War Thunder Wiki - User contributions [en]

TKB-481 (12.7 mm)

2024-03-21T02:19:45Z

U137319744: /* History */ Added history

SOC-1

2024-03-17T16:29:40Z

U137319744: /* History */ Added history

{{Specs-Card
|code=soc_1
|images={{Specs-Card-Image|GarageImage_{{PAGENAME}}.jpg}}
}}

== Description ==

The '''{{Specs|name}}''' is a gift rank {{Specs|rank}} American bomber {{Battle-rating}}. It was introduced in [[Update "Winged Lions"]] as a ship-launched reconnaissance aircraft.

'''Ships that carry the SOC-1'''

* {{Specs-Link|us_battleship_arizona_1931}}
* {{Specs-Link|us_cruiser_omaha_class_detroit}}
* {{Specs-Link|us_cruiser_brooklyn_class_helena}}
* {{Specs-Link|us_cruiser_new_orleans_class}}
* {{Specs-Link|us_cruiser_northampton_class}}
* {{Specs-Link|us_cruiser_pensacola_class}}
* {{Specs-Link|us_cruiser_portland_class}}
* {{Specs-Link|us_cruiser_omaha_class_raleigh}}

== General info ==
=== Flight performance ===
{{Specs-Avia-Flight}}

''Describe how the aircraft behaves in the air. Speed, manoeuvrability, acceleration and allowable loads - these are the most important characteristics of the vehicle.''

{| class="wikitable" style="text-align:center" width="70%"
! rowspan="2" | Characteristics
! colspan="2" | Max Speed (km/h at _,___ m)
! rowspan="2" | Max altitude (metres)
! colspan="2" | Turn time (seconds)
! colspan="2" | Rate of climb (metres/second)
! rowspan="2" | Take-off run (metres)
|-
! AB !! RB !! AB !! RB !! AB !! RB
|-
! Stock
| ___ || ___ || rowspan="2" | {{Specs|ceiling}} || __._ || __._ || __._ || __._ || rowspan="2" | ___
|-
! Upgraded
| ___ || ___ || __._ || __._ || __._ || __._
|-
|}

==== Details ====
{| class="wikitable" style="text-align:center" width="50%"
|-
! colspan="5" | Features
|-
! Combat flaps !! Take-off flaps !! Landing flaps !! Air brakes !! Arrestor gear
|-
| _ || _ || _ || _ || _ 
|-
|}

{| class="wikitable" style="text-align:center" width="50%"
|-
! colspan="7" | Limits
|-
! rowspan="2" | Wings (km/h)
! rowspan="2" | Gear (km/h)
! colspan="3" | Flaps (km/h)
! colspan="2" | Max Static G
|-
! Combat !! Take-off !! Landing !! + !! -
|-
| {{Specs|destruction|body}} || {{Specs|destruction|gear}} || ___ || ___ || ___ || ~__ || ~__
|-
|}

{| class="wikitable" style="text-align:center"
|-
! colspan="4" | Optimal velocities (km/h)
|-
! Ailerons !! Rudder !! Elevators !! Radiator
|-
| < ___ || < ___ || < ___ || > ___
|-
|}

=== Survivability and armour ===
{{Specs-Avia-Armour}}

''Examine the survivability of the aircraft. Note how vulnerable the structure is and how secure the pilot is, whether the fuel tanks are armoured, etc. Describe the armour, if there is any, and also mention the vulnerability of other critical aircraft systems.''

== Armaments ==
{{Specs-Avia-Armaments}}
=== Offensive armament ===
{{Specs-Avia-Offensive}}

{{main|Browning (7.62 mm)}}

The '''''{{PAGENAME}}''''' is armed with:

* 1 x 7.62 mm Browning machine gun, nose-mounted (500 rpg)

=== Suspended armament ===
{{Specs-Avia-Suspended}}

{{main|AN-M30A1 (100 lb)}}

The '''''{{PAGENAME}}''''' can be outfitted with the following ordnance:

* 2 x 100 lb AN-M30A1 bombs (200 lb total)

=== Defensive armament ===
{{Specs-Avia-Defensive}}

{{main|Browning (7.62 mm)}}

The '''''{{PAGENAME}}''''' is defended by:

* 1 x 7.62 mm Browning machine gun, dorsal turret (500 rpg)

== Usage in battles ==

''Describe the tactics of playing in the aircraft, the features of using aircraft in a team and advice on tactics. Refrain from creating a "guide" - do not impose a single point of view, but instead, give the reader food for thought. Examine the most dangerous enemies and give recommendations on fighting them. If necessary, note the specifics of the game in different modes (AB, RB, SB).''

=== Pros and cons ===

''Summarise and briefly evaluate the vehicle in terms of its characteristics and combat effectiveness. Mark its pros and cons in the bulleted list. Try not to use more than 6 points for each of the characteristics. Avoid using categorical definitions such as "bad", "good" and the like - use substitutions with softer forms such as "inadequate" and "effective".''

'''Pros:'''

*

'''Cons:'''

*

== History ==

The Curtiss SOC-1 Seagull was an American single-engined scout observation seaplane, designed by Alexander Solla of the Curtiss-Wright Corporation for the United States Navy. The aircraft served on battleships and cruisers in a seaplane configuration, being launched by catapult and recovered from a sea landing. The wings folded back against the fuselage for storage aboard ship. When based ashore or on carriers the single float was replaced by fixed wheeled landing gear.

=== Development ===
The SOC was ordered for production by the United States Navy in 1933 and first entered service in 1935. The first order was for 135 SOC-1 models, which was followed by 40 SOC-2 models for landing operations and 83 SOC-3s. A variant of the SOC-3 was built by the Naval Aircraft Factory and was known as the SON-1.<ref>"US Navy History website". Archived from the original on 2014-12-16. Retrieved 2006-07-07.</ref> The most numerous of the series, the SOC-1, internally designated the Curtis Model 71A, was powered by a 550hp (410 kW) Pratt & Whitney R-1340-18 Wasp single-row, nine-cylinder, air-cooled radial engine in an NACA cowling providing a top speed of 143 knots (165 mph) at 5,000ft. The plane had interchangeable floats or landing gear so it could operate on land or water. The armament of the SOC-1 was a single fixed .30 caliber AN/M2 Browning machine gun in a fixed-wing mount and a flexible model used by the observer. The Seagull could also carry 2 100lb bombs or 325lb depth charges on underwing mounts.<ref>Green 1962, p. 160.</ref>

=== Service History ===
The first ship the SOC was assigned to was the light cruiser USS ''Marblehead'' in November 1935; by the end of the decade, the SOC had replaced its predecessor throughout the fleet. Production came to an end in 1938. By 1941, most battleships had transitioned to the [[OS2U-1|Vought OS2U Kingfisher]] and cruisers were expected to replace their aging SOCs with the third generation SO3C Seamew. The SO3C, however, suffered from a weak engine and plans to adopt it as a replacement were scrapped. The SOC, despite belonging to an earlier generation, went on to execute its missions of gunfire observation and limited range scouting missions.

Through the first six months of naval service, the SOC was known as the '''XO3C-1''', The designation was changed to '''SOC''' when it was decided to merge its scouting and observation roles.<ref>Bowers 1979, pp. 339-340.</ref> The SOC was not called the ''Seagull'' until 1941, when the U.S. Navy began the wholesale adoption of popular names for aircraft in addition to their alpha-numeric designations. The name 'Seagull' had earlier been given to two civil Curtiss aircraft, a Curtiss Model 18 and a Model 25, both converted Curtiss MF flying boats.<ref>Bowers 1979, pp. 178, 183, 627.</ref>

When operating as a seaplane, returning SOCs would land on the relatively smooth ocean surface created on the sheltered side of the vessel as it made a wide turn, after which the aircraft would be winched back onto the deck.<ref>[http://www.ww2db.com/aircraft_spec.php?aircraft_model_id=129 World War II Database/SOC Seagull] [https://web.archive.org/web/20160629232608/http://ww2db.com/aircraft_spec.php?aircraft_model_id=129 Archived] 2016-06-29 at the Wayback Machine</ref>

When the SOC was replaced by the OS2U Kingfisher, most remaining airframes were converted into trainers; they remained in use until 1945.<ref>Munson 1985, p. 79.</ref> With the failure of the Curtiss SO3C Seamew, many SOCs in second line service were returned to frontline units starting in late 1943. They saw service aboard warships in the combat zone for the rest of World War II. This is one of the few instances in aviation history in which an older aircraft type, that was retired or sent to second line service, replaced the new aircraft type that was intended to replace it.<ref>Donald 1997, p. ?.</ref>

In certain roles such as an observation aircraft for battleships, they served until 1949, and were eventually superseded by longer range radar and helicopters.<ref>"Curtiss SOC Seagull". www.historyofwar.org. Retrieved 2023-12-18.</ref>

=== References ===
<references />

== Media ==

''Excellent additions to the article would be video guides, screenshots from the game, and photos.''

== See also ==

''Links to the articles on the War Thunder Wiki that you think will be useful for the reader, for example:''

* ''reference to the series of the aircraft;''
* ''links to approximate analogues of other nations and research trees.''

== External links ==

''Paste links to sources and external resources, such as:''

* ''topic on the official game forum;''
* ''other literature.''

{{AirManufacturer Curtiss}}
{{Ship-launched reconnaissance aircraft}}

Incendiary weapons

2024-03-14T20:25:56Z

U137319744: /* History */ Added history

== Incendiary bombs ==
Incendiary bombs are best used to destroy open-topped vehicles (literally to burn them down) where the incendiary mixture will make sure exposed crews will be knocked out and possibly light up the engine of vehicles due to its extreme temperature. While some players consider it has more aesthetic use than in practical use, it can also block [[Night Vision Devices]] and serve as a makeshift "smoke grenade" for tanks and help them hide from enemy eyesight for a while. Alternatively, this could be used like general purpose bombs and burn down enemy bases/airfield if needed, though with a lower effectiveness per payload mass then the general-purpose bombs.
{{Incendiary bombs}}
== Flamethrowers ==

The Flamethrower is a fire-based weapon added in [[Update "Fire and Ice"]] with rewards in the [[Battle Pass: Season IX, "Smell of Victory"]]. These usually have a relatively short range with the ability to damage open-topped vehicles.

=== Vehicles equipped with this weapon ===
==== Ground Vehicles ====

* [[wt:en/news/8418-development-to-55-the-scorched-land-en|TO-55]]

The flamethrower on the USSR TO-55 has a onboard fuel supply and the coaxial flamethrower is on the turret. The TO-55 was introduced in Sons of Attila update.

* [[Churchill Crocodile]]

The flamethrower on the Churchill Crocodile consists of a fuel trailer towed behind the tank and a flame projector in the bow gun position.

==== Naval Vehicles ====

* [[LCM(6) Zippo]]

The LCM(6)(F) Zippo has two flamethrowers on the port and starboard sides behind the 40mm gun turret. This weapon system has fuel tanks located in the hull and projectors in small combined turrets paired with [[M73 (7.62 mm)|7.62 mm M73]] machine guns.

=== Ammunition ===
Flamethrowers use ignited liquid fuel as ammunition, usually consisting of a mixture of napalm similar to that used in incendiary bombs such as the [[BLU-1 incendiary|BLU-1]]. The Churchill Crocodile uses a mixture called Fuel K, or FTF, Heavy No.1. There is currently no alternative fuel choices for the flamethowers in-game.

As an unconventional ammunition type, burning fuel has no armor penetration values and will not damage the internal modules of a vehicle if it is fully armored or CBRN-secured. If a vehicle is open-topped or very lightly armored with gaps, the flamethrower can output a devastating amount of damage.

Flamethrowers can output a type of damage that no other weapon system in the game can do, called Damage over Time. Ground areas, items, and enemy targets will continue to burn for a brief period after being hit. This can cause damage to the enemy even after the flamethrower has stopped firing.

=== History ===

==== Background ====
The First World War saw the introduction of many horrifying new weapons of war. The tank, armed planes, submarines, poison gas shells, and more turned what was assumed to be a swift conflict into a four-year-long bloodbath. The Flamethrower was another weapon that made the War to End All Wars so costly. The modern flamethrower made its debut in World War I, but it is the perfection of a tactic that has existed for centuries.

Thermal weapons have existed for a very long time because of their recognized use against fortifications and enemy equipment. The earliest recorded example of what could be considered a flamethrower comes from the Ancient Greeks. During the Peloponnesian Wars, a wheeled siege weapon that shot fire was used by the Boeotians against the Athenians during the Battle of Delium in 424 B.C.<ref>https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Flamethrower#Ancient_Greece</ref> This is the earliest recorded instance of a flamethrower-like weapon used in battle. Another early flamethrower is recorded in use by the Romans against the Dacians in 107 A.D. in a similar capacity to the Greek design centuries before. More early flamethrowers would emerge when the Byzantine Empire invented Greek fire. The invention is credited to an architect and chemist named Kallinkinos of Heliopolis c.673. Greek fire was primarily used as a naval weapon, but land forces were recording what was dubbed a cheirosiphona (hand-held siphons) which resembled a modern flamethrower in form and function. The weapon was a hand-held pump that shot Greek fire from a tube in short bursts. Ignition was handled by a piston lighting a match as the fire was ejected.<ref>https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Flamethrower#Roman_Empire</ref> Another early example worth noting is the Chinese ''Pen Huo Qi'' (fire spraying device) another piston flamethrower invented in 919 A.D. two years after the first documented example of Greek fire in China. This device used what was called ''Meong Hou You'' (lit. fierce fire oil, an early Chinese name for petroleum) as its flamethrowing agent. Ignition was achieved by gunpowder, the first time it was used in warfare by the Chinese. This application is shown by the first documented use of this weapon during the 919 Battle of Langshan Jiang where a slow-burning gunpowder match was used to ignite a continuous string of flame by Wuyue to burn their fleet, defeated the Kingdom of Wu in the process.<ref>https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Flamethrower#China</ref>

The modern flamethrower was invented in Germany before World War I. The name is a loanword from the German ‘''Flamenwerfer''’ coined during WWI. The original design came from Richard Fiedler, who showcased several designs to the ''Deutsches Heer'' (Imperial German Army) in 1901 with the most notable being a single-shot design that used a two-part cylinder that carried pressurized nitrogen and flammable oil that mixed when fired. Ignition was done with a simple wick and the weapon had a range of 20 yards. While not adopted, Fiedler improved on the design, and in 1908, he collaborated with German officer Bernard Redderman who demonstrated flamethrowers made from converted steam-powered fire engines the year before. The two men got the ''Deutsches Heer'' to test their new joint design with an experimental pioneer company for testing and the flamethrower was adopted in 1911. Despite being adopted before the outbreak of the war the Germans didn’t use it in combat initially. It was issued in limited numbers and first by German soldiers outside Verdun on February 26th, 1915. It was on July 30th however, that the Germans recognized the true value of the flamethrower. That day saw a concentrated flamethrower attack on British trenches at Hooges, Belgium. The British suffered significant casualties with 31 officers and 751 other soldiers after two days thanks in part to the flamethrower flushing soldiers out and forcing them into the gunfire of supporting units. The flamethrower was adopted on all fronts, and the Germans used it in more than 650 attacks. The design was also gradually copied by the Entente. The first use of a flamethrower on a vehicle came from the Royal Navy mounting two Morris flamethrowers in static positions on their ''Arrogant''-class cruiser ''HMS Vindictive'' for the Zeebrugge Raid in 1916.<ref>https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Flamethrower#Early_20th_century</ref>

In War Thunder, there are currently vehicles that mount flamethrowers. While each model is different, they will be discussed collectively for the sake of this article.

==== '''Churchill Crocodile''' ====
The first vehicle chronologically is the [[Churchill Crocodile]], the product of a conversion kit by the REME (Royal Electrical and Mechanical Engineers) and years of development by the Petroleum Warfare Department.<ref name=":0">https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Churchill_Crocodile</ref> Tasked with weaponizing Britain’s reserves of gasoline against a potential German invasion, this department produced the Heavy Cockatrice which mounted a Lagoda flamethrower on the armoured body of an AEC Matador truck.<ref>[[wikipedia:Petroleum_Warfare_Department#Cockatrice|https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Petroleum_Warfare_Department]]</ref> The concept was subsequently refined with flamethrower variants of the Universal Carrier and [[Valentine (Family)|Valentine tank]] being produced. In 1942, as preparation for the Dieppe Raid, three [[Churchill (Family)|Churchill]] tanks were modified to carry the Ronson flamethrower on the outside of the tank allowing it to operate without sacrificing the hull machine gun. While the Dieppe Raid was a failure, it showed the need for more dedicated vehicles to support the Royal Engineers, and the Churchill Crocodile was developed as part of a new wave of ‘Hobart’s Funnies’.<ref name=":1">https://tanks-encyclopedia.com/ww2/gb/churchill-crocodile</ref>

This name comes from Major General Percy C.S. Hobart. The Crocodile was a very secretive development of the venerable Churchill with great lengths taken to keep them out of enemy hands. The flamethrower used on the Churchill Crocodile, unlike the earlier Ronson model, replaced the hull-mounted [[BESA (7.92 mm)|BESA]] machine gun on the Churchill with the nozzle. This nozzle was connected to ‘The Link’, a pipe with 3 articulated joints that connect the nozzle to the 6.5-ton trailer. This trailer carried 400 gallons of flamethrowing agent and 5 compressed nitrogen bottles that could jettisoned from inside the tank.<ref name=":1" /> The General Staff’s specifications called for the trailer to be jettisonable and also required the flame tank retain the main armament while the flamethrower itself be able to fire one minute of continuous flame to a range of 80 yards.<ref name=":0" /> The final flamethrower had a maximum range of 150 yards, though 80 yards was its optimal range. Nitrogen gas propelled the flammable liquid (fine petrol) at 4 gallons a second towards an electric spark igniter at the top of the nozzle. The projector was pressured for 80 single-second long bursts though longer bursts were also possible.<ref name=":1" />

In service, the Churchill Crocodile was used in Italy and North-West Europe. The weapon was an effective anti-bunker weapon when used in concert with the Churchill AVRE. Many German bunker crews surrendered after seeing a warning burst from the Crocodile’s flame projector and captured crews of these flame tanks were executed on the spot. The Churchill Crocodile was used in Normandy’s bocages along with the Battle of Brest and Operation Clipper, the Anglo-American assault on Geilenkirchen, Germany along with the British attack on s’Hertogenbosch, The Netherlands in October 1944.<ref name=":1" />

After the war, the British Army tested the Churchill Crocodile in India to see how effective it would have been had it been deployed against the Japanese. The tests concluded that the mountainous terrain of the CBI (China-India-Burma) made the Crocodile modification impractical, though Churchill itself worked fine.<ref name=":1" /> The Churchill Crocodile was briefly used in the Korean War until it was withdrawn from service in 1951. The flame projector on this vehicle was later adapted to [[M4 Sherman (Family)|M4 Sherman]] to make the Sherman Crocodile used by the US Army. Its only use in combat was against a 13-century citadel at Julich, Germany during Operation Grenade. The flame projector was also tested on the [[Comet (Family)|Comet]], but the project ended when the coupler for the trailer broke during trials.<ref name=":0" />

==== '''TO-55''' ====
To turn the [[T-54/55 (Family)|T-55]] into the [[TO-55]] (also sometimes identified as the OT-55), the Soviets mounted the ATO-200 flame projector. Like the Churchill Crocodile, this flame projector replaces a machine gun, but it is mounted co-axially to the [[D-10T2S (100 mm)|100mm D-10T]] gun on the T-55. Development work on the project began in 1958 and the OT-55 and the ATO-200 were officially adopted in 1961. However serial production only began in 1968 and lasted until 1973.<ref>https://weaponsystems.net/system/1245-TO-55</ref> The ATO-200 is ignited by pyrotechnic charges with 12 charges preloaded. The stowage tank, replacing the hull ammo rack next to the driver on the T-55, carries 460 liters of fuel allowing for on average, a burst of 36 liters. The maximum range of the ATO-200 is 200 meters or 656 feet.<ref>https://tanks-encyclopedia.com/coldwar/ussr/soviet_t-55.php#index17</ref>

==== '''LCM(6) Zippo''' ====
The ‘Zippo’ gets its name from a popular brand of reusable cigarette lighters in America. This nickname was applied to every flamethrower vehicle used in the Vietnam War of which the [[LCM(6) Zippo|LCM(6) 'Zippo']] is notably the boat-borne version. The flamethrower used on this converted landing craft is the M10-8, a model first designed for the M132 Armored Flamethrower used by the U.S. Army. The M132 was a conversion of the venerable [[M113 (Family)|M113 APC]]. This vehicle was also called the ‘Zippo’ allegedly because the brand of lighter was used if the electrical igniters failed. Designated the E36R1 in its prototype form, the M10-8 flamethrower is mounted on the M113 through a couple built for the M48 Patton tank. The flame gun, called the M8, has a sausage-shaped aperture and it is connected to the M10 fuel and pressure unit which takes up the space of the troop hold. The tanks consist of 50-gallon fuel tanks pressurized at 325 psi with compressed air tanks on top pressurized at 3,000 psi. The M10-8 flamethrower carried 200 gallons of napalm overall and had a range of 12 to 218 yards on the M132.<ref>https://tanks-encyclopedia.com/coldwar-us-self-propelled-flame-thrower-m132-zippo/</ref>

The LCM(6) Zippo came about when RIVFLOT 1 of the Mobile Riverine Force attempted to carry an M132 on the LCM(6) Monitor for countering Viet Cong bunkers which were getting stronger to resist 40mm rounds from a Monitor’s [[Bofors L/60 Mark 3 (40 mm)|Bofors L/60]] cannon. While the vehicle was too heavy, the M10-8 flamethrower was adapted to the Monitor. Two flamethrowers were added and connected with the M10 system to larger 1,325-gallon fuel tanks allowing for 225 seconds of continuous fire. A gasoline lighter would act as the trigger.<ref>https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Monitor_(Vietnam_War)#Zippo_Monitor</ref>

==== Sources ====
<references />

== External links ==


* [[wt:en/news/7728-development-napalm-comes-to-war-thunder-en|[Devblog] Napalm comes to War Thunder!]]

[[Category:Game mechanics]]

8 inch/55 Mark 12 (203 mm)

2024-03-14T16:27:47Z

U137319744: /* History */ Correction. The Washington Naval Treaty was signed in 1922 but negotiated in 1921.

[[File:8 inch-55 Mark 12.png|thumb|x250px|8 inch/55 Mark 12 cannons on the USS Baltimore]]
== Description ==
''Write an introduction to the article in 2-3 small paragraphs. Briefly tell us about the history of the development and combat using the weaponry and also about its features. Compile a list of air, ground, or naval vehicles that feature this weapon system in the game.''

=== Vehicles equipped with this weapon ===


* {{Specs-Link|us_cruiser_baltimore_class}}
* {{Specs-Link|us_cruiser_baltimore_class_pittsburgh}}

== General info ==
''Tell us about the tactical and technical characteristics of the cannon or machine gun.''

=== Available ammunition ===

{{:{{PAGENAME}}/Ammunition|8 inch Mk.14 Common, 8 inch Mk.21 APCBC, 8 inch Mk.25 HC, 8 inch Mk.17 SP Common}}

=== Comparison with analogues ===
''Give a comparative description of cannons/machine guns that have firepower equal to this weapon.''

== Usage in battles ==
''Describe the cannon/machine gun in the game - its distinctive features, tactics of usage against notable opponents. Please don't write a "guide" - do not impose a single point of view, but give the reader food for thought.''

=== Pros and cons ===
''Summarise and briefly evaluate the weaponry in terms of its characteristics and combat effectiveness. Mark pros and cons as a list.''

'''Pros:'''

*

'''Cons:'''

*

== History ==

The Washington Naval Treaty signed in 1922 maintained that heavy cruisers would be armed with 8 inch guns. The United States Navy first created the [[8 inch/55 Mark 9 (203 mm)|8 inch/55 Mark 9]] guns for their heavy cruisers, but they were heavier and bulkier compared to the 8 inch guns of the other signatory nations. As a result, the 8 inch, 55 calibre Mark 12 gun was created as a more lightweight alternative. With a chromium-lined barrel to increase the life of the barrel, the Mark 12 removed the construction hoops to bring the weight to 17 tons from the Mark 9's 30 tons. There were two mountings for the Mark 12. The first was the ''Tuscaloosa'' sub-class of the [[USS New Orleans|''New Orleans''-class]], which used the same triple mountings as the Mark 9, but had a lower revolving weight. To decrease the shell dispersion and improve accuracy, the USS ''Wichita'' and [[USS Baltimore|USS ''Baltimore'']] mounted individually sleeved guns in further spaced twin turrets. The Mark 12 would eventually give way to the Mark 15 which had a slightly smaller chamber and different rifling twist that would enter service first on the ''Baltimore''<nowiki/>'s sister ships.

== Media ==
''Excellent additions to the article would be video guides, screenshots from the game, and photos.''

== See also ==


* [[8 inch/55 Mark 9 (203 mm)]]
* [[8 inch/55 Mark 14 (203 mm)]]

== External links ==
''Paste links to sources and external resources, such as:''

* ''topic on the official game forum;''
* ''other literature.''

{{USA naval cannons}}

[[Category:Naval cannons]]

8 inch/55 Mark 16 (203 mm)

2024-03-14T16:25:32Z

U137319744: /* History */

[[File:8 inch-55 Mark 16.png||thumb|x250px|8 inch/55 Mark 16 cannons on the USS Newport News]]
== Description ==
''Write an introduction to the article in 2-3 small paragraphs. Briefly tell us about the history of the development and combat using the weaponry and also about its features. Compile a list of air, ground, or naval vehicles that feature this weapon system in the game.''

=== Vehicles equipped with this weapon ===


* {{Specs-Link|us_cruiser_des_moines_class}}
* {{Specs-Link|us_cruiser_des_moines_class_newport_news}}

== General info ==
''Tell us about the tactical and technical characteristics of the cannon or machine gun.''

=== Available ammunition ===
''Describe the shells that are available for the weapon and their features and purpose. If it concerns autocannons or machine guns, write about different ammo belts and what is inside (which types of shells).''

=== Comparison with analogues ===
''Give a comparative description of cannons/machine guns that have firepower equal to this weapon.''

== Usage in battles ==
''Describe the cannon/machine gun in the game - its distinctive features, tactics of usage against notable opponents. Please don't write a "guide" - do not impose a single point of view, but give the reader food for thought.''

=== Pros and cons ===
''Summarise and briefly evaluate the weaponry in terms of its characteristics and combat effectiveness. Mark pros and cons as a list.''

'''Pros:'''

*

'''Cons:'''

*

== History ==

The United States was not idle during World War II in the field of weapons development. When the Invasion of Poland in September 1939 threw the London Naval Treaties out the window, the US ordered the Baltimore-class heavy cruisers. Their follow-up to the ''Baltimore''-class was developed during the war and the ''Des Moines''-class introduced the innovative 8-inch/55 Mark 16 guns into service. Unlike the earlier 8-inch guns mounted on the Treaty cruisers of the inter-war period or the ''Baltimore''-class, the Mark 16 used a separate projectile and bagged charge along with an autoloading mechanism that gave it twice the rate of fire of its older siblings at eight shots per minute per barrel. The Mark 16 was also notable for being the first US Navy gun to use a loose-liner construction and for using a wedge-type vertical sliding breech block instead of the conventional interrupted screw design. The autoloading mechanism also allowed the guns to serve in the anti-aircraft role. The maximum range of the Mark 16 was 17 miles for a 260-pound shell at an elevation of 41 degrees.

Development of these guns began in 1943 which was the same year the first two Des Moines-class ships ([[USS Des Moines|''USS Des Moines'']] and ''USS Salem'') were ordered. However, the ships wouldn’t emerge after dry dock until 1948 after the war ended and so only three of the planned twelve ships were completed (the aforementioned ''Des Moines'' and ''Salem'' along with the [[USS Newport News|''USS Newport News'']]). Despite the advent of guided missile ships superseding the existence of heavy cruisers with big gun armaments in the post-war era, the Mark 16 still managed to prove its worth on the battlefield. While the ''Des Moines'' and ''Salem'' enjoyed relatively quiet careers having never fired their guns in anger, the ''USS Newport News'' did see combat using the Mark 16 guns in the role of naval gunfire support. The ''Newport News'' first participated in Operation Sea Dragon in October 1967, where it bombarded 325 NVA shore targets in 126 strikes including trucks, bridges, and roads. The ship's spotters recorded the destruction of 17 logistics craft and another 14 damaged. After the end of Operation Sea Dragon, ''Newport News'' expended almost 60,000 high-explosive rounds from its guns while supporting the Third Marine Division at the DMZ (De-Militarized Zone). On her second tour, the Mark 16 guns from this ship supported the ARVN forces (Army of the Republic of Vietnam) near DMZ and Vînh Bînh Province on December 25th, 1968. In her last tour of duty, the ''USS Newport News'' participated in the bombardment of Haiphong Harbor in North Vietnam during Operation Custom Tailor in 1972.

Unfortunately, the Mark 16 cannons were also the reason that the ''USS Newport News'' was forced to retire. One of the turrets blew up during actions off the DMZ, in October 1972 due to a faulty fuse. As the spare turret guns were already scrapped and it is deemed too expensive to refit the ship with the turrets from her decommissioned sister ships. The turret was therefore closed off for the rest of the ship’s career. Ultimately the development of guided missiles made the role of heavy cruisers such as the ''Des Moines''-class obsolete and the ''USS Newport News'', the last ship in the class to be in service, was decommissioned in 1975. This event was not the end of the Mark 16’s career as the desire for larger naval guns for shore bombardment led to the development of the Mark 71 8-inch gun. A single-gun adaptation of the Mark 16, this cannon was taken from decommissioned ''Des Moines''-class heavy cruisers and mounted on the ''Forest Sherman''-class destroyer, ''USS Hull'' as a replacement for the ''Des Moines''-class. The Mark 71 only existed in the prototype stage and was canceled in 1978.

== Media ==
''Excellent additions to the article would be video guides, screenshots from the game, and photos.''

== See also ==
''Links to the articles on the War Thunder Wiki that you think will be useful for the reader, for example:''

* ''reference to the article about the variant of the cannon/machine gun;''
* ''references to approximate analogues by other nations and research trees.''

== External links ==
''Paste links to sources and external resources, such as:''

* ''topic on the official game forum;''
* ''other literature.''

{{USA naval cannons}}

[[Category:Naval cannons]]

Skoda (40 mm)

2024-03-12T20:10:35Z

U137319744: /* History */ Added history

XM140 (30 mm)

2024-03-10T01:03:16Z

U137319744: /* History */ added history

3 pdr QF Hotchkiss (47 mm)

2024-03-09T20:36:51Z

U137319744: /* History */ Added French service due to the introduction of the French tech-tree ships

== Description ==

The '''47 mm 3 pdr QF Hotchkiss''' is a naval gun used on British, French, Russian, and Japanese ships.

=== Vehicles equipped with this weapon ===


* {{Specs-Link|fr_battleship_courbet_class_courbet}}
* {{Specs-Link|uk_fairmile_a_ml100}}
* {{Specs-Link|uk_fairmile_b_ml345}}
* {{Specs-Link|uk_battlecruiser_invincible}}
* {{Specs-Link|jp_armoredcruiser_kurama}}
* {{Specs-Link|ussr_battleship_poltava}}

== General info ==
''Tell us about the tactical and technical characteristics of the cannon or machine gun.''

=== Available ammunition ===
''Describe the shells that are available for the weapon and their features and purpose. If it concerns autocannons or machine guns, write about different ammo belts and what is inside (which types of shells).''

=== Comparison with analogues ===
''Give a comparative description of cannons/machine guns that have firepower equal to this weapon.''

== Usage in battles ==
''Describe the cannon/machine gun in the game - its distinctive features, tactics of usage against notable opponents. Please don't write a "guide" - do not impose a single point of view, but give the reader food for thought.''

=== Pros and cons ===
''Summarise and briefly evaluate the weaponry in terms of its characteristics and combat effectiveness. Mark pros and cons as a list.''

'''Pros:'''

*

'''Cons:'''

*

== History ==

The 3-pounder QF (Quick-Firing) Hotchkiss is a French naval cannon that is a smaller counterpart to the larger 6-pounder Hotchkiss introduced the previous year. The 6-pounder was intended to repel torpedo boats and other small targets but it was too large for use on some ships. Thus in 1886, the 3-pounder was created to fill the gap for torpedo boat protection. The first modern quick-firing (as in a complete round instead of projectile and shell-casing being loaded separately) adopted by the Royal Navy, it was produced under license by the Elswick Ordnance Company. Finding itself on most small cruisers and other small boats during World War I, the Hotchkiss was also mounted on battleships such as [[HMS Invincible|HMS ''Invincible'']] or the ''King George V'' class. It was found to be ineffective due to the cartridge mid-way through World War I however, and began to be phased out for the Ordnance QF 3-pounder Vickers. As they began getting removed from front-line duties, the Hotchkiss found itself in service as a sub-calibre training weapon and a saluting gun. Despite their age, 1,950 guns were still serving in rear line roles when World War II started and due to a pressing need for small ships such as the [[Fairmile A (ML100)|Fairmile A]] Motor Launches and merchant vessels, the guns were brought back into combat service. They would remain in service in this role early in the war and in port defense against torpedo boats, but were soon replaced by the [[6pdr 7cwt QF Mk IIA (57 mm)|6pdr 7cwt QF Mk IIA]] in those roles. The guns are still in British service to this day as saluting guns at Victory Green on the Falkland Islands.

The guns were not only used by the Royal Navy. It was used in France, Italy, Japan, the United States, and Russia. The Russians, who had previously adopted a Gatling-style five-barrel Hotchkiss 3-pounder in the 1880s, were quick to adopt the single-barrel 3-pounder Hotchkiss in 1884. They would become standard equipment on every Imperial Russian Navy ship from 1880 to 1905. After the Russo-Japanese War ended, the Russians reached the same conclusion the British would reach in World War I and phased them out from front-line service. While the guns were still in service during World War I, they were instead used on riverboats and lightships and as anti-aircraft guns. The Soviet Navy would keep some of these guns in service into World War II as part of the Pinsk River Flotilla.

The French Marine Nationale (French Navy) also adopted the 1885 model 3-pounder Hotchkiss gun and paired it with the larger Canon da 65 mm Modèle 1891. The 3-pounder was used on everything from destroyers to armored cruisers, ironclads, pre-dreadnought battleships, and submarines. The most notable French ships to use the Hotchkiss were the ''Liberté'' and ''Danton''-class pre-dreadnought battleships along with the armored cruisers ''Jules Michelet'', ''Ernest Renan'', and the ''Edgar Quinet''-class. During World War I, the French used the Hotchkiss 3-pounder as their standard naval anti-aircraft gun, with the design modified to use high-angle mounts but it was ineffective and eventually replaced by the Canon de 75 mm Modèle 1908. Despite this, the 3-pounder was still in service in the AA role by World War II though it was mostly phased out by the AA variants of the [[APX Canon de 75 mm modèle 1897 (75 mm)|French 75 mm]] and the Canon de 75 mm modèle 1924 guns. The French also used a second 3-pounder Hotchkiss cannon which was 50-calibers long instead of 40-calibers long and was designed in 1902.

== Media ==
''Excellent additions to the article would be video guides, screenshots from the game, and photos.''

== See also ==
''Links to the articles on the War Thunder Wiki that you think will be useful for the reader, for example:''

* ''reference to the article about the variant of the cannon/machine gun;''
* ''references to approximate analogues by other nations and research trees.''

== External links ==
''Paste links to sources and external resources, such as:''

* ''topic on the official game forum;''
* ''other literature.''

{{USSR naval cannons}}
{{Britain naval cannons}}
{{Japan naval cannons}}
{{France naval cannons}}

[[Category:Naval cannons]]

FN 60.30 (7.62 mm)

2024-03-09T20:21:12Z

U137319744: /* History */ Added history

Vickers P (47 mm)

2024-03-09T00:39:58Z

U137319744: /* History */ added history

2pdr Rolls Royce (40 mm)

2024-03-09T00:08:41Z

U137319744: /* History */ fixed from Royal Navy

FlaK.18 (88 mm)

2024-03-08T23:57:15Z

U137319744: /* History */

25-mm/87 mk.38 (25 mm)

2024-03-08T23:56:26Z

U137319744: /* History */

Akan m/45B (20 mm)

2024-03-08T22:08:10Z

U137319744: /* History */

Polsten (20 mm)

2024-03-08T22:03:27Z

U137319744: /* History */

Polsten (20 mm)

2024-03-08T22:02:47Z

U137319744: /* History */

MG3 (7.62 mm)

2024-03-08T21:56:38Z

U137319744: /* History */

TM197B (20 mm)

2024-03-08T21:54:15Z

U137319744: /* History */ grammar

T31 (20 mm)

2024-03-08T21:11:22Z

U137319744: /* History */ grammar

== Description ==

The '''20 mm T31''' is an American aircraft autocannon used on several strike aircraft in the game. A shortened and lightweight version of the [[AN/M2 (20 mm)|AN/M2]], the T31 fires at a slightly higher rate due to its design.

=== Vehicles equipped with this weapon ===


* {{Specs-Link|a2d}}
* {{Specs-Link|am_1_mauler}}

== General info ==
''Tell us about the tactical and technical characteristics of the cannon or machine gun.''

=== Available ammunition ===


* '''Default:''' {{Annotation|HEF-I|High-explosive fragmentation incendiary}}{{-}}{{Annotation|HEF-I|High-explosive fragmentation incendiary}}{{-}}{{Annotation|AP-T|Armour-piercing tracer}}
* '''Universal:''' {{Annotation|HEF-I|High-explosive fragmentation incendiary}}{{-}}{{Annotation|AP-T|Armour-piercing tracer}}
* '''Ground targets:''' {{Annotation|AP-T|Armour-piercing tracer}}{{-}}{{Annotation|AP-T|Armour-piercing tracer}}{{-}}{{Annotation|HEF-I|High-explosive fragmentation incendiary}}{{-}}{{Annotation|P|Practice}}
* '''Air targets:''' {{Annotation|HEF-I|High-explosive fragmentation incendiary}}{{-}}{{Annotation|AP-T|Armour-piercing tracer}}{{-}}{{Annotation|HEF-I|High-explosive fragmentation incendiary}}{{-}}{{Annotation|HEF-I|High-explosive fragmentation incendiary}}
* '''Stealth:''' {{Annotation|HEF-I|High-explosive fragmentation incendiary}}{{-}}{{Annotation|HEF-I|High-explosive fragmentation incendiary}}{{-}}{{Annotation|HEF-I|High-explosive fragmentation incendiary}}{{-}}{{Annotation|P|Practice}}

{{:{{PAGENAME}}/Ammunition|AP-T, HEF-I, P}}

=== Comparison with analogues ===
''Give a comparative description of cannons/machine guns that have firepower equal to this weapon.''

== Usage in battles ==
''Describe the cannon/machine gun in the game - its distinctive features, tactics of usage against notable opponents. Please don't write a "guide" - do not impose a single point of view, but give the reader food for thought.''

=== Pros and cons ===
''Summarise and briefly evaluate the weaponry in terms of its characteristics and combat effectiveness. Mark pros and cons as a list.''

'''Pros:'''

*

'''Cons:'''

*

== History ==

The United States Navy first requested a shortened version of the [[AN/M2 (20 mm)|AN/M2]] cannon in December 1942. The Army, which handled production of the M2 began testing different barrel lengths at Aberdeen Proving Grounds, Maryland in January 1943 and concluded that 15 inches could be removed from the barrel without adversely affecting the muzzle velocity. The Army Ordnance Department would soon issue their requirements for a new variant of the AN/M2 that along with being shorter, had to use the same action and ammunition, accept cartridges of different lengths, use the M3 disintegrating belt link instead of the M2's 60-round drum magazine, have left or right-side feeding with no extra parts needed, a fire rate of 575-650 rounds per minute, and weigh 75 pounds or less. However, the specifications would change in July after the US got work from Britain's [[Hispano Mk.V (20 mm)|Hispano Mk.V]]. Developed along similar lines as a shorter version of their 20 mm autocannon which was 27 pounds lighter and 12 inches shorter. The Army Ordnance Department made their new specifications to have the guns have the same weight and length shaved off as the Mark Vs did, along with the ability to use the M1 Adapter, a rate of fire of 750 rpm, a muzzle velocity drop of no more than 80 feet per second, use a non-adjustable ring spring adapter, and fire from a closed-bolt.

The T26 was built by Oldsmobile to meet the requirement of a lighter AN/M2, but it did not fire from a closed bolt as requested. The development for a version capable of firing when locked was given to Watervliet Arsenal in New York who came up with two possible designs. The T28 used a percussion bolt while the T29 used an electrically primed bolt. Both bolts were tested interchangeably at Aberdeen Proving Grounds so by December, the guns were merged into one design which was designated the T31. In January 1944, the Navy asked for 25 for testing which was closely followed by an order for 51 by the Army Air Forces. In February the Navy order was increased to 23,326 guns to be delivered by the end of the year while the Army Air Force ordered another thousand guns. The International Harvester Plant in Saint Paul, Minnesota began manufacturing the T31 in January, a significant number were converted AN/M2 cannons that didn't meet the requirements from a prior design revision and were mothballed. Between International Harvester and Oldsmobile, 32,426 T31 cannons were built. The T31 was mounted on the US [[AM-1|AM-1 Mauler]] which was part of the first attempt to make a new generation of carrier-based attack aircraft and alongside the venerable [[AD Skyraider (Family)|AD Skyraider]]. It was also mounted on the [[A2D-1|A2D-1 Skyshark]] intended for smaller escort carriers that were retired not long after the aircraft entered service.

== Media ==
''Excellent additions to the article would be video guides, screenshots from the game, and photos.''

== See also ==
''Links to the articles on the War Thunder Wiki that you think will be useful for the reader, for example:''

* ''reference to the article about the variant of the cannon/machine gun;''
* ''references to approximate analogues by other nations and research trees.''

== External links ==
''Paste links to sources and external resources, such as:''

* ''topic on the official game forum;''
* ''other literature.''

{{USA aircraft cannons}}

[[Category:Aircraft cannons]]

Hispano 404 (20 mm)

2024-03-07T16:31:37Z

U137319744: /* History */ added history with sources.

== Description ==
''Write an introduction to the article in 2-3 small paragraphs. Briefly tell us about the history of the development and combat using the weaponry and also about its features. Compile a list of air, ground, or naval vehicles that feature this weapon system in the game.''

=== Vehicles equipped with this weapon ===


{{Navigation-Start|Vehicles equipped with this weapon}}

{{Navigation-First-Line|'''Fighters'''}}{{Specs-Link|d_501}}{{-}}{{Specs-Link|d_510}}{{-}}{{Specs-Link|d_510c}}{{-}}{{Specs-Link|d_520_france}}{{-}}{{Specs-Link|d_520}}{{-}}{{Specs-Link|d_521}}
{{Navigation-Line| }}{{Specs-Link|mb_152c1}}{{-}}{{Specs-Link|mb_157}}{{-}}{{Specs-Link|ms_405c1}}{{-}}{{Specs-Link|ms_406c1}}{{-}}{{Specs-Link|ms_410c1}}{{-}}{{Specs-Link|p-400}}{{-}}{{Specs-Link|vg_33}}

{{Navigation-Line|'''Twin-engine fighters'''}}{{Specs-Link|potez_630}}{{-}}{{Specs-Link|potez_631}}{{-}}{{Specs-Link|vb_10_02}}{{-}}{{Specs-Link|vb_10c1}}

{{Navigation-Line|'''Strike aircraft'''}}{{Specs-Link|br_693_ab2}}{{-}}{{Specs-Link|ro_57_quadriarma}}

{{Navigation-Line|'''Bombers'''}}{{Specs-Link|leo_451_early}} (Defensive){{-}}{{Specs-Link|leo_451_late}} (Defensive){{-}}{{Specs-Link|mb_162}} (Defensive){{-}}{{Specs-Link|nc_223_3}} (Defensive)
{{Navigation-First-Line|'''Tanks'''}}{{Specs-Link|il_tcm_20}}

{{Navigation-End}}

== General info ==
''Tell us about the tactical and technical characteristics of the cannon or machine gun.''

=== Available ammunition ===


; Aircraft

* '''Default:''' {{Annotation|HEI|High-explosive incendiary}}{{-}}{{Annotation|HEI|High-explosive incendiary}}{{-}}{{Annotation|P|Practice}}{{-}}{{Annotation|T|Tracer}}
* '''Universal:''' {{Annotation|HEI|High-explosive incendiary}}{{-}}{{Annotation|SAP-I|Semi-armour-piercing incendiary}}{{-}}{{Annotation|AP|Armour-piercing}}{{-}}{{Annotation|T|Tracer}}
* '''Ground targets:''' {{Annotation|AP|Armour-piercing}}{{-}}{{Annotation|AP|Armour-piercing}}{{-}}{{Annotation|AP|Armour-piercing}}{{-}}{{Annotation|HEI|High-explosive incendiary}}{{-}}{{Annotation|T|Tracer}}
* '''Tracers:''' {{Annotation|AP|Armour-piercing}}{{-}}{{Annotation|T|Tracer}}{{-}}{{Annotation|HEI|High-explosive incendiary}}
* '''Stealth:''' {{Annotation|HEI|High-explosive incendiary}}{{-}}{{Annotation|HEI|High-explosive incendiary}}{{-}}{{Annotation|SAP-I|Semi-armour-piercing incendiary}}{{-}}{{Annotation|AP|Armour-piercing}}
* '''Armoured targets (turret):''' {{Annotation|HEI|High-explosive incendiary}}{{-}}{{Annotation|T|Tracer}}{{-}}{{Annotation|AP|Armour-piercing}}{{-}}{{Annotation|AP|Armour-piercing}}
* '''Universal (turret):''' {{Annotation|AP|Armour-piercing}}{{-}}{{Annotation|T|Tracer}}{{-}}{{Annotation|HEI|High-explosive incendiary}}{{-}}{{Annotation|HEI|High-explosive incendiary}}

{{:{{PAGENAME}}/Ammunition|HEI, P, T, SAP-I, AP}}

; Ground vehicles

* '''Default:''' {{Annotation|AP-T|Armour-piercing tracer}}{{-}}{{Annotation|HEF-I|High-explosive fragmentation incendiary}}{{-}}{{Annotation|AP-T|Armour-piercing tracer}}
* '''HET:''' {{Annotation|HEFI-T|High-explosive fragmentation incendiary tracer}}{{-}}{{Annotation|HEF-I|High-explosive fragmentation incendiary}}{{-}}{{Annotation|HEF-I|High-explosive fragmentation incendiary}}
* '''APT:''' {{Annotation|AP-T|Armour-piercing tracer}}

{{:HS.404 (20 mm)/Ammunition|AP-T, HEF-I, HEFI-T}}

=== Comparison with analogues ===
''Give a comparative description of cannons/machine guns that have firepower equal to this weapon.''

== Usage in battles ==
''Describe the cannon/machine gun in the game - its distinctive features, tactics of usage against notable opponents. Please don't write a "guide" - do not impose a single point of view, but give the reader food for thought.''

=== Pros and cons ===


'''Pros:'''

* Fairly accurate once modification is unlocked
* Provides a decent punch at close range
* Good rate of fire
* Ground targets belt is capable of penetrating lightly armoured roofs.

'''Cons:'''

* Early versions are limited to 60 shots due to drum loaded ammunition
* Low amount of explosive in HE shells
* Inaccurate when stock

== History ==

=== From Oerlikon to Hispano ===
The first widely used 20 mm aircraft cannon was the Becker model, introduced into German service in World War I. The Becker introduced the advanced primer ignition blowback (API) design for autocannons, a concept that was quickly taken up by other companies. Notable among the resulting designs was the Swiss [[Oerlikon FF (20 mm)|Oerlikon FF]] S, which was based on the Becker but introduced a number of improvements. In the 1930s, Hispano-Suiza was asked to develop a 20 mm cannon to fire through the propeller shaft (as a ''moteur-canon'' SS) of a gear-reduction inline aviation engine like the Hispano-Suiza 8BeC. They took out a license on the Oerlikon FF S and made minor modifications to produce the Hispano-Suiza Automatic Cannon Type HS.7 and [[Hispano HS.9 (20 mm)|HS.9]]. Shortly after production began, the Hispano-Suiza and Oerlikon companies disagreed over patent rights and their business connection came to an end.

In 1933, the chief engineer of Hispano-Suiza, Marc Birkigt, began work on the design of a new weapon to replace the Oerlikon contract, based on a locking mechanism patented in 1919 by the American machine-gun designer Carl Swebilius<ref name=":0">Chinn, George M. (1951). The Machine Gun: History, Evolution, and Development of Manual, Automatic, and Airborne Repeating Weapons. Vol. I. Washington, D.C.: U.S. Government Printing Office. pp. 562–590. Retrieved 2010-07-28.</ref>. The result was the Type 404 or HS.404. While the HS.404 resembled the parent Oerlikon FF S in many respects, its repeating mechanism was a gas-operated locking bolt.

On firing the 404, when the projectile passes a hole cut in the barrel, about half way along its length, high pressure gas behind the projectile is siphoned off and operates a piston that drives a rod, running along the top of the barrel, back against a cam on the bolt, unlocking it and allowing the remaining high pressure gases in the barrel to propel it and the spent cartridge backwards in a delayed sequence that allows the bolt to remain closed until the projectile has exited from the barrel. This maximizes muzzle velocity<ref>"Hispano-Suiza 20mm Cannon". The Pacific War Online Encyclopedia. Retrieved 2015-12-30.</ref> and since the bolt was locked during firing, it could be lighter than that of the Oerlikon, thus facilitating an increase in rate of fire to 700 rounds per minute (rpm), a gain of about 200 rpm. In 1938, Birkigt patented it and started production in their Geneva factory.<ref name=":0" />

=== Anti-aircraft gun ===
The HS.404's predecessor, the Oerlikon type S auto-cannon, was rather heavy, and the movement of the heavy bolt made it best suited in static and maritime anti-aircraft defence. The lighter bolt of the HS.404 made it well suited to mounting on vehicles. The T10E1, an anti-aircraft version of the M3 Half-track, could be equipped with single or double American made copies of the Hispano-Suiza auto-cannon. This variant of the M3 Half-track was used by US and Commonwealth forces late in the Second World War, in the Korean War and was further developed by Israel in the post-war era.<ref>"Hispano-Suiza 20mm Cannon". The Pacific War Online Encyclopedia. Retrieved 2015-12-30.</ref>

=== Aircraft gun ===
In 1938, an aircraft based version of the HS.404 was produced at the request of the French government. It was installed on a wide range of pre-war French fighter aircraft, notably in installations firing through the propeller shaft of the Hispano-Suiza 12Y engine, a system referred to as a ''moteur-canon'' (engine cannon). Due to the closed-bolt design the cannon was also suitable for synchronisation gear. The HS.404 was fed by drum magazines that could accommodate 60 (or in a fixed mount 160<ref>"The Pacific War Online Encyclopedia: Hispano-Suiza 20mm Cannon". pwencycl.kgbudge.com. Retrieved 2022-12-22.</ref>) rounds. Since in most installations the latter was more popular, the small ammunition capacity was a weakness. In 1940, Hispano-Suiza was developing a belt-feeding system, as well as derivatives of the HS.404 in heavier calibres such as 23 mm but these projects were halted with the German occupation of France.<ref name=":0" />

=== British production ===
Before the Second World War, the United Kingdom had embarked on a programme to develop cannon-armed fighters.<ref>Air Ministry specification F.37 of 1935</ref> They acquired a licence to build the HS.404, which entered production as the [[Hispano Mk.I (20 mm)|'''Hispano Mk.I''']] intended as aeroplane armament. Its first use was in the [[Whirlwind Mk I|Westland Whirlwind]] of 1940 and later in the more powerful [[Beaufighter (Family)|Bristol Beaufighter]], providing the Royal Air Force (RAF) with powerful cannon-armed interceptors.<ref>"Westland Whirlwind Fighter". constable.ca. Archived from the original on 2 December 2010. Retrieved 16 December 2010.</ref> The experience of the Battle of Britain had shown the batteries of eight rifle-calibre M1919 Browning machine guns to be inadequate and prompted the adoption of autocannon armament for the primary portion of RAF fighters.<ref name=":1">March, P.R. (2007): ''The Hurricane story''. Sutton Publishing Limited (The History Press, 2009)</ref>[''page needed''] The Beaufighter highlighted the need for a belt feed mechanism; as a night fighter the 60-round drums needed to be replaced in the dark by the Radar/Wireless Operator, often while the aircraft was manoeuvring. The early trial installations in the [[Hurricane (Family)|Hawker Hurricane]] and [[Spitfire (Family)|Supermarine Spitfire]] had shown a tendency for the gun to jam during combat manoeuvres, leading to some official doubt as to the suitability of cannon as the sole main armament. This led to the Air Ministry for a brief period specifying 12-machine gun armament for new fighters.<ref name=":1" />

A suitable belt-feeding system was developed by Martin-Baker and the new design was adopted by the RAF and Fleet Air Arm in 1941 in a slightly modified form as the [[Hispano Mk.II (20 mm)|'''Hispano Mk.II''']]. Four cannons replaced the eight Browning machine guns in the Hurricane and in some tropical versions of the Spitfire, becoming standard armament in lat<ref>"Hawker Tempest Fighter-Bomber / Interceptor Aircraft". Military Factory. Retrieved 16 December 2010.</ref>er fighters.<ref>"Hawker Hurricane Mk II B". Retrieved 16 December 2010.</ref> Most other Spitfires had only two cannons because the outboard cannon tended to freeze at high altitudes. These were complemented with four [[Browning (7.7 mm)|.303 calibre (7.7 mm)]] or two [[M2 Browning (12.7 mm)|.50 calibre (12.7 mm)]] machine guns.<ref name=":2">Williams, A.G & Gustin, E. (2003): Flying Guns World War II, Development of Aircraft Guns, Ammunition and Installations 1933-45. Crowood Press, Ramsbury, Great Britain. 352 pages</ref>[''page needed'']

The British were concerned their production would be inadequate and licensed production of the Hispano to the US but this production never became satisfactory and the British eventually gave up on the US versions. British production was eventually increased to the point where this was no longer necessary. The ultimate version of the British wartime Hispanos was the [[Hispano Mk.V (20 mm)|'''Hispano Mk.V''']], which had a shorter barrel, and lacked the cocking cylinder thus requiring manual cocking before flight. It was lighter and had a higher rate of fire (desirable in aircraft armament), although at the expense of some muzzle velocity. The shorter barrel meant that the weapon could be housed within the wing of a fighter plane, reducing drag and making the gun less vulnerable to freezing and mechanical stress. One of the main British fighters to use the '''Mk. V''' was the [[Tempest Mk V|Hawker Tempest Mark V Series II]], which mounted two cannon in each wing.<ref>"Hawker Tempest Fighter-Bomber / Interceptor Aircraft". Military Factory. Retrieved 16 December 2010.</ref> Ammunition types available included Semi-Armour Piercing, Incendiary (SAPI) and High Explosive, Incendiary (HEI). Around 42,500 Hispano cannon of various marks were manufactured by Birmingham Small Arms (BSA).<ref>"Intelligence and personal combat report". 2 January 1944 – via www.wwiiaircraftperformance.org.</ref>

=== US production ===
The British version was also licensed for use in the United States as the '''M1''', with the United States Army Air Corps (USAAC) and U.S. Navy, which concluded that a single HS404 is analogous to three .50 machine guns in firepower while weighing less than twice as much, planning to switch to the 20 mm calibre as soon as the gun could be produced in sufficient numbers. In 1941 a very large building program was established, along with the production of ammunition. When delivered, the guns proved to be extremely unreliable and suffered a considerable number of misfires due to the round being lightly struck by the firing pin.<ref name=":3">Chinn, G.M, Oblt. (1951): The Machine Gun. History, Evolution, and Development of Manual, Automatic, and Airborne Repeating Weapons, vol I. Issued by the ''Bureau of Ordnance Department of the Navy'', Washington, USA. Available for download as [http://www.milsurps.com/showthread.php?t=4158 PDF]</ref> The British were interested in using this weapon to ease the demand on production in England but after receiving the M1 they were disappointed. British wing-mounted fighter weapons by this period were cocked on the ground by the aircraft armourers before flight, the pneumatic cocking mechanism used previously being regarded as unnecessary weight and detrimental to aircraft performance; any stoppage in flight made the gun unusable until it could be cleared on the ground. The misfires also had the tendency to cause aircraft with wing-mounted guns to yaw away from the wing with the failed gun when the guns were fired, due to the unequal recoil, throwing off the pilot's aim.

In April 1942 a copy of the British Mk.II was sent to the U.S. for comparison. The British version used a slightly shorter chamber and did not have the same problems as the U.S. version of the cannon.<ref name=":3" /> The U.S. declined to modify the chamber of their version but nonetheless made other modifications to create the unreliable [[AN/M2 (20 mm)|M2]]. By late 1942 the USAAF had 40 million rounds of ammunition stored but the guns remained unsuitable. The U.S. Navy had been trying to switch to using cannon on all its combat aircraft throughout the war but the conversion never occurred. As late as December 1945 the U. S. Army Chief of Ordnance was still attempting to complete additional changes to the design to allow it to enter service.<ref name=":3" /> Some variations of the 20 mm guns used on the [[P-38 (Family)|Lockheed P-38 Lightning]] aircraft were produced by International Harvester.<ref>International Harvester Corporation. "Mr. Dealer Plan Now for the Future", ''Harvester World'', Volume 34, Number 11, November 1943, p. 16. Harvester Press, Chicago, 1943.</ref> The P-38's nose-mounted M2 featured a built-in cocking system and could simply be re-cocked in flight after a misfire, which made the misfires less of a problem than with other aircraft.<ref>"1943 | 2627 | Flight Archive". Archived from the original on 2013-12-19.</ref>

The U.S. followed the British development closely and when the Mk.V was designed, the Americans followed suit with the [[M3 (20 mm)|'''AN-M3''']] but unreliability continued. After the war the United States Air Force (USAF) adopted a version of the M3 cannon as the [[M24A1 (20 mm)|'''M24''']], similar in most respects except for the use of the addition of electrical cocking, allowing the gun to re-cock over a lightly struck round.<ref name=":2" /> The problems of the American weapons led to most US fighters being equipped with the AN/M2 .50 cal Browning light-barrel machine gun throughout the war.<ref>Williams, G. (September 2004): [http://www.quarryhs.co.uk/CannonMGs.htm "Cannon or machine gun? The Second World War Aircraft Gun Controversy"] [https://web.archive.org/web/20200127191106/http://www.quarryhs.co.uk/CannonMGs.htm Archived] 2020-01-27 at the Wayback Machine. ''Aeroplane Magazine''.</ref>

=== Post-war development ===
After the war, the Hispano variants disappeared fairly quickly as fighter armament due to the introduction of revolver cannon, based on the prototype versions of the un-built German wartime Mauser MG 213 design. The British introduced the powerful revolving [[ADEN (30 mm)|30mm ADEN]] cannon in most of their post-war aircraft, while the French used the similar [[DEFA 541 (30 mm)|DEFA cannon]], firing similar ammunition. The USAF introduced the [[M39 (20 mm)|20mm M39 cannon]] to replace the M24, while the Navy combined the original Hispano design with a lighter round for better muzzle velocity in the [[Browning-Colt Mk12 Mod 0 (20 mm)|Colt Mark 12 cannon]]. As a ground vehicle-mounted gun, either anti-aircraft or as a general-purpose autocannon, the HS.404 lasted into the 1960s. A powered turret variant is still in production in Honduras and is used as a light anti-aircraft gun by the army and navy in several nations. The AN/M3 was developed into the Mk12 Colt 20 mm automatic cannon, one of the main weapons on boats of the Mobile Riverine Force in the Vietnam War and also used on some larger amphibious ships.

=== Properties ===
The Hispano fired a 130 g (4.586 oz) 20 mm diameter projectile from a 110 mm (4.331 in) long casing, the whole round weighing 257 g (9.065 oz). Lengths of the projectiles varied with type but were set to variable depth in the casing to produce a total full round length of 184 mm (7.244 in) regardless of projectile type. The gun had a muzzle velocity between 840 and 880 m/s (2,800 and 2,900 ft/s), depending on barrel length. Rate of fire was between 600 and 850 rounds per minute. The gun was 2.36 m (7 ft 9 in) long, weighing between 42 and 50 kg (93 and 110 lb). The British Mk V and American M3/M24 weapons were lighter and had higher rates of fire than the early HS.404 guns.
<references />

== Media ==


;Videos
{{Youtube-gallery|djKhmYXyNjo|'''Top 7 Autocannons''' discusses the {{PAGENAME}} at 01:56 - ''War Thunder Official Channel''}}

== See also ==
''Links to the articles on the War Thunder Wiki that you think will be useful for the reader, for example:''

* ''reference to the article about the variant of the cannon/machine gun;''
* ''references to approximate analogues by other nations and research trees.''

== External links ==
''Paste links to sources and external resources, such as:''

* ''topic on the official game forum;''
* ''other literature.''

{{USA aircraft cannons}}
{{Britain aircraft cannons}}
{{China aircraft cannons}}
{{Italy aircraft cannons}}
{{France aircraft cannons}}
{{Israel anti-aircraft guns}}

[[Category:Aircraft cannons]]
[[Category:Anti-aircraft guns]]

M/50 Bofors

2023-05-26T16:23:47Z

U137319744: /* History */

RIM-24A

2023-05-26T16:22:41Z

U137319744: /* History */

[[File:RIM-24A on Asheville-class gunboat.png|thumb|x250px|RIM-24A on the [[USS Douglas]]]]

== Description ==

The '''{{PAGENAME}}''' is an American surface-to-air missile. It was introduced in [[Update "Danger Zone"]]

=== Vehicles equipped with this weapon ===


* {{Specs-Link|us_ashville_class_douglas}}

== General info ==

The RIM-24A, also known as the Tartar missile, is a surface-to-air missile system that was developed by the United States Navy during the Cold War era. It was first deployed in the early 1960s and was used extensively during the Vietnam War to defend U.S. Navy ships from enemy aircraft.

The Tartar missile system was a significant improvement over previous systems in terms of range, speed, and accuracy. It was able to engage targets at a range of up to 50 miles and had a top speed of Mach 2.5. The system used semi-active radar guidance to track and intercept enemy aircraft, which made it highly effective in combat situations.

{| class="wikitable" style="display:inline-table;text-align:center"
! colspan="2" | Missile Characteristics
|-
| '''Mass''' || 580 kg
|-
| '''Guidance''' || Semi-Automatic (SACLOS)
|-
| '''Launch range''' || 14.00 km
|-
| '''Maximum speed''' || 620 m/s
|-
| '''Missile guidance time''' || 30.0 secs
|-
| '''Explosive type''' || Torpex
|-
| '''Explosive mass''' || 30.8 kg
|-
| '''TNT equivalent''' || 49.28 kg
|-
| '''Warhead type''' || SAP-HE
|}

=== Effective damage ===
''Describe the type of damage produced by this type of missile (high explosive, splash damage, etc)''

=== Comparison with analogues ===
''Give a comparative description of missiles that have firepower equal to this weapon.''

== Usage in battles ==
''Describe situations when you would utilise this missile in-game (vehicle, pillbox, base, etc)''

=== Pros and cons ===


'''Pros:'''

* Extreme acceleration and speed
* Average manoeuvrability

'''Cons:'''

* Using the missile at sort range is impossible
* Can damage critically only unarmoured ships

== History ==


During World War II, the United States Navy recognized that there was a significant gap in their air defense umbrella. The role of short-range air defense was a changing selection of guns starting with the [[AN-M2 (12.7 mm)|AN-M2 Browning]] machine guns before moving up to the [[20 mm/70 Oerlikon Mk.II (20 mm)|20 mm/70 Oerlikon]] cannons and the [[Bofors L/60 Mark 1 (40 mm)|Bofors L/60 Mark 1]]. Long-Range air defense, meanwhile, was handled by fighter aircraft, but there was a gap in the field of medium-range air defense. The gap was first noticed in 1943 with the effectiveness of the ''Luftwaffe'' (German Air Force) Henschel Hs 293 and [[PC 1400 X (1,400 kg)|Fritz X]] guided anti-ship bombs against American naval vessels in the Mediterranean.

In response, Operation Bumblebee was launched to develop a ramjet-powered surface-to-air missile that could fill the gap between guns and fighters. The end result of the ramjet-powered missile was the RIM-8 Talos adopted in 1958, but three years prior, the RIM-2 Terrier was developed as a testbed for the program before getting adopted. The RIM-2 is the basis for the RIM-24A Tartar which is the last of the designs collectively called the "3T" missiles that emerged from Operation Bumblebee.

The RIM-24A was developed as a smaller version of the Terrier for use on smaller naval warships and for engaging targets at a closer range than its larger cousin. The design for the Tartar was effectively a RIM-2C without the secondary booster and was adopted in 1962 by the United States Navy. Used dual and single-arm mounts, the RIM-24A Tartar was the primary weapon of several destroyers including the ''Charles F. Adams'', the guided missile conversions of the [[Mitscher (Family)|''Mitscher'']] and ''Forrest Sherman''-classes along with the ''Brooke''-class frigates in the United States Navy. It was the secondary armament for the ''Albany''-class missile cruisers. It was also used in foreign navies in the ''Koninklijke Marine'' (Royal Netherlands Navy), ''Marine Nationale'' (French Navy), the Royal Australian Navy, the Japanese Maritime Self-Defense Force, the ''Marina Militare'' (Italian Navy), ''Bundesmarine'' (German Navy) and Royal Australian Navy.

The RIM-24A Tartar is a semi-active radar-homing design with a 130-pound missile warhead, a top speed of Mach 1.8, and a range of 8.7 nautical miles (10 miles). The RIM-24A was found to be an unreliable design, however, so the design was upgraded to the RIM-24B Improved Tartar and later the RIM-24A missiles were subjected to the RIM-24C Improved Tartar Retrofit (ITR). The RIM-24 would have its development ended after the adoption of the improved RIM-66 Standard missile adopted in 1967 though the Tartar missile would continue to serve into the 1980s.

== Media ==
''Excellent additions to the article would be video guides, screenshots from the game, and photos.''

== See also ==
''Links to the articles on the War Thunder Wiki that you think will be useful for the reader, for example:''

* ''reference to the article about the variant of the weapon;''
* ''references to approximate analogues by other nations and research trees.''

== External links ==
''Paste links to sources and external resources, such as:''

* ''topic on the official game forum;''
* ''other literature.''

{{Naval special armaments}}
{{Missiles}}

[[Category:Naval special armaments]]

Mk.13-6 Case (2,216 lb)

2023-05-25T18:19:45Z

U137319744: /* History */ added history and new external link

[[File:Torpedo_Mk.13_44_portrait.png|thumbnail|right|x250px]]

== Description ==

[[File:Torpedo_Mk.13_44_Sideview.png|700px|thumb|left|Side view of an {{PAGENAME}} torpedo.]]

{{break}}
The '''{{PAGENAME}}''' torpedo was a guinea pig of a torpedo having been the subject of testing and modification since 1925. Used early in World War II, this torpedo failed to operate properly approximately 70% of the time with problems of running cold (propeller mechanism failed to start), sinking, not running true (deviating path), improper depth, running on the surface or porposing (continuous jumping out of the water) due to improper water contact. Aircraft were required to fly extremely slow and low when dropping the torpedo as to not damage it on impact with the water and to provide the most stable drop possible, unfortunately, this put the torpedo bomber in a bad position of being an easy target for anti-aircraft guns mounted on enemy ships.

Extensive testing in 1942 determined that the low and slow approach to the Mk.13 launch was actually counterproductive as it caused the torpedo to "belly-flop" on the water resulting in damage sustained to its internal components. New modifications were tested which replaced fragile parts and components which were susceptible to damage upon impact with the water. A new study also implemented the addition of frangible "drag rings" and box-shaped tail stabilizers. These devices served to stabilize the torpedo during higher drops, lower the nose for the initial impact and reduce the depth at which the torpedo dove after impact. The wood drag rings and stabilizers were obliterated on impact with the water which absorbed some of the impact, protecting the torpedo.<ref name="NAO" /> By 1944 the Mk.13 was essentially a brand new torpedo and was accepted as the best aircraft torpedo in the U.S. inventory at that time and was credited with the sinking of the Japanese battleship Yamato.<ref name="NavWeaps" />

Later after World War II, there came a need for river patrol boats to be outfitted with torpedo launchers. The Mk.13 was the ideal torpedo to fulfil this need due to its short stature (compared to other torpedoes) and excelled in a shallow launch and run which afforded it to operate in shallow waters without hitting the bottom. Opportunities for sea use on smaller vessels were available in shallow areas where larger ships and torpedoes could not operate.
{{Break}}
=== Vehicles equipped with this weapon ===

{{Navigation-Start|Vehicles equipped with this weapon}}

{{Navigation-First-Line|'''Fighters'''}}{{Specs-Link|f6f-3}}{{-}}{{Specs-Link|f6f-5_france}}{{-}}{{Specs-Link|f6f-5n}}{{-}}{{Specs-Link|f6f-5n_france}}{{-}}{{Specs-Link|hellcat_fmk1}}

{{Navigation-Line|'''Strike aircraft'''}}{{Specs-Link|a2d}}{{-}}{{Specs-Link|douglas_ad_2}}{{-}}{{Specs-Link|douglas_ad_4}}{{-}}{{Specs-Link|douglas_ad_4_france}}{{-}}{{Specs-Link|douglas_ad_4na_france}}{{-}}{{Specs-Link|am_1_mauler}}

{{Navigation-Line|'''Bombers'''}}{{Specs-Link|avenger_mk1}}{{-}}{{Specs-Link|b_34}}{{-}}{{Specs-Link|btd-1}}{{-}}{{Specs-Link|pby-5}}{{-}}{{Specs-Link|pby-5a}}{{-}}{{Specs-Link|pby-5a_raf}}{{-}}{{Specs-Link|pby-5a_ussr}}
{{Navigation-Line| }}{{Specs-Link|pv_2d}}{{-}}{{Specs-Link|sb2c_1c}}{{-}}{{Specs-Link|sb2c_4}}{{-}}{{Specs-Link|sb2c_5_france}}{{-}}{{Specs-Link|tbd-1_1938}}{{-}}{{Specs-Link|tbf-1c}}

{{Navigation-End}}

== General info ==

The aircraft torpedo Mk.13 is typically carried on attack-type aircraft<ref name="NAO" />, however, there are a few light bombers which can also be outfitted with them. The design of the Mk.13 departed from conventional torpedo design for submarines and destroyers to accommodate being delivered by aircraft and being dropped.<ref name="NavWeaps" /> Due to the short and stocky size of the torpedoes, they were also ideal to be outfitted on motor torpedo boats where they could either be launched from tubes or just rolled off the side of the boat for more stealthy approaches.

The appearance of this torpedo is similar to many others in that it has the appearance of a mini-submarine which contains an engine, fuel and steering devices. At almost one ton in weight, 600 lbs of it is the detachable warhead which is filled with the highly explosive Torpex.<ref name="NAO" />
[[File:Torpedo_Mk.13_Shroud_ring.png|200px|thumb|right|A view of the shroud ring (ring tail) of the [[Mk.13 (569 mm)|Mk.13]] and [[Mk.13-6 Case (2,216 lb)|Mk.13-6 Case]] torpedoes.]]
The Mk.13 torpedo was specifically designed to be used from an aerial platform with a range of 5.7 km with an in-water speed of almost 67 km/h. The Mk.13 designation applies to the entire torpedo assembly as a whole, however, portions of the torpedo (warhead, gyroscope and other sub-assemblies) will have their own mark and mod designations.

=== Implemented modifications ===

;Permanent modification

*'''Shroud Ring''': The shroud ring (or "ring tail) is a metal cylindrical band, coaxial with the torpedo and mounted near the rear end of the tail vanes just fore of the propellers. The shroud ring does not provide any help with stability while the torpedo is airborne, however, it does provide a considerable amount of stability for the torpedo while it is in the water. In addition to providing stability in the water, the shroud prevents the torpedo from deep-diving, hooks, water roll or breaching the surface and keeps it on a steady course heading toward its target.<ref name="NAO" /><ref name="NavWeaps" />

[[File:Torpedo_Mk.13_44_Front_View.png|200px|thumb|right|A view of the wooden drag ring covering the nose of the torpedo.]]

;Frangible add-on parts for an aerial drop

*'''Drag ring''': The drag ring ( also known as the "pickle barrel") which covered the rounded nose of the torpedo and secured with a length of softwood pinning the drag ring into place through the torpedoes nose ring. It was found that the aerodynamics of the torpedo was such that it would oscillate during the fall causing the torpedo to impact and damage the tail section.<ref name="NavWeaps" /> The drag ring stabilized the torpedoes drop eliminating the oscillations by reducing the aerodynamics, helping keep the nose pointed downwards to breach the surface instead of skipping on the surface. As the drag ring enters the water it breaks apart and falls away, but in the process creates a bubble around the torpedo which helps to absorb the shock of the impact, reducing potential damage to the warhead portion of the torpedo.<ref name="NAO" />

*'''Box stabilizer''': A plywood, box-shaped stabilizer has been built around the shroud ring of the torpedo and is held together with wooden pegs which shear during impact with the water. The wooden stabilizer acts to guide the torpedo to drop in a smooth curve and help the drag ring in pointing the torpedo nose-first into the water. After impact with the water and the box stabilizer has fallen away, the torpedo is free to make a clean run to the target.<ref name="NAO" /><ref name="NavWeaps" />

[[File:Torpedo_Mk.13_44_Rear_View.png|200px|thumb|right|A view of the wooden box stabilizer covering the shroud ring of the torpedo.]]
=== Effective damage ===

The Mk.13 torpedo had a large high-explosive warhead compared to the Mk.VII which was frequently used at the time. The Mk.13 had a 600 lb (270 kg) Torpex (Torpedo Explosive) warhead compared the Mk.VII's 466 lb (211 kg) warhead. Torpex was an explosive which was about 50% more powerful than TNT by mass alone as this mixture contained 40% TNT, 42% RDX and 18% powdered aluminium.<ref name="NavWeaps" /> While not as fast nor had as long of range as other torpedoes, the Mk.13 was used effectively at night when stealthy operations from PT boats which took place requiring torpedoes to reach the target with the least amount of warning. Aerial operations took advantage of the slower torpedo by dropping it from a higher altitude, increasing its time in the air and getting it closer to the target before it entered the water.<ref name="NAO" />

=== Comparison with analogues ===


* [[Mk.13-6 (2,216 lb)]] : This is the same torpedo as the {{PAGENAME}}, however, it has not been outfitted with the frangible drag ring and box stabilizer to allow for higher drops at faster speeds. The Mk.13 is the culmination of upgrades and modifications prior to the addition of the drag ring and box stabilizer. This version of torpedo requires a lower and slower altitude to be released at than the {{PAGENAME}}.<ref name="NAO" />

== Usage in battles ==

The upgraded Mk.13 torpedo can be utilised against any target which is in the water which can include ships, boats, tanks (at the water's edge), boat-planes or even structures. Due to the higher altitude in which it can be dropped from, the delivering bomber can make a safer approach, release and get-away avoiding ship-board anti-aircraft fire and fighters patrolling around ships.

=== Pros and cons ===


'''Pros:'''

* Ability to drop from a high altitude, at {{Annotation|731 m|2,398 ft}}
* Ability to be dropped at very high speeds, up to {{Annotation|759 km/h|409 kn/472 mph}}
* High release altitude and speed allow pilots to release further away and in a more advantageous position

'''Cons:'''

* Aircraft typically only carry one or two at a time
* Slow, given enough distance a ship can avoid the torpedo

== History ==
The Mark 13-6 Case is a further improvement of the Mark 13 Mod 6 based on the extensive testing of the United States Navy and the designs of their opponents, the Imperial Japanese Navy. The modification of the Mark 13 to the Mark 13-6 Case came from studies by the California Institute of Technology at the Morris Reservoir Naval Weapons Test Site in Los Angeles. By dropping the Mark 13 into the water from a 300-foot slide down the Morris Dam, into the reservoir to study all aspects of the torpedo’s drop into the clear water. The results of the test showed the “low and slow” doctrine of the US Navy’s torpedoes bombers was counterproductive as the flat angle of the torpedo entering the water would damage the mechanism. From these tests, the Mark 13 Mod 2A was created which was more reliable due to less fragile components along with the addition of a water trip delay valve to delay the torpedo from firing when dropped at an altitude higher than 300 feet. The Mark 13-6 uses the Mark 2A as a basis but adds another innovation: the shroud ring.

The idea of the shroud ring ironically came from the Imperial Japanese Navy. In order to get their Type 91 aerial torpedoes to enter at the proper angle, the IJN added a wood box-shaped tail design to shear off when the torpedo entered the water and ensure it fired at the correct depth. This modification was used to excellent effect during their attack on Pearl Harbor on December 7th, 1941, but the US Navy first observed it May 8th, 1942. On this date during the Battle of the Coral Sea, Captain Fredrick of the ''USS Lexington'' noticed the addition of the wooden shroud rings on Type 91 torpedoes from B5N “Kate” torpedo bombers. As the Mark 13’s planned replacement, the Mark 25 was still undergoing development, the Mark 13-6 was built as an interim solution to improve the aerial torpedoes of the US Navy. Further improvements to the design led to the later Mk. 13-6 Case.

The Mark 13-6 Case features the further addition of the nose ring to the torpedo design. Known in service as the “pickle barrel”, the nose rings provided drag the Mark 13 slowing down its descent in the air by 40% and allowing the torpedo to maintain its intended course. It also cushioned the impact of the Mark 13-6 hitting the water to prevent damage to the internal components, another innovation from the CIT tests at the Morris Reservoir. The Mark 13-6 uses a lanyard that shears off when it hits the water. When the lanyard breaks, fuel is fed into the combustion chamber. This modification, done to prevent the turbine from burning out, reduced the range by 4,000 yards, but it was balanced out by the increased reliability which kept the Mark 13 in service until 1951.

== Media ==


;Images
<gallery mode="packed-hover" heights="200">
File:Torpedo_Mk.13_44_Dropped_from_TBF-1C.png|{{PAGENAME}} being dropped from a [[TBF-1C]]
File:Torpedo_Mk.13_44_Successful_Drop.png|Successful drop of a {{PAGENAME}} from a [[TBF-1C]] naval bomber
</gallery>

== See also ==


* [[Mk.13-6 (2,216 lb)]]

== External links ==


* NavWeaps Website [[http://www.navweaps.com/Weapons/WTUS_WWII.php World War II Torpedoes of the United States]]
* Flight Journal Website [[https://www.flightjournal.com/iconic-firepower-the-outstandingly-bad-mark-13-torpedo/ Iconic Firepower: The Outstandingly Bad Mark 13 Torpedo]]
* Ordnance Pamphlet No. 629(A) [[https://archive.hnsa.org/doc/torpedomk13/index.htm U.S. Navy Torpedoes Mark 13, B-1 & 2 July 1942]]
* NAVPERS 10826 [[https://bulletpicker.com/pdf/NAVPERS%2010826,%20Naval%20Airborne%20Ordnance.pdf Naval Airborne Ordnance]], p. 153-166
* Mark 13, U.S. Torpedo [[http://pwencycl.kgbudge.com/U/s/US_Mark_13_torpedo.html The Pacific War Online Encyclopedia]]

== References ==
<references>
<ref name="NAO">U.S. Naval and Systems Ordnance Command. (1952). [https://bulletpicker.com/pdf/NAVPERS%2010826,%20Naval%20Airborne%20Ordnance.pdf Naval Airborne Ordnance (OP 10826)][[File:Pdf_fileicon.png|.pdf document|link=]].</ref>
<ref name="NavWeaps">NavWeaps Website [[http://www.navweaps.com/Weapons/WTUS_WWII.php World War II Torpedoes of the United States]].</ref>
</references>

{{Torpedoes}}

[[Category:Suspended armaments]]

Mk.13-6 (2,216 lb)

2023-05-25T18:13:06Z

U137319744: /* History */ added history

Type 23L (23 mm)

2023-04-20T20:34:51Z

U137319744: /* History */

Akan m/47B (20 mm)

2023-04-20T20:34:04Z

U137319744: /* History */

Mk.13 (569 mm)

2023-04-04T02:37:47Z

U137319744: /* History */ Added history and citations

{{DISPLAYTITLE:22.5-inch Mk.13}}
[[File:Torpedo_Mk.13_portrait.png|thumbnail|right|x250px|]]

== Description ==

[[File:Torpedo_Mk.13_Sideview.png|600px|thumb|left|Side view of an '''{{PAGENAME}}''' torpedo.]]

{{break}}
The '''{{PAGENAME}}''' torpedo was a guinea pig of a torpedo having been the subject of testing and modification since 1925. Used early in World War II, this torpedo failed to operate properly approximately 70% of the time with problems of running cold (propeller mechanism failed to start), sinking, not running true (deviating path), improper depth, running on the surface or porpoising (continuous jumping out of the water) due to improper water contact. Aircraft were required to fly extremely slow and low when dropping the torpedo as to not damage it on impact with the water and to provide the most stable drop possible, unfortunately, this put the torpedo bomber in a bad position of being an easy target for anti-aircraft guns mounted on enemy ships.

Extensive testing in 1942 determined that the low and slow approach to the Mk.13 launch was actually counterproductive as it caused the torpedo to "belly-flop" on the water resulting in damage sustained to its internal components. New modifications were tested which replaced fragile parts and components which were susceptible to damage upon impact with the water.<ref name="NAO" /> Updates to the torpedo allowed it to be safely dropped from a higher altitude and at faster speeds. By 1944 the Mk.13 was essentially a brand new torpedo and was accepted as the best aircraft torpedo in the U.S. inventory at that time and was credited with the sinking of the Japanese battleship Yamato.<ref name="NavWeaps" />

Later after World War II, there came a need for river patrol boats to be outfitted with torpedo launchers. The Mk.13 was the ideal torpedo to fulfil this need due to its short stature (compared to other torpedoes) and excelled in a shallow launch and run which afforded it to operate in shallow waters without hitting the bottom. Opportunities for sea use on smaller vessels were available in shallow areas where larger ships and torpedoes could not operate.
{{Break}}
=== Vehicles equipped with this weapon ===


* {{Specs-Link|us_elco_80ft_pt174}}
* {{Specs-Link|us_higgins_78ft_pt625}}
* {{Specs-Link|us_elco_80ft_pt_boat_mod01}}
* {{Specs-Link|us_elco_80ft_pt_boat_thunderbolt}}
* {{Specs-Link|us_elco_80ft_pt_boat_mod02}}
* {{Specs-Link|us_higgins_78ft_pt658}}

== General info ==

The aircraft torpedo Mk.13 is typically carried on attack-type aircraft, however, there are a few light bombers which can also be outfitted with them. The design of the Mk.13 departed from conventional torpedo design for submarines and destroyers to accommodate being delivered by aircraft and being dropped.<ref name="NavWeaps" /> Due to the short and stocky size of the torpedoes, they were also ideal to be outfitted on motor torpedo boats where they could either be launched from tubes or just rolled off the side of the boat for more stealthy approaches.

The appearance of this torpedo is similar to many others in that it has the appearance of a mini-submarine which contains an engine, fuel and steering devices. At almost one ton in weight, 600 lbs of it is the detachable warhead which is filled with the highly explosive Torpex.<ref name="NAO" />

The Mk.13 torpedo was specifically designed to be used from an aerial platform with a range of 5.7 km with an in-water speed of almost 67 km/h. The Mk.13 designation applies to the entire torpedo assembly as a whole, however, portions of the torpedo (warhead, gyroscope and other sub-assemblies) will have their own mark and mod designations.

=== Effective damage ===

The Mk.13 torpedo had a large high-explosive warhead compared to the Mk.VII which was frequently used at the time. The Mk.13 had a 600 lb (270 kg) Torpex (Torpedo Explosive) warhead compared the Mk.VII's 466 lb (211 kg) warhead. Torpex was an explosive which was about 50% more powerful than TNT by mass alone as this mixture contained 40% TNT, 42% RDX and 18% powdered aluminium. While not as fast nor had as long of range as other torpedoes, the Mk.13 was used effectively at night when stealthy operations from PT boats which took place requiring torpedoes to reach the target with the least amount of warning. Aerial operations took advantage of the slower torpedo by dropping it from a higher altitude, increasing its time in the air and getting it closer to the target before it entered the water.<ref name="NAO" />

=== Comparison with analogues ===


* [[Mk.13/44]] : This is the same torpedo as the {{PAGENAME}}, however, it has been outfitted with the frangible drag ring and box stabilizer to allow for higher drops at faster speeds.<ref name="NAO" />

== Usage in battles ==

The upgraded Mk.13 torpedo can be utilised against any target which is in the water which can include ships, boats, tanks (at the water's edge), boat-planes or even structures. Due to the higher altitude in which it can be dropped from, the delivering bomber can make a safer approach, release and get-away avoiding ship-board anti-aircraft fire and fighters patrolling around ships.

=== Pros and cons ===


'''Pros:'''

* Great run distance
* Decent max altitude for successful torpedo launch

'''Cons:'''

* Aircraft typically only carry one or two at a time
* Slow, given enough distance a ship can avoid the torpedo
* Aircraft must be low and slow for launch to ensure proper torpedo run

== History ==
The first purpose-built aerial torpedo, the Mark 13 had a long way to go before seeing combat and even longer way to become an effective combat weapon. The Mark 13 originated from a 1925 design study by the United States Navy. However, to the detriment of the design, it ended in development hell for almost two decades before entering service<ref name=":0">Mark 13 Torpedo-Wikipedia https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mark_13_torpedo</ref>. The lengthy development cycle came from the changing requirements of the United States Navy. The first attempt was the “Project G-6” design which was cancelled in 1926 just a year after it entered development for a plan make aerial version of the WWI-era Mark 7 torpedoes. In 1927, the Navy changed their mind again and revived the G-6 project which was designated the Mark 13 in August of 1930. By this point, development of the Mark 13 remained uncertain due to the emergence of dive bombers led and the program was cancelled again in October. It was then revived yet again in July of 1931 and in 1936 it was accepted into service. But the acceptance of the Mark 13 would be the ends of its problems<ref name="NavWeaps" />.

The production of all torpedo types during the inter-war period was all done by a single factory to supply the entire US Navy, which naturally created a backlog as they couldn’t meet the target goals for torpedo production<ref>The Mark 14 Torpedo - Failure is Like Onions<nowiki/>https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=eQ5Ru7Zu_1I&list=PLMK9a-vDE5zGO_0h6YbwjHlPKl6Rc3ofN&index=20</ref>. Eventually the United States had to arrange for other companies including Pontiac and International Harvester alongside production at the Naval Torpedo Station in Newport, Rhode Island<ref name=":0" />. Even before the US entered the war the flaws of the Mark 13 began to emerge. A training in July 1941 by VT-6 had only one of the 10 torpedoes launched perform a success run with 5 going off course and the remaining four sinking<ref name="NavWeaps" />. The problems with the Mark 13 only became more obvious when the United States entered World War II with 39 out of 41 torpedo bombers that were lost at the 1942 Battle of Midway not even scoring a single hit with their torpedoes. In mid-1943, a study of 105 torpedoes dropped from speeds over 150 knots only 31% of torpedoes dropped worked as intended. 36% didn’t even start, 20% sank, 20% had poor deflection performance, 18% did have run at the right depth and 2% ran on the surface. Due to 12 known defects existing in the Mark 13, the Navy decided to develop the Mark 25 to replace with a more effective aerial torpedo<ref name=":0" />.

Due to shortages of the Mark 8 and Mark 10 torpedoes for PT boats in the Pacific Theater, and needing a weapon to counter Imperial Japanese Navy destroyers and cruisers, the Mark 13 was pressed into service on these craft in 1944<ref>Pacific War Journal http://pwencycl.kgbudge.com/U/s/US_Mark_13_torpedo.htm</ref>. The Mark 13’s light weight meant it save as much as 1,400 pounds when installed on PT boats and could be simply rolled over the sides from launch racks instead of using launch tubes. As a result, the Mark 13 did not risk causing burned grease trail that would expose the boat’s firing position. The Mark 13’s final benefit in the PT boat role was its larger 600 pound warhead loaded with torpex which was 50% more powerful than TNT by mass. The Mark 13 had some drawbacks however. Primarily, it was slower than regular torpedoes and had a shorter range, but these were not seen as significant problems for PT boats which relied on stealth to attack large ships<ref name=":0" />.

Despite its troubled history, the Mark 13 was the last aerial torpedo to be used in combat and the last torpedo of any type used by the US Navy. Its final mission occurred during the Korean War where 8 AD-4 Skyraiders launched from ''USS Princeton'' flew to destroy Hwachon Dam in South Korea which the North Koreans were using to hinder the movement of United Nations Command floating barges downstream<ref>Hwacheon Dam-Wikipedia https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hwacheon_Dam</ref>. Due to the improvements made to the design during World War II, the Mark 13 had only two of the 8 torpedoes fail and the remain 6 were more than enough to destroy the dam.

The Mark 13 was unusual for aerial torpedoes in its long but squat dimensions of 22.5 inches in diameter and 13 feet 5 inches. The original Mod 0 torpedoes weighed 1,949 pounds and had between 404 and 392 pounds of TNT, a range of 5,700 yards and a speed of 30 knots. The Mark 13 had a negative buoyancy of 523 pounds, used a Mark 12 Mod 1 gyro for guidance, and was powered by a wet-heater steam turbine. The latter Mod 10 torpedoes were 13 feet 9 inches long and 2,216 pounds. The Mod 10 could accommodate 603 pounds of TNT, 606 pounds of Torpex, or 600 pounds of High Blast Explosive which was developed as a less sensitive version of Torpex<ref name="NavWeaps" />.

== Media ==


;Images
<gallery mode="packed-hover" heights="200">
File:Torpedo_Mk.13_PT-556.png|{{PAGENAME}} mounted on the deck of a [[Thunderbolt (PT-556)]]
</gallery>

== See also ==
''Links to the articles on the War Thunder Wiki that you think will be useful for the reader, for example:''

* ''reference to the article about the variant of the weapon;''
* ''references to approximate analogues by other nations and research trees.''

== External links ==


* NavWeaps Website [[http://www.navweaps.com/Weapons/WTUS_WWII.php World War II Torpedoes of the United States]]
* Flight Journal Website [[https://www.flightjournal.com/iconic-firepower-the-outstandingly-bad-mark-13-torpedo/ Iconic Firepower: The Outstandingly Bad Mark 13 Torpedo]]
* Ordnance Pamphlet No. 629(A) [[https://archive.hnsa.org/doc/torpedomk13/index.htm U.S. Navy Torpedoes Mark 13, B-1 & 2 July 1942]]
* NAVPERS 10826 [[https://bulletpicker.com/pdf/NAVPERS%2010826,%20Naval%20Airborne%20Ordnance.pdf Naval Airborne Ordnance]], p. 153-166

=== References ===
<references>
<ref name="NAO">U.S. Naval and Systems Ordnance Command. (1952). [https://bulletpicker.com/pdf/NAVPERS%2010826,%20Naval%20Airborne%20Ordnance.pdf Naval Airborne Ordnance (OP 10826)][[File:Pdf_fileicon.png|.pdf document|link=]].</ref>
<ref name="NavWeaps">NavWeaps Website [[http://www.navweaps.com/Weapons/WTUS_WWII.php World War II Torpedoes of the United States]].</ref>
</references>

{{Torpedoes}}

[[Category:Naval special armaments]]

Hotchkiss (13.2 mm)

2023-04-03T16:18:35Z

U137319744: /* History */ Add link in the history page as the gun mention has since been added to the game.

== Description ==

The 13.2 mm Hotchkiss is a French machine gun. It played a significant role in both World Wars.

=== Vehicles equipped with this weapon ===


* {{Specs-Link|germ_kanonenboot_k2}}

== General info ==

The machine gun is fed by a 30-round strip, which can be loaded quickly and easily.

=== Available ammunition ===
''Describe the shells that are available for the weapon and their features and purpose. If it concerns autocannons or machine guns, write about different ammo belts and what is inside (which types of shells).''

=== Comparison with analogues ===
''Give a comparative description of cannons/machine guns that have firepower equal to this weapon.''

== Usage in battles ==
''Describe the cannon/machine gun in the game - its distinctive features, tactics of usage against notable opponents. Please don't write a "guide" - do not impose a single point of view, but give the reader food for thought.''

=== Pros and cons ===


'''Pros:'''

* Short reload time
* Slow to overheat

'''Cons:'''

* Small magazine
* Mediocre rate of fire

== History ==


The Hotchkiss et Cie company began producing their lineage of air-cooled, gas-operated machine guns in 1894-1895 when they bought the rights to a design from an Austrian Baron. The Hotchkiss M1897 was sold on export but they would develop the gun into what was planned to be designed for the ''Armée de Terre'' (French Army). The Hotchkiss Male. 1900 was not initially adopted by the French Army who instead decided to choose the competing Puteaux Mle. 1905 which was upgraded to the Saint-Eintinne Mle. 1907 as their main machine gun. However, when World War I broke out in 1914, Manufacture d’armes d'Saint-Eintinne couldn’t keep up with the desired production, so the Armée de Terre decided to revisit the Hotchkiss and adopted it in 1914 as the [[Hotchkiss Mle 1914 (8 mm)|Hotchkiss Mle 1914]]. The design was distinct from the machine guns of the other world powers by its air-cooled design, but it was no less reliable and served as the French machine gun of choice into World War II.

Hotchkiss would continue developing the design after World War I and seeing the reliably of the action and the increasing provenance of aircraft in warfare, they proposed in the late 1920s a series in calibers ranging from 13.2 mm to 25 mm and finally 37 mm to serve in the needed role of short-range air-defense. The 13.2 mm design became the '''Hotchkiss Mle. 1929'''. The Armée de Terre did not initially adopt this Hotchkiss design either, but it was successfully exported to Japan and Italy produced the design under license as the [[Type 93 (13.2 mm)|Type 93]] and [[Breda Model 31 (13.2 mm)|Breda Model 31]] respectively. While it wasn't accepted by the army as an anti-aircraft weapon due to concerns about friendly fire, the design was strictly used as an anti-tank weapon and as a vehicle machine gun for the Calvary units. The gun got used in the intended anti-aircraft role by Marine Nationale (French Navy) on their ships for close-range air defense on their most notably their battleship ''Richelieu'' and their destroyer ''Le Terrible'' which were used by ''Forces Navales Françaises Libres'' (Free France Naval Forces) though the guns would be replaced in a 1943 refit with the [[20 mm/70 Oerlikon Mk.II (20 mm)|20 mm/70 Oerlikon]] cannon as heavy machine guns were found to be ineffective anti-aircraft weapons. The guns came in both dual and quad mount variants. Some of the old navy guns were used in self-propelled mounts by the Free French Forces.

The recoil-operated design had an effective rate of 450 rounds per minute, but the practical rate of fire was closer to 250 rounds per minute due to the fact it was fed by 30-round box magazines. When France fell in June 1940, the Germans captured a number of French military equipment including the Mle. 1929 Hotchkiss which was designated the MG 271(f).

== Media ==
''Excellent additions to the article would be video guides, screenshots from the game, and photos.''

== See also ==


* [[Type 93 (13.2 mm)]] Japanese version built under licence
* [[Breda Model 31 (13.2 mm)]] Italian version built under licence
* [[Hotchkiss Mle 1930 (13.2 mm)]] Naval quad mount in ground use

== External links ==
''Paste links to sources and external resources, such as:''

* ''topic on the official game forum;''
* ''other literature.''

{{Naval machine guns}}

[[Category:Naval machine guns]]

Model 1929 Hotchkiss (13.2 mm)

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138.6 mm/40 model 1927 (138.6 mm)

2023-04-01T04:04:13Z

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320 mm/44 Ansaldo model 1936 (320 mm)

2023-03-31T01:53:04Z

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180 mm/60 B-1-K (180 mm)

2023-03-31T01:40:25Z

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14 inch/45 Mk.12 (356 mm)

2023-03-19T19:07:34Z

U137319744: /* History */ Added History

ZK453 (30 mm)

2023-03-19T16:16:13Z

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GAU-19 (12.7 mm)

2023-03-18T04:28:10Z

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Mauser BK27 (27 mm)

2023-03-17T01:20:26Z

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8 inch/55 Mark 16 (203 mm)

2023-03-16T19:04:19Z

U137319744: /* History */ added history

[[File:8 inch-55 Mark 16.png||thumb|x250px|8 inch/55 Mark 16 cannons on the USS Newport News]]
== Description ==
''Write an introduction to the article in 2-3 small paragraphs. Briefly tell us about the history of the development and combat using the weaponry and also about its features. Compile a list of air, ground, or naval vehicles that feature this weapon system in the game.''

=== Vehicles equipped with this weapon ===


* {{Specs-Link|us_cruiser_des_moines_class}}
* {{Specs-Link|us_cruiser_des_moines_class_newport_news}}

== General info ==
''Tell us about the tactical and technical characteristics of the cannon or machine gun.''

=== Available ammunition ===
''Describe the shells that are available for the weapon and their features and purpose. If it concerns autocannons or machine guns, write about different ammo belts and what is inside (which types of shells).''

=== Comparison with analogues ===
''Give a comparative description of cannons/machine guns that have firepower equal to this weapon.''

== Usage in battles ==
''Describe the cannon/machine gun in the game - its distinctive features, tactics of usage against notable opponents. Please don't write a "guide" - do not impose a single point of view, but give the reader food for thought.''

=== Pros and cons ===
''Summarise and briefly evaluate the weaponry in terms of its characteristics and combat effectiveness. Mark pros and cons as a list.''

'''Pros:'''

*

'''Cons:'''

*

== History ==
The United States was not idle during World War II in the field of weapons development. When the Invasion of Poland in September 1939 threw the London Naval Treaties out the window, the US ordered the Baltimore-class heavy cruisers. Their follow-up to the ''Baltimore''-class was developed during and the ''Des Moines''-class introduced the innovative 8-inch/55 Mark 16 guns into service. Unlike the earlier 8-inch guns mounted on the Treaty cruisers of the inter-war period or the ''Baltimore''-class, the Mark 16 used a separate projectile and bagged charge along with an autoloading mechanism that gave it twice times the rate of fire of its older siblings at eight shots per minute per barrel. The Mark 16 was also notable for being the first US Navy gun to use a loose-liner construction and for using a wedge-type vertical sliding breech block instead of the conventional interrupted screw design. The autoloading mechanism also allowed the guns to serve in the anti-aircraft role. The maximum range of the Mark 16 was 17 miles for a 260-pound shell at an elevation of 41 degrees.

Development of these guns began in 1943 which was the same year the first two Des Moines-class ships ([[USS Des Moines|''USS Des Moines'']] and ''USS Salem'') were ordered. However, the ships wouldn’t emerge after dry dock until 1948 after the war ended and so only three of the planned twelve ships were completed (the aforementioned ''Des Moines'' and ''Salem'' along with the [[USS Newport News|''USS Newport News'']]). Despite the advent of guided missile ships superseding the existence of heavy cruisers with big gun armaments in the post-war era, the Mark 16 still managed to prove its worth on the battlefield. While the ''Des Moines'' and ''Salem'' enjoyed relatively quiet careers having never fired their guns in anger, the ''USS Newport News'' did see combat using the Mark 16 guns in the role of naval gunfire support. The ''Newport News'' first participated in Operation Sea Dragon in October 1967, where it bombarded 325 NVA shore targets in 126 strikes including trucks, bridges, and roads. The ship's spotters recorded the destruction of 17 logistics craft and another 14 damaged. After the end of Operation Sea Dragon, ''Newport News'' expended almost 60,000 high-explosive rounds from its guns while supporting the Third Marine Division at the DMZ (De-Militarized Zone). On her second tour, the Mark 16 guns from this ship supported the ARVN forces (Army of the Republic of Vietnam) near DMZ and Vînh Bînh Province on December 25th, 1968. In her last tour of duty, the ''USS Newport News'' participated in the bombardment of Haiphong Harbor in North Vietnam during Operation Custom Tailor in 1972.

Unfortunately, the Mark 16 cannons were also the reason that the ''USS Newport News'' was forced to retire. One of the turrets blew up during actions off the DMZ, in October 1972 due to a faulty fuse. As the spare turret guns were already scrapped and it is deemed too expensive to refit the ship with the turrets from her decommissioned sister ships. The turret was therefore closed off for the rest of the ship’s career. Ultimately the development of guided missiles made the role of heavy cruisers such as the ''Des Moines''-class obsolete and the ''USS Newport News'', the last ship in the class to be in service, was decommissioned in 1975. This event was not the end of the Mark 16’s career as the desire for larger naval guns for shore bombardment led to the development of the Mark 71 8-inch gun. A single-gun adaptation of the Mark 16, this cannon was taken from decommissioned ''Des Moines''-class heavy cruisers and mounted on the ''Forest Sherman''-class destroyer, ''USS Hull'' as a replacement for the ''Des Moines''-class. The Mark 71 only existed in the prototype stage and was canceled in 1978.

== Media ==
''Excellent additions to the article would be video guides, screenshots from the game, and photos.''

== See also ==
''Links to the articles on the War Thunder Wiki that you think will be useful for the reader, for example:''

* ''reference to the article about the variant of the cannon/machine gun;''
* ''references to approximate analogues by other nations and research trees.''

== External links ==
''Paste links to sources and external resources, such as:''

* ''topic on the official game forum;''
* ''other literature.''

{{USA naval cannons}}

[[Category:Naval cannons]]

Rolls-Royce Type BH (40 mm)

2023-01-24T17:05:59Z

U137319744: /* History */ Added history

TM197B (20 mm)

2023-01-12T17:01:00Z

U137319744: /* History */ Added history

Type 93 mod1 mine

2023-01-10T20:12:12Z

U137319744: /* History */ added history

{{About
| about = Japanese naval mine '''{{PAGENAME}}'''
| usage = other uses
| link = Type 93 (Disambiguation)
}}
== Description ==
''Write an introduction to the article in 2-3 small paragraphs. Briefly tell us about the history of the development and combat using the weaponry and also about its features. Compile a list of air, ground, or naval vehicles that feature this weapon system in the game.''

=== Vehicles equipped with this weapon ===


* {{Specs-Link|jp_destroyer_mutsuki}}
* {{Specs-Link|jp_destroyer_satsuki}}

== General info ==
''Tell us about the tactical and technical characteristics of the mine.''

=== Effective damage ===
''Describe the type of damage produced by this type of mine (high explosive, splash damage, etc)''

=== Comparison with analogues ===
''Give a comparative description of mines that have firepower equal to this weapon.''

== Usage in battles ==
''Describe situations when you would utilise this mine in-game (vehicle, pillbox, base, etc)''

=== Pros and cons ===
''Summarise and briefly evaluate the weaponry in terms of its characteristics and combat effectiveness. Mark pros and cons as a list.''

'''Pros:'''

*

'''Cons:'''

*

== History ==
Due to their adoption of an offensive doctrine, the Imperial Japanese Navy did not invest much of their resources into developing mines which were seen as defensive weapons<ref name=":0">http://www.navweaps.com/Weapons/WAMJAP_Mines.php</ref>. The Japanese were also little effective in countering mines as their main Pacific base at Rabaul, New Guinea only had three minesweepers as late as 1943<ref name=":1">https://pwencycl.kgbudge.com/M/i/Mines.htm</ref>. While stagnant, the IJN still maintained a collection of moored contact mines such as the Type 93 mod.1.

The Type 93 mine was built to replace the JIN’s aging Type 5 contact mine from World War I<ref name=":1" />. The Type 93 replaced boasted both a larger overall mass (1,543 lbs to the Type 5’s 1,146 lbs) and explosive charge (220 lbs compared to the Type 5’s 183 lbs), but also in the composition of the explosives. Type 5 used a Picric Acid charge, but Type 93 used the Type 88 explosive a mixture of 66% ammonium perchlorate, 16% ferrosilicon, 12% wood pulp, and 6% oil. As the name suggests, the Type 88 was created in 1928 (2588 for the Japanese Imperial Calendar) and first implemented in the Type 93 mine<ref name=":0" />.

The Type 93 mod.1 mine was designed with the ability to be air-dropped. As they used the Hertz Horn triggering mechanism which requires direct contact, the Type 93 mines were short-range weapons. The IJN countered this issue by tightly packing mines in chokepoints<ref name=":0" />. However, the effectiveness of the Type 93 mod.1 and similar mines was ultimately ineffective against the United States Navy. The perceived lack of threat from Japanese mines led the US Office of War Mobilization to complain about the overproduction of minesweepers<ref name=":1" />.

== Media ==
''Excellent additions to the article would be video guides, screenshots from the game, and photos.''

== See also ==
''Links to the articles on the War Thunder Wiki that you think will be useful for the reader, for example:''

* ''reference to the article about the variant of the weapon;''
* ''references to approximate analogues by other nations and research trees.''

== External links ==
''Paste links to sources and external resources, such as:''

* ''topic on the official game forum;''
* ''other literature.''

{{Naval mines}}

[[Category:Naval special armaments]]

Type M Mark I mine

2023-01-10T19:41:58Z

U137319744: /* History */ Added history

Type 3 depth charge

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U137319744: /* History */ added history with citations

Y-gun Mk.VII depth charge

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U137319744: /* History */ added history

Mk.10 Hedgehog mortar

2022-12-14T17:46:02Z

U137319744: /* History */ added history with citations

== Description ==

The Hedgehog mortar is an anti-submarine weapon developed by the Royal Navy during World War 2. The weapon consists of 24 spigot projectiles that are fired from a mortar launcher, ahead of the ship. It is mounted on destroyer escorts or corvettes alongside conventional depth charges.

=== Vehicles equipped with this weapon ===


* {{Specs-Link|us_frigate_tacoma}}
* {{Specs-Link|us_admirable_class}}
* {{Specs-Link|uk_frigate_river}}
* {{Specs-Link|uk_destroyer_clemson_churchill}}
* {{Specs-Link|uk_destroyer_clemson_montgomery_g95}}
* {{Specs-Link|jp_escort_akebono_class}}
* {{Specs-Link|jp_escort_ikazuchi_class}}
* {{Specs-Link|jp_destroyer_harukaze}}
* {{Specs-Link|jp_destroyer_ayanami}}
* {{Specs-Link|it_albatros_class_f543}}
* {{Specs-Link|it_destroyer_fletcher_geniere}}

== General info ==
''Tell us about the tactical and technical characteristics of the depth charge.''

=== Effective damage ===
''Describe the type of damage produced by this type of depth charge (high explosive, splash damage, etc)''

=== Comparison with analogues ===
''Give a comparative description of depth charges that have firepower equal to this weapon.''

== Usage in battles ==
''Describe situations when you would utilise this depth charge in-game (vehicle, pillbox, base, etc)''

=== Pros and cons ===


'''Pros:'''

* The mortar fires on an high angle, which means it can reach hidden targets behind obstacles that block your guns
* Increased range compared to conventional depth charges.
* Can also obliterate enemy ships if it lands on the decks, dealing heavy damage.

'''Cons:'''

* Due to the high angle of fire, it has a curved trajectory and thus it takes a short while to hit the water.
* The mortar is fixed in position, which means it cannot traverse horizontally or vertically.
* The mortar is inaccurate: spigot projectiles spread out on a large area. Several projectiles are needed to secure a hit.

== History ==

=== Background ===
The Royal Navy developed the first depth charges during World War I. Entering service in 1916, they tested a variety of methods of launching them off the ships and against German U-boats. These methods from rolling them off the boat to using trench mortars. Even with all the methods tested, the biggest limitation was that they required the U-boat to be underneath the ship to be used against them. During the inter-war period, the Royal Navy attempted to rectify this handicap by developing forward-firing anti-submarine warfare weapons with the Hedgehog Mortar being the first such weapon to enter service during World War II.

Named for the quill-like arrangement of the projectiles the Hedgehog was developed to fix the existing flaws interwar naval engineers noticed in anti-submarine warfare capabilities. Sonar was developed to find and destroy enemy submarines, but there was a blind spot immediately ahead and below the ship. The solution was to fire an overwhelming volume of explosive charges with contact detonators in this blind spot to destroy the sub. Development began during the war after the failure of the similar Fairline Mortar which like the earlier side launching Thronycroft projectors were too heavy for accurate targeting. The depth charges designed for it also 20 pounds of explosive filler instead of the desired 60 pounds<ref>https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fairlie_Mortar</ref>. The Directorate of Miscellaneous Weapon Development (DMWD) built the Hedgehog as a spigot mortar to address the issues of weight and complexity. The British Army had already designed a spigot mortar called the Blacker Bombard primarily for use by the Home Guard as a cheap anti-tank weapon, so the Bombard design was quickly adapted for ASW to create the Hedgehog, a process done by Ministry Intelligence Research (MIR(c)) under Major Millis Jefferies<ref name=":0">https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hedgehog_(weapon)</ref>.

=== Service ===
The Hedgehog was made in a variety of different variants with the Mark 10 serving as the base model in service. The Mark 10 fired 24 salvos that landed in an elliptical pattern about 140 by 120 feet and had a range of up to 200 yards. Originally used on a fixed mounting for the prototype mounted on the ''W''-class destroy HMS ''Westcott'' in 1941, the production versions of the mortar had a gimbal mount to compensate for the ship’s roll. The Hedgehog system’s benefits over depth charges included the fact the ship could attack while still maintaining sonar contact and not disrupting the contact, the contact detonators removed the need to set the explosives to explode at a specific depth, and the contact detonators meant that a direct hit was more likely to sink a submarine. The mortar projectiles were 7.1 inches and weight 65 pounds each with a 35-pound Torpex (42% RDX, 40% TNT, 18% Powdered Aluminum) explosive warhead<ref name=":0" />.

The Royal Navy first recorded sinking U-boats with the Hedgehog in November 1942 less than a year after it was introduced. Despite having a slightly higher kill rate than the depth charges in service, the Hedgehog was hampered by the violent nature of the North Atlantic causing the weapon to fail when exposed to sprays on the deck of the ships it was used. The kill rate soon improved to 1 in 5 Hedgehog attacks (by contrast to 1-in-80 with depth charges) after ship-wide talks and briefings of proper Hedgehog attacks at HMS ''Ferret'', Londonderry, Northern Ireland. The Hedgehog Mortar was so successful that in response, the ''Kreigsmarine'' (German Navy) developed the G7e/TIV ''Falke'' (falcon) homing acoustic torpedo to attack Allied convoys undetected. In the Royal Navy, the Hedgehog was replaced after the war with the [[Limbo mortar]] which fired 400-pound explosive charges<ref name=":0" />.

=== Foreign Use ===
Along with service in the Royal Navy, the Hedgehog Mortar saw action in other Allied Navies through Lend-Lease and in other roles. In the Pacific Theater, the ''Buckley''-class destroyer escort USS ''England'' had an unparalleled record of sinking six Imperial Japanese Navy submarines in 12 days using the Hedgehog Mortar. During the Normandy Landings in June 1944, the US had modified “Hedgerow” LCAs (Landing Craft, Assault) that cut 100-yard swathes through the German defenses<ref name=":0" />. In addition, the Commonwealth forces used the Hedgehog with the [[Matilda Hedgehog]] being a notable Australian prototype variant of the mortar system mounted on a [[Matilda (Family)|Matilda]] infantry tank as a bunker-buster weapon. While successful, the design never saw active service due to the end of the war<ref>https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Matilda_II#Other_variants,_field_modifications_and_prototypes</ref>. The United States and Soviet Navies both received the Hedgehog and developed their own similar weapons. The US Navy would develop the [[7.2 in T37|7.2 in Mousetrap]] rockets and the [[Mark 108 Weapon alfa|Mark 108 "Weapon alfa"]] which saw service both during the war and in the post-war period. The Soviet Navy and the later Russian Navy keeps [[RBU-6000]] and similar ASW mortars based on the Hedgehog design in service well after these designs were phased out by ASW rockets during the Cold War in other navies<ref name=":0" />.

== Media ==
''Excellent additions to the article would be video guides, screenshots from the game, and photos.''

== See also ==
''Links to the articles on the War Thunder Wiki that you think will be useful for the reader, for example:''

* ''reference to the article about the variant of the weapon;''
* ''references to approximate analogues by other nations and research trees.''

== External links ==

* http://www.navweaps.com/Weapons/WAMBR_ASW.php
* https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hedgehog_(weapon)

{{Naval depth charges}}

[[Category:Naval special armaments]]

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U137319744: /* History */ added history

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U137319744: /* History */ added history

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2022-11-24T02:26:56Z

U137319744: /* Description */ Added the fact that the newly introduced RW61 is a larger cannon than the L4A1 in the description.

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U137319744: /* History */ added history

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U137319744: /* History */ added link to the vehicle it is used on.

Nettuno

2022-11-23T01:18:51Z

U137319744: /* History */ added history