable sortable" style="text-align:center" width="100%"
! colspan="8" | Penetration statistics
|-
! rowspan="2" data-sort-type="text" | Ammunition
! rowspan="2" | Type of warhead
! colspan="6" | '''Penetration @ 0° Angle of Attack (mm)'''
|-
! 10 m !! 100 m !! 500 m !! 1,000 m !! 1,500 m !! 2,000 m
|-
| M735 || APFSDS || 353 || 350 || 342 || 333 || 322 || 312
|-
| Type 75 || HESH || 127 || 127 || 127 || 127 || 127 || 127
|-
| Type 91 || HEATFS || 400 || 400 || 400 || 400 || 400 || 400
|-
| Type 93 || APFSDS || 405 || 403 || 396 || 388 || 378 || 370
|-
|}
{| class="wikitable sortable" style="text-align:center" width="100%"
! colspan="11" | Shell details
|-
! rowspan="2" data-sort-type="text" | Ammunition
! rowspan="2" | Type of warhead
! rowspan="2" | Velocity (m/s)
! rowspan="2" | Projectile Mass (kg)
! rowspan="2" | Fuse delay (m)
! rowspan="2" | Fuse sensitivity (mm)
! rowspan="2" | Explosive Mass (TNT equivalent) (g)
! rowspan="2" | Normalisation at 30° from horizontal
! colspan="3" | Ricochet
|-
! 0% !! 50% !! 100%
|-
| M735 || APFSDS || 1,501 || 3.7 || N/A || N/A || N/A || +1.5° || 76° || 77° || 78°
|-
| Type 75 || HESH || 760 || 10.8 || 0.4 || 0.1 || 2700 || +0.0° || 73° || ??° || 80°
|-
| Type 91 || HEATFS || 1,150 || 10.5 || N/A || 0.1 || 1270.7 || +0.0° || 65° || 72° || 75°
|-
| Type 93 || APFSDS || 1,501 || 3.4 || N/A || N/A || N/A || 1.5° || 78° || 80° || 81°
|-
|}

{| class="wikitable sortable" style="text-align:center"
! colspan="7" | Smoke shell characteristics
|-
! Ammunition
! Velocity (m/s)
! Projectile Mass (kg)
! Screen radius (m)
! Screen deploy time (s)
! Screen hold time (s)
! Explosive Mass (TNT equivalent) (g)
|-
| M416 || 730 || 11.4 || 20 || 5 || 25 || 50
|-
|}

==== [[Ammo racks]] ====

{| class="wikitable" style="text-align:center"
|-
! Full ammo
! 1st rack empty
! 2nd rack empty
! 3rd rack empty
! 4th rack empty
! 5th rack empty
! 6th rack empty
! Visual discrepancy
|-
| '''40''' || ?? ''(+??)'' || ?? ''(+??)'' || ?? ''(+??)'' || ?? ''(+??)'' || ?? ''(+??)'' || ?? ''(+??)'' || ??
|-
|}


=== Machine guns ===

{{main|M2HB (12.7 mm)|Type 74 (7.62 mm)}}

The Type 16 has an additional 7.62mm coaxial MG, like most tanks at this tier. It also retains the roof mounted .50 calibre HMG in the American style; this can be extremely effective against light tanks, especially Soviet light tanks like the BMP-1, BMP-2, Object 906, and Object 685. It will easily penetrate them from the side, allowing you to secure a kill if you've only knocked out their mobility.

{| class="wikitable" style="text-align:center"
|-
! colspan="4" | [[M2HB (12.7 mm)|12.7 mm M2HB]]
|-
! colspan="4" | ''Commander pintle mount''
|-
! Capacity (Belt capacity)
! Fire rate (shots/minute)
! Vertical guidance
! Horizontal guidance
|-
| 1,000 (200) || 576 || -8°/+20° || ±120°
|-
|}
{| class="wikitable" style="text-align:center"
|-
! colspan="4" | [[Type 74 (7.62 mm)|7.62 mm Type 74]]
|-
! colspan="4" | ''Coaxial mount''
|-
! Capacity (Belt capacity)
! Fire rate (shots/minute)
! Vertical guidance
! Horizontal guidance
|-
| 3,000 (250) || 500 || N/A || N/A
|-
|}

== Usage in battles ==
''Describe the tactics of playing in the vehicle, the features of using vehicles in the team and advice on tactics. Refrain from creating a "guide" - do not impose a single point of view but instead give the reader food for thought. Describe the most dangerous enemies and give recommendations on fighting them. If necessary, note the specifics of the game in different modes (AB, RB, SB).''

=== Modules ===
{| class="wikitable"
! Tier
! colspan="2" | Mobility
! Protection
! colspan="3" | Firepower
|-
| I
| Tires
|
| Parts
| Horizontal Drive
| Type 75
| NVD
|-
| II
| Suspension
| Brake System
| FPE
| Adjustment of Fire
| Type 91
| Airstrike
|-
| III
| Filters
|
| Crew Replenishment
| Elevation Mechanism
| M416
| Improved optics
|-
| IV
| Transmission
| Engine
| Smoke grenade
| Artillery Support
| Laser rangefinder
| Type 93
|-
|}

=== Pros and cons ===


'''Pros:'''

* Excellent mobility
* Potent top ammunition
* Commander and gunner have thermal sights
* 105 mm similar to the Type 74
* Possess the highest quality thermals in-game (1200 x 800)
* Thermals available early on as a tier-one firepower modification
* Has the best thermal sights in the game so far

'''Cons:'''

* Thin armour
* Limited machine gun elevation
* Can be penetrated by machine-gun fire from the side
* No hydropneumatic suspension unlike other Japanese tanks of the rank
* Wheels can be damaged, reducing mobility
* Can be hull broken by most rounds used by its competition

== History ==

In the early 2000’s, Japan sought to develop a new combat vehicle to extend the operational mobility of their armored units. Furthermore, the new vehicle was supposed to counter the limitations of existing tracked vehicles, be able to rapidly respond to emerging threats in the event of an outbreak of hostilities and possess the ability to be airlifted or ocean transferred to more distant areas of operations, such as the Japanese island of Okinawa.

Thus, in 2007, engineers at Mitsubishi began development on what would become the Type 16 MCV. To satisfy all the requirements, it was clear from the onset that a lightly armored, yet highly mobile and well-armed wheeled vehicle would need to be developed. Already, by 2008, the order for four prototypes was issued, with deliveries going on until 2013.

Army trials of the vehicle went on until 2016, when after successfully passing them, it officially entered service with the JSDF under the designation “Type 16 MCV”. Production began in the same year (2016), and is still ongoing today. Presently, around 100 Type 16 MCVs have been built and commissioned into service, with no units seeing combat action thus far.

''- From [[wt:en/news/6218-development-type-16-mcv-elite-marksman-en|Devblog]]''

== Media ==

{{Youtube-gallery|07oqg8OOJ2M|'''Type 16 vs Centauro ROMOR''' - ''War Thunder Official Channel''|jjanlLrycGo|'''The Shooting Range #156''' - ''Metal Beasts'' section at 00:39 discusses the Type 16.}}

== See also ==
''Links to the articles on the War Thunder Wiki that you think will be useful for the reader, for example:''

* ''reference to the series of the vehicles;''
* ''links to approximate analogues of other nations and research trees.''

== External links ==


* [[wt:en/news/6218-development-type-16-mcv-elite-marksman-en|[Devblog] Type 16 MCV: Elite Marksman]]

{{Japan tank destroyers}}

SM.91

2020-07-01T06:33:43Z

U16697154: Breaking up into paragraphs and cutting up run on sentences.

{{Specs-Card|code=sm_91}}

== Description ==

[[File:GarageImage_{{PAGENAME}}.jpg|420px|thumb|left]]
{{break}}
The '''{{Specs|name}}''' is a rank {{Specs|rank}} Italian attacker {{Battle-rating}}. It was introduced in [[Update 1.85 "Supersonic"]].

== General info ==
=== Flight performance ===

The SM.91 fulfils a similar role to the P-38 when flown as an interceptor: a twin-engined fighter that is surprisingly capable as a dogfighter due to its good turn rate, especially when spaded. The twin Piaggio P.XI RC.40 12 cylinder inline engines, which happen to be a pair of the powerful DB 605 Inverted V12 engines, are placed away from the cockpit, meaning its hard to take them out in a head-on. However, the heavy nature of the plane means that its acceleration is quite sluggish at low altitudes. The aircraft also sports leading edge wing slats that shorten the turning circle and has airbrakes that can help it slow down in a dive and help when landing on an airfield, which is already fairly easy due to its tri landing gear.

{| class="wikitable" style="text-align:center"
|-
! colspan="8" | Characteristics
|-
! colspan="8" | ''Stock''
|-
! colspan="2" | Max Speed (km/h at 7,010 m)
! rowspan="2" | Max altitude (meters)
! colspan="2" | Turn time (seconds)
! colspan="2" | Rate of climb (meters/second)
! rowspan="2" | Take-off run (meters)
|-
! AB !! RB !! AB !! RB !! AB !! RB
|-
| 561 || 546 || {{Specs|ceiling}} || 21.1 || 21.9 || 9.3 || 9.3 || 300
|-
! colspan="8" | ''Upgraded''
|-
! colspan="2" | Max Speed (km/h at 7,010 m)
! rowspan="2" | Max altitude (meters)
! colspan="2" | Turn time (seconds)
! colspan="2" | Rate of climb (meters/second)
! rowspan="2" | Take-off run (meters)
|-
! AB !! RB !! AB !! RB !! AB !! RB
|-
| 610 || 585 || {{Specs|ceiling}} || 19.0 || 20.0 || 15.3 || 12 || 300
|-
|}

==== Details ====
{| class="wikitable" style="text-align:center"
|-
! colspan="5" | Features
|-
! Combat flaps !! Take-off flaps !! Landing flaps !! Air brakes !! Arrestor gear
|-
| ✓ || ✓ || ✓ || ✓ || X 
|-
|}

{| class="wikitable" style="text-align:center"
|-
! colspan="5" | Limits
|-
! rowspan="2" | Wing-break speed (km/h)
! rowspan="2" | Gear limit (km/h)
! rowspan="2" | Combat flaps (km/h)
! colspan="2" | Max Static G
|-
! + !! -
|-

| 890 || 335 || 600 || ~9 || ~4
|-
|}

{| class="wikitable" style="text-align:center"
|-
! colspan="4" | Optimal velocities
|-
! Ailerons (km/h)
! Rudder (km/h)
! Elevators (km/h)
! Radiator (km/h)
|-
| < 280 || < 200 || < 450 || > 380
|-
|}

{| class="wikitable" style="text-align:center"
|-
! colspan="3" | Compressor (RB/SB)
|-
! colspan="3" | Setting 1
|-
! Optimal altitude
! 100% Engine power
! WEP Engine power
|-
| 5,800 m || 1,232 hp || 1,387 hp
|-
|}

=== Survivability and armour ===

The SM.91 has a good survivability, being able to take multiple 12.7 mm hits before going down; however, be careful when the enemy has 20mm cannons or higher since they will cause serious damage to your aircraft fuselage and engines.

One DB 605 Inverted V12 engine is powerful enough to keep the aircraft flying in case of losing the other one, however; use of Manual Engine Controls is vital in this situation. Detailed explanation below.

== Armaments ==
=== Offensive armament ===

{{main|MG 151/20 (20 mm)}}

The '''''{{PAGENAME}}''''' is armed with:
* 3 x 20 mm MG 151/20 cannons, nose-mounted (300 rpg = 900 total)
* 1 x 20 mm MG 151/20 cannons, chin-mounted (300 rpg)
* 2 x 20 mm MG 151/20 cannons, wing-mounted (300 rpg = 600 total)

The {{PAGENAME}} has 6 of the powerful MG 151/20's mounted in the centre of the aircraft and can utilise the minengeschoss round. Use "Stealth" or "Air targets" belts for best effectiveness.

=== Suspended armament ===

{{main|GP 50 (50 kg)|GP 100 (100 kg)}}

The '''''{{PAGENAME}}''''' can be outfitted with the following ordnance:
* Without load
* 6 x 50 kg GP 50 bombs (300 kg total)
* 6 x 100 kg GP 100 bombs (600 kg total)

The {{PAGENAME}} can carry up to 6 x 100 kg bombs, which makes it useable in ground forces battles. Due to the rather small size of the bombs, you have to be extra accurate when dropping bombs.

=== Defensive armament ===

{{main|MG 151/20 (20 mm)}}

The '''''{{PAGENAME}}''''' is defended by:
* 1 x 20 mm MG 151/20 cannon, dorsal turret (350 rpg)

The {{PAGENAME}} can defend itself very well from any tailing aircraft. Use "Universal" belts for the most effective defensive fire.

== Usage in battles ==

When flying it as an interceptor, it can shred bombers apart with its powerful armament and can ward off escorts who try to tail it with its single 20 mm cannon. However, it is paramount that you come in from oblique angles when attacking bombers, as their gunners can easily take out your pilot due to your lack of armour and bulletproof glass.

When flying it as a ground attacker, be wary that carrying the max payload will significantly decrease performance and you will be a prime target for low flying fighters like Yak's and Spitfires. However the maximum payload is rather weak, only 6 x 100 kg bombs with a max armour pen value of 91 mm and a blast radius of 4 meters. This means that you must land a near perfect or direct hit on medium and heavy tanks in order to destroy them.

====On Simulation Mode====
While flying on simulation mode you can take your time to reach a safe altitude around 3500m - 5000m climbing within ally air space. Keep in mind that you should use this aircraft with a Boom and Run mindset, that being the case, you should dive on your target while remaining hidden for your enemy as long as possible. Remember that in order to concentrate your burst mass in one zone, and hence having a greater chance to destroy the enemy plane (module; i.e., wings, tail) in one pass, you should open fire according to the gun targeting distance you are using, being a good setup from 300m to 500m.

With your 6 x 20 mm MG 151/20 cannons you will be able to shoot down almost every enemy aircraft on your gunsight. However, always check the surroundings before attacking, you dont want to get swarmed after engaging with an enemy. You have to remember that most enemy aircrafts, save bombers, are faster and turn better than you. Therefore, you need to choose your targets wisely.

If everything mentioned before goes wrong and you end up with an enemy, or in the worst case, multiple of them going after you, you still have one chance to get out of that situation alive and it is your dorsal turret. The plane is equipped with a 20 mm MG 151/20 cannon and, when used correctly, it can pose a serious threat to most enemy fighters tailing you.

It is recommended to perform evasive maneouvers and wait until the enemy behind you gets in a range of <500m, practically point blank. Therefore you will have an easier time leading your bullets in the enemy direction; when succesfully hitting an enemy at this range it will just take a couple of direct hits to set the bandit on fire, or if you get a good shot at his wings, send him down immediately.

====Counter-tactics====

Do not head-on this plane, the 6 x 20 mm cannons will most likely destroy your plane and do not underestimate the defensive cannon. Armed with minengeschoß belts, the nose mounted cannons can easily cut your wings or set you on fire.

It is best to attack this plane from below since the deffensive 20 mm MG 151/20 cannon won't be able to aim lower than just a few degrees below the tail. Keep also in mind that even a P-47 can outturn it, so if an SM.91 gets behind you, force him to turn and make it lose energy.

If you are flying an aircraft with decent performance in vertical maneuvers, force the SM.91 to fight on the vertical. Due to the deficient acceleration capacity combined with a bad performance when going vertical, you will most likely get guns on target rather easily with this tactic.

=== Manual Engine Control ===
{| class="wikitable" style="text-align:center"
|-
! colspan="7" | MEC elements
|-
! rowspan="2" | Mixer
! rowspan="2" | Pitch
! colspan="3" | Radiator
! rowspan="2" | Supercharger
! rowspan="2" | Turbocharger
|-
! Oil !! Water !! Type
|-
| Not controllable || Controllable Not auto controlled || Controllable Not auto controlled || Controllable Not auto controlled || Separate || Not controllable 1 gear || Not controllable
|-
|}

The SM.91 has a very forgivable MEC, therefore don't worry about killing your engine and try differente settings according to the map's conditions.

As a general setting you can: set the water and oil radiator at 30%, it will be a long time before cooling off is needed if using 100% throttle, however if WEP is engaged then you will need to open both radiators up to 45%; propeller pitch set at 100% when climbing and lower it to 85%-90% when going horizontal.

If the engines take damage, it will usually be only one of them. That said, the SM.91 is able to fly with only one of its engines working. However, try to extend its life span or even keep the engine alive until you are back at the airfield to repair.

In order to do this, set the damaged engine (or both, if that's the case) as follows: water and oil radiator at a 100%, propeller pitch at 0% to 30% depending if you really need a boost to, for example, get over a hill; and throttle to 50%.

=== Modules ===
{| class="wikitable"
! Tier
! colspan="2" | Flight performance
! Survivability
! colspan="2" | Weaponry
|-
| I
| Fuselage repair
| Radiator
|
| Turret 20 mm
| MCGP50
|-
| II
|
| Compressor
| Airframe
| New 20 mm cannons (turret)
|
|-
| III
| Wings repair
| Engine
|
| Offensive 20 mm
| MCSAP100
|-
| IV
|
| Engine injection
| Cover
| New 20 mm cannons
|
|-
|}

=== Pros and cons ===


'''Pros:'''
* 6 x 20 mm MG 151 in the centre of the aircraft
* Main armament has an insane ammo capacity
* Gets an attacker spawn (AB/RB)
* 20 mm MG 151 turret in the back
* Surprisingly good turn rate
* Can act as a powerful interceptor
* Made entirely out of metal, so it can take some punishment.
* Fuel tanks are self-sealing

'''Cons:'''
* No armour protection
* Big target
* Lack of bulletproof glass means pilot is susceptible to getting knocked out, especially in head-ons
* Wings are littered with fuel tanks
* Carrying the largest payload has a noticeable effect on performance

== History ==

In 1942, ''Regia Aeronautica'' requested a new, long range aircraft that was to be powered by the German DB 601 Inline Inverted V12, carry an 800 kg bomb load, have 6 x 20 mm main armament and a single 20 mm rear cannon. Savoia-Marchetti had previously worked on the SM.88 heavy fighter and the request for a long range fighter disqualified the 88, as it only had a 1,250 L fuel capacity. SM started to work on a new fighter named the SM.91 that was made entirely out of metal, had 6 x 20 mm MG 151 cannons (7 if you count the rear gunner) provided by Germany, was powered by two DB 605 engines and had a range of 1,600 km with a 1,600 L fuel capacity that could be enlarged to 1,800 L with auxiliary tanks.

The two prototypes that were produced made their maiden flight on the 11th of May, 1943 and logged 27 hours at Vergiate. However, it was never entered into the official trials, mainly due to it still being in testing. The first prototype was captured and sent to Germany, and the second prototype was presumed to have been destroyed by bombers.

== Media ==
''Excellent additions to the article would be video guides, screenshots from the game, and photos.''

== See also ==
''Links to the articles on the War Thunder Wiki that you think will be useful for the reader, for example:''
* ''reference to the series of the aircraft;''
* ''links to approximate analogues of other nations and research trees.''

== External links ==
''Paste links to sources and external resources, such as:''
* ''topic on the official game forum;''
* ''encyclopedia page on the aircraft;''
* ''other literature.''

{{AirManufacturer SM}}
{{Italy attackers}}

Lvrbv 701

2020-07-01T06:26:25Z

U16697154: Re adding commented template description

{{Specs-Card|code=sw_lvrbv_701}}

== Description ==

[[File:GarageImage_{{PAGENAME}}.jpg|420px|thumb|left]]
{{Break}}
The '''{{Specs|name}}''' is a rank {{Specs|rank}} Swedish SPAA {{Battle-rating}}. It was introduced in [[Update 1.97 "Viking Fury"]].

== General info ==
=== Survivability and armour ===


Frontal armour on the Lvrbv 701 consists of 20 to 25 mm of rolled homogeneous armour. Ideally this can provide 28 to 30mm of effective protection which should stop most low caliber machine gun fire, as well as .50 cal machine guns.

Side armour on the Lvrbv 701 consists of 10mm rolled homogeneous armour which, due to it's limited angles, only affords protection against low caliber machine guns.

The crew of 4 consists of a driver, gunner, loader and commander all positioned closely together in the front half of the vehicle.

Due to having no turret armour/protection, it's not uncommon for the gunner to be knocked out easily from machine gun fire or shrapnel.

=== Mobility ===


{{tankMobility|abMinHp= 193|rbMinHp= 120}}

== Armaments ==
=== Main armament ===
''Give the reader information about the characteristics of the main gun. Assess its effectiveness in a battle based on the reloading speed, ballistics and the power of shells. Do not forget about the flexibility of the fire, that is how quickly the cannon can be aimed at the target, open fire on it and aim at another enemy. Add a link to the main article on the gun: <code><nowiki>{{main|Name of the weapon}}</nowiki></code>. Describe in general terms the ammunition available for the main gun. Advise about how to use them and how to fill the ammunition storage.''

=== Additional armament ===
''Some tanks are armed with several guns in one or more turrets. Evaluate the additional weaponry and give advice on its use. Describe the ammunition available for additional weaponry. Give advice on about how to use them and how to fill the ammunition storage. If there is no additional weaponry remove this subsection.''

=== Machine guns ===
''Offensive and anti-aircraft machine guns not only allow you to fight some aircraft but also are effective against lightly armoured vehicles. Evaluate machine guns and give recommendations on its use.''

== Usage in battles ==
''Describe the tactics of playing in the vehicle, the features of using vehicles in the team and advice on tactics. Refrain from creating a "guide" - do not impose a single point of view but instead give the reader food for thought. Describe the most dangerous enemies and give recommendations on fighting them. If necessary, note the specifics of the game in different modes (AB, RB, SB).''

===Modules===
{| class="wikitable"
! Tier
! colspan="2" |Mobility
! Protection
! colspan="2" |Firepower
|-
| I
| Tracks
|
| Parts
| Horizontal drive
|
|-
| II
| Suspension
| Brake System
| FPE
| RB 70 Mk.2
| Airstrike
|-
| III
| Filters
|
| Crew Replenishment
| Elevation Mechanism
|
|-
| IV
| Transmission
| Engine
|
| Artillery Support
| Improved Optics
|-
|}

=== Pros and cons ===
''Summarise and briefly evaluate the vehicle in terms of its characteristics and combat effectiveness. Mark its pros and cons in a bulleted list. Try not to use more than 6 points for each of the characteristics. Avoid using categorical definitions such as "bad", "good" and the like - use substitutions with softer forms such as "inadequate" and "effective".''

'''Pros:'''

*

'''Cons:'''

*

== History ==


In 1983, the Swedish military gave a contract to Hägglunds and Söner to convert Ikv 102 and Ikv 103 vehicles into Lvrbv 701 surface-to-air missile carriers. The Ikv 102 and Ikv 103, infantry support vehicles mounting a 105 mm gun, had become obsolete in the past few years. At the same time, the same companies were contracted to convert Ikv 102 and Ikv 103 vehicles into Pvrbv 551 anti-tank missile carriers. The hull of the Ikv 102/Ikv 103 was plated over, in order to extend the crew compartment the full length of the vehicle. The engine was replaced by a Ford V-6 engine. The armament consisted of a RBS 70 surface-to-air missile launcher in the center of the hull, which was raised up through a circular opening in the roof of the vehicle - covered by a two piece hatch - in order to fire the weapon.

== Media ==
''Excellent additions to the article would be video guides, screenshots from the game, and photos.''

== See also ==
''Links to the articles on the War Thunder Wiki that you think will be useful for the reader, for example:''

* ''reference to the series of the vehicles;''
* ''links to approximate analogues of other nations and research trees.''

== External links ==
''Paste links to sources and external resources, such as:''

* ''topic on the official game forum;''
* ''encyclopedia page on the tank;''
* ''other literature.''

{{Sweden anti-aircraft vehicles}}

LeKPz M41

2020-06-23T20:39:56Z

U16697154: Re adding commented template description

{{Specs-Card
|code=germ_le_kpz_m41
|display_name=leKPz M41
}}
{{About
| about = German light tank '''{{PAGENAME}}'''
| usage = other variants
| link = M41 Walker Bulldog (Family)
}}

== Description ==

[[File:GarageImage_leKPz_M41.jpg|420px|thumb|left]]
{{Break}}
The '''{{Specs|name}}''' is a rank {{Specs|rank}} German light tank {{Battle-rating}}. It was introduced in [[Update 1.95 "Northern Wind"]].

Essentially a West German-operated model of the American [[M41A1|M41 Walker Bulldog]], the leKPz M41 features smoke grenades and a different ammunition selection in exchange for a higher battle rating. It offers scouting capability, powerful armament, and teammate support in a highly mobile package - especially valuable for players who do not own the premium [[Ru 251]].

== General info ==
=== Survivability and armour ===


'''Armour type:'''

* Rolled homogeneous armour
* Cast homogeneous armour (Gun mantlet, Lower glacis)

{| class="wikitable"
|-
! Armour !! Front (Slope angle) !! Sides !! Rear !! Roof
|-
| Hull || 28.5 mm (49°) ''Front glacis'' 63.5 mm (33-37°) ''Lower glacis'' || 28.5 mm || 28.5 mm (46°) ''Top'' 25.4 mm (1°) ''Middle'' 25.4 mm (20°) ''Bottom'' || 12.7 mm
|-
| Turret || 44.4 mm (11-13°) ''Turret front'' 50.8 mm (2-43°) ''Gun mantlet'' || 31.75 mm (1°) || 31.75 mm (1°) || 12.7 mm
|}
'''Notes:'''

* Suspension wheels, bogies, and tracks are 15 mm thick.
* An extra 12.7 mm RHA metal plate is present on the right side of the turret near the pintle 7.62 mm machine gun.
* A 4 mm Structural steel box is present, mounted on the vehicle rear turret.

The M41's armour is very light and practically useless. With some luck, a few shots may bounce off of the turret if at an angle but don't expect that to happen often. As for the rest of the tank, it has no real armour and will be penetrated by any tank cannons at its rank. However, this means that APDS rounds used by some contemporary tanks will not create much spalling, which limits the post-penetration damage of poorly aimed shots. The armour is thick enough to trigger the fuses on APHE rounds, so be wary of instant knockouts. The most vulnerable part of this tank is the large turret. Three crew members are located here and most shots to the right of the gun will immediately destroy the tank. The turret does have a lot of empty space on the left side of the gun causing most solid shots there to do no damage. Still, avoid keeping the turret exposed, it is an enticing target for APHE rounds and a single one of those can send the tank back to the hangar.

Compared to some other contemporary light tanks like the [[Ru 251]] or [[T92]], the M41 is at least immune to heavy machine guns from the front and sides. It also cannot be hull-broken.

=== Mobility ===


{{tankMobility|abMinHp=775|rbMinHp=442}}

== Armaments ==
=== Main armament ===

{{main|M32 (76 mm)}}

{| class="wikitable" style="text-align:center"
|-
! colspan="6" | [[M32 (76 mm)|76 mm M32]]
|-
! colspan="3" rowspan="1" style="width:5em" |Capacity
! rowspan="1" | Vertical guidance
! rowspan="1" | Horizontal guidance
! rowspan="1" | Stabilizer
|-
| colspan="3" | 65 || -10°/+20° || ±180° || N/A
|-
! colspan="6" | Turret rotation speed (°/s)
|-
! style="width:4em" |Mode
! style="width:4em" |Stock
! style="width:4em" |Upgraded
! style="width:4em" |Prior + Full crew
! style="width:4em" |Prior + Expert qualif.
! style="width:4em" |Prior + Ace qualif.
|-
| ''Arcade'' || 34.27 || 47.44 || 57.60 || 63.69 || 67.76
|-
| ''Realistic'' || 21.42 || 25.20 || 30.60 || 33.70 || 36.00
|-
! colspan="4" | Reloading rate (seconds)
|-
! colspan="1" style="width:4em" |Stock
! colspan="1" style="width:4em" |Prior + Full crew
! colspan="1" style="width:4em" |Prior + Expert qualif.
! colspan="1" style="width:4em" |Prior + Ace qualif.
|-
| 7.67 || 6.79 || 6.2 || 5.9
|-
|}

==== Ammunition ====
{| class="wikitable sortable" style="text-align:center" width="100%"
! colspan="8" | Penetration statistics
|-
! rowspan="2" data-sort-type="text" | Ammunition
! rowspan="2" | Type of warhead
! colspan="6" | '''Penetration @ 0° Angle of Attack (mm)'''
|-
! 10 m !! 100 m !! 500 m !! 1,000 m !! 1,500 m !! 2,000 m
|-
| M319 shot || APCR || 206 || 200 || 174 || 146 || 122 || 103
|-
| M331A2 shot || APDS || 232 || 231 || 212 || 193 || 163 || 137
|-
| M352 shell || HE || 12 || 12 || 12 || 12 || 12 || 12
|-
| M496 shell || HEATFS || 254 || 254 || 254 || 254 || 254 || 254
|-
|}
{| class="wikitable sortable" style="text-align:center" width="100%"
! colspan="10" | Shell details
|-
! rowspan="2" data-sort-type="text" | Ammunition
! rowspan="2" | Type of warhead
! rowspan="2" | Velocity (m/s)
! rowspan="2" | Projectile Mass (kg)
! rowspan="2" | Fuse delay (m)
! rowspan="2" | Fuse sensitivity (mm)
! rowspan="2" | Explosive Mass (TNT equivalent) (g)
! colspan="3" | Ricochet
|-
! 0% !! 50% !! 100%
|-
| M319 shot || APCR || 1,234 || 3.2 || N/A || N/A || N/A || 66° || 70° || 72°
|-
| M331A2 shot || APDS || 1,231 || 1.49 || N/A || N/A || N/A || 75° || 78° || 80°
|-
| M352 shell || HE || 732 || 6.8 || 0.1 || 0.5 || 867.2 || 79° || 80° || 81°
|-
| M496 shell || HEATFS || 1,082 || 3.2 || N/A || 0.1 || 653.7 || 65° || 72° || 77°
|-
|}

The leKPz M41 has the same ammunition types as the [[T92]]. Unlike the original US M41A1, the stock round is the M319 APCR, which has poor angled penetration, low post-penetration damage, and is generally painful to use. Unfortunately, APCR is the only anti-tank round available until Tier 3 of upgrades. If forced to use it, aim for very flat armor, hope that this ends up causing some damage, and allow a teammate to finish the job. The APCR should be replaced as soon as possible by the unlockable M331A2 APDS, which is superior in all aspects. The APDS has high muzzle velocity and penetration, being decent against angled armour as well. It will penetrate the frontal armour of a [[M26|M26 Pershing]] or [[Centurion Mk 3]] with ease and can penetrate the turrets of most Soviet tanks. However, the upper glacis of the [[T-44]] and [[IS-2 (1944)]] are immune to it, and US heavy tanks like the [[T34]] can be tough customers. The best usage of APDS is for crippling targets. In frontal engagements, try to take out the enemy gunner or cannon breech first, and from the side, shoot for the engine or driver. Additional follow-up shots can be made as necessary to prevent return fire. Once the target is immobilized and neutered, the APDS can be fired at ammo racks or remaining crew members to deliver the coup de grace. This might take a few tries, and it's not uncommon for teammates to swoop in and secure the kill.

The unlockable M496 HEAT-FS round is one of the main selling points of the LeKPz. It has a lower muzzle velocity than the APDS and can be interrupted by bushes or fences, but it does offer slightly better flat penetration and significantly better angled penetration at any distance, which can help against hard targets. It is also more helpful against light targets as the explosive content allows it to hull-break SPAAs and other light tanks. The post penetration damage is otherwise nothing special. While inferior overall to the Ru 251's HEAT-FS, it is still worth taking.

The stock M352 HE shell can cause hull-breaks, but is otherwise useless. Once the HEAT-FS is unlocked, the HE should be avoided as it has significantly worse ballistics and utility in return for only slightly more explosive content.

The leKPz M41 does not have the M339 AP shot or the M361 smoke round from the US M41A1, which makes it more difficult to finish off crippled targets and blind enemies from afar.

==== [[Ammo racks]] ====
[[File:Ammoracks M41A1.png|right|thumbnail|x250px|[[Ammo racks|Ammo rack]] of the LeKPz M41.]]
{| class="wikitable sortable" style="text-align:center"
|-
! class="wikitable unsortable" |Full ammo
! class="wikitable unsortable" |1st rack empty
! class="wikitable unsortable" |2nd rack empty
! class="wikitable unsortable" |3rd rack empty
! class="wikitable unsortable" |Visual discrepancy
|-
|| '''65''' || 55 ''(+10)'' || 39 ''(+26)'' || 1 ''(+64)'' || style="text-align:center" | No
|-
|}

The ammo racks of the leKPz M41 are the same as the original M41A1. Ammunition tends to be stored initially in the fighting compartment and there is an enormous ammo rack to the right of the driver which would normally be a large survivability issue. However, since this is a light tank with little expectation of survivability to begin with, in practice this is not a huge problem. It is still recommended to take less ammo such that the fighting compartment is mostly empty. This way, penetrating rounds with punctual damage are less likely to blow the tank sky-high from shots aimed at the side or at the driver.

Keep in mind that due to the low post-penetration damage of its ammunition, the M41 goes through its APDS and HEAT-FS rounds quickly. Keep a reasonable number of them in stock to avoid having to run to cap zones frequently.



=== Machine guns ===

{{main|M2HB (12.7 mm)|M1919A4 (7.62 mm)}}

{| class="wikitable" style="text-align:center" width="50%"
|-
! colspan="5" | [[M2HB (12.7 mm)|12.7 mm M2HB]]
|-
! Mount !! Capacity (Belt) !! Fire rate !! Vertical !! Horizontal
|-
| Pintle || 2,175 (200) || 576 || -10°/+70° || ±60°
|-
|}
{| class="wikitable" style="text-align:center" width="50%"
|-
! colspan="5" | [[M1919A4 (7.62 mm)|7.62 mm M1919A4]]
|-
! Mount !! Capacity (Belt) !! Fire rate !! Vertical !! Horizontal
|-
| Coaxial || 4,900 (250) || 500 || N/A || N/A
|-
|}

== Usage in battles ==


The leKPz M41 is best used as a support tank, covering teammate advances and scouting enemies from afar. While it can be used for brawling, the terrible armour, bouncy gun handling, and inability to destroy enemies quickly mean that this role should be left to other tanks if possible.

At the start of the match, use the mobility to move up and find a good vantage point. Stick close to cover and watch carefully for enemies. When they appear, scout them and wait for an opportune time to attack, perhaps when they have been distracted by teammates or are not looking in the M41's direction. As mentioned earlier, it is important to cripple enemies quickly quickly and efficiently to avoid return fire, at which point they can be dismantled at one's leisure or left for teammates to clean up. A good M41 user can keep multiple tanks disabled at the same time, turning the tide of battle.

Move up or otherwise switch positions every once in a while to avoid retaliatory flanks or bomb deliveries, and keep a comfortable distance away from where enemy tanks are expected to appear. Only advance to capture points if the coast is clear, and again, this job is better left to heavier tanks. Note that unlike the Ru 251, the M41's large profile and comparatively worse mobility make long flanks and aggressive pushes more risky, and these tactics are not preferred.

The good optics, decent gun depression, and high velocity APDS/HEAT-FS make the M41 a good sniper. Most enemies that it will encounter do not require precise aiming to penetrate unless the tank has been uptiered. Just be prepared to reverse into cover or pop smoke if the target only sustains superficial damage. Watch out for other light tanks like the [[T92]], [[M56|M56 Scorpion]], and [[Type 63-I]]. They are capable of dispatching the M41 with ease and their high mobility makes them difficult to account for when wrangling multiple opponents. The best tools against these are HEAT-FS and the M2 Browning machine gun. Thankfully, as a German tank, the M41 will usually not face the Ru 251 in realistic battles.

Stick close to trees or tall buildings if aircraft are around. The M41's size and bulbous turret makes it easy to spot and even aircraft armed with heavy machine guns can penetrate the roof easily. It should go without saying that bombs and rockets are also very lethal.

Remember to scout enemies as often as possible. This makes it much easier for your teammates to stay alive and dispatch them, and when the latter happens a reward is given and the SP cost of aircraft is reduced. A successful run can result in very cheap aircraft spawns, which is a good consolation if the M41's career ends with a revenge bomb or untimely snipe from a camping opponent. Do not fret if not many kills are achieved, it is common to rack up lots of assists and still contribute a lot to the team - definitely nice considering the difficult stock grind.

=== Modules ===
{| class="wikitable"
! Tier
! colspan="2" | Mobility
! Protection
! colspan="3" | Firepower
|-
| I
| Tracks
|
| Parts
| Horizontal Drive
|
|
|-
| II
| Suspension
| Brake System
| FPE
| Adjustment of Fire
| Airstrike
|
|-
| III
| Filters
|
| Crew Replenishment
| M331A2 shot
| Elevation Mechanism
| NVD
|-
| IV
| Transmission
| Engine
|
| M496 shell
| Artillery Support
| Improved optics
|-
|}

=== Pros and cons ===


'''Pros:'''

* Agile tank, has good reverse speed and can turn in place
* Good top speed 72 km/h (average speed is more around 35-40 km/h)
* Fast turret traverse
* Fast reload rate
* Has access to the same HEAT-FS shell as the T92
* .50 cal AA machine gun with good coverage, for use against aircraft and light targets
* Equipped with smoke grenade launchers
* Can fulfill the role of the Ru 251 for players that don't have it

'''Cons:'''

* Large profile for a light tank
* Bad armour, can be ripped to shreds by all the AA guns at the tier
* Armour is thick enough to fuse APHE rounds
* All ammo types cause punctual post-penetration damage
* Painful stock grind that begins with an APCR stock shell
* HEAT-FS is mediocre

== History ==


===Development===
The U.S. Army light tank in the latter part of World War II, the [[M24|M24 ''Chaffee'']], was a promising design but was deemed not effective for the future of armour encounters. Though its role as a scout was seen as needing the 75 mm gun, the army wanted a tank with a better gun to have a more equal chance against tanks. The project began as the ''T37'' program in 1947 with the focus of being air-transportable with an anti-tank capability in the form of a 76 mm gun and a rangefinder. The adoption of a simplified rangefinder had the project designation changed to the ''T41''. After testing and evaluations, the ''T41'' model was accepted into service as the '''M41 ''Little Bulldog'' ''', with production starting at Cadillac Cleveland Tank Plant in 1951. The name ''Little Bulldog'' stayed until General Walton Walker, the first commander of the 8th US Army in Korea, died in a car accident, so the tank was renamed into the '''M41 ''Walker Bulldog'' ''' in remembrance. Production went from 1953 to somewhere in the late 1960s with about 3,728 units produced.

The M41 light tank would go on to replace the M24 ''Chaffees'' by 1953. The M41 had a crew of four, commander, gunner, loader, and driver. The tank had a profile of under 9 feet and 19 feet long. The tank was lightweight at 23.5 tons and thus had rather thin armour, with the front armour only 25.4 mm thick (sloped at 60 degrees for about 50 mm effective). However, the tank was very agile with its torsion bar suspension and Continental AOS 895-3 series 6-cylinder gasoline engine of 500 hp which could deliver a road speed of 45 mph with a 100 miles operating range. Unfortunately, the tank was criticized for being noisy, a fuel-guzzler, rather heavy, and the American crewman found the ''Bulldog's'' interior to be quite cramped. Despite that, it delivered speed, firepower, and reliability in a light tank format. Several upgrades were made on the M41 with better technology, the '''M41A1''' had a hydraulic turret traverse with more ammo storage, the ''M41A2'' had a new fuel system, and the ''M41A3'' are old M41A1 tanks with the new fuel system from the M41A2.

===Combat usage===
The M41 ''Walker Bulldog'' first saw use in Korea in a limited combat run. The tanks, still labelled their experimental designation T41, were sent for field testing on design deficiencies. It is unknown what other purposes they served there except for the tests. Their first major conflict once adopted by the U.S. Army was in Vietnam, mainly by replacing the M24 ''Chaffees'' in service with the South Vietnamese army (ARVN) at the time. The M41A3 tanks arrived in January 1965 and were instantly popular; not only for their advantages, but the previously cramped interior for American crews were actually a perfect fit for the smaller Vietnamese armour crewman. The ''Bulldog'' went on to fight in the Vietnam War as a reliable war machine. The ''Bulldog'' had an advantage due to its lightweight in manoeuvring in the jungle terrain of the region. In 1971, Operation Lam Son 719, the disruption of the North Vietnamese Army supply lines had the M41 ''Bulldogs'' play a major role, accompanied by two airborne battalions and two cavalry regiments. Penetrating deep into enemy lines, the 17 M41 tanks engaged and destroyed six Soviet-designed [[T-54 (1951)|T-54 tanks]] and other lighter armoured vehicles. This engagement came at a loss of 5 M41 and 25 armoured personnel carriers. By 1973, the ARVN still used about 200 M41 tanks while the transition of the American unit over to the [[M48A1|M48A3 ''Patton'' tanks]] in Europe and Stateside. The M41 light tanks were also exported to various other countries. Today, Guatemala, Somalia, Taiwan, Uruguay, and Vietnam still use the M41 ''Walker Bulldog'', some via upgrading the tanks to extend their service life.

The M41 ''Walker Bulldog'' design was advanced for the time, giving a relatively lightweight tank the firepower to take on other tanks of its time period. The chassis was even used on the ''[[M42|M42 ''Duster'' Anti-Air gun]]'' and the ''M75 Armored Personnel Carrier''. The drive, engine, transmission, and auxiliary engine also were used in the ''M44/M52 155 howitzer''. By 1969, the US Army began replacing the M41 with the newer [[M551|M551 ''Sheridan'' Armored Airborne Reconnaissance Assault Vehicle]] (officially not a "light tank") which had a [[M81 (152 mm)|152 mm cannon]] that could fire shells and [[Anti-tank guided missiles|anti-tank missiles]]. The M551 ''Sheridan'' could be used in roles that the M41 ''Walker Bulldog'' couldn't do, such as be air-dropped and amphibious but was rather unreliable. This made the M41 ''Walker Bulldog'' to be the last American "light tank" produced and the last made before the classification between tank classes based on weight and role ended.

=== Usage by the Bundeswehr (leKPz M41) ===
The leKPz M41 (short for leichter Kampfpanzer M41 (light MBT M41) was the Bundeswehr variant, serving in the West German Army from 1956 to 1969. The leKPz M41's served in Panzeraufklärungsbatallionen (tank reconnaissance batallions) and Panzerjägerbataillionen (tank destroyer batallions). Very few served in Panzergrenadierbataillionen (tank grenadier bataillions). From 1969, the leKPz M41 was replaced by the [[Leopard 1]] in reconnaissance bataillions and by tank destroyers like the [[JPz 4-5]] and the [[RakJPz 2]] in tank destroyer bataillions. Variants with a slightly modified chassis of the M41 remained in service in the form of SPAA (Flakpanzer M42) as well as in the form of tank howitzers (lePzH M52 and mPzH M44).

== Media ==


[[File:LeKPz M41 Firing.jpg|alt=LePKz M41 firing its main gun|none|thumb|LePKz M41 firing its main gun]]
[https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=0Cgaf_UMQuE] – A video review on the LeKPz M41

== See also ==
''Links to the articles on the War Thunder Wiki that you think will be useful for the reader, for example:''

* ''reference to the series of the vehicles;''
* ''links to approximate analogues of other nations and research trees.''

== External links ==


* [http://www.panzerbaer.de/types/bw_lkpz_m41-a.htm <nowiki>[Panzerbaer.de] DER SPÄHPANZER M41 (Bw)</nowiki>]

{{Germany light tanks}}

Spitfire Mk IXc (USSR)

2020-06-13T22:20:28Z

U16697154: Re adding commented template description

{{Specs-Card|code=spitfire_ix_ussr}}
{{About
| about = Russian fighter '''{{PAGENAME}}'''
| usage = other uses
| link = Spitfire (Family)
}}

== Description ==

[[File:GarageImage_{{PAGENAME}}.jpg|420px|thumb|left|The '''{{PAGENAME}}''' in the garage]]
{{break}}
The '''{{Specs|name}}''' is a gift rank {{Specs|rank}} Russian fighter {{Battle-rating}}. It was introduced into the game sometime prior to [[Update 1.27]].

== General info ==
=== Flight Performance ===
''Describe how the aircraft behaves in the air. Speed, manoeuvrability, acceleration and allowable loads - these are the most important characteristics of the vehicle.''

{| class="wikitable" style="text-align:center"
|-
! colspan="8" | Characteristics
|-
! colspan="8" | ''Stock''
|-
! colspan="2" | Max Speed (km/h at ?,000 m)
! rowspan="2" | Max altitude (meters)
! colspan="2" | Turn time (seconds)
! colspan="2" | Rate of climb (meters/second)
! rowspan="2" |Take-off run (meters)
|-
! AB
! RB
! AB
! RB
! AB
! RB
|-
| ? || ? || {{Specs|ceiling}} || ??.? || ??.? || ??.? || ??.? || ???
|-
! colspan="8" | ''Upgraded''
|-
! colspan="2" | Max Speed (km/h at ?,000 m)
! rowspan="2" |Max altitude (meters)
! colspan="2" | Turn time (seconds)
! colspan="2" | Rate of climb (meters/second)
! rowspan="2" |Take-off run (meters)
|-
! AB
! RB
! AB
! RB
! AB
! RB
|-
| ? || ? || {{Specs|ceiling}} || ??.? || ??.? || ??.? || ??.? || ???
|-
|}

====Details====
{| class="wikitable" style="text-align:center"
|-
! colspan="5" | Features
|-
! Combat flap
! Take-off flap
! Landing flap
! Air brakes
! Arrestor gear
|-
| X || X || X || X || X 
|-
|}

{| class="wikitable" style="text-align:center"
|-
! colspan="5" | Limits
|-
! rowspan="2" | Wing-break speed (km/h)
! rowspan="2" | Gear limit (km/h)
! rowspan="2" | Combat flap (km/h)
! colspan="2" | Max Static G
|-
! +
! -
|-
| {{Specs|разрушение|конструкции}} || {{Specs|разрушение|шасси}} || ??? || ~?? || ~?
|-
|}

{| class="wikitable" style="text-align:center"
|-
! colspan="4" | Optimal velocities
|-
! Ailerons (km/h)
! Rudder (km/h)
! Elevators (km/h)
! Radiator (km/h)
|-
| < ??? || < ??? || < ??? || > ???
|-
|}

{| class="wikitable" style="text-align:center"
|-
! colspan="3" | Compressor (RB/SB)
|-
! colspan="3" | Setting 1
|-
! Optimal altitude
! 100% Engine power
! WEP Engine power
|-
| ?,??? m || ??? hp || ?,??? hp
|-

|}

=== Survivability and armour ===
''Examine the survivability of the aircraft. Note how vulnerable the structure is and how secure the pilot is, whether the fuel tanks are armoured, etc. Describe the armour, if there is any, and also mention the vulnerability of other critical aircraft systems.''

== Armaments ==
=== Offensive armament ===
''Describe the offensive armament of the aircraft, if any. Describe how effective the cannons and machine guns are in a battle, and also what belts or drums are better to use. If there is no offensive weaponry, delete this subsection.''

=== Suspended armament ===
''Describe the aircraft's suspended armament: additional cannons under the wings, bombs, rockets and torpedoes. This section is especially important for bombers and attackers. If there is no suspended weaponry remove this subsection.''

=== Defensive armament ===
''Defensive armament with turret machine guns or cannons, crewed by gunners. Examine the number of gunners and what belts or drums are better to use. If defensive weaponry is not available remove this subsection.''

== Usage in battles ==
''Describe the tactics of playing in an aircraft, the features of using vehicles in a team and advice on tactics. Refrain from creating a "guide" - do not impose a single point of view, but instead give the reader food for thought. Examine the most dangerous enemies and give recommendations on fighting them. If necessary, note the specifics of the game in different modes (AB, RB, SB).''

===Manual Engine Control===
{| class="wikitable" style="text-align:center"
|-
! colspan="7" | MEC elements
|-
! rowspan="2" |Mixer
! rowspan="2" |Pitch
! colspan="3" |Radiator
! rowspan="2" |Supercharger
! rowspan="2" |Turbocharger
|-
! Oil
! Water
! Type
|-
| Controllable || rowspan="2" | Not controllable || rowspan="2" | Not controllable || rowspan="2" | Not controllable || rowspan="2" | Separate || rowspan="2" | Not controllable || rowspan="2" | Not controllable
|-
|}

===Modules===
{| class="wikitable"
! colspan="1" | Tier
! colspan="2" | Flight performance
! colspan="1" | Survivability
! colspan="2" | Weaponry
|-
| I
| Fuselage Repair
| Radiator
|
|
|-
| II
|
| Compressor
| Airframe
|
|-
| III
| Wings Repair
| Engine
|
|
|-
| IV
|
| Engine Injection
| Cover
|
|-
|}

=== Pros and cons ===


'''Pros:'''

* Very agile like all Spitfires
* Good climb rate
* Very good acceleration
* Can out turn anything except for the Zeros

*

'''Cons:'''

* Slightly slower than the British and American Spitfires
* Cannons tend to overheat
* Can’t take damage very well
* Roll rate at high speeds is terrible
* Has the average Mk. II Hispano cannons (called Hisparkos for a reason)
* No access to suspended armaments for combines battles

*

== History ==
''Describe the history of the creation and combat usage of the aircraft in more detail than in the introduction. If the historical reference turns out to be too big, take it to a separate article, taking a link to the article about the vehicle and adding a block "/ History" (example: <nowiki>https://wiki.warthunder.com/(Vehicle-name)/History</nowiki>) and add a link to it here using the <code>main</code> template. Be sure to reference text and sources by using <code><nowiki><ref></nowiki></code>, as well as adding them at the end of the article. This section may also include the vehicle's devblog entry (if applicable) and the ingame encyclopedia description (under <code><nowiki>=== Encyclopedia Info ===</nowiki></code>, also if applicable).''

== Media ==
''Excellent additions to the article would be video guides, screenshots from the game, and photos.''

== See also ==
''Links to the articles on the War Thunder Wiki that you think will be useful for the reader, for example:''

* ''reference to the series of the aircraft;''
* ''links to approximate analogues of other nations and research trees.''

== External links ==


* [https://warthunder.com/en/news/4554-event-spitfire-day-in-honor-of-the-first-flight-en [Event<nowiki>]</nowiki> Spitfire Day - In honor of the first flight]

{{AirManufacturer Supermarine}}
{{USSR fighters}}
{{USSR premium aircraft}}

Bf 110 G-2

2020-06-13T22:19:31Z

U16697154:

{{Specs-Card|code=bf-110g-2}}
{{About
| about = German twin-engine fighter '''{{PAGENAME}}'''
| and
| usage = other versions
| link-1 = Bf 110 C-7
| link-2 = Bf 110 F-2
}}

== Description ==

[[File:GarageImage Bf110G-2.jpg|420px|thumb|left]]
{{break}}
The '''{{Specs|name}}''' is a rank {{Specs|rank}} German twin-engine fighter {{Battle-rating}}. It was introduced in [[Update 1.79 "Project X"]].

== General info ==
=== Flight Performance ===

[[File:Cockpits Bf110.jpg|thumbnail|right|Cockpit features great side & forward visibility despite the struts. Although the tail section is obscured by the armoured headrest, the gunner can function as an early warning indicator.]]

The {{PAGENAME}} is a textbook example of what classifies a twin-engined fighter. Positive capabilities of this aircraft include an outstanding turn time, menacing offensive armament, amazing acceleration and all-out straight-line speed. This aircraft is incredibly versatile due to the variety of offensive weapons which can be selected. Depending on the weapon loadout chosen, this twin-engine fighter can take on the roles of attacker, bomber and even bomber interceptor. Though the Bf 110 can take on fighters when the opportunity comes up or is necessary, caution must be taken as any single-engine fighter will likely out-turn the Bf 110 and manoeuvre into an attack position, effectively reversing roles.

When compared to its predecessors, the [[Bf 110 F-2|F2]] and the [[Bf 110 C-7|C7]], the G-2 is a noticeable upgrade in regards to both armament and flight performance. With the addition of the more powerful DB-605B engines, the G-2 has more power and responsive performance than the earlier versions. The G-2's default configuration consists of two MG151/20 cannons (same used on the [[Bf 109 (Family)|Bf 109]]s) and two 30 mm MK108 cannons (same used on the [[Me 262 (Family)|Me 262]]s) which are a lethal combination and when compared to contemporaries such as the [[Beaufighter (Family)|Beaufighter]] family of twin-engined aircraft, the G-2 clearly packs a more powerful punch.

The {{PAGENAME}} is considerably more manoeuvrable than contemporary twin-engine aircraft and if needed can outrun most, however, once the aircraft is outfitted with other than the default offensive armament and ordinance, its manoeuvrability becomes less effective and becomes an easier target for enemy aircraft.

The {{PAGENAME}} can effectively take on different roles, depending on the map played or the targets intended. Knowing the manoeuvrability challenges faced with selecting the various armament load-outs will help the G-2 pilot ensure to avoid areas of the map where they will be at a major disadvantage and ensure effective use of the ordinance on board.

{| class="wikitable" style="text-align:center"
|-
! colspan="8" | Characteristics
|-
! colspan="8" | ''Stock''
|-
! colspan="2" | Max Speed (km/h at 6,200 m)
! rowspan="2" | Max altitude (meters)
! colspan="2" | Turn time (seconds)
! colspan="2" | Rate of climb (meters/second)
! rowspan="2" | Take-off run (meters)
|-
! AB
! RB
! AB
! RB
! AB
! RB
|-
| 571 || 557 || 11,000 || 30.7 || 31.7 || 9.8 || 9.8 || 444
|-
! colspan="8" | ''Upgraded''
|-
! colspan="2" | Max Speed (km/h at 6,200 m)
! rowspan="2" | Max altitude (meters)
! colspan="2" | Turn time (seconds)
! colspan="2" | Rate of climb (meters/second)
! rowspan="2" | Take-off run (meters)
|-
! AB
! RB
! AB
! RB
! AB
! RB
|-
| ? || ? || 11,000 || ??.? || ??.? || ?.? || ?.? || 444
|-
|}

====Details====
{| class="wikitable" style="text-align:center"
|-
! colspan="5" | Features
|-
! Combat flap
! Take-off flap
! Landing flap
! Air brakes
! Arrestor gear
|-
| ✓ || X || ✓ || X || X 
|-
|}

{| class="wikitable" style="text-align:center"
|-
! colspan="5" | Limits
|-
! rowspan="2" | Wing-break speed (km/h)
! rowspan="2" | Gear limit (km/h)
! rowspan="2" | Combat flap (km/h)
! colspan="2" | Max Static G
|-
! +
! -
|-
| {{Specs|разрушение|конструкции}} || {{Specs|разрушение|шасси}} ||490|| ~?? || ~?
|-
|}

{| class="wikitable" style="text-align:center"
|-
! colspan="4" | Optimal velocities
|-
! Ailerons (km/h)
! Rudder (km/h)
! Elevators (km/h)
! Radiator (km/h)
|-
| < 360 || < 350 || < 370 || > 715
|-
|}

{| class="wikitable" style="text-align:center"
|-
! colspan="3" | Compressor (RB/SB)
|-
! colspan="3" | Setting 1
|-
! Optimal altitude
! 100% Engine power
! WEP Engine power
|-
| 5,650 m || 1,260 hp || 1,399 hp
|-

|}

=== Survivability and armour ===


* 58 mm Bulletproof glass in front of the pilot
* 5.5 mm Steel plate under the pilot
* 8.5-10.5 mm Steel plate behind the pilot
* 5.5-6 mm Steel plate in front and below the liquid cooling system
* 6 mm Steel plate around the liquid cooling system in wings
* 8.5-10.5 mm Steel plates around MK 108 guns
* 6 mm Steel plate under defensive gunner
* 8.5 mm Steel plate in front of the defensive gunner

== Armaments ==
=== Offensive armament ===

{{main|MK 108 (30 mm)|MG 151/20 (20 mm)}}

The '''''{{PAGENAME}}''''' is armed with:

* 2 x 30 mm MK 108 cannons, nose-mounted (120 rpg left + 135 rpg right = 255 total)
* 2 x 20 mm MG 151 cannons, chin-mounted (400 rpg left + 350 rpg right = 750 total)

Of the four cannons, the 20 mm cannons are mounted in the belly of the fuselage right under the pilot's seat while the two 30 mm cannons are mounted in the upper fuselage in front of the pilot. Each cannon is armed with a different amount of ammunition, which means that all guns will run out of ammunition at different times with the 30 mm cannons running empty first.

=== Suspended armament ===

{{main|MG 151/20 (20 mm)|BK 3,7 (37 mm)|Wfr.Gr.21}}
{{main|SC50JA (50 kg)|SC250JA (250 kg)|SC500K (500 kg)|SC1000L2 (1,000 kg)}}

The '''''{{PAGENAME}}''''' can be outfitted with the following ordnance:

* 2 x 20 mm MG 151 cannons (350 + 400 rpg = 750 total)
* 2 x 20 mm MG 151 cannons (350 + 400 rpg = 750 total) + 12 x 50 kg SC50JA bombs (600 kg total)
* 2 x 20 mm MG 151 cannons (350 + 400 rpg = 750 total) + 2 x 250 kg SC250JA bombs (500 kg total)
* 2 x 20 mm MG 151 cannons (350 + 400 rpg = 750 total) + 1 x 500 kg SC500K bomb (500 kg total)
* 2 x 20 mm MG 151 cannons (350 + 400 rpg = 750 total) + 2 x 500 kg SC500K bombs (1,000 kg total)
* 2 x 20 mm MG 151 cannons (350 + 400 rpg = 750 total) + 1 x 1,000 kg SC1000L2 bomb (1,000 kg total)
* 2 x 20 mm MG 151 cannons (350 + 400 rpg = 750 total) + 1 x 1,000 kg SC1000L2 bomb + 1 x 250 kg SC250JA bomb (1,250 kg total)
* 1 x 37 mm BK 3,7 cannon belly-mounted (66 rpg)
* 2 x 20 mm MG 151 cannons (350 + 400 rpg = 750 total) + 2 x 20 mm MG 151 cannons, belly-mounted (secondary) (100 rpg = 200 total)
* 2 x 20 mm MG 151 cannons (350 + 400 rpg = 750 total) + 4 x Wfr.Gr.21 rockets
* 2 x 20 mm MG 151 cannons (350 + 400 rpg = 750 total) + 2 x 20 mm MG 151 cannons, belly-mounted (secondary) (100 rpg = 200 total) + 4 x Wfr.Gr.21 rockets
* 1 x 37 mm BK 3,7 cannon, belly-mounted (66 rpg) + 4 x Wfr.Gr.21 rockets

=== Defensive armament ===

{{main|MG 81 (7.92 mm)}}

The '''''{{PAGENAME}}''''' is defended by:

* 2 x 7.92 mm MG 81 machine guns, dorsal turret (750 rpg = 1,500 total)

== Usage in battles ==
''Describe the tactics of playing in an aircraft, the features of using vehicles in a team and advice on tactics. Refrain from creating a "guide" - do not impose a single point of view, but instead, give the reader food for thought. Examine the most dangerous enemies and give recommendations on fighting them. If necessary, note the specifics of the game in different modes (AB, RB, SB).''

===Manual Engine Control===
{| class="wikitable" style="text-align:center"
|-
! colspan="7" | MEC elements
|-
! rowspan="2" | Mixer
! rowspan="2" | Pitch
! colspan="3" | Radiator
! rowspan="2" | Supercharger
! rowspan="2" | Turbocharger
|-
! Oil
! Water
! Type
|-
|Not controllable|| rowspan="2" | Controllable || rowspan="2" | Controllable || rowspan="2" | Controllable || rowspan="2" | Separate || rowspan="2" |Not controllable|| rowspan="2" | Not controllable
|-
|}

===Modules===
{| class="wikitable"
! colspan="1" | Tier
! colspan="2" | Flight performance
! colspan="1" | Survivability
! colspan="3" | Weaponry
|-
| I
| Fuselage Repair
| Radiator
|
| Offensive 20 mm
| WEB 151
| Turret 7 mm
|-
| II
|
| Compressor
| Airframe
| New 20 mm Cannons
| Bk 3,7 Cannon
| New 7 mm MGs (turret)
|-
| III
| Wing Repair
| Engine
|
| Offensive 30 mm
| Offensive 37 mm
| ETC IXb
|-
| IV
|
| Engine Injection
| Cover
| New 30 mm Cannon
| New 37 mm Cannon
| R6 Modification
|-
|}

=== Pros and cons ===


'''Pros:'''

* Twin 30 mm Mk 108 cannons as primary armament at all times in the nose of the aircraft
* Comes with a default twin 20 mm MG 151 secondary armament with a generous amount of ammo (375 RPG) mounted to the chin
* Replaces the single MG 15 rear gunner turret with a twin MG 81 mount
* Can mount an additional twin MG 151 on the belly of the aircraft for a total of 4 x MG 151's
* A wide variety of bombs and rocket options to carry in combination with gunpods
* Can mount a BK 3.7 cannon with either HEFI-T or HVAP-T shells (or both)
* Fastest Bf 110 variant with the highest rate of climb
* Like all 110’s, the G2 is very sturdy and can survive a lot of punishment
* Can suit a lot of different play styles like bomber hunting, CAS, or opportunistic support fighter

'''Cons:'''

* Mk 108 cannons require significant leading in order to secure a hit, making them unsuitable against fast-moving players
* Still significantly slower and bulkier than any single-engine fighter it flies against
* The second, extra 20 mm MG 151 gunpod only carries 200 rounds between them, compared to the first MG 151 gun pod with a total of 750 rounds
* A big target and very easy to hit in a turn
* In a dogfight a 110 will be picked apart by the horde of Allied seagulls

== History ==
''Describe the history of the creation and combat usage of the aircraft in more detail than in the introduction. If the historical reference turns out to be too big, take it to a separate article, taking a link to the article about the vehicle and adding a block "/ History" (example: <nowiki>https://wiki.warthunder.com/(Vehicle-name)/History</nowiki>) and add a link to it here using the <code>main</code> template. Be sure to reference text and sources by using <code><nowiki><ref></nowiki></code>, as well as adding them at the end of the article. This section may also include the vehicle's dev blog entry (if applicable) and the in-game encyclopedia description (under <code><nowiki>=== Encyclopedia Info ===</nowiki></code>, also if applicable).''

== Media ==

{{Youtube-gallery|AW9Gjrax8Zg|'''The Shooting Range #53''' - ''Pages of History'' section at 03:07 discusses the Bf 110.|akxAxhPBA3k|'''The Shooting Range #101''' - ''Tactics & Strategy'' section at 14:24 discusses the Bf 110 G-2.}}

== See also ==
''Links to the articles on the War Thunder Wiki that you think will be useful for the reader, for example:''

* ''reference to the series of the aircraft;''
* ''links to approximate analogues of other nations and research trees.''

== External links ==


* [https://warthunder.com/en/news/5560-development-messerschmitt-bf-110-model-updates-new-modifications-en [Devblog<nowiki>]</nowiki> Messerschmitt Bf 110 model updates, new modifications]
* [https://forum.warthunder.com/index.php?/topic/414728-bf-110g-2/ [Forum<nowiki>]</nowiki> BF 110 G-2 Data Sheet]

{{AirManufacturer BFW}}
{{Germany twin-engine fighters}}

Bf 110 F-2

2020-06-13T22:17:57Z

U16697154: Spelling

{{Specs-Card|code=bf-110f-2}}
{{About
| about = German twin-engine fighter '''{{PAGENAME}}'''
| usage = other uses
| link = Bf 110 (Family)
}}

== Description ==

[[File:GarageImage_{{PAGENAME}}.jpg|420px|thumb|left]]
{{break}}
The '''{{Specs|name}}''' is a rank {{Specs|rank}} German twin-engine fighter {{Battle-rating}}. This fighter was introduced in [[Update 1.79 "Project X"]].

== General info ==
[[File:Cockpits Bf110.jpg|thumbnail|right|Cockpit features great side & forward visibility despite the struts. Although the tail section is obscured by the armoured backrest, the gunner will function as a good warning indicator, sometimes.]]
=== Flight Performance ===
''Describe how the aircraft behaves in the air. Maximum speed, manoeuvrability, speed and allowable loads - these are the most important characteristics of the vehicle.''
=== Flight Performance ===


{| class="wikitable" style="text-align:center"
|-
! colspan="8" | Characteristics
|-
! colspan="8" | ''Stock''
|-
! colspan="2" | Max Speed (km/h at 5,822 m)
! rowspan="2" | Max altitude (meters)
! colspan="2" | Turn time (seconds)
! colspan="2" | Rate of climb (meters/second)
! rowspan="2" | Take-off run (meters)
|-
! AB
! RB
! AB
! RB
! AB
! RB
|-
| 546 || 530 || {{Specs|ceiling}} || 25.6 || 26.1 || 7.9 || 7.9 || 444
|-
! colspan="8" | ''Upgraded''
|-
! colspan="2" | Max Speed (km/h at 5,822 m)
! rowspan="2" | Max altitude (meters)
! colspan="2" | Turn time (seconds)
! colspan="2" | Rate of climb (meters/second)
! rowspan="2" | Take-off run (meters)
|-
! AB
! RB
! AB
! RB
! AB
! RB
|-
| 595 || 570 || {{Specs|ceiling}} || 22.6 || 24.0 || 17.5 || 10.9 || 444
|}

====Details====
{| class="wikitable" style="text-align:center"
|-
! colspan="5" | Features
|-
! Combat flap
! Take-off flap
! Landing flap
! Air brakes
! Arrestor gear
|-
| ✓ || ✓ || ✓ || X || X 
|-
|}

{| class="wikitable" style="text-align:center"
|-
! colspan="5" | Limits
|-
! rowspan="2" | Wing-break speed (km/h)
! rowspan="2" | Gear limit (km/h)
! rowspan="2" | Combat flap (km/h)
! colspan="2" | Max Static G
|-
! +
! -
|-
| {{Specs|разрушение|конструкции}} || {{Specs|разрушение|шасси}} ||490|| ~?? || ~?
|-
|}

{| class="wikitable" style="text-align:center"
|-
! colspan="4" | Optimal velocities
|-
! Ailerons (km/h)
! Rudder (km/h)
! Elevators (km/h)
! Radiator (km/h)
|-
| < 360 || < 350 || < 370 || > 715
|-
|}

{| class="wikitable" style="text-align:center"
|-
! colspan="3" | Compressor (RB/SB)
|-
! colspan="3" | Setting 1
|-
! Optimal altitude
! 100% Engine power
! WEP Engine power
|-
| 4,900 m || 1,200 hp || 1,332 hp
|-

|}

=== Survivability and armour ===


* 58 mm Bulletproof glass in front of the pilot.
* 5.5 mm Steel plate under the pilot.
* 8.5-10.5 mm Steel plate behind the pilot.
* 5.5-6 mm Steel plate in front and below the liquid cooling system.
* 6 mm Steel plate around the liquid cooling system in wings.
* 8.5-10.5 mm Steel plates in front of the cockpit
* 6 mm Steel plate under defensive gunner.
* 8.5 mm Steel plate in front of defensive gunner.

== Armaments ==
=== Offensive armament ===

{{main|MG FF/M (20 mm)|MG 17 (7.92 mm)}}

The '''''{{PAGENAME}}''''' is armed with:

* 2 x 20 mm MG FF/M cannons, nose-mounted (180 rpg = 360 total)
* 4 x 7.92 mm MG 17 machine guns, nose-mounted (1000 rpg = 4000 total)

=== Suspended armament ===

{{main|SC50JA (50 kg)|SC250JA (250 kg)|SC500K (500 kg)|SC1000L (1,000 kg)|RZ.65}}
{{main|MG FF/M (20 mm)}}

The options available for the '''''{{PAGENAME}}''''' are:

* Without load
* 12 x 50 kg SC50JA bombs
* 2 x 250 kg SC250JA bombs
* 1 x 500 kg SC500K bomb
* 2 x 500 kg SC500K bombs
* 1 x 1000 kg SC1000L bomb
* 1 x 1000 kg SC1000L bomb + 1 x 250 kg SC250JA bomb
* 2 x 20mm MG 151 cannon (200 Rounds total, 100 rpg)
* 12 x RZ.65 Rockets

=== Defensive armament ===

{{main|MG 15 (7.92 mm)}}

The '''''{{PAGENAME}}''''' is armed with:

* 1 × 7.92 mm MG 15 machine gun, rear gunner (750 rpg)

== Usage in battles ==


The Bf 110 is an aircraft that can fulfil many roles in War Thunder. Experiment with strategies to make one that best suits your playing style. Bellow are some of the most common roles a Bf 110 can fulfill.

'''Interceptor role'''

The decent climb rate for the Bf 110 guarantees you’ll be able to climb high enough to intercept bombers. Along with the nose mounted heavy armament and excellent survivability, it is a bomber’s worst nightmare.

'''Strike aircraft'''

With access to a wide variety of bomb loads and decent enough elevator authority, the Bf 110 can change the tide of a battle. Machine guns from tanks will do little harm to the heavy fighter but this does not mean you are invulnerable from threats from the ground. Your plane is a very big target for SPAA and they can make short work of the fuselage.

===Manual Engine Control===
{| class="wikitable" style="text-align:center"
|-
! colspan="7" | MEC elements
|-
! rowspan="2" | Mixer
! rowspan="2" | Pitch
! colspan="3" | Radiator
! rowspan="2" | Supercharger
! rowspan="2" | Turbocharger
|-
! Oil
! Water
! Type
|-
| Not controllable || rowspan="2" | Controllable || rowspan="2" | Controllable || rowspan="2" | Controllable || rowspan="2" | Separate || rowspan="2" |Not controllable|| rowspan="2" | Not controllable
|-
|}

===Modules===
{| class="wikitable"
! colspan="1" | Tier
! colspan="2" | Flight performance
! colspan="1" | Survivability
! colspan="3" | Weaponry
|-
| I
| Fuselage Repair
| Radiator
|
| Offensive 7 mm
| Turret 7 mm
| ETC 250/IXb I
|-
| II
|
| Compressor
| Airframe
| New 7 mm MGs
| New 7 mm MGs (turret)
| ETC 500/IXb II
|-
| III
| Wing Repair
| Engine
|
| Offensive 20 mm
| WB 151
| ETC 1000/IXb I
|-
| IV
|
| Engine Injection
| Cover
| New 20 mm Cannon
| Offensive 20 mm
| EG RZ.65 modification
|-
|}

=== Pros and cons ===


'''Pros:'''

* Good offensive armament
* Wide range of payload options
* At altitudes over 5000 meter, the engines almost doesn't overheat at all
* Very sturdy
* Good enough energy retention
* Can fly with one engine

'''Cons:'''

* Significantly slower and bulkier than any single engine fighter it flies against
* Terrible low-altitude overheating, especially with a stock radiator
* Big target

== History ==
''Describe the history of the creation and combat usage of the aircraft in more detail than in the introduction. If the historical reference turns out to be too big, take it to a separate article, taking a link to an article about the vehicle and adding a block "/ History" (example: <nowiki>https://wiki.warthunder.com/(Vehicle-name)/History</nowiki>) and add a link to it here using the <code>main</code> template. Be sure to reference text and sources by using <code><nowiki><ref></nowiki></code>, as well as adding them at the end of the article.''

== Media ==

{{Youtube-gallery|AW9Gjrax8Zg|'''The Shooting Range #53''' - ''Pages of History'' section at 03:07 discusses the Bf 110.|akxAxhPBA3k|'''The Shooting Range #101''' - ''Special'' section at 13:15 discusses the Bf 110 F-2.}}

== See also ==
''Links to the articles on the War Thunder Wiki that you think will be useful for the reader, for example:''

* ''reference to the series of the aircraft;''
* ''links to approximate analogues of other nations and research trees.''

== External links ==


* [https://warthunder.com/en/news/5560-development-messerschmitt-bf-110-model-updates-new-modifications-en [Devblog<nowiki>]</nowiki> Messerschmitt Bf 110 model updates, new modifications]

{{AirManufacturer BFW}}
{{Germany twin-engine fighters}}

A7M2

2020-06-13T22:15:18Z

U16697154: Cleaning up the edit.

{{Specs-Card|code=a7m2}}
{{About
| about = Japanese fighter '''{{PAGENAME}}'''
| usage = premium version
| link = A7M1 (NK9H)
}}

== Description ==

[[File:GarageImage_{{PAGENAME}}.jpg|420px|thumb|left]]
{{break}}
The '''{{Specs|name}}''' is a Rank {{Specs|rank}} Japanese fighter {{Battle-rating}}. This aircraft was introduced in [[Update 1.55 "Royal Armour"]].

== General info ==
=== Flight Performance ===


The A7M Reppu was designed to be an improved version of the famed A6M Zero fighter, and as such, retains some of its legendary older brother's characteristics. The Reppu is an overall smooth operator at most altitudes thanks to its decent acceleration, vastly improved speed and decent manoeuvrability. Less manoeverable than the Zero, it can at certain times really struggle in dogfights, the rudder has a want to fight you at every turn requiring forceful control and slight damage to the airframe negates most of its ability to dogfight anything but the slowest turners effectively. The most noteworthy change is the replacement of the underpowered Nakajima Sakae Radial engine with a significantly more powerful Mitsubishi Ha-43 Radial. This new engine propels the Reppu to higher speeds previously unobtainable by the Zero and turns this aircraft from a nuisance to a universally feared opponent.

{| class="wikitable" style="text-align:center"
|-
! colspan="8" | Characteristics
|-
! colspan="8" | ''Stock''
|-
! colspan="2" | Max Speed (km/h at 5,660 m)
! rowspan="2" | Max altitude (meters)
! colspan="2" | Turn time (seconds)
! colspan="2" | Rate of climb (meters/second)
! rowspan="2" |Take-off run (meters)
|-
! AB
! RB
! AB
! RB
! AB
! RB
|-
| 608 || 589 || {{Specs|ceiling}} || 19.3 || 20.2 || 15.1 ||15.1|| 250
|-
! colspan="8" | ''Upgraded''
|-
! colspan="2" | Max Speed (km/h at 5,660 m)
! rowspan="2" |Max altitude (meters)
! colspan="2" | Turn time (seconds)
! colspan="2" | Rate of climb (meters/second)
! rowspan="2" |Take-off run (meters)
|-
! AB
! RB
! AB
! RB
! AB
! RB
|-
| 655 || 629 || {{Specs|ceiling}} || 18.8 || 19 || 22.8 || 18.5 || 250
|-
|}

====Details====

{| class="wikitable" style="text-align:center"
|-
! colspan="5" | Limits
|-
! rowspan="2" | Wing-break speed (km/h)
! rowspan="2" | Gear limit (km/h)
! rowspan="2" | Combat flap (km/h)
! colspan="2" | Max Static G
|-
! +
! -
|-
| {{Specs|разрушение|конструкции}} || {{Specs|разрушение|шасси}} || ~?? || ~?
|-
|}

=== Survivability and armour ===


* 70 mm bulletproof glass in front of the pilot
* 13 mm steel plate behind the pilot seat

While being slightly more durable than its older brother, the Reppu is still very vulnerable to any kind of battle damage. Anything with greater than .50 calibre weapons will be able to take off a wing or worse. The wingspan has also increased significantly to keep the manoeuvrability of the Zero while supporting increased weight added from the guns, engine and other updates. A downside is that this makes the wings easier to hit. However, The manoeuvrability of the Reppu allows this aircraft to avoid most damage if you can keep turning.

== Armaments ==
=== Offensive armament ===


{{main|Type 99 Model 2 navy (20 mm)|Type 3 navy (13.2 mm)}}

The '''''{{PAGENAME}}'''''

* 2 × 20 mm Type 99 Model 2 cannon, wing-mounted (200 RPG = 400 total)
* 2 × 13.2 mm Type 3 machine gun, wing-mounted (300 RPG = 600 total)

== Usage in battles ==


The A7M is played almost exactly like the Zero, but with a few changes due to the good performance. Due to its high top speed (for an IJN plane at least) and good dive speed, it can tailor to any form of dogfighting. It can turn fight in the right situation, energy fight, Boom-&-Zoom and others.

It is mandatory to keep your energy up at all times, as you can suitably engage opponents in multiple ways by doing so. Keep your speed at a medium and maintain altitude. A low flying Reppu is an easy prey for diving Americans and Russians that dive on you. However, you can attempt to pull rolling manoeuvres to avoid their strafe or turn as soon as they get within range.

===Modules===
{| class="wikitable"
! colspan="1" | Tier
! colspan="2" | Flight performance
! colspan="1" | Survivability
! colspan="2" | Weaponry
|-
| I
| Fuselage Repair
| Radiator
|
| Offensive 13 mm
| Type 3 No.1 Mod.28 Mk.1 Rockets
|-
| II
|
| Compressor
| Airframe
| New 13 mm MG's
| Type 5 No.1 Mod.9 Rockets
|-
| III
| Wings Repair
| Engine
|
| Offensive 20 mm
| Type 3 No.6 Mod.27 Mk.1 Rockets
|-
| IV
|
| Engine Injection
| Cover
| New 20 mm cannons
| Type 5 No.6 Mod.9 Rockets
|-
|}

=== Pros and cons ===


'''Pros:'''

* Decently agile at all altitudes and most speeds
* Powerful and accurate armament with decent belts
* Vastly improved speed and diving ability compared to its counterpart
* Can mount unguided air-to-air rockets
* Can dogfight situationally
* 70 mm bulletproof glass in front of the pilot
* Large ammunition pool
* Decent roll rate
* EXCELLENT energy fighter
* Good turn time
* Engine cools well
* 13.2mm guns hit quite hard, and can start fires, snipe pilots, and are good for long range shots
* Cannons are the primary damage dealer, often snapping the wings of enemy planes in one burst

'''Cons:'''

* Significantly increased size compared to A6M
* Flimsy wings, easily damaged
* Roll rate extremely slow, slow turn prep, however has good elevator turn time
* Almost useless when the engine is shot
* 13.2 mm HMG's have a slow rate of fire
* All guns are mounted on the wings, resulting in significant convergence
* Control stiffening begins at relatively low speeds

== History ==

The A7M2 Reppu "Strong Gale" was designed to replace the A6M series aircraft. Nicknamed the "Sam" by allied pilots.

In 1940 the Japanese Navy requested a successor to be made for the A6M, the specifications were for an aircraft that was faster and could climb quicker to counteract against allied attacks with more ease. While still retaining the legendary manoeuvrability of the A6M. This provided an extreme contradiction of requirements as to make the plane faster would require an engine that was not built yet, it would be heavier and bigger than the A6M's "Nakajima NK1C Sakae-12" engine. Requiring the airframe of the A7M to be bigger and stronger to handle the increased weight.

Calculations by Horikoshi's development team suggested that in order to have a climb rate and top speed needed by the Navy they would have to use a minimum of 2,000hp engine. This proved to be an exceptional challenge as the two engines which theoretically could develop this power were still under development. In 1944, 4 years after the start of the project the first A7M1 prototype was developed with the 2,000 hp "Nakajima Homare 22" engine. Unfortunately, due to the increased weight and drag of the airframe (to handle the heavy engine), the A7M1 could only achieve roughly 350mph (570kmh) and did not meet the climbing requirements. It did, however, meet all the manoeuvrability requirements. With an abundance of A6M series aircraft being manufactured, they did not see any need to start development of the A7M as it currently was. The Japanese Navy requested further development of the A7M, as the A6M was starting to show it's age.

3 more variants of the A7M would be designed, with the last variant A7M3-J sporting a 2,200 hp turbo-supercharged Mitsubishi Ha-43 engine. Unfortunately, this variant was never built into a prototype, it would have sported 6 x 30 mm Type 5 cannons.

The last of the fully operational variants would be the A7M2 of only 8 were built. Equipped with a 2,200 hp Mitsubishi Ha-43, allowing for the plane to meet all criteria and exceed some criteria set by the Navy, the A7M2 was flight tested by Saburo Sakai one of Japans ACE pilots of the war. After the flight test, Sakai was extremely impressed with the A7M2. The Japanese Navy decided to develop the A7M2 as their main carrier-based fighter in late 1944.

In late 1944 an earthquake strained the manufacturing of the A7M2 causing only 8 to be built. In early 1945, Allied bombings of Japans mainland lead to the destruction of the A7M plans. This ceased the development of the A7M2 and the plane would never see combat. Only a single A7M2 would be built in 1945 due to allied bombings.

10 A7M variants were built (including prototypes), with none surviving the war.

== Media ==
''Excellent additions to the article would be video guides, screenshots from the game, and photos.''

== See also ==
''Links to the articles on the War Thunder Wiki that you think will be useful for the reader, for example:''

* ''reference to the series of the aircraft;''
* ''links to approximate analogues of other nations and research trees.''

== External links ==
''Paste links to sources and external resources, such as:''

* ''topic on the official game forum;''
* ''encyclopedia page on the aircraft;''
* ''other literature.''

{{AirManufacturer Mitsubishi}}
{{Japan fighters}}

Type 93

2020-06-05T23:35:56Z

U16697154: Removed duplicate template descriptions

{{Specs-Card|code=jp_type_93}}

== Description ==

[[File:GarageImage_{{PAGENAME}}.jpg|420px|thumb|left]]
{{Break}}
The '''{{Specs|name}}''' is a rank {{Specs|rank}} Japanese SPAA {{Battle-rating}}. It was introduced in [[Update "Starfighters"]].

== General info ==
=== Survivability and armour ===


Armour protection on this vehicle is near non existant. And the idea of no armour being best armour holds up true here. The armour is only suitable for stopping small arms fire as the vehicle is designed to be hidden away from the front lines. The hull armour is 5mm thick all around, slightly more armour is offered on the wheels, chassis and the turret at around 10mm. However there is a lot of empty space in this vehicle that means you can get lucky and avoid a otherwise critical hit.

This lack of armour allows this vehicle to obtain some of the fastest speeds in game on flat roads and a more than adequate speed off road.

{| class="wikitable"
|-
! Armour !! Front (Slope angle) !! Sides !! Rear !! Roof
|-
| Hull || 5 mm || 5 mm ''Top'' 5 mm ''Bottom'' || 5 mm || 5 mm
|-
| Turret || 10 mm ''Turret front'' 10 mm ''Gun mantlet'' || 10 mm || 10 mm || 10 mm
|-
| Cupola || ___ mm || ___ mm || ___ mm || ___ mm
|-
|}

'''Notes:''' 


=== Mobility ===

''Write about the mobility of the ground vehicle. Estimate the specific power and manoeuvrability, as well as the maximum speed forwards and backwards.''

{{tankMobility}}

== Armaments ==
=== Main armament ===


The main armament for the Type 93 SAM, is a SAM Launcher built by Toshiba Heavy Industries. The ammunition you will be firing are 8x Type 91 SAM3 Missiles. These missiles are a variant of the Type 91 SAM2 Missiles fired from a handheld launcher by Infantry. Similar is purpose and design to Stingers

The launcher features a centralised optic system and 2 x 4 launchers located either side of it. The turret is capable of 360 degree turning and elevation of 70 degrees, there is no depression on the launcher meaning firing at targets below you will be difficult.

The Missiles fired use a First of its kind Guidance ( At the time ) Infared and Image Guidance System. The main benefit of this system was that It can lock onto targets emiiting heat but also is smart enough to detect the target through countermeasures. Meaning flares will do nothing to a missile chasing its target. The optics contain a TV Camera, Infared Sensors, Laser Recievers and IFF Antennas These feed through to a launch control device located on the passenger side of the vehicle.

This optic also allows you to track onto targets within +1 / -1 Degrees however offers no Radar itself to spot incoming enemies so relies on callouts from team mates or your own ears and eyes to spot.

The Launcher has a warm up time of 4s before it can gain a lock and fire the missiles. it is advised to keep the missiles warmed at all times to intercept fast moving Jets. Only 1 missile can be fired per target and warm up and lock on must be achieved again.

The launcher can be fired on the move unlike other SPAA

{{main|Type 91}}

{| class="wikitable" style="text-align:center" width="100%"
|-
! colspan="6" | [[Type 91]] missile || colspan="5" | Turret rotation speed (°/s) || colspan="4" | Reloading rate (seconds)
|-
! Mode !! Capacity (Belt) !! Fire rate !! Vertical !! Horizontal !! Stabilizer
! Stock !! Upgraded !! Full !! Expert !! Aced
! Stock !! Full !! Expert !! Aced
|-
! ''Arcade''
| rowspan="2" | 8 (8) || rowspan="2" | 60 || rowspan="2" | 0°/+70° || rowspan="2" | ±180° || rowspan="2" | Two-plane || __.__ || __.__ || __.__ || __.__ || __.__ || rowspan="2" | _.__ || rowspan="2" | _.__ || rowspan="2" | _.__ || rowspan="2" | _.__
|-
! ''Realistic''
| 72.3 || 85.0 || 85.0 || __.__ || __.__
|-
|}

==== Ammunition ====
{| class="wikitable sortable" style="text-align:center" width="100%"
! colspan="8" | Penetration statistics
|-
! rowspan="2" data-sort-type="text" | Ammunition
! rowspan="2" | Type of warhead
! colspan="6" | '''Penetration @ 0° Angle of Attack (mm)'''
|-
! 10 m !! 100 m !! 500 m !! 1,000 m !! 1,500 m !! 2,000 m
|-
| Type 91 || SAM || __ || __ || __ || __ || __ || __
|-
|}
{| class="wikitable sortable" style="text-align:center" width="100%"
! colspan="10" | Shell details
|-
! rowspan="2" data-sort-type="text" | Ammunition
! rowspan="2" | Type of warhead
! rowspan="2" | Velocity (m/s)
! rowspan="2" | Projectile Mass (kg)
! rowspan="2" | Fuse delay (m)
! rowspan="2" | Fuse sensitivity (mm)
! rowspan="2" | Explosive Mass (TNT equivalent) (g)
! colspan="3" | Ricochet
|-
! 0% !! 50% !! 100%
|-
| Type 91 || SAM || 1000 || 7.7 || 1 || 10 ||486
| 47° || 56° || 65°
|-
|}

==== [[Ammo racks]] ====

{| class="wikitable" style="text-align:center"
|-
! Full ammo
! 1st rack empty
! 2nd rack empty
! 3rd rack empty
! 4th rack empty
! 5th rack empty
! 6th rack empty
! Visual discrepancy
|-
| '''1''' || __ ''(+__)'' || __ ''(+__)'' || __ ''(+__)'' || __ ''(+__)'' || __ ''(+__)'' || __ ''(+__)'' || __
|-
|}

== Usage in battles ==

One of the main advantages of this vehicle is the speed, your main goal will be not on the front lines but behind offering support or flanking to intercept Air. With a range of 7km in Rear Aspect and the 4.5km in All Aspect you will need to move closer to the enemy than would be ideal for a vehicle like this. This vehicle is ideal for taking wide flanks through less trafficed parts of the map to get into position to lay ambushes for enemy air. While this vehicle does not feature Spotting like light tanks you can use your Optical and Commander thermals to see enemies and ping the map for your team, this can help out your team during the downtime between Aircraft spawning.

On some maps you can be key to getting a quick cap on a middle point, or decapping a less contested point giving your team a slight advantage. Using your speed you can get in and out before many tanks realise you were even there.

In SB this vehicle really shines as maps are larger to allow more flanking so you can set up ambushes easier. Though the downside is as this vehicle does not feature Radar you will have to rely on sounds and team callouts to know where to aim. However this is offset by the fact your missile lock on does not set off early warning unless you activate tracking, and by the time enemies see you it will be too late to avoid.

''Describe the tactics of playing in the vehicle, the features of using vehicles in the team and advice on tactics. Refrain from creating a "guide" - do not impose a single point of view but instead give the reader food for thought. Describe the most dangerous enemies and give recommendations on fighting them. If necessary, note the specifics of the game in different modes (AB, RB, SB).''

=== Modules ===
{| class="wikitable"
! Tier
! colspan="2" | Mobility
! Protection
! colspan="2" | Firepower
|-
| I
|Tires
|
|Parts
|Horizontal Drive
|NVD / Thermals
|-
| II
|Suspension
|Brake System
|FPE
|
|
|-
| III
|Filters
|
|Crew Replenishment
|Elevation

Mechanism
|
|-
| IV
|Transmission
|Engine
|
|Artillery Support
|Laser Rangefinder
|-
|}

=== Pros and cons ===


'''Pros:'''

* Very high top speed for a ground vehicle
* Its armament of SAMs can be deadly, especially at long range
* Lock on does not set off early warning for Jets or Helicopters
* Missiles can be fired on the move

'''Cons:'''

* Can easily be destroyed by heavy machine guns and strafing aircraft
* As with nearly all light vehicles, it is susceptible to the "Hull Break" mechanic
* No gun armament for backup
* As with all "cars", this vehicle cannot pivot in place like tanks can
* Warm up time of 4s on the launcher and missiles.

== History ==

''Describe the history of the creation and combat usage of the vehicle in more detail than in the introduction. If the historical reference turns out to be too long, take it to a separate article, taking a link to the article about the vehicle and adding a block "/History" (example: <nowiki>https://wiki.warthunder.com/(Vehicle-name)/History</nowiki>) and add a link to it here using the <code>main</code> template. Be sure to reference text and sources by using <code><nowiki><ref></ref></nowiki></code>, as well as adding them at the end of the article with <code><nowiki><references /></nowiki></code>. This section may also include the vehicle's dev blog entry (if applicable) and the in-game encyclopedia description (under <code><nowiki>=== In-game description ===</nowiki></code>, also if applicable).''

== Media ==

''Excellent additions to the article would be video guides, screenshots from the game, and photos.''

== See also ==

''Links to the articles on the War Thunder Wiki that you think will be useful for the reader, for example:''

* ''reference to the series of the vehicles;''
* ''links to approximate analogues of other nations and research trees.''

== External links ==


* [[wt:en/news/6737-development-type-93-breaking-barriers-and-airframes-en|[Devblog] Type 93: Breaking Barriers and Airframes]]

{{Japan anti-aircraft vehicles}}

TKA-412

2020-06-05T23:32:58Z

U16697154: Undo revision 59448 by U69956970 (talk). Please provide more factual information about the weapon instead of personal opinion.

{{Specs-Card|code=ussr_g5_rct}}

== Description ==

[[File:GarageImage_{{PAGENAME}}.jpg|420px|thumb|left]]
{{Break}}
The '''{{Specs|name}}''' is a premium gift rank {{Specs|rank}} Soviet motor gun boat {{Battle-rating}}. It was introduced during [[Update 1.97 "Viking Fury"]] as a reward for the [[wt:en/news/6703-event-winner-vehicles-for-the-victory-anniversary-en|Victory Day]] event.

== General info ==
=== Survivability and armour ===
''Talk about the vehicle's armour. Note the most well-defended and most vulnerable zones, e.g. the ammo magazine. Evaluate the composition of components and assemblies responsible for movement and manoeuvrability. Evaluate the survivability of the primary and secondary armaments separately. Don't forget to mention the size of the crew, which plays an important role in fleet mechanics. Save tips on preserving survivability for the "Usage in battles" section. If necessary, use a graphical template to show the most well-protected or most vulnerable points in the armour.''

=== Mobility ===
''Write about the ship's mobility. Evaluate its power and manoeuvrability, rudder rerouting speed, stopping speed at full tilt, with its maximum forward and reverse speed.''

{{NavalMobility}}

== Armament ==
=== Primary armament ===
{{main|DShK (12.7 mm)}}

''Provide information about the characteristics of the primary armament. Evaluate their efficacy in battle based on their reload speed, ballistics and the capacity of their shells. Add a link to the main article about the weapon: <code><nowiki>{{main|Weapon name (calibre)}}</nowiki></code>. Broadly describe the ammunition available for the primary armament, and provide recommendations on how to use it and which ammunition to choose.''

=== Special armament ===
{{main|M-8}}

''Depth charges, mines, rocket launchers and missiles are also effective in skilled hands and can take an off-guard opponent by surprise. Evaluate the ammunition of this type of armament and rate its performance in combat. If there are no special armaments, remove this section.''

== Usage in battles ==
''Describe the technique of using this ship, the characteristics of her use in a team and tips on strategy. Abstain from writing an entire guide – don't try to provide a single point of view, but give the reader food for thought. Talk about the most dangerous opponents for this vehicle and provide recommendations on fighting them. If necessary, note the specifics of playing with this vehicle in various modes (AB, RB, SB).''

=== Modules ===
{| class="wikitable"
! Tier
! colspan="2" | Seakeeping
! colspan="2" | Unsinkability
! colspan="2" | Firepower
|-
| I
| Dry-Docking
|
| Tool Set
|
| 12.7 mm HE belts
|
|-
| II
|
| Rudder Replacement
| Fire Protection System
| Smokescreen
| 12.7 mm APIT belts
|
|-
| III
| Propeller Replacement
|
|
|
| Primary Armament Targeting
| Rocket Launcher
|-
| IV
|
| Engine Maintenance
| New Pumps
|
| Artillery Support
|
|-
! colspan="7" |This is a premium vehicle: all modifications are unlocked on purchase
|-
|}

=== Pros and cons ===


'''Pros:'''

* Extremely fast (faster than even the previous G-5 versions)
* 2 gunners instead of 1
* Superior locations for the weapons (no frontal blind spot)
* 12.7 mm is enough to damage and destroy other boats and planes at the battle rating
* Rocket-rack can unleash a deadly barrage, and has reserve to fully reload once

'''Cons:'''

* No torpedoes
* Rockets are inaccurate and prove difficult to aim on water
* Few crew members
* Exposed ammunition boxes increase chance of being ammo-racked

== History ==
''Describe the history of the creation and combat usage of the ship in more detail than in the introduction. If the historical reference turns out to be too long, take it to a separate article, taking a link to the article about the ship and adding a block "/History" (example: <nowiki>https://wiki.warthunder.com/(Ship-name)/History</nowiki>) and add a link to it here using the <code>main</code> template. Be sure to reference text and sources by using <code><nowiki><ref></ref></nowiki></code>, as well as adding them at the end of the article with <code><nowiki><references /></nowiki></code>. This section may also include the ship's dev blog entry (if applicable) and the in-game encyclopedia description (under <code><nowiki>=== In-game description ===</nowiki></code>, also if applicable).''

== Media ==
''Excellent additions to the article would be video guides, screenshots from the game, and photos.''

== See also ==
''Links to articles on the War Thunder Wiki that you think will be useful for the reader, for example:''
* ''reference to the series of the ship;''
* ''links to approximate analogues of other nations and research trees.''

== External links ==
''Paste links to sources and external resources, such as:''
* ''topic on the official game forum;''
* ''encyclopedia page on the ship;''
* ''other literature.''

{{USSR boats}}
{{USSR premium ships}}

J8A

2020-05-31T02:35:38Z

U16697154: Edit

{{Specs-Card|code=gladiator_j8a}}
{{About
| about = Swedish fighter '''{{PAGENAME}}'''
| usage = other versions
| link = Gladiator (Family)
}}

== Description ==

[[File:GarageImage_{{PAGENAME}}.jpg|420px|thumb|left]]
{{break}}
The '''{{Specs|name}}''' is a rank {{Specs|rank}} Swedish fighter {{Battle-rating}}. It was introduced in [[Update 1.93 "Shark Attack"]] but was unavailable to be played in any game mode, however, it could be flown in test-flight and with the mission editor against NPC aircraft. The aircraft was fully implemented in [[Update 1.95 "Northern Wind"]].

The {{PAGENAME}} or the original Gloster Gladiator Mk II was developed in an awkward time, in that it was an advancement in bi-plane technology over what was already in production, however, its time was almost up even before it rolled out the door as state-of-the-art monoplanes were beginning to take to the skies and outperform even the most advanced biplanes. Though a long future looked grim for the Gladiator, nevertheless it went into production and found a place in the Air Forces not only for the British but other nations such as the Swedish.

Initially a private venture by Gloster, the SS.37 started by modifying an existing prototype, the Gloster Gauntlet and outfit it with a Bristol Mercury M.E.30 radial engine and streamline the existing structure and wings to increase aerodynamic efficiency. By the time trials started, the plane was outfitted with a Mercury IV engine and then retooled for the Mercury VIS engine. Later adjustments outfitted the aircraft with a Mercury IX engine and a two-blade wooden fixed-pitch propeller, though some later models switched to a three-bladed metal pitch-adjustable propeller.

The Gladiator was the last British biplane to be produced, but it was the first one to feature a fully enclosed cockpit and though it entered service with the British, it almost immediately left the service being replaced by newer-generation fighters such as the Hawker [[Hurricane (Family)|Hurricane]] and Supermarine [[Spitfire (Family)|Spitfire]]. While the British no longer found use with the biplanes, other nations felt they would be a fine addition and countries such as Sweden and 12 other countries nabbed up 216 of the remaining Gladiators. Those picked up by Sweden were redesignated ''J8A'' (Jaktplan = fighter airplane).

== General info ==
=== Flight performance ===

[[File:J8a_an_trn_26_001.png|450px|thumb|right|'''{{PAGENAME}}''' on the tail of a [[Flegel%27s_Bf_109_A|Bf 109 A-1]].]]
The {{PAGENAME}} is an average biplane in terms of manoeuvrability, however, it is very stiff to the controls when attempting to roll the aircraft. Though an excellent flyer at lower altitudes and at lower speeds, keeping its speed up will increase its effectiveness when engaging in turn battles with other aircraft. The Bristol Mercury-IX engine allows this aircraft to reach top speeds of over 400 km/h (~250 mph) and can be a contender with other biplanes, however it will start to struggle against early monoplanes such as the Heinkel [[He 112 (Family)|He 112]], Messerschmitt [[Flegel's Bf 109 A|Bf 109A]], Polykarpov [[I-16 (Family)|I-16]] and the Brewster [[F2A-1|F2A]] fighters. Though not as fast nor does it have the armament these do, it does have a turning advantage they do not and can sometimes make a quick turn around or tail-chase a faster fighter long enough to put guns on target and eliminate an enemy.

The {{PAGENAME}} has a very low stall speed and with the throttle reduced to around 55%, this fighter can maintain level flight at a speed of about 80 km/h (50 mph) without nosing over. The vertical stabilizer is rather large for an aircraft of this type which lends itself to being an excellent aircraft for performing wing-over and hammerhead manoeuvres, especially when luring newer and unsuspecting enemy pilots into a rope-a-dope manoeuvre allowing for the {{PAGENAME}} to immediately change direction and pursue the tailing enemy fighter which may have themselves stalled out and set themselves up to be the perfect target for an inbound {{PAGENAME}}.

{| class="wikitable" style="text-align:center"
|-
! colspan="8" | Characteristics
|-
! colspan="8" | ''Stock''
|-
! colspan="2" | Max Speed (km/h at 4,420 m)
! rowspan="2" | Max altitude (meters)
! colspan="2" | Turn time (seconds)
! colspan="2" | Rate of climb (meters/second)
! rowspan="2" | Take-off run (meters)
|-
! AB !! RB !! AB !! RB !! AB !! RB
|-
| 402 || 385 || {{Specs|ceiling}} || 16.7 || 17.3 || 13.4 || 13.4 || 232
|-
! colspan="8" | ''Upgraded''
|-
! colspan="2" | Max Speed (km/h at 4,420 m)
! rowspan="2" | Max altitude (meters)
! colspan="2" | Turn time (seconds)
! colspan="2" | Rate of climb (meters/second)
! rowspan="2" | Take-off run (meters)
|-
! AB !! RB !! AB !! RB !! AB !! RB
|-
|429|| 414 || {{Specs|ceiling}} ||15.3|| 16.0 ||18.2|| 15.7 || 232
|-
|}

==== Details ====
{| class="wikitable" style="text-align:center"
|-
! colspan="5" | Features
|-
! Combat flaps !! Take-off flaps !! Landing flaps !! Air brakes !! Arrestor gear
|-
| X || ✓ || ✓ || X || X 
|-
|}

{| class="wikitable" style="text-align:center"
|-
! colspan="7" | Limits
|-
! rowspan="2" | Wings (km/h)
! rowspan="2" | Gear (km/h)
! colspan="3" | Flaps (km/h)
! colspan="2" | Max Static G
|-
! Combat !! Take-off !! Landing !! + !! -
|-
| {{Specs|destruction|body}} || {{Specs|destruction|gear}} || N/A || 520 || 320 || ~11 || ~5
|-
|}

{| class="wikitable" style="text-align:center"
|-
! colspan="4" | Optimal velocities
|-
! Ailerons (km/h)
! Rudder (km/h)
! Elevators (km/h)
! Radiator (km/h)
|-
| < 240 || < 200 || < 330 || > 190
|-
|}

{| class="wikitable" style="text-align:center"
|-
! colspan="3" | Compressor (RB/SB)
|-
! colspan="3" | Setting 1
|-
! Optimal altitude
! 100% Engine power
! WEP Engine power
|-
| 4,115 m || 810 hp || 826 hp
|-
|}

=== Survivability and armour ===


Like many aircraft just prior to the break out of World War II, the {{PAGENAME}} was not outfitted with any armour plating. The {{PAGENAME}} relied on its engine to get the aircraft where it needed to go and helped the aircraft get into a position where the guns should shoot down an enemy, any attempts to install armour plating would have only slowed down the already relatively slow biplane which would not have been worth the trade-off.

To maintain the centre of balance for this fighter, the pilot, fuel tank and engine take up the fuselage from the middle to the front, any attacks on this aircraft in this zone risk hitting a critical component, ending the {{PAGENAME}}'s fight in the battle earlier than expected. Though a closed cockpit may offer the pilot protection from glancing shots, it will not do much for head-on or side attacks.

== Armaments ==
[[File:J8a_an_trn_26_003.png|450px|thumb|right|A flight of '''{{PAGENAME}}''''s.]]
=== Offensive armament ===

{{main|Ksp m/22 (8 mm)}}

The '''''{{PAGENAME}}''''' is armed with:

* 2 x 8 mm Ksp m/22 machine guns, side-mounted (600 rpg = 1,200 total)
* 2 x 8 mm Ksp m/22 machine guns, wing-mounted (400 rpg = 800 total)

The Swedish Air Forces decided to not outfit their {{PAGENAME}} fighters with the standard .303 machine guns the British typically used, instead they opted to install four 8 mm Ksp m/22 machine guns, two mounted on each side of the pilot within arm's reach and the other two were mounted one under each side of the lower wing. It is important for pilots of this aircraft to determine at what distance they typically engage enemy aircraft at as convergence of the machine guns is a necessity to manage to effectively put as many bullets as possible into the enemy fighter. Typically in biplanes, a closer convergence setting of 100 to 250 m is best for close-in fighting, typically as one gets farther out from there, bullets lose some of their punch.

Many ace pilots from all sides of the war stated that when the enemy filled the windscreen, there was no way you could not hit, thereby guaranteeing a hit and conserving ammunition. The {{PAGENAME}} does not have the machine-gun speed of those found on some Russian biplanes as it is necessary to synchronize the firing of the guns in the fuselage to fire through the propeller arc. With 2,000 rounds of ammunition distributed between all four machine guns, it is recommended to fire in short bursts, mainly to prevent overheating and jamming of the machine guns. Typically you can continuously fire about 750 rounds of ammunition before the guns jam up and require a cool down before they can be used again.

When possible, change out the default ammunition belts for either tracer belts which are very effective against other biplanes, especially those which have fabric coverings and non-self sealing fuel tanks as tracer rounds have a good chance of setting planes on fire which can rarely put the flames out. Air belts are another good choice due to the explosive filler in the round which helps to damage or disable aircraft faster than regular bullets. For those pilots who like to sneak into a fight and catch enemy aircraft unaware, stealth belts are the way to go as there are no tracer rounds to give away your position. The enemy pilots tend to realize where the stealth bullets are coming from only too late as their aircraft is coming apart and falling to the ground.

== Usage in battles ==

[[File:J8a_an_trn_26_002.png|450px|thumb|right|Scratch one more Bf 109.]]
On early maps which tend to favour biplanes and some early monoplanes, the {{PAGENAME}} pilot has the option to decide which type of target they will go after and arm up the ammunition to do so. The {{PAGENAME}} is a multirole aircraft which can pursue either air-to-air combat, ground attack or both. The {{PAGENAME}} is a very effective turn fighter and can hold its own against many early biplanes, but due to its speed, it has the option to turn fight or attempt early Boom & Zoom runs. If flying at an altitude above the enemy aircraft, the {{PAGENAME}} can selectively choose targets, swoop down on them and either zoom back up to altitude or zoom away out of range of slower aircraft before turning around.

One of the advantages of this aircraft's low-speed capabilities is its very low stall speed, which lends itself to be handy when strafing ground targets. Lightly armoured targets such as anti-aircraft artillery, light trucks and some light tanks can be in reach with the {{PAGENAME}}. When swooping in at a lower speed and attacking ground targets, after a pass, fly up in a shallow climb and perform a wing-over to immediately face the direction you just came in and begin to target up enemy vehicles and repeat. Fortified pill-boxes, medium and heavy tanks should be avoided as they will be relatively impervious to the 8 mm machine gunfire.

J8A fighters work great in teams of two or three. Fighters can rotate being "bait" for enemy aircraft, attempting to take an enemy for a tail and while the enemy if focusing on their target, one or both of your teammates then zip in and take out the enemy target and if you happen to catch them when they are close to stall speed, the easier it will be to eliminate them from the match.

=== Manual Engine Control ===
{| class="wikitable" style="text-align:center"
|-
! colspan="7" | MEC elements
|-
! rowspan="2" | Mixer
! rowspan="2" | Pitch
! colspan="3" | Radiator
! rowspan="2" | Supercharger
! rowspan="2" | Turbocharger
|-
! Oil !! Water !! Type
|-
| Controllable || Not controllable Not auto controlled || Not controllable Not auto controlled || Not controllable Not auto controlled || Separate || Not controllable 1 gear || Not controllable
|-
|}

=== Modules ===
{| class="wikitable"
! Tier
! colspan="2" | Flight performance
! Survivability
! Weaponry
|-
| I
| Fuselage repair
| Radiator
|
| Offensive 8 mm
|-
| II
|
| Compressor
| Airframe
|
|-
| III
| Wings repair
| Engine
|
| New 8 mm MGs
|-
| IV
|
| Engine injection
| Cover
|
|-
|}

=== Pros and cons ===


'''Pros:'''

* Can go up to 418 km/h
* It's four 8 mm machine guns can quickly shred other low tier planes
* Ground belt for machine guns can very easily penetrate the roofs player tanks at its BR range
* 2,000 rounds of ammunition total, can fire continuously about 750 rounds before guns jam
* Very high max altitude for its rank
* Fixed-pitch propeller reduces the need for manual engine control tweaking
* Fantastic rudder control for stall manoeuvres
* Very low stall speed

'''Cons:'''

* Climb rate is slower than most other planes that rival it
* Poor roll rate
* Higher than average required takeoff length for biplanes
* No armour protection
* During simulator battles, much of the front view is obscured by the upper wing and canopy framing
* No option for bombs or rockets, strict aerial or ground attack with 8 mm machine guns only

== History ==


In 1936, a new defence resolution was made by the Swedish defence ministry to organise one new fighter wing and four new bomber wings in light of rising tensions in Europe. The new fighter wing was intended to provide an aerial defence to the Stockholm region and would consist of three squadrons. After a selection process, the Gloster Gladiator was found to be the aircraft most suited to requirements, and an order was made for 55 aircraft, which were to be locally fitted with engines and armament.

The first Gloster Gladiator was delivered to the Swedish Air Force on April 15th 1937 and locally designated as the 'Jaktplan 8' (J8). While the first few Swedish Gladiators were fitted with the Fairey three-bladed propeller, the decision was taken to switch back to the earlier fixed-pitch two-bladed wooden propeller. The first 37 aircraft were built to Gladiator Mk.I standard with a 645 hp NOHAB-built Bristol Mercury VIS2; the last batch of 18 aircraft were built to Gladiator Mk.II standard with an 840 hp NOHAB-built Bristol Mercury VIII. The former batch thus became known as the J8, while the latter batch was known as the J8A. Both types were armed with the Ksp m/36, which was a license-built version of the Browning M1917 chambered for 8x63mm ammunition. Deliveries of the Swedish Gloster Gladiator concluded on July 16th 1939, but two aircraft were already lost in service before deliveries were finalised. The Gladiators were initially allocated to F1 Västmanland in 1937 before a new wing was formed. This wing, F8, was transferred to Barkarby, north of Stockholm, in October of 1938, becoming F8 Barkarby.

Initial impressions of the Gloster Gladiator were mixed: the type was brand-new (having first flown in 1934 and having entered RAF service in February of 1937), but already conceptually outdated in comparison with types such as the German Bf 109, British Hawker Hurricane and the American P-35. As a result, more modern types were urgently sourced.

International events led to the Swedish J8 to have their ''combat debut'' in 1939 - albeit not under Swedish colours. Following the invasion of Finland by the Soviet Union on November 30th 1939, numerous countries offered military support to Finland, including neighbouring Sweden which went as far to form a volunteer squadron - ''Flygflottilj 19'' - which would enter combat under Finnish colours. The F19 Wing consisted of 12 J8A Gloster Gladiators capable of carrying 8 light bombs and 4 B4 Hawker Harts light bombers, supported by a Junkers F13, a Raab-Katzenstein RB-26 and a Waco ZQC-6 liaison aircraft, and was manned entirely by Swedish volunteers. After intense negotiations and preparations during December 1939 and early January 1940, the F19 Wing entered combat on January 12th 1940 with a raid on Soviet troop concentrations and air bases near Märkäjärvi, Salmijärvi and Salla. While the Hawker Hart bombers fared rather badly against enemy opposition (2 collided and 1 was shot down on this first raid, with 1 crew member killed, 2 taken PoW and 3 managing to ski back to their bases), the Gloster Gladiators went on to do rather better during their deployment. Over the course of two months, Swedish pilots claimed 10 kills; other than the 3 Harts lost on the first raid, the unit lost 3 Gladiators of which 2 were lost in accidents (one in a landing accident, pilot unhurt, and one due to structural failure, pilot killed), and 1 was shot down by Soviet airmen on January 23rd 1940 (pilot KIA). Following the cease-fire of March 13th 1940, the F19 Wing returned to Sweden and was disbanded.

In 1940, F8 Barkarby was re-equipped with the J9 (Seversky EP-1), with the J8s transferred to the F9 Säve wing which was tasked with protecting Gothenborg. The J8's stint with F9 was short, being replaced by the J11 (Fiat CR.42), after which they were used to equip the F10 Ängelholm Wing tasked with protecting Malmö. When the F10 Wing, in turn, was re-equipped with the J20 (Reggiane Re.2000), the J8's role as a frontline fighter in Swedish Air Force service was considered over, and the aircraft were distributed among other wings as advanced trainers, reserves and base hacks. During the latter part of their career in the Swedish Air Force, J8s were used piecemeal by the F8, F9, F10, F13, F16 and F20 wings. About 20 aircraft remained in service at the end of the Second World War, at which point they were progressively withdrawn from service as they were considered as being at the end of their service life. The last three Swedish J8 Gladiators were withdrawn from service on February 10th 1947.

== Media ==
''Excellent additions to the article would be video guides, screenshots from the game, and photos.''

== See also ==


;Other variants in-game

* [[Gladiator (Family)]]

;Aircraft of comparable role, configuration and era

* Fiat [[CR.32]]
* Fiat [[CR.42]]
* Grumman [[F3F-2|F3F]]
* Polikarpov [[I-15 (Family)|I-15]]
* Polikarpov [[I-153 M-62|I-153]]

== External links ==


* [[Wikipedia:Gloster_Gladiator|[Wikipedia] Gloster Gladiator]]
* [https://www.ipmsstockholm.org/magazine/1999/05/stuff_eng_detail_gladiator.htm [IPMS Stockholm<nowiki>]</nowiki> Gloster Gladiator in Detail - Gladiators in Sweden]
* [http://surfcity.kund.dalnet.se/gladiator_sweden.htm [Håkans aviation page<nowiki>]</nowiki> J8 Gloster Gladiator in the Swedish Air Force]
* [http://users.kymp.net/mode0522/planes/gladiator.html [Jari Juvonen's page<nowiki>]</nowiki> Gloster Gladiator Mk II ( J8A )]

{{AirManufacturer Gloster}}
{{Sweden fighters}}

PT-3

2020-05-23T05:20:07Z

U16697154: Cutting history into multiple paragraph and some minor edits.

{{Specs-Card|code=us_pt3}}

== Description ==

[[File:GarageImage_{{PAGENAME}}.jpg|420px|thumb|left]]
{{Break}}
The '''{{specs|name}}''' is a premium rank {{specs|rank}} American motor torpedo boat {{Battle-rating|1}}. It was introduced in [[Update 1.83 "Masters of the Sea"]] as part of the release of fleet into open beta test.

== General info ==
=== Survivability and armour ===
''Talk about the vehicle's armour. Note the most well-defended and most vulnerable zones, e.g. the ammo magazine. Evaluate the composition of components and assemblies responsible for movement and manoeuvrability. Evaluate the survivability of the primary and secondary armament separately. Don't forget to mention the size of the crew, which plays an important role in fleet mechanics. Tips for preserving survivability should be saved for the "Use in battle" section.''

''If necessary, use a graphic template to show the most well-protected or most vulnerable points in the armour.''

=== Mobility ===
''Write about the ship’s mobility. Evaluate its power and manoeuvrability, rudder rerouting speed, stopping speed at full tilt, with its maximum forward speed and reverse speed.''

== Armament ==
=== Primary armament ===
{{main|AN-M2 (12.7 mm)}}
''Provide information about the characteristics of the primary armament. Evaluate their efficacy in battle based on their reload speed, ballistics and the capacity of their shells.''

''Broadly describe the ammunition available for the primary armament, and provide recommendations on how to use it and which ammunition to choose.''

=== Torpedo armament ===
{{main|18-inch Mk.7 (450 mm)}}
''Many ships are armed with torpedo launchers, and for some vessels such as boats, torpedoes are an extremely important means of defeating an opponent. Evaluate the position of the torpedo launchers, discuss the ammunition available, firing specifics such as dead zones, features of the torpedoes themselves, etc.''

=== Special armament ===
{{main|Mk.6 depth charge}}
''Depth charges, mines, rocket launchers and missiles are also effective in skilled hands and can be an unexpected surprise for an opponent. Evaluate the ammunition of this type of armament and rate its performance in combat.''

== Usage in battles ==
''Describe the technique of using this ship, the characteristics of her use in a team and tips on strategy. Abstain from writing an entire guide – don’t get try to provide a single point of view, but give the reader food for thought. Talk about the most dangerous opponents for this vehicle and provide recommendations on fighting them. If necessary, note the specifics of playing with this vehicle in various modes (AB, RB, SB).''

=== Pros and cons ===
''Summarize and briefly evaluate the vehicle in terms of its characteristics and combat effectiveness. Mark its pros and cons in the bulleted list. Try not to use more than 6 points for each of the characteristics. Avoid using categorical definitions such as "bad", "good" and the like - they have a substitution in the form of softer "inadequate", "effective".''

'''Pros:'''

*

'''Cons:'''

*

== History ==


'''''PT-3''''' was layed down on August 1, 1939 by Fisher Boat Works in Detroit, Michigan. It was launched on April 18, 1940 and it was completed on June 20 of the same year. It entered service on July 24 and it was assigned to Motor Torpedo Boat Squadron ONE (PTRon 1) to be evaluated.

PTRon 1 was the first squadron of its kind, and it was a squadron of experimental ships when it was created and was under the command of Lt. Earl S. Caldwell, USN. It was to be given to the Royal Navy on April 19, 1942 and would have been re-designated as the '''''HM MTB-273'''''. However, the transfer was cancelled and was instead transferred to the Royal Canadian Air Force (RCAF) with the designation '''''Bras D'Or (M 413)'''''. It was intended to be used as a high speed rescue launch boat.

Following its service in the war, it was was returned to the US on April 10, 1945 and once again re-designated, this time as the '''''B-119'''''. The last transfer in its long and storied history was between the United States Navy (USN) to the War Shipping Administration on May 2, 1946.

It still survives today in rather poor condition and can be found at Flanigan Brothers Boatyard, Fairton, NJ (as of 2012), waiting to be restored.

The ship historically had a displacement of 25 t, a length of 58 ft, and a beam of 18 ft. It was powered by two 1,350 hp Packard gasoline engines, and had two shafts. The armament consisted of two .50 cal machine guns, two 18 inch Mk. 7 torpedoes, and two Mk. 6 depth charge racks.

== Media ==
''An excellent addition to the article will be video guides, as well as screenshots from the game and photos.''

== See also ==
''Links to the articles on the War Thunder Wiki that you think will be useful for the reader, for example:''

* ''reference to the series of the ship;''
* ''links to approximate analogues of other nations and research trees.''

== External links ==
''Paste links to sources and external resources, such as:''

* ''topic on the official game forum;''
* ''encyclopedia page on ship;''
* ''other literature.''

{{USA boats}}
{{USA premium ships}}

15cm sIG 33 B Sfl

2020-05-23T05:12:29Z

U16697154: Re adding commented template description

{{Specs-Card|code=germ_sturmpanzer_II}}

== Description ==

[[File:GarageImage_{{PAGENAME}}.jpg|420px|thumb|left]]
{{break}}
The '''{{Specs|name}}''' is a rank {{Specs|rank}} German tank destroyer {{Battle-rating}}. It was introduced in [[Update 1.67 "Assault"]]. Based on the Panzer II chassis, it mounted a 150 millimeter cannon and was used during the North African campaign.

== General info ==
=== Survivability and armour ===

The Sturmpanzer II does have enough armour to stop low BR tank rounds, however it should not be relied upon to stop High Velocity or High Penetration rounds, especially from other SPGs. It is an open topped vehicle, and since it has no machine guns, it is very vulnerable to air attack.

Despite having very little armor, it does have a lot of empty space in the tank to resist multiple penetrating hits before being destroyed. However, it is hull-breakable against 75mm or larger guns with sufficient AP velocity or HEAT capability.

=== Mobility ===


{{tankMobility|abMinHp= 220|rbMinHp= 137|}}

The Sturmpanzer II can go up to 45 km/h, but due to the low power-to-weight ratio of 17.04 hp/ton in AB and 9.74 hp/ton in RB, the practical top speed is significantly less. Reverse speed is decent, up to -8.4 km/h. Has a decent turning capability when moving at higher speeds. When stopped it can barely turn do to its weight.

== Armaments ==
=== Main armament ===

{{main|SIG 33 (150 mm)}}

The Sturmpanzer II mounts a S.I.G. 33 Infantry Support cannon, which can fire HEAT or HE rounds. The shell velocity is very slow (240m/s), so slow that it can be awkward to target moving targets or those at long ranges, especially with HE rounds. The calibre of the gun is 15 cm (150 mm/5.9 in). The Sturmpanzer does not have any other weapons.

The J.Gr.38 HE shell penetrates 65 mm against vertical armour and 60 mm against armour sloped back 60 degrees from vertical (30 degrees from horizontal), due to it having similar mechanics to naval Guns of the same calibre. The 8.6 kg explosive mass ensures that anything that gets penetrated is instantly knocked out or is so badly crippled that a follow-up shot is guaranteed.

- Note: the HE on this is so powerful that it can even one-shot top rank tanks reliably, but due to the huge mobility disadvantage, this is not recommended unless you know exactly what you are getting yourself into.

The J.Gr.39 HI/A HEAT shell penetrates 185 mm against vertical armour and still has a 4.16 kg TNT equivalent of explosives behind it, giving it effectively 40-45 mm penetration from the explosion splash on top of the HEAT superplastic copper jet penetration. In one of the minor updates of the game, 120mm and larger HEAT rounds were altered to act more like HE shells to benefit top rank vehicles - tanks such as the Sturmpanzer are unintentional beneficiaries of this change.

== Usage in battles ==


The Sturmpanzer has no air defence weapons, therefore partnering with an SPAA tank at the back of the map is a viable option. For those operators who prefer to close-range brawl with other low-tier tanks, then sticking with another tank is a good idea, mainly due to the long reload time, allowing your partner tank to help fend off any enemy advancers. It has the capability to knock out much higher battle rated tank, so if you're up-tiered, there is still a good chance of survival. However, it is imperative to get a shot off first, because if you come across a higher tier tank, there may not be a second chance. Stay on the move after firing, fall back to safety to reload and then reengage. Another tactic is to try facing down a street while partly undercover. The Sturmpanzer is a relatively small vehicle and many beginning players will not notice the tank, especially if only part of the vehicle is exposed. Patiently wait for an easy target to turn onto the street then fire before they realize where they are being fired from. It is critical to remember the shell drop of the tank cannon after being fired, compared to other tanks, the shell drop is significant over any distance. It is advisable to always fire just above where other tanks would typically target to allow for shell drop and hitting of the enemy vehicle were intended instead of lower than expected.

Due to the huge HE splash ability and sheer calibre of the gun, it can even be used to hull break high-rank IFVs - BMP-1s at 7.3 are especially common to encounter. It does the same thing to BMP-2s, M3 Bradleys, Warriors, Centauros, and many other vehicles. The HE splash, however, is strong enough that it can one-shot the light, but non-hull-breakable vehicles such as the M41A1 Bulldog, any AMX-13 variation, Crusaders in lower ranks, and many others. Purposely up-tiering it can be a very effective way to earn Silver Lions with the "God Mode!" award - destroying an enemy vehicle 5.0 BR ranks higher (BR 7.0+) than you which nets 20,000 Silver Lions.
===Modules===
{| class="wikitable"
!Tier
! colspan="2" |Mobility
!Protection
!Firepower
|-
|I
|Tracks
|
|Parts
|Horizontal Drive
|-
|II
|Suspension
|Brake System
|FPE
|Adjustment of Fire
|-
|III
|Filters
|
|Crew Replenishment
|Elevation Mechanism
|-
|IV
|Transmission
|Engine
|
|
|-
|}
=== Pros and cons ===


'''Pros:'''

* Has the most powerful gun in the game at its rank
* Excels when up-tiered, only starts to become obsolete when newer main battle tanks arrive
* Can survive hits it will take from rank 1 tanks
* Can make a fair turn at speed when driving along
* Low profile and small front make it easy to hide and easy to camouflage with bushes
* Speedy for its size and gun caliber
* Can withstand a few blows on the front armour

'''Cons:'''

* Reload means it is inadequate for close-range combat without allied support
* HE and HEAT are both stopped by various soft debris found on most maps such as fences, concrete blocks, brick walls, wood objects, etc.
* Open-topped and very vulnerable to aircraft as a result
* Very slow at turning
* Limited firing arc
* Easily penetrated and immobilized by machine guns (M2, M3A1, etc) and also the guns of light tanks
* When firing gives significant recoil
* Almost certain you will be destroyed if flanked by enemy without allied support

== History ==


;Images
<div><ul>
<li style="display: inline-block;"> [[File:15cm slG 33 B Sfl.jpg|thumb|250px|15cm slG 33 B Sfl]] </li>
</ul></div>

;Videos
{{Youtube-gallery|iE4wTuJbe2I|'''The Shooting Range #40''' - ''Metal Beasts'' section at 02:43 discusses the Sturmpanzer II.}}

== See also ==
''Links to the articles on the War Thunder Wiki that you think will be useful for the reader, for example:''

* ''reference to the series of the vehicles;''
* ''links to approximate analogues of other nations and research trees.''

== External links ==
''Paste links to sources and external resources, such as:''

* ''topic on the official game forum;''
* ''encyclopedia page on the tank;''
* ''other literature.''

{{Germany tank destroyers}}

Cargo Port

2020-05-16T20:45:56Z

U16697154: Re adding commented template description

{{DISPLAYTITLE:Cargo Port}}

<div class="ttx">
<div class="ttx-image">[[File:MapIcon Ground CargoPort.jpg]]</div>
<div class="ttx-table">
<div class="ttx-table-line ttx-table-head">Possible Layouts</div>
<div class="ttx-table-line">[[File:Icon GreenCheckmark.png|link=]]Domination</div>
<div class="ttx-table-line">[[File:Icon GreenCheckmark.png|link=]]Conquest</div>
<div class="ttx-table-line">[[File:Icon GreenCheckmark.png|link=]]Battle</div>
<div class="ttx-table-line">[[File:Icon RedXCross.png|link=]]Break</div>
<div class="ttx-table-line">[[File:Icon RedXCross.png|link=]]Skirmish</div>
<div class="ttx-table-line ttx-table-head">Other Information</div>
<div class="ttx-table-line">4 km x 4 kmFull tank area size</div>
<div class="ttx-table-line">N/AReal World Location</div>
<div class="ttx-table-line ttx-table-head">Full Map</div>
<div class="ttx-image">[[File:MapLayout_Ground_CargoPort.jpg]]</div>
</div>
</div>

__TOC__

==Overview==

'''Cargo Port''' is a ground forces map available in all modes. The map is set in a largo, fictional, cargo port with an attached airport. The map has three distance sections; the main area of the map where most battles take place is the eastern half. This is the main port area with many buildings and stacks of shipping containers, it is also where the map's iconic cargo ship is docked. The next section is a motorway running straight down the centre of the map. Finally in the west of the map there is a large airport, with two runways, one running parallel with the motorway and the other running at an angle in the Northwest of the map.

The east of the map is an expansive cargo port. The area largely consists of a mix of buildings and areas where shipping containers are being stored. Battles in this area are generally fairly close quarters; the containers and gaps between buildings proving many places for players to lie in wait and ambush unsuspecting enemies, or to sneak around other players. There is also room for slightly longer range engagements down the long, straight and largely unobstructed roads. Shipping containers and buildings are placed throughout the cargo port, the south of the port contains more buildings, while the middle and north of the port are more focused on container storage. Starting in the south of the port a series of rail lines run parallel to the motorway, before turning east into a rail yard in the middle of the port.

The motorway runs north - south down the centre of the map. This area is very open, with players able to shoot down the entire length of the map, the only cover is provided by abandoned vehicles. There are two bridges over the motorway, however overturned lorries and discarded containers make them inaccessible to players. The motorway is slightly lower then the cargo port and airport, and separated from each by a row of trees.

The eastern edge of the airport consists largely of administrative buildings with areas of open space acting as car parks or storage areas. It also contains the eastern apron for the north - south runway, this area consists mainly of hangars and large open areas where the aircraft would be loaded, containers and abandoned airport equipment provide very limited cover. Across the runway is the western apron; this area is wide open, with a few hangars and parked aircraft. At the northern end of the runway there is a second runway running west-southwest to east-northeast. The area to the west of the vertical runway, and the area around the northern runway are modeled using lower poly buildings than the rest of the map, suggesting they are not meant to ne played on.

The tank battles map is 4km x 4km, but this area is restricted in battles; see the table below for the exact battle area sizes in each mode. The air battles area is 32 km x 32 km.

{| class="wikitable"
|+ Battle area Size
! Game Mode
! AB
! RB
! SB
|-
| Domination
| 1.8 km x 1.8 km
| 1.8 km x 1.8 km
| 1.8 km x 1.8 km
|-
| Conquest #1
| 1.8 km x 1.8 km
| 1.8 km x 1.8 km
| 1.8 km x 1.8 km
|-
| Conquest #2
| 1.5 km x 1.5 km
| 1.5 km x 1.5 km
| 1.5 km x 1.5 km
|-
| Conquest #3
| 1.5 km x 1.5 km
| 1.5 km x 1.5 km
| 1.5 km x 1.5 km
|-
| Battle
| 1.3 km x 1.3 km
| 1.3 km x 1.3 km
| 1.3 km x 1.3 km
|}


===Historical Background===

This map is a completely fictional location. The cargo ship is a Maersk Triple E-class container ship which first sailed in 2013. The aircraft at the airport appear to be Douglas C-54 Skymasters,

==Map configuration==

{| class="wikitable" style="width:314; margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto; border: none;"
! colspan="3" | Change Maps by Game Modes
|-
! <div class="ttx-switch-mode"><div class="ttx-switch-mode-button" id="ttx-ab-button">AB</div><div class="ttx-switch-mode-button" id="ttx-rb-button">RB</div><div class="ttx-switch-mode-button" id="ttx-sb-button">SB</div></div>
|}

At present this map has the same layouts in AB, RB and SB.
===Domination===


{| class="wikitable" style="width: 300px;"
! Domination Mode - Map Layouts
|- align="center"
|
<div style="float: none;" class="ttx-ab">[[File:MapLayout Domination CargoPort ABRBSB.jpg|300px]]</div>
<div style="float: none;" class="ttx-rb">[[File:MapLayout Domination CargoPort ABRBSB.jpg|300px]]</div>
<div style="float: none;" class="ttx-sb">[[File:MapLayout Domination CargoPort ABRBSB.jpg|300px]]</div>
|- align="center"
|
1.8 km x 1.8 km
1.8 km x 1.8 km
1.8 km x 1.8 km
|-
|
In AB point A is on the eastern edge of the port near the bow of the cargo ship, B is at the radio tower near the rail yard, and C is near some buildings in the east of the airport.
In RB point A is on the eastern edge of the port near the bow of the cargo ship, B is at the radio tower near the rail yard, and C is near some buildings in the east of the airport.
In SB point A is on the eastern edge of the port near the bow of the cargo ship, B is at the radio tower near the rail yard, and C is near some buildings in the east of the airport.
|}

===Conquest===


{| class="wikitable" style="width: 900px;"
! colspan="3" | Conquest Mode - Map Layouts
|-
! Conquest #1
! Conquest #2
! Conquest #3
|- align="center"
|
<div style="float: none;" class="ttx-ab">[[File:MapLayout Conquest1 CargoPort ABRBSB.jpg|300px]]</div>
<div style="float: none;" class="ttx-rb">[[File:MapLayout Conquest1 CargoPort ABRBSB.jpg|300px]]</div>
<div style="float: none;" class="ttx-sb">[[File:MapLayout Conquest1 CargoPort ABRBSB.jpg|300px]]</div>
|
<div style="float: none;" class="ttx-ab">[[File:MapLayout Conquest2 CargoPort ABRBSB.jpg|300px]]</div>
<div style="float: none;" class="ttx-rb">[[File:MapLayout Conquest2 CargoPort ABRBSB.jpg|300px]]</div>
<div style="float: none;" class="ttx-sb">[[File:MapLayout Conquest2 CargoPort ABRBSB.jpg|300px]]</div>
|
<div style="float: none;" class="ttx-ab">[[File:MapLayout Conquest3 CargoPort ABRBSB.jpg|300px]]</div>
<div style="float: none;" class="ttx-rb">[[File:MapLayout Conquest3 CargoPort ABRBSB.jpg|300px]]</div>
<div style="float: none;" class="ttx-sb">[[File:MapLayout Conquest3 CargoPort ABRBSB.jpg|300px]]</div>
|- align="center"
|
1.8 km x 1.8 km
1.8 km x 1.8 km
1.8 km x 1.8 km
|
1.5 km x 1.5 km
1.5 km x 1.5 km
1.5 km x 1.5 km
|
1.5 km x 1.5 km
1.5 km x 1.5 km
1.5 km x 1.5 km
|-
|
In AB the capture point in an oil storage area near the rail yard, in the middle of the port.
In RB the capture point in an oil storage area near the rail yard, in the middle of the port
In SB the capture point in an oil storage area near the rail yard, in the middle of the port
|
In AB the capture point at the radio tower near the rail yard.
In RB the capture point at the radio tower near the rail yard.
In SB the capture point at the radio tower near the rail yard.
|
In AB the capture point is near some buildings in the east of the airport.
In RB the capture point is near some buildings in the east of the airport.
In SB the capture point is near some buildings in the east of the airport.
|}

===Battle===


Note: In this layout the northern team get two spawn points, while the southern team only get one.

{| class="wikitable" style="width: 300px;"
! Battle Mode - Map Layouts
|- align="center"
|
<div style="float: none;" class="ttx-ab">[[File:MapLayout Battle CargoPort ABRBSB.jpg|300px]]</div>
<div style="float: none;" class="ttx-rb">[[File:MapLayout Battle CargoPort ABRBSB.jpg|300px]]</div>
<div style="float: none;" class="ttx-sb">[[File:MapLayout Battle CargoPort ABRBSB.jpg|300px]]</div>
|- align="center"
|
1.3 km x 1.3 km
1.3 km x 1.3 km
1.3 km x 1.3 km
|-
|
In AB the capture points are located at the radio tower near the rail yard, between some buildings near the end of the rail yard.
In RB the capture points are located at the radio tower near the rail yard, between some buildings near the end of the rail yard.
In SB the capture points are located at the radio tower near the rail yard, between some buildings near the end of the rail yard.
|}

==Strategy==


If you're heading to the capture zone near the airfield, there's a small pocket for you to hide your vehicle. The spot perfectly conceals any tank, but requires the surrounding area to be clear of enemies, so that you don't get shot while driving into the spot.

== Media ==

{{Youtube-gallery|E941IRtmZdE|'''The Shooting Range #165''' - ''Tactics & Strategy'' section at 11:02 discusses the map Cargo Port.}}

==References==
<references />

== See also ==
''Links to the articles on the War Thunder Wiki that you think will be useful for the reader, for example:''

* ''reference to related locations;''

== External links ==


* [https://warthunder.com/en/news/6348-development-new-locations-in-the-update-1-91-en/ [Devblog<nowiki>]</nowiki> New locations in the update 1.91]

[[Category:Maps_and_missions]]
[[Category:Ground forces maps]]

Ersatz M10

2020-05-16T20:44:27Z

U16697154: Undo revision 55718 by U88392144 (talk) Please dont be so negative and restate what is already included in the Cons section.

{{Specs-Card|code=germ_pzkpfw_V_ersatz_m10}}
{{About
|about = mocked up German Panther tank '''{{PAGENAME}}'''
|usage = other vehicles of the family
|link = Panther tank (Family)
}}

== Description ==

[[File:GarageImage_ErsatzM10Panther.jpg|420px|thumb|left]]
{{break}}
The '''{{Specs|name}}''' is a gift Rank {{Specs|rank}} German medium tank {{Battle-rating}}. It was introduced in [[Update 1.75 "La Résistance"]] in the 2017 "Festive Quest" that took place between 22 December 2017 to 22 January 2018. It was obtained via completing 13 tanker's Christmas toys.

The Ersatz M10, built on the purpose of mimicking the American [[M10 GMC|M10 tank destroyer]], will present external features to fit this purpose. Performance-wise the Ersatz M10 has the standard Panther's high-power 75 mm KwK 42 gun with the armour layout of the [[Panther G|Ausf. G]], but the automotive power of the [[Panther A|Ausf. A]]. The Ersatz M10 has a steel structure around the base armour that transforms the outside look into a mimicry of the American M10 tank destroyer. The Ersatz's gun mantlet is curved shape like on the Panther A and [[Panther D|D]] instead of the "chin" version on the Ausf. G. One of the customizable camouflage "Ersatz M10 Panther" is extremely sly by adding American markings on the tank without the usage of decal slots, with a white star and circle on the front hull, turret sides, and roof, as well as miscellaneous unit marking of the US 5th Armored Division, 10th Tank Battalion.

The front of the Ersatz "M10" has been mocked up to look like the front slope of the M10 with its transmission housing. The hull machine gun cover on the armour cover is off, showing the machine gun that the M10 did not have, perhaps one of the most noteworthy feature from the front view distinguishing the Ersatz Panther from the M10. The features on the side is the best way to tell the Panther apart with with the wheels, of which the Panther presents the ''Schachtellaufwerk'' interleaved wheel suspension instead of the M10 bogie suspensions. Otherwise, the sloped side armour and the steel structure hanging off the edge looks the part of the M10. The Panther is also a good length longer than the M10 hull. The hull rear is also well disguised with the Panther's distinctive rear slope in the armour covered by a steel structure, the only feature noticeable is the engine exhausts coming out the top of the hull structure rather than from the bottom.

The Ersatz "M10" turret is also a good indicator in distinguishing the M10 from this Panther mock up. The only similar layout to the M10 on the Ersatz is the gun mantlet, with its prism shape, though it is a lot wider and smaller than the American's M10. Even then, a hole on the Ersatz's gun's right side is a giveaway as this is the hole for a coaxial machine gun, something that the M10 did not have. The Ersatz's turret sides is added on with flat steel structure to imitate the M10's welded turret side, but the Ersatz "M10" sides are long flat plates while the M10's turret are distinctively pentagonal shape. The turret rear is then a big giveaway as exposed bits on the Ersatz's steel structure shows the Panther's turret with its rear loader hatch. As such, even though the hull rear may be immaculately matching, the turret rear is not. Finally, the presence of a turret roof is another giveaway as the M10 has no turret roof. A method the German used to hide this fact from a ground level view is the removal of the Panther cupola, decreasing the Ersatz's profile somewhat.

== General info ==
=== Survivability and armour ===

'''Armour type:'''

*Rolled homogeneous armour
*Structural steel (Ersatz)

{| class="wikitable"
|-
! Armour !! Front (Slope angle) !! Sides (Slope angle) !! Rear (Slope angle) !! Roof
|-
| Hull || 80 + 3.5 mm (55°) ''Front glacis'' 50 + 7 mm (56°) ''Lower glacis'' || 50 mm (30°) ''Top'' 41.5 + 3.5 mm ''Lower'' || 40 + 3.5 mm (24°) || 17 mm
|-
| Turret || 100 + 3.5 mm ''Turret front'' 100-120 + 3.5 mm ''Gun mantlet''|| 45 + 3.5 mm || 45 + 3.5 mm || 15 mm
|-
|}
'''Notes:'''

* Suspensions wheels and tracks are 20 mm thick.
* Wheels are interleaved and can provide layered 20 mm armour.
* Belly armour front part is 18 mm thick while the back part is 15 mm thick.

=== Mobility ===


{{tankMobility|abMinHp= 1085|rbMinHp= 619|}}

== Armaments ==
=== Main armament ===

{{main|KwK 42 (75 mm)}}

{| class="wikitable" style="text-align:center"
|-
! colspan="6" | [[KwK 42 (75 mm)|75 mm KwK 42]]
|-
! colspan="3" rowspan="1" style="width:5em" |Capacity
! rowspan="1" | Vertical guidance
! rowspan="1" | Horizontal guidance
! rowspan="1" | Stabilizer
|-
| colspan="3" | 82 || -8°/+20° || ±180° || N/A
|-
! colspan="6" | Turret rotation speed (°/s)
|-
! style="width:4em" |Mode
! style="width:4em" |Stock
! style="width:4em" |Upgraded
! style="width:4em" |Prior + Full crew
! style="width:4em" |Prior + Expert qualif.
! style="width:4em" |Prior + Ace qualif.
|-
| ''Arcade'' || 11.90 || 16.50 || _.__ || _.__ || _.__
|-
| ''Realistic'' || 11.90 || 14.00 || _.__ || _.__ || _.__
|-
! colspan="4" | Reloading rate (seconds)
|-
! colspan="1" style="width:4em" |Stock
! colspan="1" style="width:4em" |Prior + Full crew
! colspan="1" style="width:4em" |Prior + Expert qualif.
! colspan="1" style="width:4em" |Prior + Ace qualif.
|-
| 9.60 || _.__ || _.__ || _.__
|-
|}

===== Ammunition =====
{| class="wikitable sortable" style="text-align:center" width="100%"
! colspan="8" | Penetration statistics
|-
! rowspan="2" data-sort-type="text" | Ammunition
! rowspan="2" class="unsortable" | Type of warhead
! colspan="6" | '''Penetration''' '''''in mm''''' '''@ 0° Angle of Attack'''
|-
! 10m
! 100m
! 500m
! 1000m
! 1500m
! 2000m
|-
| PzGr 39/42 || APCBC ||191||188||173||156||140||126
|-
| Sprgr. 42 || HE ||11||11||11||11||11|| 11
|-
|}
{| class="wikitable sortable" style="text-align:center" width="100%"
! colspan="11" | Shell details
|-
! rowspan="2" data-sort-type="text" | Ammunition
! rowspan="2" class="unsortable" | Type of warhead
! rowspan="2" |Velocity in m/s
! rowspan="2" |Projectile Mass in kg
! rowspan="2" | ''Fuse delay''
''in m:''
! rowspan="2" | ''Fuse sensitivity''
''in mm:''
! rowspan="2" | ''Explosive Mass in g (TNT equivalent):''
! rowspan="2" | ''Normalization At 30° from horizontal:''
! colspan="3" | ''Ricochet:''
|-
! 0%
! 50%
! 100%
|-
| PzGr 39/42 || APCBC || 935 || 6.8 || 1.2 || 25.0 || 28.9 || +4° || 48° || 63° || 71°
|-
| Sprgr. 42 || HE || 700 || 5.7 || 0.1 || 0.5 || 725 || +0° || 79° || 80° || 81°
|-
|}

===== [[Ammo racks|Ammo racks]] =====
{| class="wikitable sortable" style="text-align:center"
|-
! class="wikitable unsortable" |Full ammo
! class="wikitable unsortable" |1st rack empty
! class="wikitable unsortable" |2nd rack empty
! class="wikitable unsortable" |3rd rack empty
! class="wikitable unsortable" |4th rack empty
! class="wikitable unsortable" |5th rack empty
! class="wikitable unsortable" |6th rack empty
! class="wikitable unsortable" |7th rack empty
! class="wikitable unsortable" |8th rack empty
! class="wikitable unsortable" |9th rack empty
! class="wikitable unsortable" |10th rack empty
! class="wikitable unsortable" |Visual discrepancy
|-
|| '''82''' || 74 ''(+8)'' || 65 ''(+17)'' || 57 ''(+25)'' || 49 ''(+33)'' || 41 ''(+41)'' || 33 ''(+49)'' || 25 ''(+57)'' || 17 ''(+65)'' ||9 ''(+73)'' || 1 ''(+81)'' || style="text-align:center" | Yes
|-
|}

=== Machine guns ===

{{main|MG 34 (7.92 mm)}}

{| class="wikitable" style="text-align:center"
|-
! colspan="7" | [[MG 34 (7.92 mm)|7.92 mm MG 34]]
|-
! colspan="7" | ''Coaxial mount''
|-
! colspan="4" rowspan="1" style="width:5em" |Capacity (Belt capacity)
! rowspan="1" | Fire rate (shots/minute)
! rowspan="1" | Vertical guidance
! rowspan="1" | Horizontal guidance
|-
| colspan="4" | 3,000 (150) || 900 || N/A || N/A
|-
|}

== Usage in battles ==

The Ersatz M10 can be played by its mobility or its firepower, along with its frontal armour, in a movement battle or a sniping battle. Both actions can be interleaved for a flexible fighting style on the battlefield.

'''Movement''' 
The Ersatz M10's basis of a Panther has a rather high top speed for its weight, along with its stable suspension, and so it can be used to get towards locations not typically expected of a vehicle of its calibre. It can be decided to move up to the direct front of the fighting or the flank locations.

Moving up front favors an assault/brawling style of fighting and so the mobility, armour, and firepower is emphasized to resist surprise encounters in the front and take down defenses quickly and efficiently. A benefit the Ersatz has over its fellow BR 5.7 [[Panther D|Panther D]] is its fast turret traverse, making reactions to enemies much faster. Make sure allies are present as the Ersatz's side armour are very weak to enemy flanking fire and the relatively slow reload rate would desire an additional gun to protect the Ersatz during these down times. Be very cautious when moving up in enemy territory as the Ersatz's poor reverse speed will make extraction from a dangerous situation nigh-impossible, with the more preferable action being a fighting last stand in the worst case scenario.

An Ersatz moving through the flanks will put it into a prime location for sniping fire away from enemy focus, while utilizing distance as a secondary protection against enemy fire, which could lose enough penetration to not go through the front glacis.

'''Firepower''' 
The Ersatz's 75 mm gun is powerful enough to use in a sniping manner, with a small shell drop-off by distance that gives range estimation a smaller margin of error. As such, while the allies push up towards an objective, the Ersatz can stand back in an overwatch position and look out for enemy tanks that are approaching. The Ersatz can then use its long reach to attack these enemies as they are more focused on allies than the far-off Ersatz. Even in cases when the 75 mm will not penetrate, it can provide cover fire so that the enemy would not risk moving in fear of being nailed by a high-velocity 75 mm shell. Standing far would also be able to make the most of the front armour with the aformentioned penetration drop by distance. However, beware that the enemies would then try to target the turret and knock out the gun or turret crew.

There are a number of vehicles to take caution of in enemy sides.

'''Americans''' 
At its BR, the American mediums of M4 Shermans are not too hard to defeat, but the 76 mm guns are powerful enough to penetrate the turret front through the flat sections or the gun mantlet. The [[M4A3E2 (76) W|M4A3E2 (76) Jumbo]] can resist the 75 mm from the front, but weak points like the transmission, machine gun port, and hull sides are targets to shoot to destroy. The M18 Hellcat is a definite worry as their fast speed and play style would favor attacking the Panther on its flanks. It would also have access to the APCR ammunition which can increase its lethality if the enemy player knows how to use them. At higher BR, the American heavies of [[T29|T29]] and [[T34|T34]] are of higher concerns due to their great front armour and high firepower that can penetrate through the Ersatz's front armour. Without access to APCR ammunition, the Ersatz can't exploit the flat gun mantlet on those two heavy tanks, resorting to very clever placements in the turret with the default APCBC or the front lower glacis for a frontal encounter.

'''British''' 
Any British tank that fires APDS can penetrate the upper glacis. The 17 pounder can sometimes go through the lower glacis at shorter ranges too. Any standard AP or APHE shell of a caliber above the 80-90mm range (aka 100mm and above) will penetrate the {{PAGENAME}} anywhere frontally.

=== Pros and cons ===

'''Pros:'''

* Excellent mobility and top speed.
* Fantastic 75mm gun. Has great accuracy, fire rate, penetration, and damage potential.
* Unlike the [[Panther D|Panther D,]] this tank has a really good turret traverse speed.
* Strong frontal armor.
* Has an additional 3.5 mm of spaced armor encasing the entire tank.
* Additional steel plates can screen the prominent turret weak points from easy targeting by the enemy
* The removal of the commander's cupola removes a potential weak spot when going hull-down.
* Is flat out superior to the standard Panther D despite being at the same BR.

'''Cons:'''

* Still suffers from the terrible reverse speed of normal Panthers
* Even with the additional armour plating, the side armour is still incredibly thin
* Doesn't have access to APCR rounds
* Massive size for a vehicle designed to mimic an M10. Smart sim players will easily be able to tell the two apart
* Not within the matchmaking range of the actual M10, hard to mimic a tank which is not in the match

== History ==

===Operation Griffin===
During the planning of ''Unternehmen Wacht am Rein'' (Operation Watch on the Rhine) in late 1944, the battle plan for the offensive that would later become famous as the "Battle of the Bulge", SS-Obersturmbannführer Otto Skorzeny, an SS commando most famous for his break-out of Benito Mussolini from Allied captivity in September of 1943, came up with a plan to sabotage Allied forces by infiltrating their ranks with men disguised as American and British soldiers equipped with captured Allied weapons, vehicles and equipment to cause mass confusion and paranoia behind Allied lines. The plan was approved immediately, and given the code name "''Unternehmen Greif'' (Operation Griffin).

Part of this plan included the formation of Panzer Brigade 150, a unit formed from all branches of the German armed forces. Originally, the request was made for fifteen tanks, twenty armored cars, one hundred jeeps, forty motorcycles and one hundred and twenty trucks, along with 3,000 men and enough British and American weapons and uniforms to outfit them all.

Almost immediately, however, problems arose during the planning stage. First, Skorzeny had only five or six weeks to plan the operation, which limited his available forces and material considerably. Second, of the 3,000 men requested, only 2,500 men could be provided. Of that number, less than ten of them could convincingly speak English, the vast majority having only basic education in English through primary school classes, which they spoke with German accents and with no knowledge of British or American idioms or slang. Finally, there were numerous problems with equipment. Attacks on German rail lines meant that most of the requested equipment would be delayed until well past the deadline for the start of the operation, which greatly limited available supply of Allied material. Of the fifteen tanks requested, only two Shermans in poor condition could be found in time, and far fewer numbers of armored cars, jeeps and trucks were sent to the brigade than the plan had originally called for. Communication problems had also caused Polish and Russian equipment to get sent to the brigade, which would be useless for infiltrating American and British lines.

One of the ways which the Germans made up for the lack of suitable Allied tanks was to disguise Panther tanks as M10 tank destroyers by removing their tall commander's cupolas with a flat two-piece hatch, applying sheets of thin angled metal to their hulls and turrets, painting them OD green and giving them U.S military identification marks, though nothing could be done about the Schachtellaufwerk suspension, which looked nothing like the VVSS system of the M10, the muzzle brake, which was needed to fire safely and did not appear on the M10 except for the British 17-pounder armed Achilles. These "Ersatz M10's" were intended to look convincing from a distance, allowing them to get in close and strike Allied targets before they could react. The Germans planned to get around the inevitable problem of friendly fire by having the tanks signal their true identities to friendly forces in a number of ways. These included keeping their guns aimed in the 9 o'clock position, the commanders and crew wearing colored scarves or removing their helmets, and identifying markers on the tanks themselves such as a yellow triangle, and flashing blue or red torch lights for identification at night.

Despite these numerous problems with material and manpower, ''Unternehmen Greif'' would proceed as scheduled on the 16th of December, 1944.

===The Battle of Malmedy===
The initial plan for the Ersatz M10's along with the rest of Panzer Brigade 150 was to advance behind the 1st SS Panzer Division, the 12th SS Panzer Division and the 12th Volksgrenadier Division until they reached the High Fens, a heavily forested plateau. At that point, they would move around the divisions and split into three units, with the aim of going behind enemy lines and attacking and holding the bridges over the Meuse river at Amay, Huy and Andenne before they could be destroyed by the Allies to halt the German advance.

However, for Panzer Brigade 150, ''Unternehmen Greif'' effectively ended before it even started. Massive traffic jams had formed during the initial stages of the battle, holding up the entire German offensive. Among these, the 1st Panzer Brigade was delayed and did not arrive in the assembly area for over two days, which meant that Panzer Brigade 150 was delayed from its objectives as well. Skorzeny realized that he no longer had the time required to complete his objectives and rather than continue with the doomed plan, he requested that his forces be used as a regular fighting force and used to take the town of Malmedy.

After several attempts to take the town, the Brigade was repelled by American forces and suffered heavy losses from American artillery strikes. Skorzeny was one of the battle's casualties, wounded by shrapnel from an artillery shell. One American soldier, Private Frances S. Currey of the 120th Infantry Division, would later receive the Congressional Medal of Honor for knocking out four of tanks with bazooka fire and anti-tank grenades, including at least one of these disguised Panthers, rescuing five of his comrades in the process. This would be the Germans only attempt at taking the town, and Panzer Brigade 150 would later be relieved, disbanded and replaced by the 18th Volksgrenadier Division on the 28th of December.

Despite Panzer Brigade 150's failure to achieve its objectives, the overall objective of ''Unternehmen Greif'' succeeded to a limited degree. Paranoia among Allied troops led to numerous friendly fire incidents, and false information by a captured commando of a plot to assassinate Supreme Allied Commander Eisenhower in Paris led to his brief confinement. Ultimately, however, this confusion and paranoia had little overall effect on the battle. Numerous damaged and abandoned Ersatz M10's were captured after the Battle of Malmedy and were evaluated by Allied intelligence. No records of what happened to these disguised tanks are available, though it can be reasonably assumed that the tanks were scrapped after their evaluations by the Allies, and no examples are known to have survived to the present day.

== Media ==
''Excellent additions to the article would be video guides, screenshots from the game, and photos.''

== See also ==
''Links to the articles on the War Thunder Wiki that you think will be useful for the reader, for example:''

* ''reference to the series of the vehicles;''
* ''links to approximate analogues of other nations and research trees.''

== External links ==


* [http://www.warthunder.com/en/news/5223/current [News<nowiki>]</nowiki> Panther Ersatz M10: Master of Sabotage]

{{Germany medium tanks}}
{{Germany premium ground vehicles}}
{{Winter Event}}

Strv 74

2020-05-13T22:37:59Z

U16697154: Re adding commented template description

{{Specs-Card|code=sw_strv_74}}

== Description ==

[[File:GarageImage_{{PAGENAME}}.jpg|420px|thumb|left]]
{{Break}}
The '''{{Specs|name}}''' is a rank {{Specs|rank}} Swedish medium tank {{Battle-rating}}. It was introduced in [[Update 1.97 "Viking Fury"]].

A modification of the older Strv m/42, the {{Specs|name}} has acquired a more powerful 75 mm cannon with the ability to fire an APDS shell but has relatively weak armour compared to similar BR vehicles.

== General info ==
=== Survivability and armour ===


Like the rest of the Swedish line, the armor on the Stridsvagn 74 should not be counted on to bounce a shot. It uses the same hull of the Strv m/42 (The Lago I)- a hull that at it's BR the armor is considered fairly average. The new modern turret is extremely massive- almost the same size of the hull itself! This size makes hiding behind low objects impossible.

The turret does however have one niche trick up it's sleeve, the back of the turret. An opponent who isn't well versed in the Swedish tree would assume the the back of the turret would house ammunition. However for the Strv 74, all the ammo (excluding the ready rack) is stored in the hull instead. With the inclusion of the 10mm back plate, the turret back can act as a shot trap when caught off guard, allowing the Strv 74 to react accordingly - by returning fire or deploying one of the 2 smoke barrages and relocating.

=== Mobility ===


{{tankMobility|abMinHp=527|rbMinHp=301}}

== Armaments ==
=== Main armament ===

{{main|kan Strv 74 (75 mm)}}

{| class="wikitable" style="text-align:center" width="100%"
|-
! colspan="5" | [[kan Strv 74 (75 mm)|75 mm kan Strv 74]] || colspan="5" | Turret rotation speed (°/s) || colspan="4" | Reloading rate (seconds)
|-
! Mode !! Capacity !! Vertical !! Horizontal !! Stabilizer
! Stock !! Upgraded !! Full !! Expert !! Aced
! Stock !! Full !! Expert !! Aced
|-
! ''Arcade''
| rowspan="2" | 40 || rowspan="2" | ±15° || rowspan="2" | ±180° || rowspan="2" | N/A || 17.1 || __.__ || __.__ || __.__ || __.__ || rowspan="2" | 8.7 || rowspan="2" | _.__ || rowspan="2" | _.__ || rowspan="2" | _.__
|-
! ''Realistic''
| 10.7 || __.__ || __.__ || __.__ || __.__
|-
|}

==== Ammunition ====
{| class="wikitable sortable" style="text-align:center" width="100%"
! colspan="8" | Penetration statistics
|-
! rowspan="2" data-sort-type="text" | Ammunition
! rowspan="2" | Type of warhead
! colspan="6" | '''Penetration @ 0° Angle of Attack (mm)'''
|-
! 10 m !! 100 m !! 500 m !! 1,000 m !! 1,500 m !! 2,000 m
|-
| slpgr m/43 || APCBC || 162 || 158 || 142 || 125 || 110 || 97
|-
| sgr m/38 || HE || 10 || 10 || 10 || 10 || 10 || 10
|-
| 7,5 cm slpprj m/49 || APDS || 258 || 256 || 248 || 239 || 229 || 220
|-
|}
{| class="wikitable sortable" style="text-align:center" width="100%"
! colspan="10" | Shell details
|-
! rowspan="2" data-sort-type="text" | Ammunition
! rowspan="2" | Type of warhead
! rowspan="2" | Velocity (m/s)
! rowspan="2" | Projectile Mass (kg)
! rowspan="2" | Fuse delay (m)
! rowspan="2" | Fuse sensitivity (mm)
! rowspan="2" | Explosive Mass (TNT equivalent) (g)
! colspan="3" | Ricochet
|-
! 0% !! 50% !! 100%
|-
| slpgr m/43 || APCBC || 940 || 6.0 || 1.2 || 14.0 || 110 || 48° || 63° || 71°
|-
| sgr m/38 || HE || 840 || 6.43 || 0.4 || 0.5 || 690 || 79° || 80° || 81°
|-
| 7,5 cm slpprj m/49 || APDS || 1,160 || 3.7 || N/A || N/A || N/A || 75° || 78° || 80°
|-
|}

==== [[Ammo racks]] ====

{| class="wikitable" style="text-align:center"
|-
! Full ammo
! 1st rack empty
! 2nd rack empty
! 3rd rack empty
! 4th rack empty
! 5th rack empty
! 6th rack empty
! Visual discrepancy
|-
| '''40''' || __ ''(+__)'' || __ ''(+__)'' || __ ''(+__)'' || __ ''(+__)'' || __ ''(+__)'' || __ ''(+__)'' || Yes
|-
|}

=== Machine guns ===

{{main|ksp m/36 (8 mm)}}

The Strv 74 has a pair of 8 mm ksp m/36 machine guns, one mounted coaxially and the other mounted upon the commander's cupola. The machine guns have very low penetration and mass making it harder to use than some of its counterparts. They are best used deterring aircraft as your lightly armoured top is often the target of aircraft with heavy armament. The roof armament is immediately unusable if the commander has been killed or forced to take on the gunner or driver's position.

{| class="wikitable" style="text-align:center"
|-
! colspan="5" | [[ksp m/36 (8 mm)|8 mm ksp m/36]]
|-
! Mount
! Capacity (Belt capacity)
! Rate of fire (shots/minute)
! Vertical guidance
! Horizontal guidance
|-
| Coaxial || 4,000 (250) || 648 || N/A || N/A
|-
| Pintle || 2,000 (250) || 648 || -10°/+65° || ±180°
|-
|}

== Usage in battles ==
''Describe the tactics of playing in the vehicle, the features of using vehicles in the team and advice on tactics. Refrain from creating a "guide" - do not impose a single point of view but instead give the reader food for thought. Describe the most dangerous enemies and give recommendations on fighting them. If necessary, note the specifics of the game in different modes (AB, RB, SB).''

=== Modules ===
{| class="wikitable"
! Tier
! colspan="2" | Mobility
! Protection
! colspan="2" | Firepower
|-
| I
| Tracks
|
| Parts
| Horizontal Drive
|
|-
| II
| Suspension
| Brake System
| FPE
| Adjustment of Fire
|
|-
| III
| Filters
|
| Crew Replenishment
| Elevation Mechanism
|
|-
| IV
| Transmission
| Engine
|
| Artillery Support
| 7,5 cm slpprj m/49
|-
|}

=== Pros and cons ===


'''Pros:'''

* Incredible gun depression of -15°
* APDS round has 248 mm of penetration at 500 meters
* Starts stock with the effective APCBC round found on the [[Pvkv II]]
* Quick gun elevation and depression

'''Cons:'''

* Turret is a massive target
* APDS shell is a Tier IV modification
* Outdated chassis - narrow tracks and thin armour
* Slow reverse of -4 km/h
* Reduced mobility due to increased weight
* Commanders machine gun reduces visibility to the right in Simulator battles
* APHE has difficulty knocking out big heavy tanks with spaced out crew

== History ==


'''Development'''

After the end of World War 2, the only medium tank Sweden had was the [[Strv m/42 EH|Strv m/42]]. This vehicle was no longer capable, and had become obsolete. The Swedish military considered buying French [[AMX-13]]'s, but decided to instead buy the British [[Strv 81|Centurion]]. Sweden had a need for a light tank still, and decided that designing a new light tank would take too long and be too expensive, so instead they decided to create a new light tank with the chassis of the Strv m/42. The Strv m/42 had been retired in 1950, and in 1953 the process of upgrading the tanks was started. First, putting the turret of the AMX-13 on the Strv m/42 chassis was considered. This would be impossible, because the turret rings had different sizes. Instead, a new turret was designed. It was armed with a 7,5 cm Ivkan m/36 anti-aircraft gun modified for use in a tank. The Swedish military supported this design because it would be cheaper than buying a foreign tank, and ordered two prototypes in 1954. The Strv m/42 EH was not chosen to hold the new turret, as its engine was unreliable, but the Strv m/42 TH and TV were chosen to house the new turret.

'''Design'''

The turret had a unique shape, it was heavily sloped on all sides, but the armor was at most only 20 mm thick. The armor was kept to a minimum as the suspension would not be able to handle more weight. It shared many components with the Centurion. The back of the turret contained a Volkswagen engine used for heating and insulation. The gun could depress to an impressive -15 degrees. The chassis had to be modified in order to handle the increased weight of the new turret. The shock absorbers were replaced, the steering mechanism was changed, the driver's hatch was changed, and the tracks were widened to decrease ground pressure. The twin engines of the Strv m/42 TH and TV were replaced by Scania-Vabis 607 engines. These increased the horsepower, and they increased reliability at low temperatures. Smoke dischargers, a spare road wheel, and a bustle rack were added to the turret. The vehicle carried a crew of 4 men.

'''Production and Service'''

225 Strv m/74 were ordered by the Swedish military, and the order was spread between Hägglunds & Söner and Landsverk. There were two variants, the Strv m/74 H (based on the Strv m/42 TH) and the Strv m/74 V (based on the Strv m/42 TV. The only major differences between the two was the gearbox. The [[Strv 74]] was designated as a light tank until the 1960's, when it was re-designated as an infantry support vehicle. When the [[Ikv 91]] entered service, the numbers of Strv 74 decreased as the Ikv 91 could do everything better than the Strv 74. The Strv 74 was fully retired from service by 1984, and some of the turrets were used as static fortifications until the late 1990's.

== Media ==

{{Youtube-gallery|j_bJWbpQuMg|'''The Shooting Range #199''' - ''Metal Beasts'' section at 00:36 discusses the Strv 74.}}

== See also ==
''Links to the articles on the War Thunder Wiki that you think will be useful for the reader, for example:''

* ''reference to the series of the vehicles;''
* ''links to approximate analogues of other nations and research trees.''

== External links ==
''Paste links to sources and external resources, such as:''

* ''topic on the official game forum;''
* ''encyclopedia page on the tank;''
* ''other literature.''

{{Sweden medium tanks}}

PaK42 (75 mm)

2020-05-13T22:32:46Z

U16697154: Spelling

== Description ==

=== Differences between the KwK 42 and the PaK 42 ===
While The KwK 42 and the PaK 42 share the same ammunition and other physical features, they should not be confused as the same cannon. Some differences include the following:

* PaK 42 does not have the muzzle break that the KwK 42 has
* PaK 42 does not have the KwK 42's thicker walls at the base of the breach block
* PaK 42 has a thinner breach block due to the recoil buffers being mounted on top of the breach block instead of the sides of the cannon breach
* Pak 42 has a noticably longer breach block

However, none of these physical features translate to any functional difference in their performance ingame and are simply cosmetic.

=== Vehicles equipped with this weapon ===


* {{Specs-Link|germ_pz_IV_L70}}
* {{Specs-Link|germ_pz_IV_L70_A}}

== General info ==
''Tell us about the tactical and technical characteristics of the cannon or machine gun.''

=== Available shells ===
''Describe the shells that are available for the cannon and their features and purpose. If it concerns autocannons or machine guns, write about different ammo belts and what is inside (which types of shells).''

=== Comparison with analogues ===

[[KwK 42 (75 mm)]]

== Usage in battles ==
''Describe the cannon/machine gun in the game - its distinctive features, tactics of usage against the main opponents. Please don't write a "guide" - do not impose a single point of view, but give the reader food for thought.''

=== Pros and cons ===


'''Pros:'''

* Fairly high velocity
* Accurate up to long distances
* Good penetration

'''Cons:'''

* Low rate of fire
* Low explosive filler in the shells utilised

== History ==
With the development of the new Panther tanks, a new gun (the KwK 42) also had to be designed, as the KwK 40 was seen as insufficient to deal with the new generation of Soviet tanks. Shells between these guns were near-identical allowing for easier manufacturing with the only difference being the larger driving band.

Of note should be that the PaK 42 is also a near identical tank gun rather than a towed gun as the name would designate it as; towed version may have been manufactured, though no evidence of such has been found.

== Media ==
''An excellent addition to the article would be a video guide, as well as screenshots from the game and photos.''

== See also ==
''Links to the articles on the War Thunder Wiki that you think will be useful for the reader, for example:''

* ''reference to the article about the variant of the cannon/machine gun;''
* ''references to approximate analogues by other nations and research trees.''

== External links ==
''Paste links to sources and external resources, such as:''

* ''topic on the official game forum;''
* ''encyclopedia page on weapon;''
* ''other literature.''

{{Germany tank cannons}}

[[Category:Tank cannons]]

USS Fletcher

2020-05-13T22:25:49Z

U16697154: Edit

{{Specs-Card|code=us_destroyer_fletcher}}

== Description ==

[[File:GarageImage_{{PAGENAME}}.jpg|420px|thumb|left]]
{{Break}}
The '''{{specs|name}}''' is a rank {{specs|rank}} American destroyer {{Battle-rating}}. It was introduced in [[Update 1.79 "Project X"]] as part of the fleet closed beta test.

== General info ==
=== Survivability and armour ===
''Talk about the vehicle's armour. Note the most well-defended and most vulnerable zones, e.g. the ammo magazine. Evaluate the composition of components and assemblies responsible for movement and manoeuvrability. Evaluate the survivability of the primary and secondary armament separately. Don't forget to mention the size of the crew, which plays an important role in fleet mechanics. Tips for preserving survivability should be saved for the "Use in battle" section.''

''If necessary, use a graphic template to show the most well-protected or most vulnerable points in the armour.''

=== Mobility ===
''Write about the ship’s mobility. Evaluate its power and manoeuvrability, rudder rerouting speed, stopping speed at full tilt, with its maximum forward speed and reverse speed.''

== Armament ==
=== Primary armament ===

{{main|5/38 Mark 12 Dual Purpose (127 mm)}}

The Fletcher carries a rather powerful main armament and is a step up from the preceding Farragut. Armed with 5 x single 5"/38 Mark 12 dual-purpose guns which fire faster than before, the Fletcher can easily gun down opponents provided the captain aims accurately. The arrangement of the guns is essentially the same as found on the Farragut, however, an extra gun is placed behind the torpedo tubes, but is facing forward. With a maximum of 22 rounds per minute (just under 3 second reload time) the cannons are able to put out a large amount of damage, but the shells do still retain the lofty trajectory at longer ranges. Once within around 7,000 meters, it will much easier to hit a target and deal consistent damage.

Fletcher uses the same ammunition as the earlier ships, with the AAC Mark 34 shell being the default. Available for upgrade is the Common Mark 32 SAP shell and the AAVT Mark 31 HE-VT shell. The VT shells are just as powerful as before and having 5 of them flying towards a target just further ensures that a hit could be critical or even lethal. Because of the rank where the Fletcher is situated, there is an increased chance of seeing the early light cruisers which can have formidable armour, so if you find yourself in need of some extra punch the SAP could be just what you need.

=== Secondary armament ===

{{Main|Bofors L/60 Mark 1 (40 mm)}}

The Fletcher has a secondary armament of a single twin 40 mm Bofors L/60 Mark 1 mount which is located in an elevated position in between the main guns near the aft section of the ship. This location provides a very wide arc of fire (-15 degrees/+88 degrees) along with clear vertical firing angles. This mount can be devastating if it hits an aircraft and can make short work of smaller torpedo boats which come in too close looking for a kill shot.

The 40 mm Bofors L/60 Mark 1 has three available belts:

* Universal: AP-T / HEFI-T / AP-T / HEFI-T
* HE: HEFI-T / HEFI-T / HEFI-T / AP-T
* AP: AP-T / AP-T / AP-T / HEFI-T

=== Anti-aircraft armament ===

{{Main|Oerlikon Mk.II (20 mm)}}

The anti-aircraft armament for Fletcher is 6 x 20 mm Oerlikon Mk.II cannons. These are spread along the ship with two of them being near the bridge and facing forward with the other four being on the main deck amidships which gives a balanced level of coverage. Combined with the 40 mm Bofors L/60, these can give a decent level of short range defense and can easily take out aircraft which stray by and fail to evade. These guns can also be the last line of defense against small boats if necessary.

The 20 mm Oerlikon Mk.II cannons on Fletcher come only with a Default belt:

* Default: HEF-T / AP-T / HEF-T / AP-T

=== Torpedo armament ===

{{Main|Mk.15}}

The torpedo armament on Fletcher is 2 x quintuple launchers carrying the 21" (533 mm) Mk.15 torpedo. The launchers are amidships and grouped together, but the tight spaces mean that you do need to maneuver the ship a bit to launch the torpedoes at their intended targets. The standard setting for the torpedo is 5,500 meters at 45 knots and by using the ''Torpedo Mode'' upgrade it can be modified to 9,150 meters at 33.5 knots. A single hit on a ship from one of these torpedoes will either be severely crippling or outright destroy it. Having 10 torpedoes allows for a wide range saturation attack with the increased range, or a wall at closer ranges.

=== Special armament ===

{{Main|Mk.6 mortar depth charge}}

After unlocking the ''Bomb Mortar'' upgrade, you have the option to equip 6 x Mk.6 mortar depth charges. With three on each side of the ship near the aft main battery mounts, this ship has more than the Farragut. These weapons have a very limited and short-range but can be highly destructive in a close-quarters duel if their deployment is timed correctly.

==Usage in battles==


Considered one of many strong destroyers on the American tech tree, the Fletcher is most effective in gunning down its targets and maintaining that pressure on enemy destroyers. With the 5 main cannons and its quick rate of fire, even if one of these cannons gets destroyed, it will still be able to maintain its fire power with the remaining four. Altogether giving enemies a hard time when they're in range. The most favored maps for the Fletcher will be maps that will have multiple island cover as you will be able to take advantage of your speed of 40 knots and decent turn speed to swiftly attack a target and escape if needed. The torpedoes come in handy by locking down choke-points and common paths for players, making a long range attacks on the AI ships in encounter games, or forcing enemy ships to dodge.

As for play style, it can be used for hit and runs against other enemy destroyers and PT Boats that are looking to capture objectives. When faced against cruisers, the Fletcher does have the rate of fire and shells to fight back. However, your anti-fragmentation armor will not be enough to prevent the powerful punch of large HE shells or AP shells that even early cruisers will use against you so it is highly advised to avoid larger ships.

===Modules===
{| class="wikitable"
! Tier
! Seakeeping
! colspan="2" |Unsinkability
! colspan="3" |Firepower
|-
| I
| Dry-Docking
| Tool Set||
| 127 mm Common Mk.32||40 mm HE clips||Anti-Air Armament Targeting
|-
| II
| Rudder Replacement
| Fire Protection System||Smokescreen
| ||40 mm AP clips||Auxiliary Armament Targeting
|-
| III
| Propeller Replacement
| Ventilation||Shrapnel Protection
| 127 mm AAVT Mk.31||Improved Rangefinder||Primary Armament Targeting
|-
| IV
| Engine Maintenance
| New Pumps||Ammo Wetting
| Torpedo Mode||Bomb mortar||
|-
|}

===Pros and cons===

'''Pros:'''

* Main battery has a very high ROF and quick turret traverse
* VT shells are very effective against aircraft
* Single twin 40 mm Bofors provides decent defence against aircraft
* Decent speed and manoeuvrability
* Anti-frag armour provides moderate protection from splinters and near misses

'''Cons:'''

* No armour, direct hits will cause damage, just depends on how much
* Torpedo firing arcs are less effective

== History ==


One of the most prolific ships during World War II 175 ships of the Fletcher-class destroyer was commissioned between 1942 and 1944. The designed proved so successful that it continued to serve into the Korean and Vietnam war.<ref name="Friedman01" /> The Fletcher class saw widespread use across the pacific theatre and was highly successful due to its long operational range and a high degree of flexibility that made it able to tackle almost any task.<ref name="Friedman01" />

Being the first generation of ship designed after the collapse of the Washington and London Naval treaties, the Fletcher was designed to be larger and carry more armament than previous destroyers. Due to the increased threat of air targets, the fletcher was also given substantial Anti-Aircraft armaments, which became very useful against the Imperial Japanese Navy. <ref name="Friedman02" />

During World War 2, nineteen Fletcher class destroyers were sunk while 6 were damaged to such a degree that repair was not carried out<ref name="DHF" />

The last Fletcher Class destroyer was decommissioned in 2001 from the Mexican Navy, which gives it an impressive service record of almost 60 years.<ref name="DHF" />

== Media ==

{{Youtube-gallery|AW9Gjrax8Zg|'''The Shooting Range #53''' - ''Tactics & Strategy'' section at 00:28 discusses the Fletcher (DD-445).}}

== See also ==
''Links to the articles on the War Thunder Wiki that you think will be useful for the reader, for example:''

* ''reference to the series of the ship;''
* ''links to approximate analogues of other nations and research trees.''

== External links ==
''Paste links to sources and external resources, such as:''

* ''topic on the official game forum;''
* ''encyclopedia page on ship;''
* ''other literature.''

== References ==
<references>
<ref name="Friedman01">Friedman, Norman. ''US Destroyers: An Illustrated Design History'' (revised edition, Naval Institute Press, Annapolis, 2004), pp.111-112.</ref>
<ref name="Friedman02">Friedman, Norman. ''US Destroyers: An Illustrated Design History'' (revised edition, Naval Institute Press, Annapolis, 2004), pp 117-119</ref>
<ref name="DHF">Destroyer History Foundation. (n.d.). Fletcher Class - 2,100-ton destroyers in WWII. Retrieved October 2019, from http://destroyerhistory.org/fletcherclass/.</ref>
</references>

{{USA destroyers}}

DT (7.62 mm)

2020-05-13T22:20:40Z

U16697154: Undo revision 55563 by U24429856 (talk). Please consider consulting an English dictionary before making edits.

== Description ==

The DT is a Russian light machine gun equipped on various vehicles, first put into combat in 1928.

=== Vehicles equipped with this weapon ===

{{Navigation-Start|Vehicles equipped with this weapon}}

{{Navigation-First-Line|'''Light tanks'''}}
{{Navigation-Line|BT-5}}{{Specs-Link|ussr_bt_5}}{{-}}{{Specs-Link|ussr_rbt_5}}
{{Navigation-Line|BT-7}}{{Specs-Link|ussr_bt_7_1937}}{{-}}{{Specs-Link|ussr_bt_7a_f32}}
{{Navigation-Line|T-26}}{{Specs-Link|ussr_t_26_1940}}{{-}}{{Specs-Link|ussr_t_26_1940_1st_GvTBr}}{{-}}{{Specs-Link|cn_t_26_1940}}{{-}}{{Specs-Link|cn_t_26_no531}}{{-}}{{Specs-Link|ussr_t_26_4}}{{-}}{{Specs-Link|ussr_t_26E}}
{{Navigation-Line|Other}}{{Specs-Link|ussr_ba_11}}{{-}}{{Specs-Link|ussr_t_50}}{{-}}{{Specs-Link|ussr_t_60_1941}}{{-}}{{Specs-Link|ussr_t_70_1942}}{{-}}{{Specs-Link|ussr_t_80}}{{-}}{{Specs-Link|ussr_t_126sp}}

{{Navigation-First-Line|'''Medium tanks'''}}
{{Navigation-Line|T-28}}{{Specs-Link|ussr_t_28}}{{-}}{{Specs-Link|ussr_t_28E}}
{{Navigation-Line|T-34}}{{Specs-Link|ussr_t_34_1940_l_11}}{{-}}{{Specs-Link|ussr_t_34_1941}}{{-}}{{Specs-Link|ussr_t_34_1941_57}}{{-}}{{Specs-Link|ussr_t_34_1941_cast_turret}}{{-}}{{Specs-Link|ussr_t_34_1941_l_11}}{{-}}{{Specs-Link|ussr_t_34_1942}}{{-}}{{Specs-Link|cn_t_34_1942}}{{-}}{{Specs-Link|germ_t_34_747}}{{-}}{{Specs-Link|ussr_t_34E}}{{-}}{{Specs-Link|ussr_t_34E_STZ}}
{{Navigation-Line|T-34-57}}{{Specs-Link|ussr_t_34_57_1943}}
{{Navigation-Line|T-34-85}}{{Specs-Link|ussr_t_34_85_d_5t}}{{-}}{{Specs-Link|cn_t_34_85_d_5t}}{{-}}{{Specs-Link|ussr_t_34_85_zis_53}}{{-}}{{Specs-Link|cn_t_34_85_zis_53_no215}}{{-}}{{Specs-Link|ussr_t_34_85E}}{{-}}{{Specs-Link|cn_type_58}}
{{Navigation-Line|T-34-100}}{{Specs-Link|ussr_t_34_100}}
{{Navigation-Line|T-44}}{{Specs-Link|ussr_t_44}}{{-}}{{Specs-Link|ussr_t_44_100}}{{-}}{{Specs-Link|ussr_t_44_122}}

{{Navigation-First-Line|'''Heavy tanks'''}}
{{Navigation-Line|IS-2}}{{Specs-Link|ussr_is_2_1943}}{{-}}{{Specs-Link|cn_is_2_1943}}{{-}}{{Specs-Link|cn_is_2_1943_no402}}{{-}}{{Specs-Link|ussr_is_2_1944}}{{-}}{{Specs-Link|ussr_is_2_1944_revenge}}{{-}}{{Specs-Link|cn_is_2_1944}}
{{Navigation-Line|KV-1}}{{Specs-Link|ussr_kv_1_L_11}}{{-}}{{Specs-Link|ussr_kv_1_zis_5}}{{-}}{{Specs-Link|ussr_kv_1e}}{{-}}{{Specs-Link|ussr_kv_1s}}{{-}}{{Specs-Link|germ_kv_1B_finland}}
{{Navigation-Line|KV-2}}{{Specs-Link|ussr_kv_2_1940}}{{-}}{{Specs-Link|ussr_kv_2_zis_6}}{{-}}{{Specs-Link|germ_kv_2_754r}}
{{Navigation-Line|Matilda}}{{Specs-Link|ussr_a_12_mk_2_matilda_2A_F96}}
{{Navigation-Line|Other}}{{Specs-Link|ussr_is_1}}{{-}}{{Specs-Link|ussr_is_3}}{{-}}{{Specs-Link|ussr_is_6}}{{-}}{{Specs-Link|ussr_kv_85}}{{-}}{{Specs-Link|ussr_kv_122}}{{-}}{{Specs-Link|ussr_kv_220}}{{-}}{{Specs-Link|ussr_t_35}}

{{Navigation-First-Line|'''Tank destroyers'''}}{{Specs-Link|ussr_zis_30}}

{{Navigation-End}}

== General info ==
''Tell us about the tactical and technical characteristics of the cannon or machine gun.''

=== Available ammunition ===
''Describe the shells that are available for the weapon and their features and purpose. If it concerns autocannons or machine guns, write about different ammo belts and what is inside (which types of shells).''

=== Comparison with analogues ===
''Give a comparative description of cannons/machine guns that have firepower equal to this weapon.''

== Usage in battles ==
''Describe the cannon/machine gun in the game - its distinctive features, tactics of usage against notable opponents. Please don't write a "guide" - do not impose a single point of view, but give the reader food for thought.''

=== Pros and cons ===
''Summarise and briefly evaluate the weaponry in terms of its characteristics and combat effectiveness. Mark pros and cons as a list.''

'''Pros:'''
*

'''Cons:'''
*

== History ==
''Examine the history of the creation and combat usage of the weapon in more detail than in the introduction. If the historical reference turns out to be too long, take it to a separate article, taking a link to the article about the weapon and adding a block "/History" (example: <nowiki>https://wiki.warthunder.com/(Weapon-name)/History</nowiki>) and add a link to it here using the <code>main</code> template. Be sure to reference text and sources by using <code><nowiki><ref></ref></nowiki></code>, as well as adding them at the end of the article with <code><nowiki><references /></nowiki></code>.''

== Media ==
''An excellent addition to the article would be a video guide, as well as screenshots from the game and photos.''

== See also ==
''Links to the articles on the War Thunder Wiki that you think will be useful for the reader, for example:''
* ''reference to the article about the variant of the cannon/machine gun;''
* ''references to approximate analogues by other nations and research trees.''

== External links ==
''Paste links to sources and external resources, such as:''
* ''topic on the official game forum;''
* ''encyclopedia page on the weapon;''
* ''other literature.''

{{Tank machine guns}}

[[Category:Tank machine guns]]

P-38G-1

2020-05-08T23:54:50Z

U16697154: Cutting up run on sentences and rewording the edit.

{{Specs-Card
|code=p-38g
|cockpit=334221/1109992
}}
{{About
| about = American twin-engine fighter '''{{PAGENAME}}'''
| usage = other variants
| link = P-38 (Family)
}}

== Description ==

[[File:GarageImage_P-38G-1Lightning.jpg|420px|thumb|left]]
{{break}}
The '''{{Specs|name}}''' is a rank {{Specs|rank}} American twin-engine fighter {{Battle-rating}}. This twin-engine fighter has been in the game since the start of the Open Beta Test prior to [[Update 1.29]].

== General info ==
=== Flight Performance ===


Despite being a heavy twin engine fighter the P-38G has a quite good overall performance. Its level speed is comparable to many single engined fighters and even faster than some of them. It can reach 550 km/h at the sea level and thanks to its superchargers the plane's maximum is speed is close to 660 km/h at 5000m alt. The cruising speed remains constant up to 11000m alt. That makes it a good medium and high altitude fighter and in most cases outperforms the opposition.

Acceleration in level flight is decent and when it starts diving it gets very good. However, it is required to keep an eye on the speed because the maximum structural speed limit is low in this plane. Of course due to the plane's configuration it suffers a lot from high speed compression, which starts close to 0.70 Mach.

Climb rate is comparable to other American fighters. The plane is able to reach 5000m in 4 minutes and 40 seconds which is quite mediocre. Its climb rate at 1000m is close to 18 m/s but, again thanks to the supercharger, it will not suffer so much at high altitude. When climbing from 5000m alt to 9000m alt it will outperform most of other fighters.

The P-38G's turn rate is quite good but depends a lot on its Fowler flaps. They do increase the lift significantly but at the cost of a proportional increase in drag too. Sustained turn rate is quite good, better than in almost every other heavy twin engined fighter but in most cases only comparable or worse to other single engined fighters. On the other hand the instantaneous turn rate especially with deployed flaps is very good and can help a lot with getting the guns on the target and high deflection shooting.

The other issue is its roll rate, at best it reaches 70 degrees per second at 400 km/h.

The way that Lighting's engines are mirrored in turn direction makes it so the pilot does not need to worry about the propeller torque effect as the propellers on one side negate the effect of the other. Furthermore, the plane doesn't require any trimming except for some elevator adjustments to fly in a straight line.

{| class="wikitable" style="text-align:center"
|-
! colspan="8" | Characteristics
|-
! colspan="8" | ''Stock''
|-
! colspan="2" | Max Speed (km/h at 7,040 m)
! rowspan="2" | Max altitude (meters)
! colspan="2" | Turn time (seconds)
! colspan="2" | Rate of climb (meters/second)
! rowspan="2" | Take-off run (meters)
|-
! AB
! RB
! AB
! RB
! AB
! RB
|-
| 627 || 617 || 12,192 || 23.5 || 24.0 || 12.6 || 14.6 || 380
|-
! colspan="8" | ''Upgraded''
|-
! colspan="2" | Max Speed (km/h at 7,040 m)
! rowspan="2" | Max altitude (meters)
! colspan="2" | Turn time (seconds)
! colspan="2" | Rate of climb (meters/second)
! rowspan="2" | Take-off run (meters)
|-
! AB
! RB
! AB
! RB
! AB
! RB
|-
| 693 || 660 || 12,192 || 20.6 || 22.0 || 25.7 || 18.0 || 380
|-
|}

====Details====
{| class="wikitable" style="text-align:center"
|-
! colspan="5" | Features
|-
! Combat flap
! Take-off flap
! Landing flap
! Air brakes
! Arrestor gear
|-
| ✓ || ✓ || ✓ || X || X
|-
|}

{| class="wikitable" style="text-align:center"
|-
! colspan="5" | Limits
|-
! rowspan="2" | Wing-break speed (km/h)
! rowspan="2" | Gear limit (km/h)
! rowspan="2" | Combat flap (km/h)
! colspan="2" | Max Static G
|-
! +
! -
|-
| 790 || 289 || 534 || ~9 || ~5
|-
|}

{| class="wikitable" style="text-align:center"
|-
! colspan="4" | Optimal velocities
|-
! Ailerons (km/h)
! Rudder (km/h)
! Elevators (km/h)
! Radiator (km/h)
|-
| < 321 || < 460 || < 500 || > 240
|-
|}

{| class="wikitable" style="text-align:center"
|-
! colspan="3" | Compressor (RB/SB)
|-
! colspan="3" | Setting 1
|-
! Optimal altitude
! 100% Engine power
! WEP Engine power
|-
| 5,800 m || 2,620 hp || 3,010 hp
|-
|}

====Engine performance====
{| class="wikitable" style="text-align:center"
|-
! colspan="4" | Engine
|-
! colspan="3" | Engine Name
! colspan="3" | Number present
|-
| colspan="3" | Allison V-1710-51 12-cylinder || colspan="1" | 2
|-
! colspan="4" | Engine characteristics
|-
! colspan="2" | Weight (each)
! colspan="1" | Type
! colspan="1" | Cooling
|-
| colspan="2" | 610 kg || Inline || Water
|-
! colspan="4" | Engine power (Stock)
|-
! colspan="1" | Mode
! colspan="2" | Max
! colspan="2" | Take-off
|-
| ''Arcade'' || colspan="2" | 1,084 hp || colspan="2" | 1,350 hp
|-
| ''Realistic/Simulator'' || colspan="2" | 1,072 hp || colspan="2" | 1,200 hp
|-
! colspan="4" | Engine power (Upgraded)
|-
! Mode
! colspan="2" | Max
! colspan="2" | Take-off
|-
| ''Arcade'' || colspan="2" | 1,264 hp || colspan="2" | 1,531 hp
|-
| ''Realistic/Simulator'' || colspan="2" | 1,252 hp || colspan="2" | 1,380 hp
|-
|}

{| class="wikitable" style="text-align:center"
|-
! colspan="4" | WEP Duration
|-
! colspan="2" | Arcade
! colspan="2" | Realistic/Simulator
|-
| colspan="2" | 25 seconds || colspan="2" | Infinite
|-
|}

=== Survivability and armour ===

* 38 mm Bulletproof glass in cockpit top front.
* 6.5 mm Steel plates in the nose.
* 6.5 mm Steel plates in pilot's seat.
* 9.5 mm Steel plate in pilot's headrest.

== Armaments ==
=== Offensive armament ===

{{main|AN/M2 (20 mm)|Browning M2 (12.7 mm)}}

The '''''{{PAGENAME}}''''' is armed with:
* 1 x 20 mm AN/M2 cannon, nose-mounted (150 rpg)
* 4 x 12.7 mm Browning M2 machine guns, nose-mounted (500 rpg = 2,000 total)

=== Suspended armament ===

{{main|M8}}

The '''''{{PAGENAME}}''''' can be outfitted with the following ordinance:
* Without load
* 6 x M8 rockets

== Usage in the battles ==

As typical in American planes, the P-38G suffers a bit in turning, whilst excelling in the tactic known as Boom & Zoom. However, it is not all it can do well. Its two engines work to create a splendid power-to-weight ratio, therefore a great climb rate too. What this is means is that, if you take care to climb at the start of a match, not only will you have a great altitude advantage over most of your opposition, you will find yourself able to outdive and catch most of your opposition. Being a large target however, you must take care to not spend too much time in "fur balls" (essentially, massive concentrations of dogfighting planes); also while the Lightning's turning ability and stall speed is superior to most twin and even single engine aircraft you should take care in avoiding prolonged engagements unless you are extremely confident that it will be a 1v1 scenario. The P-38's main job is to sweep in, fire, and climb away. If you play with discipline, you will find yourself uncatchable. Using MEC (Manual Engine Control) on the P-38G-1 is easy to do and is great for novices who are exploring MEC for the first time.

===Manual Engine Control===
{| class="wikitable" style="text-align:center"
|-
! colspan="7" | MEC elements
|-
! rowspan="2" | Mixer
! rowspan="2" | Pitch
! colspan="3" | Radiator
! rowspan="2" | Supercharger
! rowspan="2" | Turbocharger
|-
! Oil
! Water
! Type
|-
| Controllable || rowspan="2" | Controllable Automatic pitch || rowspan="2" | Controllable || rowspan="2" | Not controllable || rowspan="2" | Combined || rowspan="2" | Not controllable || rowspan="2" | Not controllable
|-
|}

===Modules===
{| class="wikitable"
! colspan="1" | Tier
! colspan="2" | Flight performance
! colspan="1" | Survivability
! colspan="2" | Weaponry
|-
| I
| Fuselage Repair
| Radiator
|
| Offensive 12 mm
|
|-
| II
|
| Compressor
| Airframe
| New 12 mm MGs
|
|-
| III
| Wings Repair
| Engine
|
| Offensive 20 mm
| Rocket Launcher M10
|-
| IV
|
| Engine Injection
| Cover
| New 20 mm cannons
|
|-
|}

=== Pros and cons ===

'''Pros:'''
* Good top speed
* Good dive acceleration
* Nose-mounted weaponry creates a "buzz-saw" effect
* Excellent roll rate
* Great climb rate
* Extremely stable in terms of torque
* Turns well at high speeds
* Nose mounted weaponry allows long-range shooting, as well as being an exceptional opponent in head-ons
* Has a great ammunition reserve for its machine guns
* Cannon has a respectable ammunition reserve of 150 rounds

'''Cons:'''
* Large aircraft and thus an easy target
* Prone to elevator damage, may shear off when struck by cannon rounds
* Low dive speed limit
* Controls will stiffen around 350 mph
* Modest armament for a Boom & Zoom fighter
* Cannon is highly dependent on "New 20 mm cannon" upgrade in order to be able to fire accurately.
* Will often catch fire.

== History ==

The P-38 was an all-metal, three-wheeled, single-seater, twin-engined monoplane fighter with an aerodynamic design rarely seen in World War II.

An experimental XP-38 (Model 22) was first flown on January 27, 1938. Production began in June of 1941.

The G variant was created at the end of 1942 and was based on the E and F variants. The G had a more powerful turbocharged Allison V-1710-51/55 engine and benefited from more automated engine management. The G model had lighter weight and handling characteristics compared to the later J and L models, and was therefore favoured by some of the more experienced pilots despite accumulated age and wear in theatre.

The armament suite was formidable and consisted of a 20mm Hispano AN/M2 cannon with 150 rounds and four 12.7mm Colt-Browning M2 machine guns with 500 rounds apiece. The fuselage of the F and G models was reinforced, and the operating manual allows for the carry of two extra 300-gallon (1,136-litre) fuel tanks, or up to 1,100 lbs of external ordnance. However, in-theatre operational requirements often dictated the need for heavier ordnance, and it was not uncommon for 2 x 1,000 bombs to be hung on the racks. Field modifications allowed additional external ordnance to be loaded, including 2 x M10 triple-tube rocket launchers, or installation of outer wing pylons allowing 4 x 500 lb bombs to be carried outboard of the engines (two bombs per pylon) - thereby allowing long-range drop tanks to be carried simultaneously on the standard inner-wing racks.

One of the P-38's unique characteristics was its incredibly long range, especially for a fighter - a trait which made it ideally suited to bomber escort, intruder patrols, and long-range strikes, such as the famous "shuttle missions" over Germany to Ukraine. Perhaps the most exceptional display of the P-38G's capabilities was Operation Vengeance - a war-changing mission to kill the Imperial Japanese Navy's brilliant naval strategist and mastermind of the Pearl Harbor attack, Admiral Isokoru Yamamoto. The highly-secret 18 April 1943 interception successfully brought down two G4M1 bombers - one transporting Adm. Yamamoto, the other carrying his chief of staff. Despite the mission's success, the U.S. kept the operation a state-secret for some 35 years in order to protect the intelligence sources and methods used to plan the operation.

The P-38 was widely used by the Army Air Force (USAAF) in all theatres and was the plane used by the United States' top aces: Richard Ira Bong (40 kills) and Thomas McGuire (38 kills). Other noteworthy aces of early P-38s include Jack Ilfrey and Dixie Sloan of the Mediterranean Theater; Robin Olds and John Lowell of the European Theater; Charles McDonald, Gerald Johnson and numerous others in the Pacific Theater. George Welch, famed for his exploits in a P-40 during the Japanese attack on Pearl Harbor also became a P-38 ace of 12 kills. In addition, the famed 'Lone Eagle', Charles Lindbergh, splashed a Ki-46 at the controls of a P-38 while on a visit with the 475 FG in the South Pacific.

From 1942 to 1943, Lockheed built 1,462 P-38Gs. Whether out of preference, or sheer necessity, some F and G models served in theatre as late as 1945. They were finally decommissioned in 1949.

=== In-game description ===

"The P-38 was an all-metal, three-wheeled, single-seater, twin-engined monoplane fighter with an aerodynamic design rarely seen in World War II.

An experimental XP-38 (Model 22) was first flown on January 27, 1938. Production began in June of 1941.

The G variant was created at the end of 1942 and was based on the E and F variants. The G had a more powerful turbocharged Allison V-1710-51/55 engine. Engine management was significantly more automated than before.

The plane carried a formidable armament consisting of 20mm Hispano AN/M2 cannons with 150 rounds and four 12.7mm Colt-Browning M2.5 machine guns with 300 rounds apiece. The P-38G had a reinforced fuselage and could carry two extra 300-gallon (1136-liter) fuel tanks. The G was not equipped to carry rockets and bombs, but was often modified on the field to carry 250-lb or even 500-lb bombs as well as unguided rockets.

The P-38G was widely used by the Army Air Force (USAAF) in all theaters of the war. They were often used for shuttle missions over Germany from the airfields of Ukraine. The best known operation in which the P-38G participated was Operation Lightning, which changed the war in the Pacific. The mission, which was flown on April 18, 1943, intercepted and shot down a Japanese G4M1 bomber with Japanese Admiral Isoroku Yamamoto on board. In addition, the P-38 was the plane of choice of the two most successful American aces: Richard Ira Bong (40 kills) and Thomas McGuire (38 kills).

From 1942 to 1943, Lockheed built 1,462 P-38Gs. They were decommissioned in 1949."

== Media ==

* [http://live.warthunder.com/feed/camouflages/?q=%23p38g Camouflages for the P-38G on live.warthunder]

;Videos
{{Youtube-gallery|cHakCK96pjA|'''The Shooting Range #155''' - ''Pages of History'' section at 04:53 discusses the P-38 Lightning.}}

== See also ==

;Aircraft of comparable role, configuration and era

* Bristol [[Beaufighter Mk VIc|Beaufighter]]
* de Havilland [[Mosquito (Family)|Mosquito]]
* Kawasaki [[Ki-96]]
* Mitsubishi [[Ki-83]]
* Nakajima [[J5N1|J5N]]
* Northrop [[P-61C-1|P-61]] Black Widow
* Westland [[Whirlwind Mk I| Whirlwind]]
* Petlyakov [[Pe-3 (e)|Pe-3]]
* Savoia-Marchetti [[SM.92]]

== External links ==
''Paste links to sources and external resources, such as:''
* ''topic on the official game forum;''
* ''encyclopedia page on the aircraft;''
* ''other literature.''

{{AirManufacturer Lockheed}}
{{USA twin-engine fighters‎}}

Mk.6 depth charge

2020-05-08T23:48:35Z

U16697154: Re adding commented template description

== Description ==
''Write an introduction to the article in 2-3 small paragraphs. Briefly tell us about the history of the development and combat using the weaponry and also about its features. Compile a list of air, ground, or naval vehicles that feature this weapon system in the game.''

=== Vehicles equipped with this weapon ===


* {{Specs-Link|us_elco_80ft_pt_boat}}
* {{Specs-Link|us_pc_451}}
* {{Specs-Link|us_pc_466_carmi}}
* {{Specs-Link|us_pt3}}
* {{Specs-Link|us_pt6}}
* {{Specs-Link|us_pt810}}
* {{Specs-Link|us_sc_497}}

== General info ==
''Tell us about the tactical and technical characteristics of the bomb.''

=== Effective damage ===
''Describe the type of damage produced by this type of bomb (high explosive, splash damage, etc)''

=== Comparison with analogues ===
''Give a comparative description of bombs that have firepower equal to this weapon.''

== Usage in battles ==


The Mk.6 depth charges are most affective against submarines or smaller boats. Since there are no submarines however, most players tend to not use depth charges at all.

=== Pros and cons ===
''Summarise and briefly evaluate the weaponry in terms of its characteristics and combat effectiveness. Mark pros and cons as a list.''

'''Pros:'''

* Can potentionally kill enemys driving behind you.

*

'''Cons:'''

* Can explode when hit.
* Ineffective at fights with more than 100 meters distance.

*

== History ==
''Describe the history of the creation and combat usage of the weapon in more detail than in the introduction. If the historical reference turns out to be too long, take it to a separate article, taking a link to the article about the weapon and adding a block "/History" (example: <nowiki>https://wiki.warthunder.com/(Weapon-name)/History</nowiki>) and add a link to it here using the <code>main</code> template. Be sure to reference text and sources by using <code><nowiki><ref></ref></nowiki></code>, as well as adding them at the end of the article with <code><nowiki><references /></nowiki></code>.''

== Media ==
''An excellent addition to the article would be a video guide, as well as screenshots from the game and photos.''

== See also ==
''Links to the articles on the War Thunder Wiki that you think will be useful for the reader, for example:''

* ''reference to the article about the variant of the weapon;''
* ''references to approximate analogues by other nations and research trees.''

== External links ==
''Paste links to sources and external resources, such as:''

* ''topic on the official game forum;''
* ''encyclopedia page on the weapon;''
* ''other literature.''

{{Naval depth charges}}

[[Category:Naval special armaments]]

M103

2020-05-07T07:31:50Z

U16697154: Edit

{{Specs-Card|code=us_m103}}

== Description ==

[[File:GarageImage_M103.jpg|420px|thumb|left]]
{{break}}
The '''{{Specs|name}}''' is a rank {{Specs|rank}} American heavy tank {{Battle-rating}}. It is one of the first American tanks to be released with the American ground tree in [[Update 1.45 "Steel Generals"]].

== General info ==
=== Survivability and armour ===

'''Armour type:'''

* Cast homogeneous armour
* Rolled homogeneous armour (Turret roof)

{| class="wikitable"
|-
! Armour !! Front (Slope angle) !! Sides !! Rear !! Roof
|-
| Hull || 114.3 mm (55-66°) || 50.8 mm ''Upper'' 44.44 mm ''Lower''|| 38 mm || 25.4 mm
|-
| Turret || 127 - 350 mm || 76.2 - 93 mm || 51 mm || 38 mm
|}
'''Notes:'''

* Suspension wheels are 20 mm thick and tracks are 30 mm thick.
* '''Hull armour:''' After the fantastic T32, the M103's armour situation is generally a letdown. Its side armour is nearly nonexistent, same applying to the rear. The M103's turret size was also increased while reducing the armour down from 152mm to ~85mm average. But all hope is not lost - the M103's armour design did improve. Unlike its predecessor, it features slopes and angles everywhere, making the M103 a difficult target to destroy from the front. It is also reassuring to know that the frontal chassis is no longer a big weak spot; it is relatively minor and can reliably bounce shots right into the armoured gun mantlet.
* '''Turret armour:''' The M103's turret fares better. It is designed to take on tanks from the front, as the line of sight thickness exceeds 300mm on many occasions and where it doesn't the angle will result in bounces. However, this only works when facing straight at the enemy. Any slight angling miscalculation and the Line of Sight armour becomes useless.
* '''Weak spots:''' The worst part of the M103 is its true weak spots. As mentioned previously, the upper glacis and lower gun mantlet tend to bounce shots into each other, often with deadly results. Furthermore, the bottom turret cheeks are not as well angled as the rest of the turret (~176mm) and can even be penetrated by the [[KwK 43 (88 mm)|long 88 mm KwK 43]]. The biggest issue present is the abnormally large turret ring. It is visible all around the tank, and with merely 127 mm of armour it attracts many shots. This, in combination with the "shot trap", presents a very deadly scenario: Either the enemy hits the turret ring and incapacitates the entire crew with one APHE shell, or the shell strikes the mantlet/glacis and still does massive damage to either the driver's compartment or the gun breech. ''Keep the turret ring hidden!'' Another small weakness is that the M103's belly armour is only 38.1 mm thick, meaning most high-explosive rounds used by the Rank V tanks, HESH, can be splashed under the M103 and actually penetrate it with the explosion alone.

=== Mobility ===


{{tankMobility|abMinHp= 1046|rbMinHp= 716|}}

== Armaments ==
=== Main armament ===

{{main|M58 (120 mm)}}
{| class="wikitable" width="100%" style="text-align:center"
|-
! colspan="5" |[[M58 (120 mm)|120 mm M58]]|| colspan="5" |Turret rotation speed (°/s)|| colspan="4" |Reloading rate (seconds)
|-
!Mode
!Capacity
!Vertical
!Horizontal
!Stabilizer
!Stock
!Upgraded
!Full
!Expert
!Aced
!Stock
!Full
!Expert
!Aced
|-
!''Arcade''
| rowspan="2" |33|| rowspan="2" |-8°/+15°|| rowspan="2" |±180°|| rowspan="2" |NA||19.42||26.88||32.60||36.10||38.40|| rowspan="2" |19.37|| rowspan="2" |17.14|| rowspan="2" |15.79|| rowspan="2" |14.90
|-
!''Realistic''
|14.28||16.80||20.4||22.60||24.00
|-
|}
===== Ammunition =====
{| class="wikitable sortable" style="text-align:center" width="100%"
! colspan="8" | Penetration statistics
|-
! rowspan="2" data-sort-type="text" | Ammunition
! rowspan="2" class="unsortable" | Type of warhead
! colspan="6" | '''Penetration''' '''''in mm''''' '''@ 0° Angle of Attack'''
|-
! 10m
! 100m
! 500m
! 1000m
! 1500m
! 2000m
|-
| M358 shot || AP || 300 || 298 || 286 || 272 || 258 || 245
|-
| M356 shell || HE || 45 || 45 || 44 || 43 || 43 || 43
|-
| M469 shell || HEATFS || 380 || 380 || 380 || 380 || 380 || 380
|-
|}
{| class="wikitable sortable" style="text-align:center" width="100%"
! colspan="11" | Shell details
|-
! rowspan="2" data-sort-type="text" | Ammunition
! rowspan="2" class="unsortable" | Type of warhead
! rowspan="2" |Velocity in m/s
! rowspan="2" |Projectile Mass in kg
! rowspan="2" | ''Fuse delay''
''in m:''
! rowspan="2" | ''Fuse sensitivity''
''in mm:''
! rowspan="2" | ''Explosive Mass in g (TNT equivalent):''
! rowspan="2" | ''Normalization At 30° from horizontal:''
! colspan="3" | ''Ricochet:''
|-
! 0%
! 50%
! 100%
|-
| M358 shot || AP || 1,067 || 23.1 || N/A || N/A || N/A || -1° || 48° || 63° || 71°
|-
| M356 shell || HE || 762 || 22.8 || 0.1 || 0.1 || 4,650 || +0° || 79° || 80° || 81°
|-
| M469 shell || HEATFS || 1,143 || 23.8 || 0.0 || 0.1 || 2,670 || +0° || 65° || 72° || 75°
|-
|}
{| class="wikitable sortable" style="text-align:center"
! colspan="7" | Smoke characteristic
|-
! Ammunition
! Velocity in m/s
! Projectile Mass in kg
! ''Screen radius in m''
! ''Screen time in s''
! ''Screen hold time in s:''
! ''Explosive Mass in g (TNT equivalent):''
|-
| M357 || 762 || 23 || 20 || 5 || 25 || 50
|-
|}

===== [[Ammo racks|Ammo racks]] =====
[[File:Ammoracks_M103.png|right|thumbnail|x250px|Ammo racks of the M103.]]
{| class="wikitable sortable" style="text-align:center"
|-
! class="wikitable unsortable" | Full ammo
! class="wikitable unsortable" |Ammo Part
! class="wikitable unsortable" |1st rack empty
! class="wikitable unsortable" |2nd rack empty
! class="wikitable unsortable" |3rd rack empty
! class="wikitable unsortable" |4th rack empty
! class="wikitable unsortable" |Visual discrepancy
|-
| style="text-align:center" | '''33''' || style="text-align:right" | ''Projectiles'' ''Propellants'' || 12 ''(+21)'' 24 ''(+9)'' || 1 ''(+32)'' 14 ''(+19)''||   10 ''(+23)'' ||   1 ''(+32)'' || style="text-align:center" | No
|-
|}

=== Machine guns ===

{{main|M2HB (12.7 mm)|M1919A4 (7.62 mm)}}

{| class="wikitable" style="text-align:center"
|-
! colspan="7" | [[M2HB (12.7 mm)|12.7 mm M2HB]]
|-
! colspan="7" | ''Pintle mount''
|-
! colspan="4" rowspan="1" style="width:5em" |Capacity (Belt capacity)
! rowspan="1" | Fire rate (shots/minute)
! rowspan="1" | Vertical guidance
! rowspan="1" | Horizontal guidance
|-
| colspan="4" | 1,000 (200) || 576 || -10°/+70° || ±60°
|-
|}
{| class="wikitable" style="text-align:center"
|-
! colspan="7" | [[M1919A4 (7.62 mm)|7.62 mm M1919A4]]
|-
! colspan="7" | ''Coaxial mount (#1)''
|-
! colspan="4" rowspan="1" style="width:5em" |Capacity (Belt capacity)
! rowspan="1" | Fire rate (shots/minute)
! rowspan="1" | Vertical guidance
! rowspan="1" | Horizontal guidance
|-
| colspan="4" | 4,000 (250) || 500 || N/A || N/A
|-
! colspan="7" | ''Coaxial mount (#2)''
|-
! colspan="4" rowspan="1" style="width:5em" |Capacity (Belt capacity)
! rowspan="1" | Fire rate (shots/minute)
! rowspan="1" | Vertical guidance
! rowspan="1" | Horizontal guidance
|-
| colspan="4" | 4,000 (250) || 500 || N/A || N/A
|-
|}

== Usage in battles ==

Armed with an extremely large 120 mm cannon, the tank boasts superior firepower rivalling many other Rank V vehicles. One thing must be said from the start: The full name of the M103 is "'''''120 mm Gun Tank''''' '''M103'''" and not "[[T32|'''''Heavy tank''''' '''T32''']]". As the title already hinted, this tank is all about the cannon, a ''Gun tank''. This defines the general play style of the tank in both [[Arcade Battles|arcade]] and [[Realistic Battles|realistic mode]]: it is a sniper with the sole role of making the enemy's life as miserable and short-lived as possible. The cannon can compete against the armour of the [[Maus]]!

One thing to note is that the M103's play style is very different from its predecessor T32. Aside from the increase in firepower with the 120 mm cannon, the armour on the M103 is actually slightly weaker than the T32. The M103's gun mantlet is still good with ~300 mm line of sight thickness, but any other spot on the tank is weaker. The tank's upper glacis is, however, a major improvement and mostly a ricochet zone. If impacted, the shells usually travel straight into the turret or gun. Against later Soviet and German tanks, the front of the M103 is vulnerable. Even by using the "hull down" tactic as with the T32, the tank can still be penetrated. However, half-turret down will net better results. The sides, as on most US tanks, are still very thin and vulnerable with no major changes from previous models.

However, the armour of the M103 is not all bad; while it is not thick, the way it angles will deflect many shots. A badly placed shot will easily ricochet, or be swallowed by the line of sight thickness. A head-on engagement is the M103's greatest strength as its frontal armour performs similarly to the [[IS-3]]'s frontal pike nose.

With range, the advantages of the M103 increase while its disadvantages recede. It is, therefore, the perfect tank for large, open maps like Mozdok and Kursk, where flanking tanks can easily be spotted and dealt with

===Tactics===
The M103 is best played at medium to long range, making use of its 120 mm cannon to devastate enemies at a long distance. The vehicle's armour is more about slope than actual thickness, so the long distance also helps to mitigate the M103's rather large armour gaps. The tank also has good gun depression, so making use of hills is advised wherever possible. If on a city map, and have no long-range opportunities, stay close to teammates and move up only as warranted. The 120 mm has a fairly long reload, and in close quarters, can get the M103 destroyed during the downtime. As such, keep a back-up plan an escape route handy, as a missed, bounced, or non-lethal shot can leave the M103 exposed to enemy return fire.

The M103 also comes with a smoke round in case it's needed, but unless it's used to cover a pre-engagement advance, it's best to keep it in reserve only. The long reload of the gun can make loading a smoke round a fatal error, should the M103 get caught mid-reload, or worse, have to cease a reload halfway through to load a more suitable round.

=== Modules ===
{| class="wikitable"
!Tier
! colspan="2" |Mobility
!Protection
! colspan="2" |Firepower
|-
|I
|Tracks||
|Parts
|Horizontal Drive||
|-
|II
|Suspension||Brake System
|FPE
|Adjustment of Fire||M469 shot
|-
|III
|Filters||
|Crew Replenishment
|Elevation Mechanism||NVD
|-
|IV
|Transmission||Engine
|
|M357||Rangefinder
|}
It comes without question that this tank, whose sole defining aspect is its gun, should rely first on parts to keep the barrel smoking. For the second upgrade, which also unlocks other tier two upgrades, "Turret Drive" is recommended. The M103 has no mobility problems and therefore tracks can generally be neglected. However, its second tier unlocks are very useful. "FPE" is beneficial against the fires caused by the engine, but the 380 mm penetration HEAT shells and "Adjustment of Fire" for better accuracy are nothing to ignore. When choosing upgrades, ask this question: ''Is the normal APBC shot enough? Would I have benefited from being able to put out a fire? Does better accuracy help me to get more targets?'' Choose wisely! After all these three modules are researched, there is not a lot left. "Elevation Mechanism" is always nice, same for "Engine" and "Transmission".

=== Pros and cons ===


'''Pros:'''

* Has one of the largest calibre guns in the game that fire solid AP shots
* Excels in long-range combat on open maps
* Decent gun depression of -8 degrees for hull-down positions
* The M358 AP round is one of the strongest rounds available
* Great post-penetration for AP
* Very fast turret traverse rate
* Frontal armour is very strong against all but the most well-aimed and large calibre shots
* Sloped front glacis can deflect most AP shots
* Quite mobile for a heavy tank, even with stock modifications
* Reaches max speed (33 km/h) even when stock and going off-road
* .50 cal machine gun can provide some AA defence
* Stock AP rounds can one-shot almost anything - pending good shot placements
* Has a rangefinder

'''Cons:'''

* HEATFS has relatively low penetration compared to contemporary enemy tanks
* Tank can only hold 33 rounds
* Rather long reload of more than 15 seconds
* Turret shot trap present and could be shot at
* Turret ring is vulnerable
* Belly armour is only 38.1 mm thick
* Not close-engagement friendly
* Sides and rear of turret and hull are very weak, less than 50.8 mm thick
* In up-tiers, where shell penetration quickly outpaces armor improvements, the armor on the M103 is more of a curse than a benefit as it slows the tank down and never stops shells.

== History ==

===Development===
The '''M103''' tank was designed to counter the Soviet heavy tanks being produced at the time, namely the [[IS-3]] and the [[T-10M]] heavy tanks, which prove rather impervious to Western tank designs such as the [[M26|M26 Pershing]] and [[Centurion Mk 3|Centurion]]. The problem facing the designers at the time was to produce a versatile tank system capable of engaging heavy tanks like the IS-3 and fortifications.

The result of the request for such of a vehicle was the experimental ''T34 heavy tank'', which was a variant of the then-experimental ''[[T29|T29 Heavy tank]]'' except mounting the much larger 120 mm T53 cannon rather than a 105 mm T5E2 cannon. Further development began on this tank in 1948, where multiple changes were made to the design to fit a more versatile tank system. The end result was the now named ''T43 Heavy Tank'', which began to see the doubt in its success as the Korean War was undergoing at the time that placed the [[M26|M26 Pershing]] back in the spotlight. The T43 managed to survive due to an order request of 80 units by the Army to reinforce their depleted armoured forces. The USMC even sought a replacement that could serve for a long period of time and ordered 220 of the vehicle in 1951. Changes were made to the armour protection and the gun was updated to the newer 120 mm T123E1 cannon. After being sent to Aberdeen Proving Ground and approved, it was accepted under the ''T43E1'' designation.

The [[M58 (120 mm)|120 mm T123E1 cannon]] (adopted as the M58 gun) was a very large cannon, and the ammo could penetrate about 340 mm of armour up to 1,000 yards. However, the ammo's large size restricted the number that could be held in the tank turret and hull. The design also had a 7.62 mm machine gun and a .50 cal machine gun could be installed on the turret to provide anti-aircraft and anti-personnel fire. The heavy weight of the design at 59 tons caused the Continental AV1790 engine to be insufficient in propelling the tank. Thus, the tank's speed was only about 34 km/h (21 mph). Despite the weight, it was still 10 tons lighter than its predecessors and retained about the same armour protection ratings. The production of the T43E1 tank was designated as the '''M103''' tank and was produced at Chrysler Newark for a total of 300 units produced.

===Deployment===
The M103 was fielded in Europe in only one battalion in January 1958. The 889th Tank Battalion (later as the 2nd Battalion, 33rd Armor Regiment) was organized to four companies of six platoons each. Each platoon had three M103 heavy tanks for eighteen tanks per company. The United States Marine Corps had one M103 company of about seventeen tanks assigned to each of its three Marine tank battalions in regulars and reserves.

The M103 never saw combat during its service life from 1957 to 1974 and the US Heavy Tank Battalions began to be deactivated around 1963 with the arrival of the [[M60|M60 Main Battle Tank]], which proved to be much better in the long terms compared to the M103. The Marines kept their M103s until they began receiving the M60 tanks to replace them. The removal of the heavy tank units in the US military was the time of turnover from the traditional classification of weight between a tank to the new concept of "main battle tanks" and "airborne vehicles". These ushers in the new age of main battle tanks that can serve in a multi-purpose role against armour and fortifications, starting in the M60 tank, then in its successor the M1 Abrams. The M1 Abrams, while having the same calibre as the M103, was much more powerful due to its new ammunition types and design, and was a statement on the advancement of technology that came in about thirty years difference between the two tank designs.

Today, only a few M103 samples are left intact around America in various bases and museums.

=== In-game description ===
"By the end of the Second World War the M26 Pershing was the primary heavy tank for the American armed forces, though it was later redesignated a medium tank. The US at the same time was working on new heavy tanks, creating the T29, T30, T34, and T32 prototypes.

Having released the first T43 pilot model for testing in the summer of 1951, the Detroit Tank Arsenal (Chrysler) introduced a large number of changes to the project. The three subsequent pilot models were designated T43E1s, and worth noting among the significant changes made was the new 120 mm M58 (T123) cannon. New barrel production technology boosted pressure in the chamber as well as initial velocity. The M103's hull and turret were built as intricate, bulky molded pieces with flat welded armor plates on the bottom. The traditional design featured the power unit and transmission in the rear.

After testing began in 1953 for the pilot and production models, 98 changes were made to the design. In April 1956 the tank was standardized and sent to production as the 120 mm Gun Full-Tracked Combat Tank M103. In all, 74 of the first 80 T43E1 tanks were updated to meet M103 standards.

Operations in Europe uncovered yet another list of problems plaguing the tank: difficult working conditions for the crew, an underpowered engine that overworked both it and the transmission, a barrel that quickly showed wear when frequently firing armor-piercing rounds, and much more.

The Marine Corps later ordered a final modernization for the tank: after the basic M60 was accepted, its diesel engine and fire control system were adapted. The new model was designated the M103A2."

== Media ==

=== Skins ===

*[http://live.warthunder.com/?q=%23m103 Skins and camouflages for the M103 from live.warthunder]
**[http://live.warthunder.com/post/109541/ '''"Old Wolf"''' by ''STALINGRAD34RUS'']
**[http://live.warthunder.com/post/117847/ '''"M103 "Junk Yard Dog" D14 of the USMC (historical)"''' by ''Skydread'']
**[http://live.warthunder.com/post/96110/ '''"Grey camouflage"''' by ''Naserati'' Scale: 175% + Rotation 135%]
**[http://live.warthunder.com/post/105522/ '''"United States Marine Corps"''' by ''STALINGRAD34RUS'']

=== Videos ===
{{Youtube-gallery|BYXEADQGFpA|Tank overview & introduction '''"M103 Tank Review : Projecting Power"''' by ''CornyBros''|9ffxZDfz6rA|Gameplay video with focus on HEAT shells '''"Best Penetrating Tank Round! M103 New HEAT Ammo!"''' by ''BaronVonGamez''}}

== See also ==


* [[Conqueror|Conqueror Mk 2]] - British counterpart of the heavy tanks, using the same gun design.

== External links ==


* [http://warthunder.com/en/devblog/current/680/ [Devblog<nowiki>]</nowiki> Steel Generals: M103 Heavy Tank]
* [http://warthunder.com/en/devblog/current/731/ [Devblog<nowiki>]</nowiki> Developers about the M103 Heavy Tank]

{{USA heavy tanks}}

LKk/42 (12.7 mm)

2020-05-07T07:28:20Z

U16697154: Re adding commented template description

{{DISPLAYTITLE:12.7 mm LKk/42 machine gun}}
== Description ==

The 12.7 mm LKk/42 was a Finnish copy of the [[Akan m/39 (13.2 mm)|13.2 mm FN Browning aircraft machine gun]] from WWII. LKk/42 is an abbreviation for LentoKoneKivääri (air machine gun) m/42.

The Finnish managed to get the plans for the gun via Sweden as war aid in the early '40s. The calibre was changed to 12.7 mm Browning and the weapon was used to upgrade old fighter aircraft such as Brewster Buffalos and Curtiss Hawk 75's in Finnish service during the later stages of the war.

The weapon can currently only be found on the Finnish indigenous plane [[Pyörremyrsky]]. The weapon has different belts and bullets compared to other guns firing the 12.7 mm Browning cartridge which are unique to Finland.

=== Vehicles equipped with this weapon ===


* {{Specs-Link|pyorremyrsky}}

== General info ==
''Tell us about the tactical and technical characteristics of the cannon or machine gun.''

=== Available ammunition ===

Since the LKk/42 is a variant of the American Browning M2 machine gun, it shares the same ammunition belts one would see on the regular Browning M2 machine gun.

Belts: Default, Universal, Ground Targets, Tracers and Stealth.

=== Comparison with analogues ===
''Give a comparative description of cannons/machine guns that have firepower equal to this weapon.''

== Usage in battles ==
''Describe the cannon/machine gun in the game - its distinctive features, tactics of usage against notable opponents. Please don't write a "guide" - do not impose a single point of view, but give the reader food for thought.''

=== Pros and cons ===


'''Pros:'''

* Based on Belgian 13,2mm gun which it inself is based on the American 50 cal, due to this you can laser pointer like accuracy
* Usually high ammo count
* Better penetration than MG 151/20

*

'''Cons:'''

* Shoots quite fast, so you lose ammo fast.
* Does not have access to M20 Armor Piercing Incendiary

*

== History ==

=== Origin ===
Like most modern nations prior to WWII, the Finnish wanted to adopt a heavy airborne weapon which could deal with the armoured full metal fighters and bombers entering service at the end of the 1930s. There were several weapons on the market designed for this specific purpose and one of those was the [[Akan m/39 (13.2 mm)|13.2 mm FN Browning aircraft machine gun]] by FN Herstal. The weapon had a high fire rate of ca 1100 rounds per minute and could fire high explosive projectiles. This was the weapon Finland wanted to buy.

Unfortunately, Finland was not alone in wanting to buy the gun and several countries stood in line to buy it. Things only got worse as the Winter War started in September 1939 which meant that a suitable replacement had to be found quickly. In the end, the Finnish had to adopt the [[M2 Browning (12.7 mm)|M2 Browning]] (export name Colt MG 53-2) as they ordered the Brewster Buffalo in December 1939.

=== Predecessor ===
The Finnish were never happy with the 12.7 mm Colt MG 53-2 as it was heavy and had an unimpressive fire rate of ca 750 rounds per minute even when not synchronized through a propeller. They also did not have a license to build the Colt MG 53-2 which meant that they would have to find a successor quickly as their entire air force was becoming outdated quickly. Because of this, when the winter war ended in March 1940, the Finnish were hoping to be able to buy the 13.2 mm FN Browning machine gun yet again. But to their dismay, Belgium was invaded by Nazi Germany just 2 months after the winter war had ended which meant that FN Herstal could not export weapons.

=== Source ===
Fortunately for Finland though, their neighbour and close friend Sweden had been first in line to buy the 13.2 mm FN Browning from FN Herstal and had acquired several guns and a license to produce them just as the invasion of Belgium started. This prompted Finland to ask Sweden in 1941 if they could get access to its plans as war aid. As FN Herstal was under occupation Sweden did not see any reason against giving Finland unauthorized access to the license plans and Sweden agreed to send over the plans they had. But to the horror of the Fins, the plans were incomplete, although this was not the fault of the Swedes as they had the same problem. Because of this, the Finnish asked the Swedish if they could send over an original gun to use as reference to complete the plans. The Swedish agreed and sent over a copy.

=== Design ===
Now came the problem of calibre. The original gun was in calibre 13.2x99 Hotchkiss, a calibre the Finnish did not use nor produce. Fortunately for them, FN Herstal had prior to the war offered the 13.2 mm FN Browning in not only 13.2 mm Hotchkiss but also 12.7 mm Browning, a cartridge the Finnish had in production due to the 12.7 mm Colt MG 53-2. Because of this, the Finnish decided to convert the gun to 12.7 mm Browning. The task of converting the construction to 12.7 mm, and making it capable of being produced in Finland was given to the Finnish state weapon factory VKT. VKT had to make a couple of hundred design changes to the weapon for it to be produced in Finland. One of these changes was to make it fit the same mounts as the MG 53-2.

=== Service ===
==== Initial use ====
The weapon was designated 12.70 mm LKk/42 and production started in 1942 with the first weapons being sent out to FAF wings in 1943. The 12.7 mm LKk/42 was mainly sent to wings using the Brewster Buffalo (designated BW in Finland) as they already had installations for them but the 12.7 mm LKk/42 also ended up in a few [[P-36 (Family)|Curtiss Hawk 75]]'s (designated CU in Finland) and [[M.S.406C1|Morane-Saulnier MS.406]]'s (designated MS in Finland) as they were also in need of better weaponry.

==== Main use ====
Besides upgrading old planes the Finnish also planned to use the 12.7 mm LKk/42 on several future aircraft. One of these was the VL Myrsky, a single-engine monoplane fighter with a mixed construction airframe and 1100 hp Twin Wasp engine. The Finnish had been working on the Myrsky since 1939, but because of the war they had not been able to acquire any engine for the aircraft. By 1943 the Finnish had finally been able to acquire enough engines to start production of the Myrsky. As the Myrsky was severely outdated as a fighter by 1943 it was decided to give it extremely heavy hitting armament so it could at least take down slow attack aircraft such as the [[IL-2 (Family)|IL-2 Sturmovik]]. The Myrsky ended up receiving four 12.7 mm LKk/42 machine guns in the nose, all shooting synchronized through the propeller. While this lowered the rate of fire of the 12.7 mm LKk/42 from ca 1100 rounds per minute to around 750 rounds per minute it was still heavy-hitting as all 4 machine guns sat next to each other and fired within a 1-metre span. This concentrated the fire and turned anything it hit into Swiss cheese within seconds. In the end however, the Myrsky only ever destroyed 2 aircraft (damaged 2 fighters which crashed on landing) and it was almost immediately relegated to reconnaissance and ground attack missions. This only got worse with time as its mixed construction did not fare well in the Finnish climate.

==== Planned use ====
Besides the Myrsky the 12.7 mm LKk/42 was also planned to be used on several future aircraft being developed in Finland. One of these was the VL Humu, a Brewster Buffalo clone using Soviet M-63 radial engines captured from I-16's. The Humu was to mount three synchronized 12.7 mm Lkk/42 guns in the upper cowling. The Humu was however underpowered and never passed its initial trials in 1944.

On the other end, we have the more famous VL [[Pyörremyrsky]] fighter. The Pyörremyrsky was effectively an improved Bf 109G-6 as it used the same engine and cowling as the Bf 109 G-6 yet was able to outperform it in both climb rate and manoeuvrability. The Finnish tried also tried to improve its armament. One of the limitations of the Bf 109 G-6 was its 13 mm MG 131 machine guns. The 13 mm MG 131, while firing fairly effective projectiles, had extremely lousy muzzle velocity. The 12.7 mm LKk/42 did not. The Finnish therefor planned to use 12.7 mm LKk/42 machine guns on the Pyörremyrsky instead of 13 mm MG 131's. This was however never realized as the continuation war ended in 1944 which nailed the coffin for the Pyörremyrsky.

==== Anti air use ====
After the war, most aircraft using the 12.7 mm LKk/42 reached the end of their service life quickly and by 1950 most 12.7 mm LKk/42's were in storage waiting for better days. As a lot of the guns were effectively brand new, not to mention indigenous, the Finnish military tried to figure ways to re-purpose them.

One of these ideas was to turn them into anti-air machine guns. The 12.7 mm LKk/42 was promptly put into service as an anti-air gun during the early 1950s. As an anti-air gun, the 12.7 mm LKk/42 was re-designated to 12.7 mm TorKk/42 VKT, TorKk being an abbreviation for TorjuntaKonekivääri (anti-air machine gun), although it was sometimes called 12.7 mm VKT-42.

The 12.7 mm TorKk/42 was fitted in single, double and quadruple mounts. In the end however, it failed as an anti-air gun. Because of its high rate of fire and thin barrel, it could not be used to full effect on the ground and was thus never successful in the anti-air role. A few seconds of fire could crack the barrels and make the gun unsafe for use. It was withdrawn from anti-air service after a short period in use during the early 1950s.

==== Exercise use ====
So the 12.7 mm LKk/42 was not viable as an anti-air gun. This forced the Finnish military to rethink what to do with the guns. For inspiration, they looked to their neighbour Sweden who originally gave them the design. Since Sweden also produced the base gun during the war they most likely were in a similar boat to Finland, which was true.

Sweden's solution to the problem however was to use the surplus weapons as exercise weaponry on all their 20 mm cannon equipped aircraft. This was done by replacing the 20 mm cannons with the surplus machine guns and therefore save money by using cheaper ammunition. Finland, who had just acquired six de Havilland Vampire fighters, liked the idea and decided to copy it. This proved to be a great idea in the long run and Finland continued to use the 12.7 mm LKk/42 for exercise use into the 1990s.

== Media ==
''An excellent addition to the article would be a video guide, as well as screenshots from the game and photos.''

== See also ==
''Links to the articles on the War Thunder Wiki that you think will be useful for the reader, for example:''

* ''reference to the article about the variant of the cannon/machine gun;''
* ''references to approximate analogues by other nations and research trees.''

== External links ==
''Paste links to sources and external resources, such as:''

* ''topic on the official game forum;''
* ''encyclopedia page on the weapon;''
* ''other literature.''

{{Aircraft machine guns}}

[[Category:Aircraft machine guns]]

KV-IB (Germany)

2020-05-07T07:27:14Z

U16697154: Edit

{{Specs-Card
|code=germ_kv_1B_finland
|market=KV-1B
}}
{{About
| about = German heavy tank '''{{PAGENAME}}'''
| usage = other uses
| link = KV-1 (Family)
}}

==Description==

[[File:GarageImage KV-IB(Germany).jpg|420px|thumb|left]]
{{break}}
The '''{{Specs|name}}''' is a gift rank {{Specs|rank}} German heavy tank {{Battle-rating}}. It was first unveiled in the game in [[Update_1.41#19.06.2014_-_1.41.27.12|Update 1.41.27]]. Possibly the second rarest tank in-game, next to the [[E-100]], the KV-1B cannot be obtained by ordinary means. It was first obtainable by purchasing select MSI products in Russia. In 2015, an event known as [[wt:en/news/3249/current/|"Summertime Madness"]] had the KV-1B available to be obtained as a prize. The vehicle has since been available to be obtained via events, such as the March 2016 [[wt:en/news/3610-special-team-deathmatch-win-rare-vehicles-en|"War Thunder:100"]] team deathmatch event and the Warbond shop in the [[wt:en/news/4312-shop-how-can-you-get-premium-vehicles-warbonds-en/|4th]], [[wt:en/news/5071-news-how-can-you-get-premium-vehicles-warbonds-en|5th]], and [[wt:en/news/5858-news-how-can-you-get-premium-vehicles-warbonds-en|6th]] War Thunder anniversary. Aside from these events, it is not available in-game or via the gift shop.

Performance wise, the KV-1B is identical to the Soviet [[KV-1E]] with the applique armour. The applique armour is seen on the front hull plate, lower glacis, bits of the sides, and the turret sides.

The KV-1B is unique for the German tree with its three-tone default camouflage of green, white, and brown. This was the Finnish armour camouflage scheme in World War 2, as the KV-1B represents one captured and being used in Finnish service.

The KV-1B is armed with a 76 mm F-32 gun, which is equivalent to the L-11 gun on the [[T-34_(1940)|early T-34]] in-game. This gives the KV-1B a rather poor firepower rating, as a point-blank shot can only penetrate 73 mm. However, the APHEBC rounds with their explosive fillers are more than adequate to cripple enemy tanks should it penetrate. The choice between high-explosive and fragmentation ammunition is also liberty to take against lightly armoured vehicles. Another worry for the firepower department is the turret traverse rate, which is rather slow.

The armour on the KV-1B is brought up to its great amount, especially for its battle rating, thanks to the additional 25mm plates on the front and sides of the 75mm hull plates. The turret side armour also experiences the same upgrade. The common weak point on the KV-1 tanks from the front, the turret, also has some 25 mm applique armour covering the flat turret cheeks, reducing the flat 75 mm profile by a large margin. This leaves only the round slope gun mantlet and the minuscule turret cheeks as prominent weak points towards the enemy.

The KV-1B's mobility is a mixed bag due to the heavier weight. It accelerates efficiently on flat grounds going forward, but constant turning will burn off speed rapidly. Going up hills will be problematic if speed is not conserved for the climb. Overall, the KV-1B can be trusted to drive over distance, but any quick changes in a pre-planned path could hinder its overall movement speed.

== General info ==
=== Survivability and armour ===


'''Armour type:'''

* Rolled homogeneous armour

{| class="wikitable"
|-
! Armour !! Front !! Sides !! Rear !! Roof
|-
| Hull || 75 + 25 mm (30-31°) ''Front plate'' 40 mm (72°) ''Front glacis'' 75 mm + 25 mm (26-51°) ''Lower glacis'' || 75 + 25 mm || 60 mm (13-89°) ''Top'' 70 mm (14-57°) ''Bottom'' || 30 mm
|-
| Turret || 75 + 30 mm (14°) ''Turret front'' 90 mm (1-62°) ''Gun mantlet shield'' 75 mm (4-36°) ''Gun mantlet'' || 75 + 30 mm (14-15°) || 75 mm (15-16°) || 40 mm
|}
'''Notes:'''

* Suspension wheels are 20 mm thick, tracks are 30 mm thick.
* Roof armour is quite excellent, coming in at 30 - 40 mm. It will reliably protect from most autocannons, though aircraft with good driveability and +30mm weaponry may still pierce it. More importantly, it makes the vehicle quite resilient against rocket strikes from vehicles such as the [[Calliope|Calliope]].
*The lower glacis, unlike most other tanks, is not a weak spot! It is significantly better angled than the upper frontal plate. Furthermore, neither the MG port nor the drivers view slit are weak points. Discard them as targets if aiming for them.
* Gun mantlet is an extra 75 mm bolted on to the turret, with some parts having an extra 90 mm added. This results in a spaced and overlapped part with ~150 mm. Only the cheeks left and right of the mantlet bulges should be shot! However, these areas are quite small and easily missed, if the turret is traversed.
* Extra armour is not placed all over the tank, thus revealing some weaker areas on the front hull and sides.

The Finnish KV-1B has excellent protection characteristics. Above from its naturally tough KV-1 body that consists primarily of 75 mm of armour, it has armour screens ranging of 25 and 30 mm thick on the hull and turret respectively. Those who fight the Russian [[KV-1E]] may understand some weak points, but the KV-1B remains a tough tank. Another part of why the KV-1B is quite a threat is that the tank is overall quite fast once it has accelerated. Coupled with the armour, this tank can be considered quite a swift bruiser.

Among this extra armour, the KV-1B still possesses a few weak points. Starting from the hull front, the driver's hatch and bow machine gun are uncovered by the extra plating. There are some small uncovered areas in the lower glacis as well if it can be targeted. In the hull sides, the 25 mm extra armour is mostly present at the higher part of the side armour behind the suspension, so aim closer towards the wheels, or even between the suspension wheels, to hit the thinner 75 mm side. Hitting the hull sides is a recommended tactic, as behind these are the ammunition and fuel tanks, which can ignite or explode if hit, instantly destroying the KV-1B. If these extra armour platings prove too hindering, rest assured that the rear hull armour is actually unprotected by these extra plates, so the usual thickness of 60-70 mm at the rear can be exploited by fast and flanking vehicles to immobilize the KV-1B through the transmission and engine. However, the strong hull front and sides make an angled KV-1B a dangerous enemy as it will then be very hard to penetrate through there,

The turret is better protected than the hull with 30 mm extra plates, but some weakness can still be found. In the turret front, the extra armour covers the flat side area that would normally be 75 mm thick, preventing easy turret cheek shots. However, the gun mantlet cheeks that are 90 mm and the tiny area under it that is 75 mm are not covered by these extra plates. With a sufficiently powerful weapon, this frontal turret area can be the only area that is easily penetrable when a KV-1B is aiming towards the player. The turret sides are another story. With 30 mm extra armour covering a large portion of it, it might actually be one of the worst areas to shoot the KV-1B at, as the movement from the KV-1B turret, coupled with the armour, can change the shot angle and simply bounce away from the shot. Despite all this, there are still small slivers of weak points in this 30 mm plate. Right around the area that the 30 mm plates seem to intersect, there are two holes present that will reveal the 75 mm armour underneath. This allows a clean shot to the turret side and, if the enemy is carrying lots of ammunition, a chance to strike one of the ammo racks in the turret and destroy the tank. The turret rear, like the hull rear, is not protected by extra armour, so a manoeuvre around the KV-1B to these areas can allow the player to use their weaponry against the more vulnerable hull and turret rear sides.

Though the F-32 gun is at the weaker end of the Russian 76 mm guns, it is still quite powerful against most vehicles. One firepower trait to exploit on the KV-1B is the rather slow turret traverse rate. The KV-1B will have a hard time keeping its gun on flanking vehicles, especially those that are up close to it on the sides. With allies, a small light tank can get up close and force the KV-1B to try and turn its turret and hull to keep up with the small circling tank, allowing an ally with a powerful gun to hit the KV-1B at weak points when it is concentrating on the more immediate threat of the circling tank. Nevertheless, a small light tank can do plenty of damage itself while outrunning the KV-1B, using the aforementioned armour weak points. The tank is helpless to a quick foe if there are no other enemy players around to assist it.

=== Mobility ===


{{tankMobility|abMinHp= 775|rbMinHp= 531|}}

== Armaments ==
=== Main armament ===

{{main|F-32 (76 mm)}}

{| class="wikitable" style="text-align:center"
|-
! colspan="6" | [[F-32 (76 mm)|76 mm F-32]]
|-
! colspan="3" rowspan="1" style="width:5em" |Capacity
! rowspan="1" | Vertical guidance
! rowspan="1" | Horizontal guidance
! rowspan="1" | Stabilizer
|-
| colspan="3" | 111 || -5°/+25° || ±180° || N/A
|-
! colspan="6" | Turret rotation speed (°/s)
|-
! style="width:4em" |Mode
! style="width:4em" |Stock
! style="width:4em" |Upgraded
! style="width:4em" |Prior + Full crew
! style="width:4em" |Prior + Expert qualif.
! style="width:4em" |Prior + Ace qualif.
|-
| ''Arcade'' ||7.1 || 9.9 || _.__ || _.__ || _.__
|-
| ''Realistic'' || 7.1 || 8.4 || _.__ || _.__ || _.__
|-
! colspan="4" | Reloading rate (seconds)
|-
! colspan="1" style="width:4em" |Stock
! colspan="1" style="width:4em" |Prior + Full crew
! colspan="1" style="width:4em" |Prior + Expert qualif.
! colspan="1" style="width:4em" |Prior + Ace qualif.
|-
| 9.3 || _.__ || _.__ || _.__
|-
|}

===== Ammunition =====
{| class="wikitable sortable" style="text-align:center" width="100%"
! colspan="8" | Penetration statistics
|-
! rowspan="2" data-sort-type="text" | Ammunition
! rowspan="2" class="unsortable" | Type of warhead
! colspan="6" | '''Penetration''' '''''in mm''''' '''@ 90°'''
|-
! 10m
! 100m
! 500m
! 1000m
! 1500m
! 2000m
|-
| BR-350A || APHEBC ||78||76||69||61||53||47
|-
| BR-350B || APHEBC ||86||84||76||67||59||52
|-
| OF-350M || HE ||10||10||10||10||10||10
|-
| Sh-354T || Shrapnel || 37 || 35 || 29 || 25 || 20 || 17
|-
|}
{| class="wikitable sortable" style="text-align:center" width="100%"
! colspan="11" | Shell details
|-
! rowspan="2" data-sort-type="text" | Ammunition
! rowspan="2" class="unsortable" | Type of warhead
! rowspan="2" |Velocity in m/s
! rowspan="2" |Projectile Mass in kg
! rowspan="2" | ''Fuse delay''
''in m:''
! rowspan="2" | ''Fuse sensitivity''
''in mm:''
! rowspan="2" | ''Explosive Mass in g (TNT equivalent):''
! rowspan="2" | ''Normalization At 30° from horizontal:''
! colspan="3" | ''Ricochet:''
|-
! 0%
! 50%
! 100%
|-
| BR-350A || APHEBC || 615 || 6.3 || 0.15 || 10.0 || 150 || +4° || 48° || 63° || 71°
|-
| BR-350B || APHEBC || 615 || 6.8 || 0.9 || 15 || 108.8 || +4° || 48° || 63° || 71°
|-
| OF-350M || HE || 615 || 6.2 || 0.05 || 0.1 || 621 || +0° || 79° || 80° || 81°
|-
| Sh-354T || Shrapnel || 615 || 6.2 || 0.5 || 8.0 || 85 || +0° || 62° || 69° || 73°
|-
|}

=====Shell types=====

* BR-350A: The typical APBC with HE filler. This is the standard round most players will take as the default type. It is able to cause massive post-penetration damage if it does penetrate.
* BR-350B: The new APHEBC with HE filler, sacrificing some explosive post-pen damages for raw penetrating power and solid-shot spalling pose-penetration damage. Recommended taking this shot as the primary weapon to use the extra penetration values.
* OF-350M: High-explosive shell. Though it should never be used for the purpose of penetrating an enemy tank, it can be useful for hull-breaking vulnerable vehicles, such as trucks and the like.
* Sh-354T: Shrapnel shell. In ways, it is similar to the HE shell, except it has sufficient penetration value to deal with light tanks as well. Its explosion can also create shrapnel that can also be used against lightly armoured vehicles in a manner similar to HE shells.

===== [[Ammo racks|Ammo racks]] =====
{| class="wikitable sortable" style="text-align:center"
|-
! class="wikitable unsortable" |Full ammo
! class="wikitable unsortable" |1st rack empty
! class="wikitable unsortable" |2nd rack empty
! class="wikitable unsortable" |3rd rack empty
! class="wikitable unsortable" |4th rack empty
! class="wikitable unsortable" width="10%" |Recommendations
! class="wikitable unsortable" |Visual discrepancy
|-
| '''111''' || 107 ''(+4)'' || 102 ''(+9)'' || 82 ''(+29)'' || 1 ''(+110)'' || style="text-align:center" | Yes
|-
|}

Turret empty: 102 (+9)

=== Machine guns ===

{{main|DT (7.62 mm)}}

{| class="wikitable" style="text-align:center"
|-
! colspan="7" | [[DT (7.62 mm)|7.62 mm DT]]
|-
! colspan="7" | ''Coaxial mount''
|-
! colspan="4" rowspan="1" style="width:5em" |Capacity (Belt capacity)
! rowspan="1" | Fire rate (shots/minute)
! rowspan="1" | Vertical guidance
! rowspan="1" | Horizontal guidance
|-
| colspan="4" | 1,890 (63) || 600 || N/A || N/A
|-
|}

== Usage in battles ==


In game, this tank is possesses great armour and an adequate gun. However, it may not be able to destroy the enemy from the front at times. As such, the tank may require being at a very close distance or a flank shot to disable certain targets. The defining characteristic of this tank is its armour. It can be a tough tank to destroy, given that most of the weak spots from the predecessor have been armoured and, from the front, the only weak spot is the centre of the upper hull. When using this tank, do not be afraid to advance towards the enemy, especially against tanks such as the 75 mm M4s and T-34s since they will find it very difficult to penetrate your thick armour. This tank can also be used for long-range support, since when the armour is properly angled, almost no tank that it faces can pierce its armour.

The typical weapon of choice that would be used against the KV-1B would be the German long 75 mm gun seen on the Panzer IV or tank destroyers. Another weapon to take care of the tank is the Type 5 guns on the Japanese [[Na-To|Na-to]] tank destroyer and [[Chi-To|Chi-To]] tank. However, if playing in RB/SB, there is no risk of coming up against the long 75 mm on both the German and Japanese tank since the KV-1B is on the axis side.

Against Allies, there are a few guns that have the ability to penetrate the KV-1B. High-velocity guns like the 76 mm, 17-pounder, and 85 mm can cut through the hull at a perpendicular angle or the turret with ease. However, these guns most likely won't be seen except in an up-tier.

===Tactics===
'''''Urban environment''''' 
Urban areas tend to result in very close range engagements. At this range, the armour of this tank can no longer offer the degree of protection that it does at range. With this being said, urban can also present nice medium range opportunities, such as open-air squares and long streets in which this tank can utilise its armour. Urban fighting presents the largest challenge for this tank, as close range flank shots can easily pierce its mighty armour. As such, here are some tactics to use in a city setting:

* Hold down a street - set up in a way that minimizes the chance to be flanked while allowing for the largest angle fire. This will allow the KV-1B to fire at the enemy while minimizing the chance of getting knocked out by a close-range flank shot
* Move with a group of tanks - try to stay in the middle of a group as this will minimize the chances of a close-range flank shot. At this range, the cannon of the tank can penetrate most tanks and has a decent rate of fire, allowing it to quickly engage multiple targets.
* Never blindly drive through an intersection - always check both ways before crossing, as this presents the largest opportunity for danger for this tank.

'''''Open country''''' 
The armour of this tank allows it to engage in the long-range fighting that defines an open country. However, the gun on this tank does not allow it to engage targets at range. This means that in while playing in open country, it is a good idea to get into a good overwatch position or to charge the enemy until the KV-1B is capable of engaging at the optimal range for the 76 mm weapon. While the armour on this tank is among the best for the enemies it faces, there are still certain tanks to worry about. The main tanks to work about are those with the American 76 mm, German 75 mm L/48, Russian 57 mm and 85 mm, and of course all the large calibre guns such as the KV-2. These weapons are capable of piercing through the KV-1B armour at range, though this requires a lucky hit on an un-angled plate. Here are some tips when fighting in open country:

* Always angle the tank - the unangled armour is good, but it is nearly impossible to pierce when properly angled.
* Don't be afraid to expose the tank - use the armour to give a degree of freedom in finding the targets.
* Advance - take the point or lead the charge, the KV-1B has the armour to break through enemy lines.

'''''Hill country''''' 
This is the type of terrain that this tank excels in. The average range of engagements allows for both the armour and gun to shine. This type of terrain also makes flanking hard, since going over a hill exposes a tank to fire from multiple directions. Even with this, don't forget to check your surroundings. Here are some tips and tactics for fighting in this environment:

* Move through the area between hills - this will allow a degree of control on where the enemy will come from and angle the armour in accordance.
** Going over large hills can be dangerous as it exposes the KV-1B to fire from all directions and also exposes the bottom of the tank to fire.
* Check your surroundings - while it is dangerous to go over hills, many newer player will attempt to do this and will sometimes manage to flank the tank.

'''''Long range''''' 
This tank does not excel here due to the low penetration of the gun. However, the armour of this tank makes it almost invulnerable to enemy fire at long ranges. Due to this, it is possible to safely attack enemies with little fear of penetrating return fire. Just remember to properly angle the tank in order to maximize its armour. While long range combat is not the best option for this tank, it can use its armour to sit in positions that no other tank could do safely. When using this tank from long range, the first piece of advice would be to close in on the enemy, though this is sometimes not possible. When one finds that long-range combat is necessary or is a preferred strategy, one can place this tank in a highly visible position to draw enemy fire. This will allow teammates to find the enemy and eliminate them. This will also allow for one to choose their target, since its gun necessitates shooting at weakly armoured targets or the sides and rear of tanks.

'''''Medium range''''' 
This tank excels in medium range combat due to great armour. Many tanks it faces will find penetrating this tank almost impossible even from the side due to the additional armour.

'''''Close range''''' 
This tank does not excel here due to bad mobility, and the greatest strength of this tank, its great armour, is no longer as potent.

=== Pros and cons ===

'''Pros:'''

* Has extra 25mm armour on the hull front and sides, and 30mm on the turret sides
* Features a unique Finnish camouflage
* Good reload time
* Very good brawler
* Above average premium reward of 296%
* Very good at absorbing damage
* Gun does a lot of damage upon penetration
* Very good top armour
* Crew of five
* Bouncy turret cheeks
* Located on the German lineup, you wont face dangerous guns like the KwK 40 in RB or SB.

'''Cons:'''

* Some of the spots are not covered by the additional armour
* Gun is basically the same as the L-11 cannon, therefore it's weak compared to other guns
* Slow repair times
* No access to APCR shells
* Driver's port can easily be penetrated
* Sluggish turn when not in motion, and turning while in motion will make the KV-1B lose a lot of speed
* Does not like obstacle and hills
* Reverse speed is below average
* Finnish KV-1B looks like an Soviet KV-1 so you may be mistakenly team killed often in SB, however regularly updating teammates using the request location feature can negate this somewhat

== History ==


===Development of KV-1===
The development of the KV-1 heavy tank began after the numerous flaws of the [[T-35]] multi-turreted tank came to light. Designers were ordered to draw up new designs to become the basis of a breakthrough heavy tank as deemed necessary by Soviet combat doctrine. This called for a tank that was heavily armoured, but not very mobile as it was to be for siege warfare. The designs offered all had heavy armour, wide tracks, and used the torsion-bar suspension. The designs were the [[SMK]], T-100, and what would become the '''KV tank''', which was named after the then Soviet Defense Commissar '''K'''liment '''V'''oroshilov.

As the prototypes were being developed and tested, the Winter War with Finland began. The Soviets sent these tanks into Finland for combat testing, and the KV design outperformed its contemporaries in every way with its superior armour and firepower. The armour on the KV tank was impenetrable by most tank cannons in service and most anti-tank guns as well, the 76.2 cannon also gave it a huge firepower boost compared to the usual 37 mm in use by other countries. However, the design was found to be difficult to steer, the transmission was unreliable, the ergonomics were poor and vision was limited. At 45-tons, it was also very heavy tank for its time. In truth, while formidable in firepower and protection, it gained a bad reputation among its crews. The main variant of production before World War II broke out was the '''KV-1''' model.

The initial production in 1939 had the KV-1 equipped with an [[KV-1 (L-11)|L-11 cannon]], and later this was upgraded to the F-32 in 1940, then to the [[KV-1 (ZiS-5)|F-34 (or ZiS-5) cannon]] in 1941. The Model 1941 production also had the KV-1 up-armoured for increased survivability. The tank had an additional 25-35 mm of armour added to the turret, hull front and sides. The turret was also now made of cast construction rather than welded. This KV-1 construction was designated the '''KV-1B''' and it served with the Soviet Union as a response to crew complaints about the inadequacy of the KV tanks and while the changes did little to mitigate this criticism, the additional protection was welcomed by its crews. However, the increased armour on the KV-1B caused an increased weight and lowered its top speed. The tank could only do about 19 mph (30 km/h) on roads and went even slower in cross-country. The operational range of the vehicle was only 155 miles (250 kilometres).

===Captured usage===
Finnish troops captured many Soviet armoured vehicles during the Winter War and Continuation War. Among these were KV-1B's, which the Finnish affectionately nicknamed the "Klimi". This KV-1B (real model is KV-1E) was captured near Solomennoye, Petrozavodsk at the start of the Continuation War. A second KV-1, a 1942 model was captured around the same time. The KV-1s and other tanks in Finnish service fought off the Soviets when they invaded Finland again in the Continuation War in June 1944. The KV-1B "Klimi" was used in various battles, such as the Battle of Tali-Ihantala, in defence against the Soviets. This conflict ended with the treaty agreement between the Soviet Union and Finland for peace in late August 1944. Both Finnish KV-1's survived the war and can now be found in the tank museum at Parola.

Several KV-1s survived the war, most as monuments, but also in museums, along with several reproductions. Only one genuine KV-1 was restored to running condition in Russia after it was found in the bottom of the Neva River. One KV-1B can also be found at the Bovington Tank Museum at England.

=== In-game description ===
This was a captured KB-1 Soviet tank modified under field conditions. The gun was replaced with a German KwK 40 with a corresponding scope, and a commander’s turret was also installed.

== Media ==
''Excellent additions to the article would be video guides, screenshots from the game, and photos.''

== See also ==
''Links to the articles on the War Thunder Wiki that you think will be useful for the reader, for example:''

* ''reference to the series of the vehicles;''
* ''links to approximate analogues of other nations and research trees.''

== External links ==
''Paste links to sources and external resources, such as:''

* ''topic on the official game forum;''
* ''encyclopedia page on the tank;''
* ''other literature.''

{{Germany heavy tanks}}
{{Germany premium ground vehicles}}

BM-8-24

2020-05-07T07:24:37Z

U16697154: Undo revision 51029 by U35854052 (talk). Dont just delete valid points. If you delete a section, please expand upon it in the cons.

{{Specs-Card|code=ussr_bm_8_24}}

== Description ==

[[File:GarageImage_{{PAGENAME}}.jpg|420px|thumb|left]]
{{break}}
The '''{{specs|name}}''' is premium rank {{specs|rank}} Soviet tank destroyer {{Battle-rating}}. The tank was added in [[Update 1.53 "Firestorm"]]. It is a [[T-60]] chassis carrying Katyusha rocket launcher that can fire 24 rockets towards the enemy.

== General info ==
=== Survivability and armour ===

'''Armour type:'''

* Rolled homogeneous armour

{| class="wikitable"
|-
! Armour !! Front !! Sides !! Rear !! Roof
|-
| Hull || 15 mm (73°) ''Front glacis'' 35 mm (24°) ''Lower glacis'' 35 mm (22-30°) ''Driver's port'' || 15 mm || 10 mm (65-70°) ''Top'' 25 mm (28°) ''Bottom'' || 13 mm
|-
| Rocket Pad || 25 mm (1-2°) || 25 mm (0-1°) || 25 mm (2-11°) || 25 mm
|-
| Cupola || 35 mm (34°) || 15 mm (8-11°) || 10 mm (26°) || 13 mm
|-
|}
'''Notes:'''

* Suspension wheels are 10 mm thick, tracks are 15 mm thick
* Belly armour is 10 mm thick.

=== Mobility ===


{{tankMobility|abMinHp= 108|rbMinHp= 67|}}

== Armaments ==
=== Main armament ===

{{main|M-8 (82 mm)}}

{| class="wikitable" style="text-align:center"
|-
! colspan="6" | [[M-8 (82 mm)|82 mm M-8 rockets]]
|-
! colspan="3" rowspan="1" style="width:5em" |Capacity
! rowspan="1" | Vertical guidance
! rowspan="1" | Horizontal guidance
! rowspan="1" | Stabilizer
|-
| colspan="3" | 24 || -3°/+40° || ±13° || N/A
|-
! colspan="6" | Turret rotation speed (°/s)
|-
! style="width:4em" |Mode
! style="width:4em" |Stock
! style="width:4em" |Upgraded
! style="width:4em" |Prior + Full crew
! style="width:4em" |Prior + Expert qualif.
! style="width:4em" |Prior + Ace qualif.
|-
| ''Arcade'' || 8.9 || 12.4 || __.__ || __.__ || __.__
|-
| ''Realistic'' || 8.9 || 10.5 || __.__ || __.__ || __.__
|-
! colspan="4" | Reloading rate (seconds)
|-
! colspan="1" style="width:4em" |Stock
! colspan="1" style="width:4em" |Prior + Full crew
! colspan="1" style="width:4em" |Prior + Expert qualif.
! colspan="1" style="width:4em" |Prior + Ace qualif.
|-
| 10.4 || __.__ || __.__ || __.__
|-
|}

===== Ammunition =====
{| class="wikitable sortable" style="text-align:center" width="100%"
! colspan="8" | Penetration statistics
|-
! rowspan="2" data-sort-type="text" | Ammunition
! rowspan="2" class="unsortable" | Type of warhead
! colspan="6" | '''Penetration''' '''''in mm''''' '''@ 0° Angle of Attack'''
|-
! 10m
! 100m
! 500m
! 1000m
! 1500m
! 2000m
|-
| M-8 || SSM || 24 || 24 || 24 || 24 || 24 || 24
|-
|}
{| class="wikitable sortable" style="text-align:center" width="100%"
! colspan="11" | Shell details
|-
! rowspan="2" data-sort-type="text" | Ammunition
! rowspan="2" class="unsortable" | Type of warhead
! rowspan="2" |Velocity in m/s
! rowspan="2" |Projectile Mass in kg
! rowspan="2" | ''Fuse delay''
''in m:''
! rowspan="2" | ''Fuse sensitivity''
''in mm:''
! rowspan="2" | ''Explosive Mass in g (TNT equivalent):''
! rowspan="2" | ''Normalization At 30° from horizontal:''
! colspan="3" | ''Ricochet:''
|-
! 0%
! 50%
! 100%
|-
| M-8 || SM || 260 || 7.8 || 0.0 || 0.1 || Unknown || +0° || 79° || 80° || 81°
|-
|}

===== [[Ammo racks|Ammo racks]] =====
[[File:Ammoracks_BM-8-24.png|right|thumbnail|x250px|[[Ammo racks|Ammo racks]] of the BM-8-24.]]
{| class="wikitable sortable" style="text-align:center"
|-
! class="wikitable unsortable" |Full ammo
! class="wikitable unsortable" |1st rack empty
! class="wikitable unsortable" width="10%" |Comments
! class="wikitable unsortable" |Visual discrepancy
|-
|| '''24''' || 1 ''(+23)'' || style="text-align:left" | No
|-
|}
Rockets deplete right to left from bottom to top, but ammo rack don't change until empty.

== Usage in battles ==
''Describe the tactics of playing in the vehicle, the features of using vehicles in the team and advice on tactics. Refrain from creating a "guide" - do not impose a single point of view but instead give the reader food for thought. Describe the most dangerous enemies and give recommendations on fighting them. If necessary, note the specifics of the game in different modes (AB, RB, SB).''

=== Pros and cons ===

'''Pros:'''

* Rocket launcher vehicle
* Smallest rocket launcher profile
* High-velocity rockets. (Good for medium-long range.)

'''Cons:'''

* No other armaments except rocket launchers
* Rockets can only face forwards
* Armour of a [[T-60]] (Very low)
* Extremely long reload time.
* Small rocket supply of only 24
* Very poor depression can cause it to be problematic to hit low targets at close ranges.
* Limited penetration of rockets even on direct hits, being only able to damage open SPG's and very lightly armoured tanks and SPAA's
* Non-adjustable gun sights. Aiming in almost purely by guessing.

== History ==

===Development===
The concept of a multiple rocket launcher system came about in June 1938, when the Soviet Jet Propulsion Research Institute was authorized by the Main Artillery Directorate to develop such system for the RS-132 rocket in use on their aircraft. A prototype by I. Gvay in Chelyabinsk was tried and fired M-132 rockets on ZiS-5 trucks, though these were unstable and were revised on the proposals of V.N. Galkovskiy to mount the launching rails longitudinally. Testing for the newly made prototype began at the end of 1938, firing 233 rounds in a couple of salvos. The rockets were found to be able to hit up to 5,500 meters out, but the system was not looked fondly upon by the artillery branch. It took 50 minutes to load 24 rockets onto the launching rail, while a regular artillery cannon and howitzer can fire about a hundred in the same time at a sustained rate.

Testing continued up until 1940 and with a prototype of a truck with the launch rails on the back. The design was approved for production before Germany invaded the Soviet Union in June 1941, and mass-production began after the first month of the war, where the multiple rocket launchers proved very successful. During the war, the launchers were taken with much secrecy and operated by specialized troops such as the NKVD who do not even know its true name. Through the presence of a "K" on the vehicles from the Komintern Factory, the soldiers operating decided to nickname these launchers ''"Katyusha"'' after a popular wartime song of the same name. Up to 3,237 of all types of Katyusha launchers were produced from 1941 to the end of 1942, and more than 10,000 were made by the end of the war.

===Advantages and disadvantages===
Compared to the contemporary artillery systems of the time, the multiple rocket launcher system presented a different kind of artillery barrages used in the field. Advantages the multiple rocket launcher was that they were simple, extremely effective in saturation bombardment, fires lots of ordnance in a small time span, and were usually attached to mobile vehicles that can permit a quick retreat after firing to prevent counter-battery firing. Disadvantages with the system were that the rockets took a long time to reload, less accurate than regular artillery guns, and cannot sustain fire for a long period of time. However, in the battlefield, the multiple rocket launcher induces a greater psychological effect onto the targets on the receiving end due to the heavy amount of explosives able to be delivered in a short time. A battery of only four launchers could deliver their salvos of about 4.35 tons of explosives in a span of no longer than 10 seconds at a 400,000 square meter area.

===Designations===
Multiple variants of the multiple rocket launcher systems were made in the course of the war as the design is simply the attachment of launch rails onto a variety of vehicles. Each vehicle has different names that follow a template to distinguish their types.

* "BM-x-y" indicates a ground vehicle.
* "M-x-y" indicates a towed variant.
* "y-M-x" indicates a naval variant.

and "x" stands for the missile model while "y" stands for the number of launch rails available for the launcher variant. For example, the BM-8-16 indicates a ground vehicle firing M-8 rockets with 16 rails available to mount on.

Vehicles using the Katyusha launchers range from trucks, cars, and tanks. The production started with trucks such as the ZiS-6, then moving on to STZ-5 artillery tractors, then on Allied Lend-Lease vehicles. The 82 mm M-8 rockets, which saw service in August 1941, was the most popular rocket variant and saw use on the trucks and even tanks, which would make the '''BM-8-24''' rocket launcher tank mounted on the [[T-60]] light tank. Another attempt with tank mounting was with a [[KV-1 (L-11)|KV-1]] heavy tank as the ''KV-1K'', but as a waste of heavy armour, this was scrapped.

===Combat usage===
The Katyusha rocket launchers first saw service during the opening of Operation Barbarossa against Germany. On July 14, 1941, under the experimental battery commanded by Captain Ivan Flyorov, seven launchers were used in Rudnya and were able to cause massive destruction to the Germans in the town before they fled in panic. This success prompted the Red Army to build up more Katyushas in their inventory and raise more batteries and regiments for the vehicle. All these units were under NKVD control for secrecy until the Germans reveal their own multiple rocket launcher systems, the Nebelwerfer. The Germans nicknamed the Katyusha launchers as the ''"Stalin's Organ"'' after Joseph Stalin and how the launchers are organized in a way to look like a church organ. This German nickname became widely known in other areas in Western Europe. By the end of 1941, eight regiments and 37 independent battalions were available with a count of 554 Katyushas total.

The rocket launchers continue to become more integrated into the rest of the army as the war continued. Heavy mortar battalions were armed with the newer M-30 rocket launchers with heavy 300 mm M-30 rockets on June 1942. In July, a battalion of rocket launchers was added into the tank corps. The organization and equipment of these mortar battalions equipped with the Katyusha continue to increase and by the end of the war in 57 regiments, about 518 batteries of Katyusha launchers were available.

===Legacy===
The Katyusha launchers, issued in large numbers in the Eastern Front, was largely successful in the strategic effect of the war, granting the Soviet Union the ability to lay down a very heavy and shocking bombardment very quickly. The success of the system prompted many other countries to pursue such a system as well, such as the modified [[Calliope|T34 Calliope]] based off the Sherman and the Germans [[15 cm Pz.W.42|Panzerwerfer 42]]s. Today, the multiple rocket launcher system is still widespread with the implementation of newer technology, rockets, and missiles that make the rocket launcher system a very potent weapon to anyone on the receiving end.

=== In-game description ===
Based on the T-60 light tank, the first BM-8-24-class self-propelled mount featuring a jet-based volley-fire system on a tank chassis was built in 1941. At first the self-propelled mount was released on the basis of the T-40 light tank, but it was later replaced on the assembly line by the T-60 tank, and production continued on this basis.

The jet-based artillery subdivision of which the BM-8-24 MRLS SPG was a member was subordinate to Supreme Command. Jet-based artillery divisions were assigned to divisions and added to long-range (LR) divisions.

A total of 44 T-40 tanks were re-equipped as volley-fire installations.

== Media ==

Skin and Camouflages for the [https://live.warthunder.com/feed/camouflages/?vehicleCountry=ussr&vehicleType=tank&vehicleClass=tank_destroyer&vehicle=ussr_bm_8_24 BM-8-24] in Warthunder Live.

== See also ==
''Links to the articles on the War Thunder Wiki that you think will be useful for the reader, for example:''

* ''reference to the series of the vehicles;''
* ''links to approximate analogues of other nations and research trees.''

== External links ==


* [https://warthunder.com/en/devblog/current/810/ [Devblog<nowiki>]</nowiki> BМ-8-24 Rocket Artillery - with developer's answers]
* [[Wikipedia:Katyusha_rocket_launcher|[Wikipedia<nowiki>]</nowiki> Katyusha rocket launcher]]

{{USSR tank destroyers}}
{{USSR premium ground vehicles}}

AML-90

2020-05-07T07:23:37Z

U16697154: Re adding commented template description

{{Specs-Card|code=fr_aml_90}}

== Description ==

[[File:GarageImage_{{PAGENAME}}.jpg|420px|thumb|left]]
{{Break}}
The '''{{Specs|name}}''' is a rank {{Specs|rank}} French light tank {{Battle-rating}}. It was introduced in [[Update 1.95 "Northern Wind"]].

== General info ==
=== Survivability and armour ===


The tank is not very armored, with only 10 mm of armor for the hull, for the turret the armor varies according to the inclination but is between 14 mm and 28 mm. With such paper thin armor, there is a good chance of suffering a hull break and instantly knocking out the tank in one shot. The driver is centered at the hull and the commander, who is also the tank's loader, is located to the right of the turret and the gunner to the left. The engine is at the rear and the ammunition is located in the rear of the turret and in the center / rear of the hull.

=== Mobility ===


{{tankMobility|abMinHp=139|rbMinHp=80}}

== Armaments ==
=== Main armament ===

{{main|DEFA F1 (90 mm)}}

{| class="wikitable" style="text-align:center" width="100%"
|-
! colspan="5" | [[DEFA F1 (90 mm)|90 mm DEFA F1]] || colspan="5" | Turret rotation speed (°/s) || colspan="4" | Reloading rate (seconds)
|-
! Mode !! Capacity !! Vertical !! Horizontal !! Stabilizer
! Stock !! Upgraded !! Full !! Expert !! Aced
! Stock !! Full !! Expert !! Aced
|-
! ''Arcade''
| rowspan="2" | 20 || rowspan="2" | -8°/+15° || rowspan="2" | ±180° || rowspan="2" | N/A || 23.8 || __.__ || __.__ || __.__ || __.__ || rowspan="2" | 8.7 || rowspan="2" | _.__ || rowspan="2" | _.__ || rowspan="2" | _.__
|-
! ''Realistic''
| 14.9 || __.__ || __.__ || __.__ || __.__
|-
|}

==== Ammunition ====
{| class="wikitable sortable" style="text-align:center" width="100%"
! colspan="8" | Penetration statistics
|-
! rowspan="2" data-sort-type="text" | Ammunition
! rowspan="2" | Type of warhead
! colspan="6" | '''Penetration @ 0° Angle of Attack (mm)'''
|-
! 10 m !! 100 m !! 500 m !! 1,000 m !! 1,500 m !! 2,000 m
|-
| OCC 60-62 || HEATFS || 320 || 320 || 320 || 320 || 320 || 320
|-
| OE 90 F1 || HE || 13 || 13 || 13 || 13 || 13 || 13
|-
|}
{| class="wikitable sortable" style="text-align:center" width="100%"
! colspan="10" | Shell details
|-
! rowspan="2" data-sort-type="text" | Ammunition
! rowspan="2" | Type of warhead
! rowspan="2" | Velocity (m/s)
! rowspan="2" | Projectile Mass (kg)
! rowspan="2" | Fuse delay (m)
! rowspan="2" | Fuse sensitivity (mm)
! rowspan="2" | Explosive Mass (TNT equivalent) (g)
! colspan="3" | Ricochet
|-
! 0% !! 50% !! 100%
|-
| OCC 60-62 || HEATFS || 750 || 8.95 || N/A || 0.1 || 877.7 || 65° || 72° || 77°
|-
| OE 90 F1 || HE || 640 || 10.45 || 0.1 || 0.5 || 945 || 79° || 80° || 81°
|-
|}
{| class="wikitable sortable" style="text-align:center"
! colspan="7" | Smoke shell characteristics
|-
! Ammunition
! Velocity (m/s)
! Projectile Mass (kg)
! Screen radius (m)
! Screen deploy time (s)
! Screen hold time (s)
! Explosive Mass (TNT equivalent) (g)
|-
| OFUM PH90-F2 || 640 || 10.2 || 13 || 5 || 20 || 50
|-
|}

==== [[Ammo racks]] ====

{| class="wikitable" style="text-align:center"
|-
! Full ammo
! 1st rack empty
! 2nd rack empty
! 3rd rack empty
! 4th rack empty
! 5th rack empty
! 6th rack empty
! Visual discrepancy
|-
| '''20''' || __ ''(+__)'' || __ ''(+__)'' || __ ''(+__)'' || __ ''(+__)'' || __ ''(+__)'' || __ ''(+__)'' || __
|-
|}

=== Machine guns ===

{{main|MAC 31 (7.5 mm)}}

{| class="wikitable" style="text-align:center"
|-
! colspan="5" | [[MAC 31 (7.5 mm)|7.5 mm MAC 31]]
|-
! Mount
! Capacity (Belt capacity)
! Rate of fire (shots/minute)
! Vertical guidance
! Horizontal guidance
|-
| Coaxial || 2,150 (150) || 1,350 || N/A || N/A
|-
| Pintle || 800 (150) || 1,350 || -10°/+40° || ±120°
|-
|}

== Usage in battles ==
''Describe the tactics of playing in the vehicle, the features of using vehicles in the team and advice on tactics. Refrain from creating a "guide" - do not impose a single point of view but instead give the reader food for thought. Describe the most dangerous enemies and give recommendations on fighting them. If necessary, note the specifics of the game in different modes (AB, RB, SB).''

=== Modules ===
{| class="wikitable"
! Tier
! colspan="2" | Mobility
! Protection
! colspan="3" | Firepower
|-
| I
| Tires
|
| Parts
| Horizontal Drive
|
|
|-
| II
| Suspension
| Brake System
| FPE
| Adjustment of Fire
| Airstrike
|
|-
| III
| Filters
|
| Crew Replenishment
| Elevation Mechanism
| OFUM PH90-F2
| Smoke grenade
|-
| IV
| Transmission
| Engine
|
| Artillery Support
| Improved optics
|
|-
|}

=== Pros and cons ===


'''Pros:'''

* Very small size makes it easy to get around and avoid shots.
* 320 mm penetrating HEAT-FS ammo should be able to take care of any expected enemies
* Has access to smoke grenades and smoke shells that will allow it to move around unseen
* Has a roof mounted 7.5 mm that can be good to shoot planes and open top vehicles

'''Cons:'''

* Has hullbreak
* Only has 3 crew, a single shot will most likely knock it out
* Only 10-12mm frontal armour, can get penned by .50 cals and other small calibre weapons
* Very low ammo count of 20 shells
* Terrible brakes, you will take 20 meters to stop
* Wheeled vehicle mobility, it's not easy to climb hills

== History ==
''Describe the history of the creation and combat usage of the vehicle in more detail than in the introduction. If the historical reference turns out to be too long, take it to a separate article, taking a link to the article about the vehicle and adding a block "/History" (example: <nowiki>https://wiki.warthunder.com/(Vehicle-name)/History</nowiki>) and add a link to it here using the <code>main</code> template. Be sure to reference text and sources by using <code><nowiki><ref></ref></nowiki></code>, as well as adding them at the end of the article with <code><nowiki><references /></nowiki></code>. This section may also include the vehicle's dev blog entry (if applicable) and the in-game encyclopedia description (under <code><nowiki>=== In-game description ===</nowiki></code>, also if applicable).''

== Media ==

{{Youtube-gallery|hcvwEs84aTs|'''The Shooting Range #194''' - ''Metal Beasts'' section at 00:30 discusses the AML-90.}}

== See also ==
''Links to the articles on the War Thunder Wiki that you think will be useful for the reader, for example:''

* ''reference to the series of the vehicles;''
* ''links to approximate analogues of other nations and research trees.''

== External links ==
''Paste links to sources and external resources, such as:''

* ''topic on the official game forum;''
* ''encyclopedia page on the tank;''
* ''other literature.''

{{France light tanks}}

Crusader II

2020-05-05T04:44:43Z

U16697154: Undo revisions by PaperofLord.

{{Specs-Card|code=uk_crusader_mk_2}}
{{About
| about = British light tank '''{{PAGENAME}}'''
| usage = other uses
| link = Crusader (Family)
}}

== Description ==

[[File:GarageImage_{{PAGENAME}}.jpg|420px|thumb|left]]
{{Break}}
The '''{{Specs|name}}''' is a rank {{Specs|rank}} British light tank {{Battle-rating}}. It was introduced along with the initial British ground tree in [[Update 1.55 "Royal Armour"]].

== General info ==
=== Survivability and armour ===

'''Armour type:'''
* Rolled homogeneous armour
* Cast homogeneous armour (Gun mantlet, Machine gun mantlet, Driver's port)
* Structural steel (Side skirts)
{| class="wikitable"
|-
! Armour !! Front !! Sides !! Rear !! Roof
|-
| Hull || 20 mm (33°) ''Front plate'' 9 mm (78-85°), 20 mm (61°) ''Front glacis'' 20 mm (27-64°) ''Lower glacis'' 18 mm (1°) ''Driver's port'' || 14 + 4 mm || 14 mm (44-51°) ''Top'' (14-51°) 14 mm ''Bottom''|| 7 mm
|-
| Main Turret || 30 mm (11°) ''Turret front'' 30 mm (6-58°) ''Gun mantlet'' || 14 mm (40-49°) || 17 + 12.7 mm (36°) ''Top'' 9 mm (66°) ''Bottom'' || 12.7 mm
|-
| Secondary Turret || 30 mm (1-32°) ''Turret front'' 20 mm (3-67°) ''Gun mantlet'' || 30 mm (1-3°) || 30 mm (5-6°) || 9 mm
|}
'''Notes:'''
* Suspension wheels and tracks are 15 mm thick.

=== Mobility ===


{{tankMobility|abMinHp= 527|rbMinHp= 301}}

== Armaments ==
=== Main armament ===

{{main|QF 2-pounder (40 mm)}}

{| class="wikitable" style="text-align:center" width="100%"
|-
! colspan="5" | [[QF 2-pounder (40 mm)|40 mm QF 2-pounder]] || colspan="5" | Turret rotation speed (°/s) || colspan="4" | Reloading rate (seconds)
|-
! Mode !! Capacity !! Vertical !! Horizontal !! Stabilizer
! Stock !! Upgraded !! Full !! Expert !! Aced
! Stock !! Full !! Expert !! Aced
|-
! ''Arcade''
| rowspan="2" | 110 || rowspan="2" | -15°/+20° || rowspan="2" | ±180° || rowspan="2" | Vertical || 34.27 || 47.40 || 55.77 || 62.89 || 67.76 || rowspan="2" | 3.64 || rowspan="2" | 3.30 || rowspan="2" | 3.00 || rowspan="2" | 2.8
|-
! ''Realistic''
| 21.40 || 25.20 || 29.63 || 33.41 || 36.00
|-
|}

==== Ammunition ====
{| class="wikitable sortable" style="text-align:center" width="100%"
! colspan="8" | Penetration statistics
|-
! rowspan="2" data-sort-type="text" | Ammunition
! rowspan="2" | Type of warhead
! colspan="6" | '''Penetration @ 0° Angle of Attack (mm)'''
|-
! 10 m !! 100 m !! 500 m !! 1,000 m !! 1,500 m !! 2,000 m
|-
| Shot Mk.1 AP/T || AP || 72 || 68 || 52 || 37 || 27 || 19
|-
| Shot Mk.IXB APCBC/T || APCBC || 88 || 83 || 64 || 46 || 33 || 24
|-
| Shot Mk.1 APHV/T || AP || 80 || 78 || 67 || 56 || 47 || 40
|-
| Shell Mk.1 AP/T || APHE || 66 || 62 || 49 || 36 || 26 || 20
|-
|}
{| class="wikitable sortable" style="text-align:center" width="100%"
! colspan="10" | Shell details
|-
! rowspan="2" data-sort-type="text" | Ammunition
! rowspan="2" | Type of warhead
! rowspan="2" | Velocity (m/s)
! rowspan="2" | Projectile Mass (kg)
! rowspan="2" | Fuse delay (m)
! rowspan="2" | Fuse sensitivity (mm)
! rowspan="2" | Explosive Mass (TNT equivalent) (g)
! colspan="3" | Ricochet
|-
! 0% !! 50% !! 100%
|-
| Shot Mk.1 AP/T || AP || 792 || 1.08 || N/A || N/A || N/A || 47° || 60° || 65°
|-
| Shot Mk.IXB APCBC/T || APCBC || 792 || 1.24 || N/A || N/A || N/A || 48° || 63° || 71°
|-
| Shot Mk.1 APHV/T || AP || 853 || 1.08 || N/A || N/A || N/A || 47° || 60° || 65°
|-
| Shell Mk.1 AP/T || APHE || 792 || 1.08 || 1.2 || 9.0 || 19 || 47° || 60° || 65°
|-
|}

==== [[Ammo racks]] ====
[[File:Ammoracks_{{PAGENAME}}.png|right|thumb|x250px|[[Ammo racks]] of the {{PAGENAME}}]]
{| class="wikitable" style="text-align:center"
|-
! Full ammo
! 1st rack empty
! 2nd rack empty
! 3rd rack empty
! 4th rack empty
! 5th rack empty
! Visual discrepancy
|-
| '''110''' || 89 ''(+21)'' || 67 ''(+43)'' || 45 ''(+65)'' || 23 ''(+87)'' || 1 ''(+109)'' || No
|-
|}

Turret & center empty: 45 ''(+65)''

=== Machine guns ===

{{main|BESA (7.92 mm)}}

{| class="wikitable" style="text-align:center"
|-
! colspan="5" | [[BESA (7.92 mm)|7.92 mm BESA]]
|-
! Mount
! Capacity (Belt capacity)
! Rate of fire (shots/minute)
! Vertical guidance
! Horizontal guidance
|-
| Hull || 4,950 (225) || 600 || ±10° || ±50°
|-
| Coaxial || 3,375 (225) || 600 || N/A || N/A
|-
|}

== Usage in battles ==

The Crusader Mk II is a quite effective low-range light tank, it is equipped with a fast firing 40 mm cannon, which is excellent at taking out tanks with a cramped interior and the crew close to each other, very fast reload, gun stabilization and its good handling makes up for shell doing not so much damage because of lack of the good explosive filler compared to other tanks in its battle rating range and even the last unlockable shell can take out enemy tanks so easily.

Since it is a light tank it does not have so much armour, driving and fighting in the open field should be avoided whatever it is possible, unless there is enough of cover or the terrain shaped in a way so it is possible to use the hull down tactics at which this tank excels, because of its very low profile, excellent gun elevation and the turret shape which makes it hard to hit.

The combination of manoeuvrability, quite high speed and good acceleration makes it good at flanking and rushing the enemy positions, max speed could seem to be inferior to other light tanks and make think that it is not a good tank, but it is compensated by its acceleration, it can get to the high speed very fast and the turning ability is very good at any speed, except for moving in the same place, tank is also very stable and pleasant to drive.

Any frontal engagement with enemy SPAAG units should be avoided, it can work only at long distance and when flanking them. Dealing with other light tanks should not be an issue, the 40 mm cannon lacks in accuracy but the reload speed if fast and hitting the target should not be an issue at the close distance. Fighting against the medium tanks and other bigger vehicles could be a problem, against them is always required to know the crew position in the enemy tank and aim for them and since all available shells do not a lot of damage in most cases only one crew member will be falling unconscious, this means destroying the medium tank can take a lot of time and make you and your position exposed to the enemy team, long range engagements against them should be avoided.

=== Modules ===
{| class="wikitable"
! Tier
! colspan="2" | Mobility
! Protection
! colspan="3" | Firepower
|-
| I
| Tracks
|
| Parts
| Horizontal Drive
| Shot Mk.IXB APCBC/T
|
|-
| II
| Suspension
| Brake System
| FPE
| Adjustment of Fire
| Shot Mk.1 APHV/T
|
|-
| III
| Filters
|
| Crew Replenishment
| Elevation Mechanism
|
|
|-
| IV
| Transmission
| Engine
|
| Artillery Support
| Shell Mk.1 AP/T
| Smoke grenade
|-
|}

=== Pros and cons ===


'''Pros:'''
* 5 man crew
* Frontal armour can bounce the enemy shells when shot from certain angle
* High penetration 2 pdr cannon
* Low profile
* Very good acceleration with good handling
* Additional 4mm side skirts
* Smoke grenades which can be fired one at the time

'''Cons:'''
* Overall weak armour
* Low maximum speed
* Most of shells have no explosive filler and can have trouble killing larger tanks, pinpoint shots are needed
* Crew is packed together, can be one-shotted easily by large calibre shells, notably the early Pz.IV models
* Flat surface on the front turret armour
* Any tank with a respectable gun will be able to penetrate and destroy the Crusader easily

== History ==

===Development===
In 1938, the General Staff of the British Army requested for a cruiser tank that was lighter and more affordable than the heavier A16 cruiser design developed by Nuffield Mechanizations & Aero. One of these designs was the designation ''Tank, Cruiser Mk.V'' based off the [[A13 Mk I|A13 cruiser tanks]], named the "Covenanter", and Nuffield was invited to become part of its development team, but they refused due to interest in developing their own cruiser tank. Their tank was designated the '''Tank, Cruiser Mk.VI Crusader''' and fell under the General Staff specification of ''A15''. The Crusader was a parallel design to the Covenanter, but was ready six weeks earlier than the Covenanter despite starting at a later time. The Crusader was adopted into service with the British Army in 1941 and the 5,300 units were manufactured between 1940 to 1943.

===Design===
The Crusader features a new design that differs from its cruiser tank predecessors. The Christie suspension system on the Crusader had five road wheels for it instead of the usual four, which improves weight distribution of the increased 20 ton weight of the Crusader compared to the 14 tons of the A13 cruisers. The engine, steering system, and cooling system on the Crusader was different as well, but the Covenanter and Crusader use the same main turret. The polygonal shape of the turret gives the crew inside more room for the turret ring diameter.

The Crusader Mk.I and '''Mk.II''' were equipped with the 2-pounder, which was aimed by the gunner inside with a padded shaft that allows them to elevate the gun by simply adjusting his own height. Later in the war where an up-gun of the tank armament was necessary and newer tanks such as the [[Cromwell V|Cromwell]] was delayed, the Crusader was upgraded into the ''[[Crusader Mk III]]'' variant with a 6-pounder instead, which restricted turret space, requiring the turret crew to be reduced from three to two. These saw first action the Second Battle of El Alamein in October 1942.

===Combat Usage===
The Crusader first saw action at North Africa, right after the British had been pushed back to the Egyptian border by Axis forces. The Crusaders were part of the huge shipment in the Malta Convoys to reequip the British forces there. Enough Crusaders arrive that the entire 6th Royal Tank Regiment was refitted with them, which joined up with the 2nd Royal Tank Regiment to form the 7th Armoured Brigade "Desert Rats". The brigade's first action was in Operation Battleaxe, though it was delayed due to adapting the tanks for the desert environment. The operation, which called for the relieve of the siege of Tobruk in June, was initiated in June to which 11 Crusader tanks were lost to anti-tank guns, plus many more to mechanical faults. While more Crusader tanks came in to reinforce the cruiser tank forces, there were never enough to supply the continuously expanding armoured units as 7th Brigade was combine with the 7th Hussars, the 2nd Armoured Brigade was added to the 7th Armoured Division, and the 8th Hussars was combined with the 4th Armoured Brigade. Overall, the Crusaders proved effective in the North African Campaign, the Crusader was faster than any tanks on the opposing side and the 2-pounder was lethal to the [[Pz.III J|Panzer III]], but the tank suffered from its thin armour, mechanical problems in the desert, and the growing deficiency of the 2-pounder, which didn't have enough range to destroy farther tanks. The Crusader design also caused the ammo racks on the tank to easily ignite due to unprotected racks and shot traps on the turret design. Anti-tank guns continue to be the main reason the Crusader units suffer losses, rather than to enemy tanks.

By the end of 1941, only the 2nd Armoured Brigade retained the Crusaders, the rest of the other tank units were being refitted with better tanks, such as the [[Grant I|M3 Grant medium tank]] from the American Lend-Lease. Crusader units were also refitted with the more powerful Crusader Mk.III with the 6-pounder, which improved the Crusader's ability to destroy the gradually stronger German tanks. After General Bernard Montgomery took command of the British Army in 1942, more British tank units were reequipped with the Grant and [[M4|M4 Sherman]] tanks while the Crusaders were relegated from the front-lines to "light squadrons" meant to flank the enemy and attacked at its exposed sides. When the British 1st Army engaged the Axis at Tunisia, some tank regiments still use Crusaders mixed in with [[Valentine Mk I|Valentine tanks]]. These units in the 26th Armoured Brigade, code named "Blade Force", worked alongside the 78th Infantry Division as an independent armoured column. During Tunisia, the 1st Army was already converting the tank regiments into Shermans, but the 8th Army continued to use the Crusaders for much longer, which would see use at the Battle of Wadi Akarit and Mareth Line.

After the North African Campaign, the Crusaders no longer saw any use in the front-lines and were used in other roles such as gun tractors with 17-pounders or anti-aircraft mounts such as the ''[[Crusader AA Mk I|Crusader AA Mk I]]'' and ''[[Crusader AA Mk II|Mk II]]'' Some Crusader tanks equipped the tank regiments that stayed back at the British Homelands such as the 11th Armoured Division.

===Survivors===
About 21 Crusaders still exist intact in various parts of the world. The most notable places with the Crusaders are South Africa with 8 known survivors, a running [[Crusader Mk III]] at Bovington Tank Museum at England, and an anti-aircraft version at Musée des Blindés in France.

== Media ==
''Excellent additions to the article would be video guides, screenshots from the game, and photos.''

== See also ==
''Links to the articles on the War Thunder Wiki that you think will be useful for the reader, for example:''
* ''reference to the series of the vehicles;''
* ''links to approximate analogues of other nations and research trees.''

== External links ==
''Paste links to sources and external resources, such as:''
* ''topic on the official game forum;''
* ''encyclopedia page on the tank;''
* ''other literature.''

{{Britain light tanks}}

F-4E Phantom II

2020-04-30T20:54:42Z

U16697154: Undo revision 50523 by U16697154 (talk) Woops, wrong history tag.

{{Specs-Card|code=f-4e}}
{{About
| about = jet fighter '''{{PAGENAME}}'''
| usage = other versions
| link = F-4 Phantom II (Family)
}}
== Description ==

[[File:GarageImage_{{PAGENAME}}.jpg|420px|thumb|left]]
{{Break}}
The '''{{Specs|name}}''' is a rank {{Specs|rank}} American jet fighter {{Battle-rating}}. It was introduced in [[Update 1.97 "Viking Fury"]]. This twin-engine aircraft is powered by two General Electric J79-GE-17 jets, each producing an incredible 8,010 kgf on maximum afterburner. This multi-role vehicle is among the top fighter jets in the game and also a supremely capable ground attacker.

== General info ==
=== Flight performance ===
''Describe how the aircraft behaves in the air. Speed, manoeuvrability, acceleration and allowable loads - these are the most important characteristics of the vehicle.''

{| class="wikitable" style="text-align:center"
! rowspan="2" | Characteristics
! colspan="2" | Max Speed (km/h at 12,192 m)
! rowspan="2" | Max altitude (metres)
! colspan="2" | Turn time (seconds)
! colspan="2" | Rate of climb (metres/second)
! rowspan="2" | Take-off run (metres)
|-
! AB !! RB !! AB !! RB !! AB !! RB
|-
! Stock
| 2,097 || 2,074 || rowspan="2" | {{Specs|ceiling}} || 26.5 || 27.5 || 160.8 || 151.2 || rowspan="2" | 850
|-
! Upgraded
|2,202||2,140||25.5||26.0|| 221.6 || 190.0
|-
|}

==== Details ====
{| class="wikitable" style="text-align:center"
|-
! colspan="6" | Features
|-
! Combat flaps !! Take-off flaps !! Landing flaps !! Air brakes !! Arrestor gear !! Drogue chute
|-
| X || ✓ || ✓ || ✓ || ✓ || ✓ 
|-
|}

{| class="wikitable" style="text-align:center"
|-
! colspan="7" | Limits
|-
! rowspan="2" | Wings (km/h)
! rowspan="2" | Gear (km/h)
! colspan="3" | Flaps (km/h)
! colspan="2" | Max Static G
|-
! Combat !! Take-off !! Landing !! + !! -
|-
| {{Specs|destruction|body}} || {{Specs|destruction|gear}} || N/A || ___ || 463 || ~11 || ~4
|-
|}

{| class="wikitable" style="text-align:center"
|-
! colspan="4" | Optimal velocities (km/h)
|-
! Ailerons !! Rudder !! Elevators !! Radiator
|-
| < 810 || < 750 || < 700 || N/A
|-
|}

=== Survivability and armour ===
''Examine the survivability of the aircraft. Note how vulnerable the structure is and how secure the pilot is, whether the fuel tanks are armoured, etc. Describe the armour, if there is any, and also mention the vulnerability of other critical aircraft systems.''

== Armaments ==
=== Offensive armament ===

{{main|M61 (20 mm)}}

The '''''F-4E Phantom II''''' is armed with the following offensive weapons:

* 1 x 20 mm M61 cannon, chin-mounted (640 RPG)

Due to this cannon's high rate of fire, trigger discipline is a must.

=== Suspended armament ===
''Describe the aircraft's suspended armament: additional cannons under the wings, bombs, rockets and torpedoes. This section is especially important for bombers and attackers. If there is no suspended weaponry remove this subsection.''
{{main|M61 (20 mm)|LDGP Mk 82 (500 lb)|M117 cone 45 (750 lb)|LDGP Mk 83 (1,000 lb)|LDGP Mk 84 (2,000 lb)}}
{{main|AGM-12C Bullpup|FFAR Mighty Mouse|Zuni Mk32 Mod 0 ATAP|AIM-9E|AIM-9J}}

== Usage in battles ==


The F-4E Phantom II is well-suited for any in-game situation. For attacking ground targets, the plane is armed with an assortment of bombs and rockets, and against air targets, players may employ the vehicle's deadly air-to-air missiles and frontal cannon. If desired, three externally-mounted gunpods may be equipped, but note that these may not be useful in certain situations. Although they will undoubtedly increase the vehicle's destructive capabilities, they also appreciably hinder flight performance through induced drag. In many situations, one front-facing cannon is all that is required to dispatch an opponent aircraft. As for the missiles, the ones used by this plane are among the best in the game, comparable to the [[R-60]] missiles equipped by the [[MiG-21MF (Germany)]] and the [[MiG-21SMT]]. The AIM-9J missiles are most effective when fired from between 1 to 2 km away from the target. Any closer and they will struggle to track and likely veer off target for a miss.

The F-4E has one of the highest rates of climb out of any vehicle in the game, and is also one of the fastest, especially below 5,000 m altitude. It also has good to excellent acceleration at all speeds, unlike the MiG-21SMT, which only has above-average acceleration at speeds above 700 kph. This means that the Phantom is much more forgiving in dogfights since any lost speed can be regained fairly quickly.

Unlike the [[F-4C]], this vehicle is equipped with leading-edge slats, which increase the aircraft's manoeuvrability. The plane has the best turning ability between 700 and 900 kph, although it has competitive turn rates at all speeds. However, as with all top-tier fighter jets, extended turn-fights should be avoided, since they bleed much speed out of this heavy aircraft and leave the pilot defenceless against nearby vultures. Specifically, watch out for the [[J35D]] ''Draken'', which will beat any of its contemporaries in an extended turn, and also keep an eye on nearby [[Mitsubishi T-2]] and MiG-21 pilots: although these aircraft don't do as well in extended turns, they can pull a significant angle of attack in the first few moments of a turn-fight.

In air realistic battles, it is recommended to take a maximum fuel load (26 min), given the high fuel-usage of the aircraft's afterburner. It is also recommended to take armoured-target belts for the internal 20 mm cannon, as well as 4 AIM-9J air-to-air missiles. This setup will maximize the vehicle's anti-air capabilities.

=== Pros and cons ===


'''Pros:'''

* Leading-edge slats allow for an above-average turn rate
* AIM-9J air-to-air missiles are among the best in the game
* Equipped with flares for evading enemy missiles
* A wide range of suspended armaments, suitable for any play-style
* Deadly frontal armament with high burst mass
* Makes use of a ballistic computer for assisting in the aim of cannons, rockets, and bombs
* Hard to rip the wings through G-overload

'''Cons:'''

* Limited ammunition in the frontally-mounted cannon
* Quite large and heavy compared to other fighters at its tier
* Rate of climb suffers immensely when carrying large amounts of ordinance.

== History ==
''Describe the history of the creation and combat usage of the aircraft in more detail than in the introduction. If the historical reference turns out to be too long, take it to a separate article, taking a link to the article about the vehicle and adding a block "/History" (example: <nowiki>https://wiki.warthunder.com/(Vehicle-name)/History</nowiki>) and add a link to it here using the <code>main</code> template. Be sure to reference text and sources by using <code><nowiki><ref></ref></nowiki></code>, as well as adding them at the end of the article with <code><nowiki><references /></nowiki></code>. This section may also include the vehicle's dev blog entry (if applicable) and the in-game encyclopedia description (under <code><nowiki>=== In-game description ===</nowiki></code>, also if applicable).''

== Media ==
''Excellent additions to the article would be video guides, screenshots from the game, and photos.''

== See also ==
''Links to the articles on the War Thunder Wiki that you think will be useful for the reader, for example:''

* ''reference to the series of the aircraft;''
* ''links to approximate analogues of other nations and research trees.''

== External links ==
''Paste links to sources and external resources, such as:''

* ''topic on the official game forum;''
* ''encyclopedia page on the aircraft;''
* ''other literature.''

{{AirManufacturer McDonnell}}
{{USA jet aircraft}}

F-4E Phantom II

2020-04-30T20:43:57Z

U16697154: Re adding commented template description

{{Specs-Card|code=f-4e}}
{{About
| about = jet fighter '''{{PAGENAME}}'''
| usage = other versions
| link = F-4 Phantom II (Family)
}}
== Description ==

[[File:GarageImage_{{PAGENAME}}.jpg|420px|thumb|left]]
{{Break}}
The '''{{Specs|name}}''' is a rank {{Specs|rank}} American jet fighter {{Battle-rating}}. It was introduced in [[Update 1.97 "Viking Fury"]]. This twin-engine aircraft is powered by two General Electric J79-GE-17 jets, each producing a whooping 8010 kgf on max afterburner. The vehicle is among the top fighter jets in the game, and is also supremely capable as an attacker.

== General info ==
=== Flight performance ===
''Describe how the aircraft behaves in the air. Speed, manoeuvrability, acceleration and allowable loads - these are the most important characteristics of the vehicle.''

{| class="wikitable" style="text-align:center"
! rowspan="2" | Characteristics
! colspan="2" | Max Speed (km/h at 12,192 m)
! rowspan="2" | Max altitude (metres)
! colspan="2" | Turn time (seconds)
! colspan="2" | Rate of climb (metres/second)
! rowspan="2" | Take-off run (metres)
|-
! AB !! RB !! AB !! RB !! AB !! RB
|-
! Stock
| 2097 || 2074 || rowspan="2" | {{Specs|ceiling}} || 26.5 || 27.5 || 160.8 || 151.2 || rowspan="2" | 850
|-
! Upgraded
| ___ || ___ || __._ || __._ || __._ || __._
|-
|}

==== Details ====
{| class="wikitable" style="text-align:center"
|-
! colspan="6" | Features
|-
! Combat flaps !! Take-off flaps !! Landing flaps !! Air brakes !! Arrestor gear !! Drogue chute
|-
| X || ✓ || ✓ || ✓ || ✓ || ✓ 
|-
|}

{| class="wikitable" style="text-align:center"
|-
! colspan="7" | Limits
|-
! rowspan="2" | Wings (km/h)
! rowspan="2" | Gear (km/h)
! colspan="3" | Flaps (km/h)
! colspan="2" | Max Static G
|-
! Combat !! Take-off !! Landing !! + !! -
|-
| {{Specs|destruction|body}} || {{Specs|destruction|gear}} || N/A || ___ || 463 || ~11 || ~4
|-
|}

{| class="wikitable" style="text-align:center"
|-
! colspan="4" | Optimal velocities (km/h)
|-
! Ailerons !! Rudder !! Elevators !! Radiator
|-
| < 810 || < 750 || < 700 || N/A
|-
|}

=== Survivability and armour ===
''Examine the survivability of the aircraft. Note how vulnerable the structure is and how secure the pilot is, whether the fuel tanks are armoured, etc. Describe the armour, if there is any, and also mention the vulnerability of other critical aircraft systems.''

== Armaments ==
=== Offensive armament ===


''Main article: [[M61 (20 mm)|'''M61 (20 mm)''']]''

The '''''F-4E Phantom II''''' is armed with:

* 1 x 20 mm M61 cannon, chin-mounted (640 rpg)

Due to this cannon's high rate of fire, trigger discipline is a must.

=== Suspended armament ===
''Describe the aircraft's suspended armament: additional cannons under the wings, bombs, rockets and torpedoes. This section is especially important for bombers and attackers. If there is no suspended weaponry remove this subsection.''

== Usage in battles ==


The F-4E Phantom II is well-suited for any in-game situation. For attacking ground targets, the plane is armed with an assortment of bombs and rockets, and against air targets, players may employ the vehicle's deadly air-to-air missiles and frontal cannon. If desired, three externally-mounted gunpods may be equipped, but note that these may not be useful in all situations. Although they will undoubtedly increase the vehicle's destructive capabilities, they also appreciably hinder flight performance. In many situations, one front-facing cannon is all that is required to dispatch an opponent aircraft. As for the missiles, the ones used by this plane are among the best in the game, comparable to the [[R-60]] missiles equipped by the [[MiG-21MF (Germany)]] and the [[MiG-21SMT]]. The AIM-9J missiles are most effective when fired from between 1 to 2 km away from the target. Any closer, and they will struggle to track.

The F-4E has one of the highest rates of climb out of any vehicle in the game, and is also one of the fastest, especially below 5000 m altitude. It also has good to excellent acceleration at all speeds, unlike the MiG-21SMT, which only has above-average acceleration at speeds above 700 kph. This means that the Phantom is much more forgiving in dogfights, since any lost speed can be regained fairly quickly.

Unlike the [[F-4C]], this vehicle is equipped with leading-edge slats, which increase manoeuvrability. The plane has the best turning ability between 700 and 900 kph, although it has competitive turn rates at all speeds. However, as with all top-tier fighter jets, extended turnfights should be avoided, since they bleed much speed out of this heavy aircraft and leave the pilot defenceless against nearby vultures. Specifically, watch out for the [[J35D]] ''Draken'', which will beat any of its contemporaries in an extended turn, and also keep an eye on nearby [[Mitsubishi T-2]] and MiG-21 pilots: although these aircraft don't do as well in extended turns, they can pull a significant angle of attack in the first few moments of a turnfight.

In Air Realistic battles, it is recommended to take a maximum fuel load (26 min), given the high fuel-usage of the aircraft's afterburner. It is also recommended to take armoured-target belts for the internal 20 mm cannon, as well as 4 AIM-9J air-to-air missiles. This setup will maximum the vehicle's anti-air capabilities.

=== Pros and cons ===


'''Pros:'''

* Leading edge slats allow for an above-average turn rate

* AIM-9J air-to-air missiles are among the best in the game
* Equipped with flares for evading enemy missiles
* A wide range of suspended armaments, suitable for any play-style
* Deadly frontal armament with high burst mass
* Makes use of a ballistic computer for assisting in the aim of cannons, rockets, and bombs

'''Cons:'''

* Limited ammunition in the frontally-mounted cannon
* Quite large and heavy compared to other fighters at its tier
* Hard to rip the wings through G-overload

*

== History ==
''Describe the history of the creation and combat usage of the aircraft in more detail than in the introduction. If the historical reference turns out to be too long, take it to a separate article, taking a link to the article about the vehicle and adding a block "/History" (example: <nowiki>https://wiki.warthunder.com/(Vehicle-name)/History</nowiki>) and add a link to it here using the <code>main</code> template. Be sure to reference text and sources by using <code><nowiki><ref></ref></nowiki></code>, as well as adding them at the end of the article with <code><nowiki><references /></nowiki></code>. This section may also include the vehicle's dev blog entry (if applicable) and the in-game encyclopedia description (under <code><nowiki>=== In-game description ===</nowiki></code>, also if applicable).''

== Media ==
''Excellent additions to the article would be video guides, screenshots from the game, and photos.''

== See also ==
''Links to the articles on the War Thunder Wiki that you think will be useful for the reader, for example:''

* ''reference to the series of the aircraft;''
* ''links to approximate analogues of other nations and research trees.''

== External links ==
''Paste links to sources and external resources, such as:''

* ''topic on the official game forum;''
* ''encyclopedia page on the aircraft;''
* ''other literature.''

{{AirManufacturer McDonnell}}
{{USA jet aircraft}}

LVT(A)(4) (ZiS-2)

2020-04-30T20:24:49Z

U16697154: Re adding commented template description

{{Specs-Card|code=cn_lvt_4_zis_2}}

== Description ==


The '''{{Specs|name}}''' is a rank {{Specs|rank}} Chinese tank destroyer {{Battle-rating}}. It was introduced in [[Update 1.91 "Night Vision"]].

== General info ==
=== Survivability and armour ===

'''Armour type:'''

*Rolled homogeneous armour
*Cast homogeneous armour (Gun mantlet, Machine gun shield)

{| class="wikitable"
|-
!Armour!!Front (Slope angle°)!!Sides!!Rear!!Roof
|-
|Hull
|
12.7 mm (31°) ''Front plate'' 
6.35 mm (83-84°) ''Upper glacis'' 
6.35 mm (41-81°) ''Lower glacis''
|
6.35 mm (11-51°) ''Top'' 
6.35 + 6.35 mm ''Bottom''
|6.35 mm (0-62°)
|6.35 mm
|-
|Turret
|
38 mm (10°) ''Turret front'' 
5 mm (1-81°) ''Gun mantlet''
|25 mm||25 mm||N/A
|-
|}

'''''Notes:'''''

* ''Suspension wheels and tracks are 15 mm thick.''
* ''Front hull has flat armour area where driver & co-driver sits.''

=== Mobility ===


{{tankMobility|abMinHp=355|rbMinHp=221}}

== Armaments ==
=== Main armament ===

{{main|ZIS-2 (57 mm)}}

{| width="100%" class="wikitable" style="text-align:center"
|-
! colspan="5" | [[ZIS-2 (57 mm)|57 mm ZIS-2]] || colspan="5" | Turret rotation speed (°/s) || colspan="4" | Reloading rate (seconds)
|-
! Mode !! Capacity !! Vertical !! Horizontal !! Stabilizer
! Stock !! Upgraded !! Full !! Expert !! Aced
! Stock !! Full !! Expert !! Aced
|-
! ''Arcade''
| rowspan="2" | 76 || rowspan="2" | -5°/+15° || rowspan="2" | ±25° || rowspan="2" | N/A || 10.6 || 14.6 || 17.8 || 19.6 || __._ || rowspan="2" | 8.7 || rowspan="2" | 7.7 || rowspan="2" | 7.1 || rowspan="2" | _._
|-
! ''Realistic''
| 7.1 || 8.4 || 10.2 || 11.3 || __._
|-
|}

==== Ammunition ====
{| width="100%" class="wikitable sortable" style="text-align:center"
! colspan="8" | Penetration statistics
|-
! rowspan="2" data-sort-type="text" | Ammunition
! rowspan="2" | Type of warhead
! colspan="6" | '''Penetration @ 0° Angle of Attack (mm)'''
|-
! 10 m !! 100 m !! 500 m !! 1,000 m !! 1,500 m !! 2,000 m
|-
| BR-271 || APHEBC || 145 || 143 || 132 || 119 || 108 || 98
|-
| BR-271К || APHE || 145 || 143 || 132 || 119 || 108 || 98
|-
| O-271 || HE || 5 || 5 || 5 || 5 || 5 || 5
|-
|}
{| width="100%" class="wikitable sortable" style="text-align:center"
! colspan="11" | Shell details
|-
! rowspan="2" data-sort-type="text" | Ammunition
! rowspan="2" | Type of warhead
! rowspan="2" | Velocity (m/s)
! rowspan="2" | Projectile Mass (kg)
! rowspan="2" | Fuse delay (m)
! rowspan="2" | Fuse sensitivity (mm)
! rowspan="2" | Explosive Mass (TNT equivalent) (g)
! rowspan="2" | Normalisation at 30° from horizontal
! colspan="3" | Ricochet
|-
! 0% !! 50% !! 100%
|-
| BR-271 || APHEBC || 990 || 3.14 || 1.2 || 9.0 || 21.56 || +4.0° || 48° || 63° || 71°
|-
| BR-271К || APHE || 990 || 3.14 || 1.2 || 9.0 || 27.72 || -1.0° || 47° || 60° || 65°
|-
| O-271 || HE || 700 || 3.72 || 0.4 || 0.01 || 220 || +0.0° || 79° || 80° || 81°
|-
|}

[[File:Ammoracks_LVT(A)(4)ZIS-2.png|right|thumbnail|x200px|Ammo Racks|Ammo racksof the LVT(A)(4) ZIS-2.]]

==== [[Ammo racks]] ====

{| class="wikitable" style="text-align:center"
|-
! Full ammo
! 1st rack empty
! 2nd rack empty
! 3rd rack empty
! 4th rack empty
! 5th rack empty
! 6th rack empty
! Visual discrepancy
|-
| '''76''' || 71 ''(+5)'' || 65 ''(+11)'' || 49 ''(+27)'' || 33 ''(+43)'' || 17 ''(+59)'' || 1 ''(+75)'' || __
|-
|}

==== [[Optics]] ====
{| class="wikitable" style="text-align:center"
! colspan="3" | {{PAGENAME}} Optics
|-
!
! Default magnification
! Maximum magnification
|-
! Main Gun optics
| X1.8 || X3.5
|-
! Comparable optics
| colspan="2" | ___
|-
|}

=== Machine guns ===

{{main|M1919A4 (7.62 mm)}}

{| class="wikitable" style="text-align:center"
|-
! colspan="5" | [[M1919A4 (7.62 mm)|7.62 mm M1919A4]]
|-
! Mount
! Capacity (Belt capacity)
! Rate of fire (shots/minute)
! Vertical guidance
! Horizontal guidance
|-
| Hull || 3,000 (250) || 500 || -10°/+20° || ±15°
|-
|}

== Usage in battles ==


LVT(A)(4) Zis-2 is a fragile tank with a strong bite. The main gun is a very powerful Soviet Zis-2 that have no problem penetrating through the hardest of enemies at its BR. Being such a large tank it got an amazing manouverbility that works on most terrain. It's high profile makes it a easy target for enemy to spot from afar and behind objects, fences and hills. Since the LVT(A)(4) got such thin hull armor makes it vulnerable to machine gun and auto cannon fire. This makes Self Propelled Anti-Air vehicles and vehicles with a 20mm Automatic cannons a lethal enemy, but that is not all the worries, large caliber guns with HEAT and HE can with ease penetrate and cause detonation to the soft armor of the LVT(A)(4).

LVT(A)(4) Zis-2 got a decent speed and maneuverable to handle close combat with even with a lacking of a full 360'''°''' turret. But to best counter the most dangerous of enemies is to utilize the long gun to its advantage.

=== Modules ===
{| class="wikitable"
! Tier
! colspan="2" | Mobility
! Protection
! colspan="2" | Firepower
|-
| I
| Tracks
|
| Parts
| Horizontal Drive
|
|-
| II
| Suspension
| Brake System
| FPE
| Adjustment of Fire
| BR-271K
|-
| III
| Filters
|
| Crew Replenishment
| Elevation Mechanism
|
|-
| IV
| Transmission
| Engine
|
|
|
|-
|}

=== Pros and cons ===
''Summarise and briefly evaluate the vehicle in terms of its characteristics and combat effectiveness. Mark its pros and cons in a bulleted list. Try not to use more than 6 points for each of the characteristics. Avoid using categorical definitions such as "bad", "good" and the like - use substitutions with softer forms such as "inadequate" and "effective".''

'''Pros:'''

* Good speed and maneuverability
* Five crew members
* Powerful main gun
* Decent elevation and depression
* Well-armed turret can lead to some shells bouncing
* Amphibious
* Spaced Interior

*

'''Cons:'''

* High Profile
* Very thin hull, penetration by any main armament and machine guns
* The crew in the turret are very close together, meaning they'll be taken out in a single shot
* Open Top
* Limited turret traverse

*

== History ==

The LVT series of tracked amphibious vehicles originated from a pre-war civilian design, the ''Alligator'' hurricane rescue vehicle which had been designed by Donald Roebling (1908-1959) in 1935. An article on a further development of this vehicle in 1937 caught the attention of the US Marine Corps, but initially the proposal of militarising the Alligator met resistance both from the US Navy, who felt conventional landing craft could do the job just as well, and from Roebling himself, who disliked the idea of his vehicle being used for military purposes. The outbreak of war in Europe persuaded Roebling into building it anyway, and by May of 1940 he had completed a militarised prototype, which was tested in November 1940 and subsequently approved for production.

Even before the first prototype had been tested, Roebling had started designing a turret-equipped armed version of his LVT, intended for providing fire support for landings. Originally the design languished, but in June of 1941 the USMC recommended the development of a fire support version of the LVT. Development of this variant was slow, as the entire LVT had to be redesigned: light armour was added to the hull and a 37 mm armed turret similar to that of the M3 Stuart light tank was mounted on top, resulting in the initial fire support variant, the LVT(A)(1).

Combat experience with the LVT(A)(1) soon showed that the 37 mm gun was insufficient for fire support purposes, so the original M3 Stuart turret was replaced by that of a 75 mm Howitzer Motor Carriage M8, creating the LVT(A)(4) variant, of which 1890 were built. Of these, several dozen were delivered to Nationalist China under the Lend-Lease Agreement.

In KMT service, the LVT(A)(4) ended up being used both against the Japanese forces during World War II, as well as against the PLA during the ensuing civil war. Most of them eventually fell into PLA hands. The lack of western supplies meant that ammo soon became sparse for the 75 mm M3 Howitzer gun mounted by the LVT(A)(4); to keep them useful as well as to bolster the number of available armoured vehicles in the PLA inventory, the LVT(A)(4)s were locally converted to either accept the 37 mm M6 tank gun - essentially retrofitting them to LVT(A)(1) status - or the 57 mm ZiS-2 anti-tank gun - identical to the gun used on the [[ZiS-30]] tank destroyer, and technically similar to the ZiS-4 gun used on both the [[T-34-57]] and the [[SU-57B]].

The haphazard way in which these conversions took place, as well as the lack of official documents on them, make it unclear how many LVT(A)(4)s were converted. The lack of available spares for their automotive components makes it unlikely that they were used for long, and it is likely they were withdrawn from frontline use as soon as Soviet deliveries of tanks and armoured vehicles started in the early 1950s.

== Media ==
''Excellent additions to the article would be video guides, screenshots from the game, and photos.''

== See also ==
''Links to the articles on the War Thunder Wiki that you think will be useful for the reader, for example:''

* ''reference to the series of the vehicles;''
* ''links to approximate analogues of other nations and research trees.''

== External links ==
''Paste links to sources and external resources, such as:''

* ''topic on the official game forum;''
* ''encyclopedia page on the tank;''
* ''other literature.''

{{China tank destroyers}}

Ar-2

2020-04-30T20:18:36Z

U16697154: Undo revision 50516 by U16697154 (talk) Woops, it's apparently correct according to Wikipedia.

{{About
| about = Russian bomber '''{{PAGENAME}}'''
| usage = other variants
| link = SB 2M (Family)
}}
{{Specs-Card|code=ar_2}}

== Description ==

[[File:GarageImage_{{PAGENAME}}.jpg|420px|thumb|left]]
{{break}}
The '''{{Specs|name}}''' is a rank {{Specs|rank}} Russian bomber {{Battle-rating}}. It has been in the game since the start of the Open Beta Test prior to Update 1.27.

== General info ==
=== Flight performance ===
''Describe how the aircraft behaves in the air. Speed, manoeuvrability, acceleration and allowable loads - these are the most important characteristics of the vehicle.''

{| class="wikitable" style="text-align:center"
|-
! colspan="8" | Characteristics
|-
! colspan="8" | ''Stock''
|-
! colspan="2" | Max Speed (km/h at 4,700 m)
! rowspan="2" | Max altitude (meters)
! colspan="2" | Turn time (seconds)
! colspan="2" | Rate of climb (meters/second)
! rowspan="2" | Take-off run (meters)
|-
! AB
! RB
! AB
! RB
! AB
! RB
|-
| 490 || 477 || {{Specs|ceiling}} || 22.8 || 23.4 || 10 || 10 || 366
|-
! colspan="8" | ''Upgraded''
|-
! colspan="2" | Max Speed (km/h at 4,700 m)
! rowspan="2" | Max altitude (meters)
! colspan="2" | Turn time (seconds)
! colspan="2" | Rate of climb (meters/second)
! rowspan="2" | Take-off run (meters)
|-
! AB
! RB
! AB
! RB
! AB
! RB
|-
| 536 || 512 || {{Specs|ceiling}} || 21.3 || 22.0 || 15.4 || 12.5 || 366
|-
|}

==== Details ====
{| class="wikitable" style="text-align:center"
|-
! colspan="5" | Features
|-
! Combat flaps
! Take-off flaps
! Landing flaps
! Air brakes
! Arrestor gear
|-
| ✓ || ✓ || ✓ || ✓ || X 
|-
|}

{| class="wikitable" style="text-align:center"
|-
! colspan="5" | Limits
|-
! rowspan="2" | Wing-break speed (km/h)
! rowspan="2" | Gear limit (km/h)
! rowspan="2" | Combat flaps (km/h)
! colspan="2" | Max Static G
|-
! +
! -
|-
| {{Specs|destruction|constructions}} || {{Specs|destruction|chassis}} || 320 || ~7 || ~4
|-
|}

{| class="wikitable" style="text-align:center"
|-
! colspan="4" | Optimal velocities
|-
! Ailerons (km/h)
! Rudder (km/h)
! Elevators (km/h)
! Radiator (km/h)
|-
| < 320 || < 320 || < 300 || > 350
|-
|}

{| class="wikitable" style="text-align:center"
|-
! colspan="3" | Compressor (RB/SB)
|-
! colspan="3" | Setting 1
|-
! Optimal altitude
! 100% Engine power
! WEP Engine power
|-
| 2,000 m || 1,100 hp || 1,188 hp
|-
! colspan="3" | Setting 2
|-
! Optimal altitude
! 100% Engine power
! WEP Engine power
|-
| 4,000 m || 1,050 hp || N/A
|-
|}

=== Survivability and armour ===


* 6mm Steel plate in the pilot's seat & headrest.

== Armaments ==
=== Suspended armament ===

{{main|FAB-100 (100 kg)|FAB-250M43 (250 kg)|FAB-500 (500 kg)}}

The '''''{{PAGENAME}}''''' can be outfitted with the following ordnance:

* 6 x 100 kg FAB-100 bombs (600 kg total)
* 10 x 100 kg FAB-100 bombs (1,000 kg total)
* 2 x 250 kg FAB-250M43 bombs (500 kg total)
* 4 x 250 kg FAB-250M43 bombs (1,000 kg total)
* 6 x 250 kg FAB-250M43 bombs (1,500 kg total)
* 1 x 500 kg FAB-500 bomb (500 kg total)
* 3 x 500 kg FAB-500 bombs (1,500 kg total)

=== Defensive armament ===

{{main|ShKAS (7.62 mm)}}

The '''''{{PAGENAME}}''''' is defended by:

* 1 x 7.62 mm ShKAS machine gun, nose turret (500 rpg)
* 1 x 7.62 mm ShKAS machine gun, dorsal turret (1,000 rpg)
* 1 x 7.62 mm ShKAS machine gun, ventral turret (600 rpg)

== Usage in battles ==

Ar-2 is quite fast, and is faster than most other bombers at a similiar BR (like [[B-18A]] and [[He 111 H-3]] ). Use this as an advantage. Go directly for the enemy bases, then go back to the airfield and restart a bombing run. If an enemy plane targets you, keep flying straight and have a slight climb. Use your defensive turrets to scare away enemies tailing you.

=== Manual Engine Control ===
{| class="wikitable" style="text-align:center"
|-
! colspan="7" | MEC elements
|-
! rowspan="2" | Mixer
! rowspan="2" | Pitch
! colspan="3" | Radiator
! rowspan="2" | Supercharger
! rowspan="2" | Turbocharger
|-
! Oil
! Water
! Type
|-
| Controllable || rowspan="2" | Controllable Not auto controlled || rowspan="2" | Not controllable Not auto controlled || rowspan="2" | Controllable Not auto controlled || rowspan="2" | Combined || rowspan="2" | Controllable 2 gears || rowspan="2" | Not controllable
|-
|}

=== Modules ===
{| class="wikitable"
! colspan="1" | Tier
! colspan="2" | Flight performance
! colspan="1" | Survivability
! colspan="1" | Weaponry
|-
| I
| Fuselage repair
| Radiator
|
| NP-1
|-
| II
|
| Compressor
| Airframe
| Turret 7 mm
|-
| III
| Wings repair
| Engine
|
| New 7 mm MGs (turret)
|-
| IV
|
| Engine injection
| Cover
|
|-
|}

=== Pros and cons ===


'''Pros:'''

* It is pretty fast (able to outrun [[Bf 109 (Family)|Bf 109's]])
* The air brakes allows for easy landings (even with critical damage), and excellent diving capabilities
* Excellent mobility for a bomber (expanded further with the use of combat flaps and air brakes)
* Good frontal turret aiming range
* Able to take down heavier bombers and some fighters when used correctly (not recommended unless you know what you are doing)
* Adequate payload for its speed and mobility (able to take one base and a half when fully loaded)

'''Cons:'''

* Lightly armoured and easily taken down by anything from 20 mm and above.
* Prone to flat spins with engine damage or when pushed too far.
* Most components are located in the front which makes it easy to destroy in frontal attacks.

== History ==
''Describe the history of the creation and combat usage of the aircraft in more detail than in the introduction. If the historical reference turns out to be too long, take it to a separate article, taking a link to the article about the vehicle and adding a block "/ History" (example: <nowiki>https://wiki.warthunder.com/(Vehicle-name)/History</nowiki>) and add a link to it here using the <code>main</code> template. Be sure to reference text and sources by using <code><nowiki><ref></ref></nowiki></code>, as well as adding them at the end of the article with <code><nowiki><references /></nowiki></code>. This section may also include the vehicle's dev blog entry (if applicable) and the in-game encyclopedia description (under <code><nowiki>=== In-game description ===</nowiki></code>, also if applicable).''

=== In-game description ===
Arkhangelsky Ar-2 (SB-RK) twin-engine front-line dive bomber (Tupolev OKB).

An all-metal, twin-engine monoplane dive bomber with a retractable landing gear system including a tail wheel. Its crew consisted of three persons.

This aircraft was designed under the direction of A. A. Arkhangelsky and was a further structural development of the high-speed SB bomber.

It differed from the SB in its shorter wing and its streamlined, spindle-shaped nose section and modified nacelles, with water-cooled radiators removed from them and placed on the wing (hence the "SB-RK" designation where "SB" means "high-speed bomber" and "RK" means "radiators-wing"). The SB-RK prototype was tested in 1939. Full-scale production of the aircraft designated the Ar-2 started in 1940 at Factory No. 22, in Moscow.

Production Ar-2s were equipped with 1,100 hp Klimov M-105R twelve-cylinder, V-type, geared water-cooled engines.

The plane's defensive armament included an NU nose mount with a 7.62 mm ShKAS machine gun with 500 rounds. The machine gun was fitted in a special sphere that enabled it to fire forward within a 50-degree cone-shaped region.

The TSS-1 upper rear machine gun mount ("TSS" standing for "high-speed aircraft turret") had a 7.62 mm ShKAS machine gun with 1,000 rounds and a K-8T collimator sight. When firing, the upper canopy (nicknamed the "turtle") was moved back on rollers along rails and partially raised upward to protect the gunner from the incoming flow.

In order to protect the plane from below, the aircraft had a retractable MV-2 turret which housed a 7.62 mm ShKAS machine gun with 600 rounds and an OP-2L periscope sight.

The aircraft's standard bomb capacity was 600 kg (carried internally), which was the same as that of the SB, its predecessor, while its maximum bomb capacity could reach 1,500 kg with various combinations of internal and external loads. More advanced NP-1 racks were fitted under the Ar-2's centre wing section to carry bombs weighing 250 or 500 kg. The bombs were fastened in one central holder near the plane's center of gravity, and the plane's hold on them was reinforced with the help of side stops.

The Ar-2 entered service with the Red Army Air Force in the spring of 1940. The plane was in service from the beginning of the war until late 1944, with the units of the Red Army Air Force and Soviet naval aviation, as a dive bomber and a reconnaissance aircraft. The Ar-2's production was discontinued in early 1941. A total of about 200 aircraft were produced.

== Media ==

{{Youtube-gallery|ElWz1Tl6BwY|'''The Shooting Range #109''' - ''Pages of History'' section at 05:01 discusses the Ar-2.}}

== See also ==
''Links to the articles on the War Thunder Wiki that you think will be useful for the reader, for example:''

* ''reference to the series of the aircraft;''
* ''links to approximate analogues of other nations and research trees.''

== External links ==
''Paste links to sources and external resources, such as:''

* ''topic on the official game forum;''
* ''encyclopedia page on the aircraft;''
* ''other literature.''

{{AirManufacturer Tupolev}}
{{USSR bombers}}

USS Portland

2020-04-30T20:17:51Z

U16697154: Edit.

{{Specs-Card|code=us_cruiser_portland_class}}

== Description ==

[[File:GarageImage_{{PAGENAME}}.jpg|420px|thumb|left]]
{{Break}}
The '''{{Specs|name}}''' is a rank {{Specs|rank}} American heavy cruiser {{Battle-rating}}. It was introduced in [[Update 1.97 "Viking Fury"]].

== General info ==
=== Survivability and armour ===
''Talk about the vehicle's armour. Note the most well-defended and most vulnerable zones, e.g. the ammo magazine. Evaluate the composition of components and assemblies responsible for movement and manoeuvrability. Evaluate the survivability of the primary and secondary armaments separately. Don't forget to mention the size of the crew, which plays an important role in fleet mechanics. Save tips on preserving survivability for the "Usage in battles" section. If necessary, use a graphical template to show the most well-protected or most vulnerable points in the armour.''

=== Mobility ===
''Write about the ship's mobility. Evaluate its power and manoeuvrability, rudder rerouting speed, stopping speed at full tilt, with its maximum forward and reverse speed.''

== Armament ==
=== Primary armament ===
''Provide information about the characteristics of the primary armament. Evaluate their efficacy in battle based on their reload speed, ballistics and the capacity of their shells. Add a link to the main article about the weapon: <code><nowiki>{main|Weapon name (calibre)}</nowiki></code>. Broadly describe the ammunition available for the primary armament, and provide recommendations on how to use it and which ammunition to choose.''

=== Secondary armament ===
''Some ships are fitted with weapons of various calibres. Secondary armaments are defined as weapons chosen with the control <code>Select secondary weapon</code>. Evaluate the secondary armaments and give advice on how to use them. Describe the ammunition available for the secondary armament. Provide recommendations on how to use them and which ammunition to choose. Remember that any anti-air armament, even heavy calibre weapons, belong in the next section. If there is no secondary armament, remove this section.''

=== Anti-aircraft armament ===
''An important part of the ship's armament responsible for air defence. Anti-aircraft armament is defined by the weapon chosen with the control <code>Select anti-aircraft weapons</code>. Talk about the ship's anti-air cannons and machine guns, the number of guns and their positions, their effective range, and about their overall effectiveness – including against surface targets. If there are no anti-aircraft armaments, remove this section.''

=== Torpedo armament ===
''Torpedoes launchers are standard equipment on many ships and boats. Torpedoes are a significant means of defeating an opponent. Evaluate the position of the torpedo launchers, discuss the ammunition available, firing specifics such as dead zones, features of the torpedoes themselves, etc. If there is no torpedo armament, remove this section.''

=== Special armament ===
''Depth charges, mines, rocket launchers and missiles are also effective in skilled hands and can take an off-guard opponent by surprise. Evaluate the ammunition of this type of armament and rate its performance in combat. If there are no special armaments, remove this section.''

== Usage in battles ==
''Describe the technique of using this ship, the characteristics of her use in a team and tips on strategy. Abstain from writing an entire guide – don't try to provide a single point of view, but give the reader food for thought. Talk about the most dangerous opponents for this vehicle and provide recommendations on fighting them. If necessary, note the specifics of playing with this vehicle in various modes (AB, RB, SB).''

=== Pros and cons ===
''Summarize and briefly evaluate the vehicle in terms of its characteristics and combat effectiveness. Mark its pros and cons in the bulleted list. Try not to use more than 6 points for each of the characteristics. Avoid using categorical definitions such as "bad", "good" and the like - use substitutions with softer forms such as "inadequate" and "effective".''

'''Pros:'''

* Improved armor protection from HE shrapnel compared to the Brooklyn.
* Reasonably modern AA defenses.
* Thicker armor over main magazines than the Brooklyn.
* Crew of 848 is above average

*

'''Cons:'''

* Long reload compared to most of its competition with minimum reload at 17.1s.
* Poor shell selection with primarily inter-war shells.

*

== History ==


The Portland Class cruisers were the third heavy cruiser design that the Americans produced in the interwar years, following the Northampton class. There were only two ships in this class, the USS Portland CA-33 and the USS Indianapolis CA-35. Interestingly the Portland Class was originally planned to be a light cruiser design, being re-designated as heavy cruisers only after the hulls had been laid down in 1931.

Ships of the class were propelled by 4 screws, powered at 107,000 horsepower. This gave the ship a fairly standard top speed of 32 knots and a cruising range of 10,000 nautical miles.

Firepower was provided from 3 triple 8" guns in Mk. 14 turrets. This design was carried over from the previous Northampton Class. These 280 ton turrets allowed a maximum of 41 degrees of elevation and 5 degrees of depression. The turrets were used in conjunction with the Mk.34 fire director system by, at the latest, 1945.

== Media ==
''Excellent additions to the article would be video guides, screenshots from the game, and photos.''

== See also ==
''Links to articles on the War Thunder Wiki that you think will be useful for the reader, for example:''

* ''reference to the series of the ship;''
* ''links to approximate analogues of other nations and research trees.''

== External links ==
''Paste links to sources and external resources, such as:''

* ''topic on the official game forum;''
* ''encyclopedia page on the ship;''
* ''other literature.''

{{USA heavy cruisers}}

SB (Family)

2020-04-30T20:15:44Z

U16697154:

{{DISPLAYTITLE:SB 2M (Family)}}

'''SB 2M''' may refer to:

==Rank I - Aircraft==
* [[Ar-2]] - Retooling of the SB 2 but was differently named as Andrei Tupolev, SB 2 designer, was imprisoned by Stalin
* [[SB_2M-100|SB 2M-100]]
* [[SB_2M-103|SB 2M-103]]
* [[SB_2M-103U|SB 2M-103U]]
* [[SB_2M-103_MV-3|SB 2M-103 MV-3]]
* [[SB_2M-103U_MV-3|SB 2M-103U MV-3]]
* [[SB_2M-105|SB 2M-105]]

==Rank II - Aircraft==
* [[SB_2M-103U_(China)|SB 2M-103U (''China'')]] - Lend-lease aircraft sent to China

[[Category:Family pages]]