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Ki-84 ko (China)

2024-09-12T11:32:44Z

U133584478: This is the Chinese premium version, so no module research required

{{About
| about = premium Chinese fighter '''{{PAGENAME}}'''
| other
| usage-1 = the Japanese version
| link-1 = Ki-84 ko
| usage-2 = other versions
| link-2 = Ki-84 (Family)
}}
{{Specs-Card
|code=ki_84_ko_china
|images={{Specs-Card-Image|GarageImage_{{PAGENAME}}.jpg}}
}}

== Description ==

The '''{{Specs|name}}''', known as 疾風 (Hayate; Gale) in the IJAAS, or its Allied report name "Frank", represents a captured Ki-84 ko acquired by the ROCAF in 1945. After the commission of the Hayate in the IJAAS in March 1944, Mainland China became the first battlefield where the Hayate was used by some fighter regiments of IJAAS; thanks to its high altitude performance, these aircraft were used to protect Japanese infrastructure in Mainland China from the bombing runs of the USAAF and Nationalist Air Force; meanwhile, they were also manufactured by the puppet state of Manchuria. After the surrender of Japan in August 1945, ROCAF received numbers of Hayates scattered around Mainland China to strengthen the reborn ROCAF before USAF aircraft could be delivered. Communist China also adopted Hayates in Northeastern China as ground attackers and trainer aircraft for pilots before the PLAAF was officially established in 1949.

Introduced in [[Update 1.93 "Shark Attack"]] as a GE premium, the Chinese Ki-84 ko has identical performance to its Japanese counterpart. Its well-designed airframe and sufficiently powerful engine allow it to be a good multipurpose fighter, quickly gaining an altitude advantage and utilising energy fighting tactics, with the option of falling back on its good turn-fighting capabilities when necessary. While the armaments are decent against other fighters, they can be rather lacking against more heavily armoured bombers or attackers.

== General info ==
=== Flight performance ===
{{Specs-Avia-Flight}}

Equipped with a 2,000 hp engine, this aircraft's performance is on par with that of the legendary P-51 Mustang. However, unlike the Mustang, the Ki-84 has slightly better turning characteristics and climb rate thanks to its lighter weight. This being said, the Ki-84 also has good energy retention, so try to make your opponent bleed energy to have an edge. The Ki-84 was also one of the first mass-produced Japanese aircraft to come equipped with armoured glass, armour plates and self-sealing fuel tanks, but the armour is still lacklustre compared to its Russian and American counterparts. However, as always, not everything is perfect. The aircraft controls stiffen significantly at speeds above 630 km/h, making even slight adjustments to heading impossible. Thus, at higher speeds, its elevator suffers.

This aircraft should be played as it appears: a lightweight Japanese version of the Mustang, retaining good engine performance, decent climb-rate, high diving performance, but relatively lacklustre armament.

{| class="wikitable" style="text-align:center" width="70%"
! rowspan="2" | Characteristics
! colspan="2" | Max Speed (km/h at 6,000 m)
! rowspan="2" | Max altitude (metres)
! colspan="2" | Turn time (seconds)
! colspan="2" | Rate of climb (metres/second)
! rowspan="2" | Take-off run (metres)
|-
! AB !! RB !! AB !! RB !! AB !! RB
|-
! Stock
| 669 || 650 || rowspan="2" | {{Specs|ceiling}} || 20.2 || 20.8 || 14.1 || 14.1 || rowspan="2" | 421
|-
! Upgraded
| 719 || 692 || 19.1 || 19.4 || 22.6 || 17.9
|-
|}

==== Details ====
{| class="wikitable" style="text-align:center" width="50%"
|-
! colspan="5" | Features
|-
! Combat flaps !! Take-off flaps !! Landing flaps !! Air brakes !! Arrestor gear
|-
| ✓ || ✓ || ✓ || X || X 
|-
|}

{| class="wikitable" style="text-align:center" width="50%"
|-
! colspan="7" | Limits
|-
! rowspan="2" | Wings (km/h)
! rowspan="2" | Gear (km/h)
! colspan="3" | Flaps (km/h)
! colspan="2" | Max Static G
|-
! Combat !! Take-off !! Landing !! + !! -
|-
| {{Specs|destruction|body}} || {{Specs|destruction|gear}} || 470 || 431 || 280 || ~13 || ~10
|-
|}

{| class="wikitable" style="text-align:center"
|-
! colspan="4" | Optimal velocities (km/h)
|-
! Ailerons !! Rudder !! Elevators !! Radiator
|-
| < 400 || < 480 || < 430 || > 324
|-
|}

{| class="wikitable" style="text-align:center"
|-
! colspan="3" | Compressor (RB/SB)
|-
! colspan="3" | Setting 1
|-
! Optimal altitude
! 100% Engine power
! WEP Engine power
|-
| 2,000 m || 1,875 hp || 2,100 hp
|-
! colspan="3" | Setting 2
|-
! Optimal altitude
! 100% Engine power
! WEP Engine power
|-
| 5,300 m || 1,675 hp || 1,876 hp
|-
|}

=== Survivability and armour ===
{{Specs-Avia-Armour}}


* 6 mm steel behind pilot's head
* 13 mm steel behind pilot
* 70 mm bulletproof glass in front of pilot
* Self-sealing fuel tanks (1 under pilot's feet, 1 in each wingroot)

=== Modifications and economy ===
{{Specs-Economy}}

== Armaments ==
{{Specs-Avia-Armaments}}
=== Offensive armament ===
{{Specs-Avia-Offensive}}

{{main|Ho-5 (20 mm)|Ho-103 (12.7 mm)}}

The '''''{{PAGENAME}}''''' is armed with:

* 2 x 20 mm Ho-5 cannons, wing-mounted (150 rpg = 300 total)
* 2 x 12.7 mm Ho-103 machine guns, nose-mounted (350 rpg = 700 total)

Wing-mounted cannons require the pilot to align the target of the rounds by the gun targeting distance. The weak weaponry and limited ammunition narrow the window of opportunity for hits on critical components. Shorter engagement distances of sub 300 metres and attacking more fragile targets such as fighters instead of bombers and heavy fighters is recommended.

=== Suspended armament ===
{{Specs-Avia-Suspended}}

{{main|Army Type 94 GPHE (50 kg)|Army Type 92 GPHE (250 kg)}}

The '''''{{PAGENAME}}''''' can be outfitted with the following ordnance:

* Without load
* 2 x 50 kg Army Type 94 GPHE bombs (100 kg total)
* 2 x 250 kg Army Type 92 GPHE bombs (500 kg total)

The Ki-84 being an energy fighter is not suited to carrying large loadout configurations, though auxiliary ordnance can be equipped to support basic ground attack capabilities. Up to 500 kg of bombs allow the destruction of light armoured vehicles and battlefield emplacements.

== Usage in battles ==


The strong rate of climb of this fighter allows for a significant altitude advantage to be made in the beginning of battles. As this fighter is usually paired with the Soviets against the Japanese, make sure to utilise this advantage as your Soviet teammates and many of the Japanese fighters that you will encounter will be unable to climb as high as you. However, if German aircraft are present in the opposing team be cautious of climbing too high as they will be able to easily gain an altitude advantage over you.

When encountering Japanese Zeroes (i.e. the A6M5) do not attempt to "turn-fight" them. Instead, maintain your energy with a typical boom and zoom technique as they will be unable to match your altitudes. The [[N1K (Family)|N1K2 series]] and the [[Bf 109 (Family)|Bf 109 series]] have greater rates of climb, but handle slightly worse at lower speeds, hence it is suggested that you should attempt to burn both your opponent's and your own energy using climbing corkscrew manoeuvres to bring both of you into your optimal fighting altitude (~4,000 m) at your best operating speed (< 400 km/h). Here you are more manoeuvrable and have a better chance at taking out these fast aircraft.

Due to your fairly weak weaponry, it is not advised to chase after heavily armoured bombers and instead focus on fighting enemy fighters. A potential approach is to support allied aircraft by maintaining a high altitude above them, preventing enemy aircraft from diving on top of your allies as you can control the airspace directly above them.

==='''Simulator Battles'''===

In Simulator, the Ki-84 is overall a decent plane to fly. It enjoys lovely visibility towards the rear, sides, above, and over the nose, giving the pilot great situational awareness. It has nice handling, good climb rate, great speed and acceleration. Armament-wise, the guns have enough fire rate to put quite a few projectiles into the target in one pass. However the Ki-84's disadvantages are the limited damage, rudder efficiency at high speeds, the rather poor roll rate, and the compass at the front-right of the gunsight that can obstruct your view. This aircraft can be used in BnZ fighting, turn fighting, intercepting (to some extent) and some ground pounding.

Before taking off, bring at least 30 minutes of fuel for longer patrol time. Set the convergence to around 250 m since your weapons have low velocity, therefore needing more precise aim at longer range. While your Ki-84 roars down the runway, you will notice that it shifts severely to the left, thus you must put rudder input to the right to taxi straight. As with other Ki series aircraft, only elevator trim is available, so when the stick is at its deadzone, the Ki-84 will roll and yaw to the left side. Therefore you always need to pull the stick a little to the right which can get a bit annoying. Usually, trim for around -1% when cruising around 470 km/h, around -5% when diving around 600 km/h, and when fighting at around 400 km/h no negative trim is needed. When carrying the 2x 250kg bombload, no negative trim is needed as well. Landing characteristics are forgiving: cut throttle to make sure you are not above 350 km/h before touchdown. Deploy combat then takeoff flaps to further decelerate in preparation for extending landing gears. Extend at around 260 km/h, control your descend rate throughout. Right before touchdown, deploy landing flaps. The gears are quite sturdy. You can break until the plane reaches full stop and not worry about propeller strike.

For dogfighting, it is always safer to enter with an altitude advantage. Most dogfights in Sim happen around or below 3,000 m so the Ki-84 can easily climb up to that altitude. Once at an advantageous height, boom & zoom the enemies. The Ki-84 can easily accelerate to more than 550 km/h in a dive which is decently fast but requires more precise manoeuvres to get the correct lead, since the faster you go the smaller the shooting window is. Important note: when fighting above 550 km/h, you want to be more precise in the roll and pitch axis, since at this speed the rudder locks up severely, preventing you from making aim adjustments which negatively impacts the lead. You must pretend that your rudder doesn't exist and fully rely on the ailerons and elevators to lead. A successful pass will not usually cripple the enemy given the projectiles' lacklustre damage, so multiple attacks are needed to destroy one plane. Aside from BnZ, the Ki-84 is also excellent at turn fighting - with the appropriate opponent, of course. Except a few dedicated turn fighters, the Ki-84 can out-turn and get on most opponents' tail with combat/takeoff flaps deployed, and can sustain its turning ability throughout the fight. The Ki-84's stable handling allows you to pull some tight manoeuvres, so don't worry too much about flat spins. If you become a prey, try some defensive manoeuvres like barrel rolls or disengage by diving steeply towards a nearby friendly airfield. Note that the Ki-84's roll rate is very average so avoid manoeuvres like scissors.

When performing the "destroy enemy surveillance aircraft/attackers/bombers" task, it is crucial to constantly evade the turrets. If it is a bomber/attacker with decent defensive firepower or robust protection, then you might want to disengage after some attempts if you don't want to die. Pay special attention to any plane equipped with M2 Browning MG, they can critically damage the Ki-84 especially on the engine, fuel tanks, and pilot which can always lead to a later crash. Before attacking try to get an altitude advantage and perform deflection shots. To maximise the damage it is better to aim for their wings and engines, as the fuselage usually soaks up quite some bullets. Only fire when the bomber passes in front of your guns. This short window is not enough to cripple a twin-engine aircraft given the slow velocity, light projectiles and low one-second burst mass. However sometimes it only takes one bullet to set the target aflame. DO NOT follow behind a bomber's 6 unless you are sure that its tail gunners are unconscious. Chasing behind a bomber makes yourself pretty much stationary for the tail gunners, and you will be showered with bullets.

For ground pounding, the best loadout is the 2 x 250 kg bombs. With an extra 500 kg of weight attached outside, the Ki-84 handles much clumsier during take offs, especially on the roll axis. Longer distance is needed before lifting off. It is quite easy to drop bombs accurately with a Ki-84 because this aircraft is able to quickly accelerate above 550 km/h in a dive, the bombs will travel an almost straight line towards the target, therefore you can aim the gunsight directly at the target and expect the bombs to land very close. After bombs away, immediately pull up. The 2 MGs perform well in killing trucks, AA guns and artilleries as they have plenty of ammo, but avoid wasting cannon shells. However, constantly watch your surrounding, especially your high 6 for any incoming enemies.

'''Enemies worth noting:'''

* [[Me 264]]: The Me 264 is armed with large calibre MG and cannons all over it, therefore tailing a 264 is basically suicide unless all of their gunners are knocked out. You can treat the 264 almost like a B-29 or B-17 as they are very similar in both design and defensive capabilities. It is best to head-on the 264 if you can as you can easily knock out the pilots due to its glazed nose while also taking minimal damage. However the bomber lacks a ventral turret on its belly, making it easy to deal damage from below, but be wary of the downwards facing rear 20 mm cannon near the tail. The safest way to attack is from a higher altitude, dive at an oblique angle and focus fire on the wings and nose. Never engage if you have no altitude advantage. Looking somewhat similar to a B-17, an Me 264 has huge back-swept wings with 2 engines on each, and a H-tail which differentiates it from a B-17/B-29.
* [[Yak-3 (Family)|Yak-3]]: this is a capable dogfighter or BnZ fighter that can be a huge threat. Although its firepower is not deadly, it can still critically damage a Ki-84. It is able to fly or dive at similar speeds, and can even engage a turn fight with a Ki-84 that is using takeoff flaps. The Yak-3 has a straight dorsal line housing an inline engine, a bubble canopy with a huge cooling intake sticking out the belly, and its symbolic, triangular wings.
* [[A6M (Family)|A6M]], [[Spitfire (Family)|Spitfire]], etc: If you see these turn fighters on your tail try outrunning them by diving at around -40 degrees. The Ki-84 still remains responsive handling at 600 km/h, but its speed retention is not the best, meaning it will start to lose speed quickly and the enemy might catch up. If you are near a friendly airfield, great. If not, then hope for the best and run towards the friendly side. A Spitfire also has an uncurved dorsal outline and large, elliptical wings. A Zero has a radial engine that's usually painted black, rounded wingtips and stabiliser tips followed by a pointy tail.
* [[Ju 288 C]]: this is a very common bomber in air RB. Their tactics generally fall into two styles: shallow dive bombing and conventional climbing. For the ones that shallow dive towards a bomb base at the start of the match, think twice before engaging. The Ju 288 is fast, being able to reach >500 km/h in a shallow dive which makes it quite hard for an attacker to BnZ it, as it will be slow to catch up to it, giving it long enough time to shoot back. The Ki-84 locks up past 550 km/h, plus the mediocre damage, it is best to leave it for heavy-punching teammates. As for the Ju 288 that climb, do not engage if you have no altitude advantage. It has numerous guns with great downward coverage, posing a big threat to the fragile Ki-84.

=== Manual Engine Control ===
{| class="wikitable" style="text-align:center"
|-
! colspan="7" | MEC elements
|-
! rowspan="2" | Mixer
! rowspan="2" | Pitch
! colspan="3" | Radiator
! rowspan="2" | Supercharger
! rowspan="2" | Turbocharger
|-
! Oil !! Water !! Type
|-
| Controllable || Controllable Not auto controlled || Controllable Not auto controlled || Controllable Not auto controlled || Separate || Controllable 2 gears || Not controllable
|-
|}

=== Pros and cons ===


'''Pros:'''

* Strong rate of climb compared to other fighters such as the [[Ki-61 (Family)|Ki-61 series]] and the [[A7M2]]
* Effective top speed and energy retention allowing for the effective use of "boom and zoom" tactics
* Great acceleration allowing speed to be regained quickly after duels
* Reasonable performance at high altitude
* Maintains a high degree of manoeuvrability at lower speeds
* Jack of all trades: nimble yet quick while having a good degree of energy retention, allows this fighter to hold its own against any fighter that it may encounter
* Thanks to its lack of canopy frames, a clear all-round canopy view especially over the nose gives it a huge advantage in simulator.
* Center of mass is behind main landing gears, allowing it to break continuously until it stops. Does not need to worry about propeller strike
* Engine cools down fairly quickly when overheated

'''Cons:'''

* Not as manoeuvrable as the Japanese fighters that you will be facing at this tier, and struggles to contest the high altitudes of the Bf 109 series due to their superior rates of climb
* The "jack of all trades, master of none" character of this aircraft makes it difficult to play as pilots will need to adapt their play-style to counter specific aircraft that they are facing, subsequently requiring a fair degree of knowledge over the strengths and weaknesses of each aircraft that they will encounter
* The weapons feel fairly lacklustre, with the 20 mm cannons having a relatively low quantity of ammunition (at least compared to the 12.7 mm machine guns)
* Severe lock-up of the rudder above 500 km/h renders dive bombing or high speed boom and zoom less effective
* Elevator locks up at high speeds preventing optimal usage of its great energy retention
* A reasonably slow roll-rate causing this fighter to be vulnerable against Japanese fighters or the Fw 190's which are the typical opponents
* Fairly susceptible to damage with fires being particularly devastating to this light aircraft

== History ==


'''Production'''

Some of the Ki-84 Hayate was licensed producted in Fengtian (now Shenyang), China by Manshū Aircraft Company (in Japanese: 満州飛行機製造株式会社／まんしゅうひこうきせいぞうかぶしきがいしゃ Manshū Hikōki Seizō Kabushiki Gaisha) during the war. This company also producted [[Ki-27 otsu (China)|Ki-27]], [[Ki-43-III ko (China)|Ki-43]], [[Ki-44-II hei (China)|Ki-44]], [[Ki-45 hei/tei (China)|Ki-45]], [[Ki-61-I otsu (China)|Ki-61]] and many other aircraft for IJAAS.

'''Captured aircraft'''

After the Second World War, Ki-84s stationed in Nanking, Beijing and Hankow by the IJAAS were requisitioned by the Kuomintang's China Air Force. The markings and unit insignia were painted over or crudely removed, stripping away the camouflage and leaving the metal structure visible. The Kuomintang white star on blue circle roundel was applied to the aircraft, and these aircraft were ready for use in the Chinese Civil War spanning 1945 to 1949. Use of the aircraft in combat is supported with little recognition and considering Chang Kai-Shek's forces were receiving deliveries from the United States, it is believed that these aircraft were maintained as reserve aircraft, should supplies from the US have difficulties arriving.<ref name=":0">Wieliczko, L. (2005) ''Enigma: Nakajima Ki-84 Hayate''. Lublin: Kagero, pp. 63-75.</ref>

Alternately, Ki-84s were also requisitioned by the opposite faction of the Chinese Civil War, the People's Liberation Army Air Force. These were seized from Manchuria and Northern China. Symbols representative of the PLAAF were applied to these aircraft and would establish these roundels as those which would represent the People's Republic of China's Air Forces in future. Unlike the Kuomintang, these aircraft saw combat, though limited to ground attack missions. To better adopt Ki-84s into the PLAAF, the early period of the civil war saw Japanese pilots flying as demonstrators, instructing Chinese pilots and training mechanics on maintenance. This use would ultimately be limited by the lack of a producible parts supply and by the early 1950s, they were no longer a sustainable aircraft for the PLAAF thus disappearing from service.<ref name=":0" />

The Ki-84 was also captured by the United States immediately after the war, being thoroughly tested to draw comparisons against the [[P-47D-25|P-47 Thunderbolt]] and [[P-51D-30|P-51 Mustang]].<ref name=":0" />

== Media ==


;Skins

* [https://live.warthunder.com/feed/camouflages/?vehicle=ki_84_ko_china Skins and camouflages for the {{PAGENAME}} from live.warthunder.com.]

;Videos
{{Youtube-gallery|CBEmKedmvXw|'''The Ultimate Energy Fighter! Ki-84 Ko - China - Premium Review!''' - ''Jengar''}}

== See also ==
''Links to the articles on the War Thunder Wiki that you think will be useful for the reader, for example:''

* ''reference to the series of the aircraft;''
* ''reference to the series of the aircraft;''

== External links ==


* [https://forum.warthunder.com/index.php?/topic/111031-nakajima-ki-84-i-ko/ Official data sheet - more details about the performance]

=== References ===
<references />

{{AirManufacturer Nakajima}}
{{China fighters}}
{{China premium aircraft}}

VL Pyörremyrsky

2024-05-29T11:30:25Z

U133584478: LV -> VL

{{Specs-Card
|code=pyorremyrsky
|images={{Specs-Card-Image|GarageImage_{{PAGENAME}}.jpg}}
|cockpit=cockpit_pyorremyrsky.jpg
}}

== Description ==


From 1942, the superiority of the Red Army Air Force over the Finnish was becoming increasingly obvious. While 160 modern Messerschmitt Bf 109 G-2, G-6 and other versions were transferred to the Finnish Air Force by Germany between 1942 to 1944, the situation began to deteriorate among the Axis countries, and due to the increasing successes (especially from the second half of 1943) of the Allied countries, it became obvious that further deliveries of new Bf 109s as well as spare parts for them would become more and more problematic. In this situation, the command of the Finnish Air Force ordered VL to develop a fighter that was to be made of domestic materials (mainly wood and steel) with characteristics comparable to the Bf 109 G-6. Engineers T. R. Verkola, Arvo Ilinen, and Edward Vigelius proposed an aerodynamically clean low-wing aircraft equipped with a German Daimler-Benz DB 605AC, developing 1,475 hp (1,085 kW) and rotating a three-bladed VDM propeller. In the project, the fairing of the propeller sleeve and the engine hood were borrowed from the German aircraft, which made the new Finnish aircraft, designated Pyörremyrsky (hurricane), very similar in front to the Bf 109 G.

It was introduced in [[Update 1.93 "Shark Attack"]] as a [[wt:en/news/6450-development-pyörremyrsky-the-nordic-whirlwind-en|premium pack]], but was removed from the Gaijin store after the [[wt:en/news/7674-shop-may-sale-en|2022 May sale]]. It was re-introduced as a regular in-game premium for {{GE}} in [[Update "Fire and Ice"]]. Though the Pyörremyrsky shares some design traits with the [[Bf 109 (Family)|Bf 109 series]] of German fighters, it is in fact a completely domestic Finnish design and has significantly different flight characteristics. It has a very capable flight performance and can be considered a middle point between regular dogfighters like the Yak-3 and a boom-and-zoom fighter like the Bf-109. It has a good rate of climb like the Bf-109, but its top speed and manoeuvrability is closer to that of Soviet fighters. The aircraft has a relatively small ammo pool, which means that it requires trigger discipline to remain active throughout the entire battle. The aircraft is still outperformed by Japanese Zeros, British Spitfires and Italian C.205s, so it is not recommended trying to dogfight these sort of enemies, instead, play passively in a boom-and-zoom role, and try to dogfight slower enemies like the P-47 and P-51.

== General info ==
=== Flight performance ===
{{Specs-Avia-Flight}}


{| class="wikitable" style="text-align:center" width="70%"
! rowspan="2" | Characteristics
! colspan="2" | Max Speed (km/h at 5,000 m)
! rowspan="2" | Max altitude (metres)
! colspan="2" | Turn time (seconds)
! colspan="2" | Rate of climb (metres/second)
! rowspan="2" | Take-off run (metres)
|-
! AB !! RB !! AB !! RB !! AB !! RB
|-
! Stock
| 596 || 580 || rowspan="2" | {{Specs|ceiling}} || 19.0 || 19.6 || 14.3 || 14.3 || rowspan="2" | 390
|-
! Upgraded
| 647 || 620 || 17.1 || 18.0 || 23.9 || 18.5
|-
|}

==== Details ====
{| class="wikitable" style="text-align:center" width="50%"
|-
! colspan="5" | Features
|-
! Combat flaps !! Take-off flaps !! Landing flaps !! Air brakes !! Arrestor gear
|-
| ✓ || ✓ || ✓ || X || X 
|-
|}

{| class="wikitable" style="text-align:center" width="50%"
|-
! colspan="7" | Limits
|-
! rowspan="2" | Wings (km/h)
! rowspan="2" | Gear (km/h)
! colspan="3" | Flaps (km/h)
! colspan="2" | Max Static G
|-
! Combat !! Take-off !! Landing !! + !! -
|-
| {{Specs|destruction|body}} || {{Specs|destruction|gear}} || 437 || 408 || 260 || ~14 || ~7
|-
|}

{| class="wikitable" style="text-align:center"
|-
! colspan="4" | Optimal velocities (km/h)
|-
! Ailerons !! Rudder !! Elevators !! Radiator
|-
| < 450 || < 390 || < 450 || > 715
|-
|}

=== Survivability and armour ===
{{Specs-Avia-Armour}}


This aircraft, having only one spar in each wing along with its water coolant system, is not a hugely durable aircraft - though it's not fragile either. The combined 20 mm of spaced armour behind the pilot is fairly effective for protection but a lack of any frontal armour makes the Pyörremyrsky very vulnerable in head-ons or in bomber hunting.

* 10 mm Steel - Pilot's seat
* 10 mm Steel - Behind pilot
* Self-sealing fuel tank (1 behind pilot)

=== Modifications and economy ===
{{Specs-Economy}}

== Armaments ==
{{Specs-Avia-Armaments}}
=== Offensive armament ===
{{Specs-Avia-Offensive}}

{{main|MG 151 (20 mm)|LKk/42 (12.7 mm)}}

The '''''{{PAGENAME}}''''' is armed with:

* 1 x 20 mm MG 151 cannon, nose-mounted (150 rpg)
* 2 x 12.7 mm LKk/42 machine guns, nose-mounted (300 rpg = 600 total)

=== Suspended armament ===
{{Specs-Avia-Suspended}}

{{main|Model 1938 (50 kg)|Model 1938 (100 kg)}}

The '''''{{PAGENAME}}''''' can be outfitted with the following ordnance:

* Without load
* 4 x 50 kg Model 1938 bombs (200 kg total)
* 4 x 100 kg Model 1938 bombs (400 kg total)

== Usage in battles ==
This 1945 aircraft is not a great fighter to low-level pursuits where really great top speed is crucial. But instead, use this plane for medium-altitude engagements. Where an altitude advantage allows the Pyörremyrsky to increase the speed and surprise its enemies with a proper turn rate. This aircraft excels in both boom 'n' zoom but is also an excellent dogfighter, sporting fantastic low speed handling characteristics (especially with combat and takeoff flaps), a steady gun platform and, as previously mentioned, a fairly tight turning circle.

The Pyörremyrsky climbs very well and maintains adequate speed up to approximately 5,000 m, this is more than enough speed to initiate combat actions, albeit Finnish pilots can continue the climb to allow themselves more combat choices. Oppositely, they can remain below the 5,000 m and work together with their Swedish brothers to down all the enemy team; the Pyörremyrsky often acting as the decoy. The engine power is favourable, and under WEP produces over 1,400HP which the Pyörremyrsky can maintain almost indefinitely with proper radiator and oil radiator management.

The intercepting role varies somewhat nonetheless. Pyörremyrsky does not offer great frontal protection, so engaging bombers with good turret protection is not the best idea. Specially bombers like the mighty Soviet [[Pe-8]] or the German [[He 219 A-7]] which are loaded with high-calibre weapons able to harm your pilot with a direct shot or break the light Pyörremyrsky apart. The rather reserved ammo count also limits the input damage against bombers. Because of that same reason, head-on attacks are ill-advised, only should be attempted versus planes with a good turn rate and light airframe. Usually the Japanese [[A6M3|Zeros]], The British [[Spitfire (Family)|Spitfires]] or the Italian [[C.205 (Family)|C.205s]]. Though, there are exceptions where the player must know how to engage a specific enemy. When to dive away or when to engage in a turning duel.

=== Ground Battles ===
The Pyörremyrsky is not the fastest plane in here. Therefore players need to consider 2 main roles if they seek good rewards in the Pyörremyrsky flying over the tank's battlefield.

'''Air Superiority role'''

In this role the Pyörremyrsky will take no bombs and instead climb over the battlefield, diving down and taking attacks of opportunity against enemy aircraft. The aircraft excels in this role as it preserves energy well and even if lured into a low level dogfight, will still be in home turf if in the hands of a skilled pilot.

Generally, the target planes are attackers with low top speed or fighters with bombs, so the Pyörremyrsky should have no trouble downing them with a surprise advantage.

'''Close air support'''

Here the Pyörremyrsky performs as a light strike fighter armed with the 4 x 100 kg bombs. This bomb load for a single engined fighter is very good and lends the Pyörremyrsky a fantastic multi-role capability. The bombs can inflict some serious damage and then the aircraft can serve to preserve air superiority over the battle.

Crew exposed vehicles or light tanks can also be destroyed with the heavy machine guns or cannons, both of which have good AP belts and can inflict some damage to armoured vehicles from a top-down approach.

=== Manual Engine Control ===
{| class="wikitable" style="text-align:center"
|-
! colspan="7" | MEC elements
|-
! rowspan="2" | Mixer
! rowspan="2" | Pitch
! colspan="3" | Radiator
! rowspan="2" | Supercharger
! rowspan="2" | Turbocharger
|-
! Oil !! Water !! Type
|-
| Not controllable || Controllable Auto control available || Controllable Auto control available || Controllable Auto control available || Separate || Not controllable 1 gear || Not controllable
|-
|}

=== Pros and cons ===


'''Pros:'''

* Good armament, MG 151/20 and two 12.7 mm LKk/42 both nose mounted
* The LKk/42 MGs can load entirely AP ammunition that can penetrate 26 mm of armour
* Good turn rate, can outturn some Merlin Spitfires in sustained turnfight
* Decent flaps allow for decreased turn radius
* Fantastic engine characteristics (overheating can be negated entirely)
* Very steady and reliable gun platform

'''Cons:'''

* Not hugely fast, Bf 109 series starting F-4 outrun it
* No frontal armour protection
* Not best suited to bomber hunting

== History ==


Pyörremyrsky, meaning hurricane, tornado or whirlwind in Finnish (pyörre > vortex/whirl, myrsky > storm), was the name of a Finnish fighter design at the end of WWII. Designed by Torsti Rafael Verkkola (1909-1977), the chief designer of Valtion lentokonetehdas (VL or "State Aircraft Factory") and the designer of the previous Myrsky fighter and the Pyry trainer, the Pyörremyrsky was conceived as a domestic equivalent to the Messerschmitt Bf 109G.

=== Design ===
Conceptually, the Pyörremyrsky was very similar to the Bf 109G: it was powered by the same Daimler Benz DB605 engine and had a similar armament, consisting of one hub-mounted 20 mm MG 151/20 cannon and two 12.7 mm hood-mounted machine guns. However, the design was optimized for domestic production, making maximum use of wooden sub-assemblies, and crucially, unlike the Bf 109, it used a wing-mounted landing gear with a wide ground track, giving the design better handling on the ground.

=== Testing ===
Design and construction of the Pyörremyrsky met significant delays, and while the original tender called for a prototype to be ready in May 1944, it wasn't until 21 November 1945 that the prototype was ready and made its first flight.

The prototype was designated PM-1. PM being its intended type designation and 1 being its airframe number. The designation PM is an abbreviation of '''P'''yörre'''m'''yrsky.

Flight trials of the Pyörremyrsky revealed some minor issues, but other than that, the design was very promising. Performance of the Pyörremyrsky was very similar to that of the Bf 109G, but it had a superior climbing speed and proved to be very agile. One major worry, however, was the quality of the glue used to bind the wooden components.

=== Fate ===
The end of the War saw Finland's military subjected to severe restrictions under the Moscow Armistice, which also called for a reduction of its forces. This limited the air force to only 60 fighter aircraft. As a result, the Pyörremyrsky became surplus before it even reached production as Finland chose to retain the Messerschmitt Bf 109 G as its primary fighter for economical reasons. The last of the Finnish Bf 109 Gs bowed out of service on March 13th 1954. The sole completed prototype of the Pyörremyrsky was put into storage after its last flight on July 22nd 1947, and stricken from the Finnish Air Force's inventory on April 1st 1953. Fortunately the prototype was preserved: it is now displayed at the Aviation Museum of Central Finland in Tikkakoski.

=== Legacy ===
Fortunately the Pyörremyrsky legacy continued even after the prototype was grounded. In 1948, construction started on a replacement of the VL Pyry trainer. The new design reused the wing design of the Pyörremyrsky in combination with a new fuselage. This aircraft, which was constructed by the successor of VL, Valmet, was named Vihuri (Gale) and first flew on February 6th 1951. The Vihuri prototype was designated VH-1, VH being an abbreviation of '''V'''i'''h'''uri.

After successful tests the Finnish air force ordered 30 aircraft on 27 February 1951. These were collectively called Vihuri sarja (series) II and carried the numbers VH-2 to VH-31. Series II were entered service in 1953 and this prompted the Finnish air force to order yet another 20 aircraft by autumn 1954. These aircraft were collectively called Vihuri series III and carried the numbers VH-32 to VH-51. All of series III were handed over to the Finnish air force on 15 January 1957.

Unlike the Pyörremyrsky the Vihuri was entirely constructed from metal. As a trainer it was a sound design, however it suffered badly in the engine department. The Vihuri design used old Tampere (Bristol) Mercury engines which had been recuperated from scrapped Bristol Blenheim bombers. These engines were already worn out by the time they were installed on the trainers which lead to a lot of breakdowns. After a string of fatal accidents the design was placed under severe suspicion and in March of 1957 all the Vihuri's were grounded after an accident was caused by structural failure. A subsequent inquest showed this particular accident as well as most of the previous ones were caused by pilots violating the flight safety regulations, taking the aircraft beyond its structural limitations. The Vihuri was returned to service in May of 1957, but following two further fatal accidents in 1959 the type was permanently grounded and stricken from the Finnish Air Force's inventory, with 31 out of 32 surviving airframes being sold for scrap; ironically it was outlasted in service by the Pyry (withdrawing in 1962), the design it was supposed to replace as a trainer. The sole surviving complete Vihuri is now displayed next to the sole surviving Pyörremyrsky at the Tikkakoski air force museum.

== Media ==


;Skins

* [https://live.warthunder.com/feed/camouflages/?vehicle=pyorremyrsky Skins and camouflages for the {{PAGENAME}} from live.warthunder.com.]

;Images
<gallery mode="packed" heights="150px">
File:Pyorremyrsky WTWallpaper 001.jpg
File:Pyorremyrsky WTWallpaper 002.jpg
File:Pyorremyrsky WTWallpaper 003.jpg
File:Pyorremyrsky WTWallpaper 004.jpg
File:Pyorremyrsky WTWallpaper 005.jpg
File:Pyorremyrsky WTWallpaper 006.jpg
File:Pyorremyrsky WTWallpaper 007.jpg
</gallery>

;Videos
{{Youtube-gallery|u_HsKH1DYlc|'''Premium Vehicles: VL Pyörremyrsky''' - ''War Thunder Wiki''|ZPGPaceu1oI|'''Pyörremyrsky "One Hard Hitting Finn!"''' - ''Bo Time Gaming''|AKxlwtWIlSI|'''The Shooting Range #173''' - ''Pages of History'' section at 03:47 discusses the Pyörremyrsky.
}}

== See also ==


;Aircraft of comparable role, configuration and era

* Yakovlev [[Yak-9 (Family)|Yak-9]]
* Macchi [[C.205 (Family)|C.205]]
* Fiat [[G.55 (Family)|G.55]]
* Reggiane [[Re.2005 serie 0|Re.2005]]

== External links ==


* [[wt:en/news/6448-development-py%C3%B6rremyrsky-the-nordic-whirlwind-en|[Development] Pyörremyrsky: The Nordic Whirlwind]]
* [[wikipedia:VL_Pyörremyrsky|[Wikipedia] VL Pyörremyrsky]]
* [https://forum.warthunder.com/index.php?/topic/474725-pyorremyrsky/ Official data sheet - more details about the performance]

{{AirManufacturer VL}}
{{Sweden fighters}}
{{Sweden premium aircraft}}

Char 25t

2024-05-29T11:20:44Z

U133584478: Removed mention of having equal shells in autoloader as AMX M4. This has more.

{{Specs-Card
|code=fr_bat_chat_25t
|images={{Specs-Card-Image|GarageImage_{{PAGENAME}}.jpg}}
}}

== Description ==

The '''Batignolles-Chatillon Char 25t''' was a French early Cold War tank developed by the Batignolles-Chatillon company in 1954. The vehicle was never developed further than the two prototypes. It was built for a weight class of 25 tons, which is approximately double the weight of the AMX-13 light tanks. It was armed with a 90 mm D.911 APX tank gun and was manned by four crew members. Its top speed is 65 km/h. Despite the project being abandoned, several of the design ideas and technology were applied to subsequent French armoured vehicles. It never saw duty with the French Army.

Introduced in [[Update 1.81 "The Valkyries"]], the Char 25t is a fast tank with minimal armour, so it is important not to engage enemy tanks in frontal combat. It is strongly encouraged to take full advantage of its superb mobility for flanking manoeuvres during battle. The tank also has an acceptable reverse speed, allowing it to quickly disengage after firing. The Char 25t can engage all but the heaviest targets at close range, while at range, it can successfully hit targets from the flank. Players using the Char 25t should always stay out of the enemy's direct line of fire. The Char 25t, like other French light tanks, has a low-profile tank with a tiny autoloader turret in the back.

== General info ==
=== Survivability and armour ===
{{Specs-Tank-Armour}}


The {{PAGENAME}} has more armour than other French light tanks, at steeper angles. With distance, it may be able to bounce the 40 mm Bofors, though it will be rare. The top of the tank is well armoured and will easily defeat .50 cal (12.7 mm) rounds from airborne enemies though anything bigger will go through. The sides and rear are nonexistent comparatively and anything "antitank" will go through with ease. Most APHE shells fired at thinner parts of the tank may fail to detonate inside, it may save your life once or twice but don't rely on it. The driver has a 50 mm plate in front of him so that will help once or twice. The engine may also block poorly-aimed shots.

'''Armour type:'''

* Cast homogeneous armour (hull cheeks, turret base, turret, cupola)
* Rolled homogeneous armour (hull, turret roof, cupola roof)

{| class="wikitable"
|-
! Armour !! Front (Slope angle) !! Sides !! Rear !! Roof
|-
| Hull || 30 mm (64°) ''Front glacis - Left'' 50 mm (64°) ''Front glacis - Right'' 50 mm (36°) ''Lower glacis'' || 25 mm || 30 mm ''Top'' (53°) 20 mm ''Fuel Cover'' 30 mm ''Bottom'' (24°) || 30-50 mm (26°) ''Front glacis'' 20 mm ''Centre and rear'' 15 mm ''Driver's hatch''
|-
| Turret || 50 mm (53-56°) ''Turret front'' 30 mm (20-59°) ''Turret base'' 50 mm ''Barrel shroud'' || 25 mm ''Turret'' 30 mm (0-22°) ''Turret base'' || 20 mm ''Turret bustle'' 20 mm (11-21°) ''Pivot ball'' 15 mm ''Turret underside'' || 20 mm
|-
|-
| Cupola || colspan="3" style="text-align:center" | 20 mm (conical) || 20 mm (conical) ''Outer ring'' 20 mm ''Centre''
|-
|}
'''Notes:'''

* Suspension wheels, tracks and torsion bars are 15 mm thick.
* Belly armour is 20 mm thick.
* 8 mm Structural steel firewall separates the driver from the engine.

=== Mobility ===
{{Specs-Tank-Mobility}}


{{tankMobility|abMinHp= 775|rbMinHp= 442}}

The {{PAGENAME}} is very fast, both in top speed (even in reverse) and acceleration. With a top speed of 65 km/h and great horsepower to weight ratio, it will conquer most terrain you put it through. The wide tracks compared to its low weight are just another cherry on top. The transmission has 12 gears, 6 forward and 6 backward, and then a neutral. The reverse gears are identical to the forward gears, so driving in reverse is no problem (except for the more exposed crew). Also, the {{PAGENAME}} can neutral steer and does so rather quickly.

=== Modifications and economy ===
{{Specs-Economy}}

== Armaments ==
{{Specs-Tank-Armaments}}
=== Main armament ===
{{Specs-Tank-Weapon|1}}

{{main|D.911 APX (90 mm)}}

The gun is decent for its BR and role. Although it lacks a HEATFS shell like another vehicle near its BR, the AMX-13-90, the Char 25t carries the M82 APCBC and T33 APBC rounds.

The reload time is short, 4 seconds between shots (even with a knocked out loader). It carries 12 shots in the drum, allowing for a sustained fire at multiple enemies. Although great at post-penetration damage, the M82 round used by the Char 25t has mediocre penetration for its BR, especially when taking into account the presence of HEATFS and APDS rounds.

{| class="wikitable" style="text-align:center" width="100%"
|-
! colspan="5" | [[D.911 APX (90 mm)|90 mm D.911 APX]] || colspan="5" | Turret rotation speed (°/s) || Reloading rate (seconds)
|-
! Mode !! Capacity !! Vertical !! Horizontal !! Stabilizer
! Stock !! Upgraded !! Full !! Expert !! Aced
! Autoloader
|-
! ''Arcade''
| rowspan="2" | 52 || rowspan="2" | -6°/+11° || rowspan="2" | ±180° || rowspan="2" | - || 34.3 || 47.4 || 57.6 || 63.7 || 67.8 || rowspan="2" | 4.00
|-
! ''Realistic''
| 21.4 || 25.2 || 30.6 || 33.8 || 36.0
|-
|}

==== Ammunition ====
{{:D.911 APX (90 mm)/Ammunition|T33 shot, M71A1 shell, M82 shot}}

==== [[Ammo racks]] ====
[[File:Ammoracks_{{PAGENAME}}.jpg|right|thumb|x250px|[[Ammo racks]] of the {{PAGENAME}}]]

{| class="wikitable" style="text-align:center"
|-
! Full ammo
! 1st rack empty
! 2nd rack empty
! 3rd rack empty
! 4th rack empty
! 5th rack empty
! 6th rack empty
! Visual discrepancy
|-
| '''52''' || 49 ''(+3)'' || 40 ''(+12)'' || 31 ''(+21)'' || 22 ''(+30)'' || 13 ''(+39)'' || 1 ''(+51)'' || No
|-
|}
'''Notes''':

* Shells are modeled individually and disappear after having been shot or loaded.
* Rack 6 (autoloader magazine) is a first stage ammo rack. It totals 12 shells.
** This rack gets filled first when loading up the tank and is also emptied first.
** As it is equipped with an autoloader, manual reloading of the gun is not possible.
** Once the autoloader magazine has been depleted, you can't shoot until the loader has restocked the autoloader. The restocking time is longer than the normal reload time of the gun. Take this into account when playing.
** Simply not firing when the gun is loaded will move ammo from racks 1 to 5 into rack 6. Firing will interrupt the restocking of the ready rack.

=== Machine guns ===
{{Specs-Tank-Weapon|2}}
{{Specs-Tank-Weapon|3}}

{{main|MAC 31 (7.5 mm)}}

{| class="wikitable" style="text-align:center" width="50%"
|-
! colspan="5" | [[MAC 31 (7.5 mm)|7.5 mm MAC 31]]
|-
! Mount !! Capacity (Belt) !! Fire rate !! Vertical !! Horizontal
|-
| Coaxial || 4,950 (150) || 551 || N/A || N/A
|-
| Pintle || 1,200 (150) || 551 || -5°/+80° || ±180°
|-
|}

The small calibre of the MAC 31 machine guns makes them largely ineffective against all armoured vehicles but the ones with an open compartment. They still can be used to ping targets as a rangefinding help or to mow down minor obstacles blocking your line of sight.

== Usage in battles ==

The Char 25t is a very fast tank with little protection so engaging enemy tanks frontally is ill-advised. Thanks to its good mobility and a reversible gearbox that enables to disengage just as swiftly, it can resort to flanking to perform in combat. The Char 25t can engage all but the heaviest (e.g. IS-3) targets at close range and it can reliably engage targets from the side at range. However, remember that you are in a light tank so make sure not to be in the enemy's direct line of fire. Your engine may absorb a hit or two, but do not rely on it for survival.

The following tactics could be used proficiently with the Char 25t:

'''Long range sniper/flanker'''

Start off the match by heading for one of the flanks. If it's an open map, hide behind hills and passively scout as you drive or head for the outermost capture point. Be wary of the speedy M18 tank destroyers, any of the Sd.Kfz. 234 series, or any other quick tanks that may be trying the same thing as you. Once in a nice position (shadow cover, somewhere to retreat, nice sight lanes), sit and wait for someone to pass by. Don't stay tunnel visioned! Slower tanks may be approaching and they will be able to instantly destroy the Char 25t if it gets the chance. If you notice enemies at a far distance, first scout them using the scout key so your team knows where they are in case you miss or are destroyed. Next, either range-find, or just go for the shot if they are close enough. Neutralize the target, and either change position and then rinse and repeat.

'''Brawler'''

Surprisingly, this tank makes a decent brawler with its compact size, incredible speed, and great reload rate. Keep near the outer flanks of any main road or capture point, and drive around looking to shoot out engines/turrets. Try not to engage any heavier tank frontally, as you will be wiped out quite quickly, and you will rarely penetrate through their frontal armour. If you manage to get the first shot, you will have the superior reload for the follow-up shot, especially if their gunner is knocked out from the first shot. Be wary though, and assume the enemy always has a shot loaded, so either be prepared to go back into cover if they're gunner gets replaced.

'''Support'''

With light tanks repair mechanics, the Char 25t can help repair teammates if a friendly repair has been initiated. Stick with your teammates, especially heavier ones like the T95 or Maus which may occasionally meet. When they engage in a firefight, either flank around the enemy to disable their gun/movement, or if your teammate already finished off the enemy and is repairing, help them. Go around and help your teammates repair and disable/destroy enemies.

'''Mixed'''

Mix and match the tactics above and of other French lights. Try to flank and don't get destroyed. The roof machine gun can allow the Char 25t to harass planes trying for a ground strike at the team, so there's always a role that the Char 25t can play as.

=== Pros and cons ===


'''Pros:'''

* Low profile.
* Thin armour will sometimes cause APHE to penetrate straight through without detonating.
* Frontally-placed engine may absorb some shots
* Has smoke launchers (high arc of fire).
* Can reach its top speed quite fast.
* Reversible gearbox (same speed in both directions)
* The addition of the M82 round increases the tank's effectiveness.
* Fast turret rotation.
* Good gun depression value: high gun placement make hull-down positions very efficient.
* Short reload time thanks to the 12-round autoloader: 1 shot every 4 seconds, comparable to reload times at low ranks.
* Has scouting ability and teammate repair/firefighting function.

'''Cons:'''

* Thin sides will get shredded easily by nearby SPAAs.
* Bad at stop-and-shoot due to oscillating turret design.
* Gun penetration rates are subpar at longer ranges: relies heavily on flanking manoeuvres.
* Poor gun elevation angle of 11 degrees.
* Ammo is stored everywhere, a single penetrating shot can easily cause an ammo rack detonation.
* Restocking the autoloader is very slow once it has been depleted and severely degrades combat performance.

== History ==


===Design===
The Batignolles-Châtillon 25t or project Super AMX-13 was designed in the 1950s for a weight class twice bigger than the AMX-13. It reused many parts from the AMX-13 like the oscillating turret and the autoloader. Its primary armament was a 90mm cannon capable of shooting the same ammunition as US M47 and M48 tanks. It was equipped with a 500 HP engine and could reach 65 km/h. It was operated by 4 crew members.

===Development===
Two prototypes were made in 1954 before the project was abandoned. The hurdles of the concept were the impossibility to guarantee NBC protection on the oscillating turret, the external reload of the autoloader exposing the crew during combat, an unreliable hydraulic suspension and external shot traps on the turret. Proofs of concept and technologies developed in this program were however later reused on other French tank projects, especially the AMX-30 (transmission).

===Combat usage===
As a prototype vehicle, Char 25t never saw service or combat action in the French Army.

== Media ==


;Skins

* [https://live.warthunder.com/feed/camouflages/?vehicle=fr_bat_chat_25t Skins and camouflages for the {{PAGENAME}} from live.warthunder.com.]

;Videos
{{Youtube-gallery|ryx7Uxo_3X0|'''The Shooting Range #250''' - ''Metal Beasts'' section at 00:25 discusses the {{PAGENAME}}.|PosWOnOGkSo|'''Best experimental vehicles''' discusses the {{PAGENAME}} at 4:00 - ''War Thunder Official Channel''|gI20EyYU4-M|'''Char 25t - Stock vs Spaded - First Impressions''' - ''Napalmratte''}}

== See also ==


;Other vehicles of similar configuration and role

* [[AMX-13 (Family)]]

== External links ==


* [[wt:en/news/5713-development-char-25t-and-t-80b-en|[Devblog] Char 25t and T-80B]]
* [[wikipedia:Batignolles-Chatillon_Char_25T|[Wikipedia] Batignolles-Chatillon Char 25T]]
* [https://tanks-encyclopedia.com/coldwar/France/batignolles-chatillon-char-25t.php <nowiki>[Tanks Encyclopedia]</nowiki> Bâtignolles-Chatillon Char 25 tonnes]

{{France light tanks}}

YaG-10 (29-K)

2024-01-04T11:22:51Z

U133584478: No longer rank 3

{{Specs-Card
|code=ussr_zsu_29k
|images={{Specs-Card-Image|GarageImage_{{PAGENAME}}.jpg|ArtImage_{{PAGENAME}}.jpg}}
}}

== Description ==

The '''{{Specs|name}}''' is a rank {{Specs|rank}} Soviet tank destroyer {{Battle-rating}}. It was introduced in [[Update 1.67 "Assault"]].

This unarmoured truck is equipped with a good fast-firing 76.2 mm cannon, which has similar armour penetration to the infamous [[D-5T (85 mm)|D-5T]] from later soviet vehicles. This is the last unarmoured truck chassis of the Soviet tech tree, after the [[ZiS-12 (94-KM)]] and before the [[ZiS-43]]. The 29-K is a pure sniper, use it as such. This truck is all about its precise, fast firing gun and nothing else. Safely cover up 2/3 of the vehicle behind a building, leaving only the gun, gunner and one loader exposed, taking precise shots at unsuspecting enemies.

== General info ==
=== Survivability and armour ===
{{Specs-Tank-Armour}}


The {{PAGENAME}} has 6 crew members, meaning it can take a few shots and even resist MG fire (if well-covered). Ammo racks are covered with 12 mm steel plates, meaning regular MGs cannot ignite them. Otherwise, any HE shell will rip the YaG-10 apart and artillery usually shreds the vehicle with shrapnel. This low armour value has its advantages: APHE shells will often not detonate or simply not hit anything if shot from the sides.

'''Armour type:'''

* Structural steel (Truck cabin)
* Rolled homogeneous armour (Bed frame)
* Wood (Truck bed)

{| class="wikitable"
|-
! Armour !! Front !! Sides !! Rear !! Roof
|-
| Truck || 5 mm ''Grille'' 5 mm (83-86°) ''Front hood''|| 5 mm || 5 mm || 5 mm
|-
|}
'''Notes:'''

* Wheels are 10 mm thick
* Chassis is 30 mm thick

=== Mobility ===
{{Specs-Tank-Mobility}}


{{tankMobility|abMinHp= 133|rbMinHp= 83}}

It's a cannon on wheels. Unlike most other Soviet trucks, it is not a GAZ chassis, it is a ten-wheeled YaG-10. This new (and unique) chassis is slower than its predecessors, but has better ground flotation with 10 wheels in total (8 in the back and under the gun, 2 at the front). The wheeled configuration makes turning on the spot impossible; thus, anticipate an escape route in case the situation turns sour.

=== Modifications and economy ===
{{Specs-Economy}}

== Armaments ==
{{Specs-Tank-Armaments}}
=== Main armament ===
{{Specs-Tank-Weapon|1}}

{{main|3-K (76 mm)}}

The 76.2 mm 3-K equipped on this chassis is one hell of a gun, with good penetration, relatively flat ballistic trajectory and enough explosives in the APHE shell to knock out any target it penetrates. 3 loaders provide it with a fast reload speed, comparable to Rank 1 vehicles. These 3 crew members allows a bit of loss before feeling a reduced firing rate. The only thing the gun lacks is turning speed for reacting faster, especially since the cabin gets in the way of the gun when trying to shoot forwards. This gun has similar characteristics to the D-5T, found on later Soviet tanks, providing a good learning curve to tanks using it (mainly [[SU-85]], [[IS-1]], [[T-34-85 (D-5T)]]).

The gun can also fire HE-DF shells, however setting the fuse requires rangefinding the target which is never done quickly enough against air targets. Even if the shell manages to detonate near the plane, its explosive amount is rarely enough to take down the target in one go. Low rate of fire compared to proper SPAA doesn't help either. In general, planes should be the lowest priority target of this vehicle.

{| class="wikitable" style="text-align:center" width="100%"
|-
! colspan="5" | [[3-K (76 mm)|76 mm 3-K]] || colspan="5" | Turret rotation speed (°/s) || colspan="4" | Reloading rate (seconds)
|-
! Mode !! Capacity !! Vertical !! Horizontal !! Stabilizer
! Stock !! Upgraded !! Full !! Expert !! Aced
! Stock !! Full !! Expert !! Aced
|-
! ''Arcade''
| rowspan="2" | 48 || rowspan="2" | -3°/+82° || rowspan="2" | ±180° || rowspan="2" | N/A || 9.7 || 13.4 || 16.3 || 18.0 || 19.2 || rowspan="2" | 6.50 || rowspan="2" | 5.75 || rowspan="2" | 5.30 || rowspan="2" | 5.00
|-
! ''Realistic''
| 6.5 || 7.7 || 9.4 || 10.3 || 11.0
|-
|}

==== Ammunition ====
{{:3-K (76 mm)/Ammunition|BR-361, O-361}}

==== [[Ammo racks]] ====
[[File:Ammoracks_{{PAGENAME}}.png|right|thumb|x250px|[[Ammo racks]] of the {{PAGENAME}}]]

{| class="wikitable" style="text-align:center"
|-
! Full ammo
! 1st rack empty
! 2nd rack empty
! 3rd rack empty
! 4th rack empty
! Visual discrepancy
|-
| '''48''' || 37 ''(+11)'' || 25 ''(+23)'' || 13 ''(+35)'' || 1 ''(+47)'' || No
|-
|}
'''Notes''':

* As they are modeled by sets of 6, shells disappear from the rack only after you fire all shells in the set.
* Front racks empty: 25 ''(+23)'' shells.

== Usage in battles ==

This truck is preferably used at a distance to increase its survivability. Most MGs have poor accuracy at distance, greatly decreasing their ability to shred the 29-K. It has a good and very precise gun capable of taking down (almost) any target it may encounter from the front. Always show the sides since it decreases the chances of having a bullet pass right through all of the crew members in one shot. Showing the side also allows the YaG-10 to use the full 360° traverse to its best. If possible, only show the gun, this way, it allows minimal exposure and can allow for quick hiding at a moment's notice and if shot, only sacrifices one or two crew members.

'''Do not:'''

* Rush into towns
* Drive directly towards an enemy
* Stay near an artillery strike
* Snipe in the middle of a field: find cover

Even with its awesome cannon, this truck can encounter fierce foes with even better armour.

* [[Churchill Mk VII]], [[M4A3E2|M4A3E2 Jumbo]]: Both impervious to shots on the front glacis.
* [[Jagdpanzer 38(t)|Jagdpanzer 38(t) Hetzer]]: Well-angled armour can bounce many shots.
* [[Calliope]]: Has many ready-to-fire rockets to annihilate the 29-K.
* Any SPAAG is a threat as their heavy automatic weapons will rip through the thin armour.

=== Pros and cons ===


'''Pros:'''

* Decent AP penetration
* Good reload time
* Precise gun, good ballistic trajectory
* Paper-thin armour reduces spalling from AP shells and APHE fuse rarely activates
* Six crew members
* Ammo racks are protected from low-calibre MG fire
* Lowest battle rating rangefinder of any kind

'''Cons:'''

* Paper-thin armour lets machine guns rip it to shreds
* Poor gun depression of -3°
* Ammo rack in rear and middle of the overall vehicle
* Slow gun traverse
* Very low mobility in harsher terrain
* Can be easily destroyed by air strikes
* No access to higher penetration rounds
* Lack of a gun shield means that the gunners are easier to take out than they are on the 88 mm Flak truck
* Shredded by artillery and HE shells
* Prone to destruction by overpressure
* Cannot shoot upfront due to the high truck cabin

== History ==
''Describe the history of the creation and combat usage of the vehicle in more detail than in the introduction. If the historical reference turns out to be too long, take it to a separate article, taking a link to the article about the vehicle and adding a block "/History" (example: <nowiki>https://wiki.warthunder.com/(Vehicle-name)/History</nowiki>) and add a link to it here using the <code>main</code> template. Be sure to reference text and sources by using <code><nowiki><ref></ref></nowiki></code>, as well as adding them at the end of the article with <code><nowiki><references /></nowiki></code>. This section may also include the vehicle's dev blog entry (if applicable) and the in-game encyclopedia description (under <code><nowiki>=== In-game description ===</nowiki></code>, also if applicable).''

== Media ==


;Skins

* [https://live.warthunder.com/feed/camouflages/?vehicle=ussr_zsu_29k Skins and camouflages for the {{PAGENAME}} from live.warthunder.com.]

;Videos
{{Youtube-gallery|l1DTj5x40CY|'''The Shooting Range #57''' - ''War Machines'' section at 00:27 discusses the YaG-10 (29-K).}}

== See also ==
''Links to the articles on the War Thunder Wiki that you think will be useful for the reader, for example:''

* ''reference to the series of the vehicles;''
* ''links to approximate analogues of other nations and research trees.''

== External links ==


* [[wt:en/news/4562-development-29-k-reach-the-sky-en|[Devblog] 29-K: Reach the Sky]]

{{USSR tank destroyers}}
[[Category:Wheeled ground vehicles]]

M46 "Tiger"

2023-10-09T09:33:09Z

U133584478: Regular M46 is now also rank IV

{{About
| about = American medium tank '''{{PAGENAME}}'''
| usage = the regular vehicle
| link = M46
}}
{{Specs-Card
|code=us_m46_patton_73_armor_bat
|images={{Specs-Card-Image|GarageImage_{{PAGENAME}}.jpg|ArtImage_{{PAGENAME}}.png}}
}}

== Description ==

The '''{{Specs|pseudonym}}''' ('''{{Specs|name}}''') is a premium rank {{Specs|rank}} American medium tank {{Battle-rating}}. It was one of the first American tanks to be released with the American ground tree in [[Update 1.45 "Steel Generals"]]. It is a premium variant of the [[M46|M46 Patton]], the differences being the paint job of a tiger cat on the front, drawn up by its crew during the Korean War and the lack of mesh screens around the turret.

== General info ==
=== Survivability and armour ===
{{Specs-Tank-Armour}}

'''Armour type:'''

* Cast homogeneous armour (Turret, Front)
* Rolled homogeneous armour (Side, Rear, Roof)

{| class="wikitable"
|-
! Armour !! Front (Slope angle) !! Sides !! Rear !! Roof
|-
| Hull || 101.6 mm (42-46°) ''Front Glacis'' 162.5 mm (25-60°) ''Upper front glacis'' 76.2 mm (26-53°) ''Lower Glacis'' || 76.2 mm ''Front'' 50.8 mm (0-9°) ''Rear'' || 50.8 mm ''Top'' 22.2 mm (65°) ''Bottom'' || 22.2 mm
|-
| Turret || 101.6 mm (1-55°) ''Turret front'' 114.3 mm (1-84°) ''Gun mantlet'' || 76.2 mm (3-54°) || 76.2 mm (0-79°) || 25.4 mm
|-
| Cupola || 76.2 mm || 76.2 mm || 76.2 mm || 25.4 mm
|-
|}
'''Notes:'''

* Suspension wheels and tracks are 20 mm thick.
* Belly armour is 25.4 mm thick.

=== Mobility ===
{{Specs-Tank-Mobility}}


{{tankMobility|abMinHp=1,255|rbMinHp=716}}

=== Modifications and economy ===
{{Specs-Economy}}

== Armaments ==
{{Specs-Tank-Armaments}}
=== Main armament ===
{{Specs-Tank-Weapon|1}}

{{main|M3A1 (90 mm)}}

{| class="wikitable" style="text-align:center" width="100%"
|-
! colspan="5" | [[M3A1 (90 mm)|90 mm M3A1]] || colspan="5" | Turret rotation speed (°/s) || colspan="4" | Reloading rate (seconds)
|-
! Mode !! Capacity !! Vertical !! Horizontal !! Stabilizer
! Stock !! Upgraded !! Full !! Expert !! Aced
! Stock !! Full !! Expert !! Aced
|-
! ''Arcade''
| rowspan="2" | 70 || rowspan="2" | -10°/+20° || rowspan="2" | ±180° || rowspan="2" | N/A || 20.0 || 27.7 || 33.6 || 37.2 || 39.5 || rowspan="2" | 9.75 || rowspan="2" | 8.63 || rowspan="2" | 7.95 || rowspan="2" | 7.50
|-
! ''Realistic''
| 12.5 || 14.7 || 17.9 || 19.7 || 21.0
|-
|}

==== Ammunition ====
{{:M3A1 (90 mm)/Ammunition|M318 shot, M82 shot, M304 shot, M332 shot, M348 shell, M71 shell, M313}}

==== [[Ammo racks]] ====
[[File:Ammoracks_M46.png|right|thumb|x250px|[[Ammo racks]] of the {{PAGENAME}}]]

{| class="wikitable" style="text-align:center"
|-
! Full ammo
! 1st rack empty
! 2nd rack empty
! 3rd rack empty
! Visual discrepancy
|-
| '''70''' || 41 ''(+29)'' || 11 ''(+59)'' || 1 ''(+69)'' || No
|-
|}
'''Notes:'''

* As they are modeled by sets of 2, shells disappear from the rack only after you fire both shells in the set.
* Rack 3 is a first stage ammo rack. It totals 10 shells and gets filled first when loading up the tank.
* This rack is also emptied early: the rack depletion order at full capacity is: 3 - 1 - 2.
* Simply not firing when the gun is loaded will move ammo from racks 1 and 2 into rack 3. Firing will interrupt the restocking of the ready racks.

=== Machine guns ===
{{Specs-Tank-Weapon|2}}
{{Specs-Tank-Weapon|3}}

{{main|M2HB (12.7 mm)|M1919A4 (7.62 mm)}}

{| class="wikitable" style="text-align:center" width="50%"
|-
! colspan="5" | [[M2HB (12.7 mm)|12.7 mm M2HB]]
|-
! Mount !! Capacity (Belt) !! Fire rate !! Vertical !! Horizontal
|-
| Pintle || 600 (200) || 577 || -10°/+50° || ±120°
|-
|}
{| class="wikitable" style="text-align:center" width="50%"
|-
! colspan="5" | [[M1919A4 (7.62 mm)|7.62 mm M1919A4]]
|-
! Mount !! Capacity (Belt) !! Fire rate !! Vertical !! Horizontal
|-
| Coaxial || 5,500 (250) || 500 || N/A || N/A
|-
|}

== Usage in battles ==

The tank plays almost like the M26 Pershing, it's relatively fast for its size yet has a very powerful gun. In comparison, the M46 Patton features improved manoeuvrability with increased acceleration, it also has a better gun to combat the foes it will face at its rank. Due to this, the M46 Patton can fit into multiple roles like the Pershing as an offensive or supporting unit. Attack and flank enemy units with the cooperation of allied units to get their more vulnerable sides.

'''Arcade Battles'''

The M46 "Tiger" plays like a light tank in Arcade, because it can reach speeds over 50 km/h in perfect conditions. Furthermore, it's very agile - turning on the spot and manoeuvring in close quarters is extremely easy. Altogether, this tank is a pleasure to play in cities in Arcade, because you can escape stand-offs and flank the enemy tank, or you may decide to bait a shot by showing your side, then instantly reversing, or you might want to just leave the encounter altogether and help out a teammate who is relatively nearby. Oh, and your agility can also help you bounce shots - just move your hull and turret around slightly if you think you will get shot.

However, the agility of the tank comes at a cost - the armour is non-existent. At its BR, all tanks can penetrate the M46 anywhere. Luckily, though, this tank usually gets downtiered, although uptiers are also frequent. Overall - try not to get shot, because you're likely to be very crippled, or knocked out by a single shot. If you survive, however, there's a high chance that you can either shoot back, or use your mobility to get into cover, or just run away.

Lastly, in Arcade, your gun is very effective. Use HEATFS rounds and the markers to try to hit as many different enemies as possible - don't try to finish them off, just go for assists. Your round is almost guaranteed to penetrate wherever you hit, and if you don't hit ammunition and knock out a tank, you are likely to take out a crew member or two, some vital component (e.g. the gun, the transmission, the engine etc.), making it very easy for your teammates to clean-up. It is unfortunate, however, that you don't get a stabilizer, so caution has to be taken when peeking corners or driving around flanks.

Very importantly, however, you must always move around the map. In Arcade, enemies often try to focus on a single tank that is slow, or not moving, and if you can move around the map - many enemies will forget about you, or think that their teammates will cover them. Just move around, and try not to get shot!

'''Realistic Battles'''

The M46 "Tiger" is not as effective in Realistic, due to a much slower and focused gameplay, in the sense that a spotted vehicle is often a dead vehicle. The lack of armour doesn't help you here, either, because players take longer to aim at you, reducing any chances of lucky ricochets, and most rounds will be able to penetrate the "Tiger" anywhere.

If you can't rely on armour, mobility comes into question, and in Realistic it is dampened. Here, the "Tiger" behaves much more like a general medium tank, like the Centurion or the T-34. You are mobile, and quick, but you won't be able to run away from encounters, or flank an enemy in seconds (like you can do in Arcade). Therefore, you should play much more carefully, and avoid being seen at all, which can be easily accomplished because you can still manoeuvre rather easily in close quarters.

In terms of firepower, it's still very reliable, penetration-wise. However, in Realistic it is advised to take your time to learn enemy vehicles and their ammo racks, because you would want to knock out most of your enemies (if you don't, it's harder to escape from return shots). Hence why it's advised to flank your enemies and take your time, instead of running around the map like one might do in Arcade. Luckily, HEATFS rounds tend to make ammo racks explode.

In general, in Realistic, just play calm and try to create a false sense of security for the enemies. Instead of tackling someone head-on, you should retreat and let them move into your ambush, because you don't have a stabilizer, nor armour.

=== Pros and cons ===


'''Pros:'''

* Has exceptional speed/agility
* Rear-mounted transmission
* Neutral steering
* Low profile
* Excellent gun depression of -10°
* Powerful machine guns (12.7 mm /.50 cal) which can penetrate certain weakly armoured vehicles without the usage of the main gun
* If using HEATFS, its 90 mm cannon can penetrate nearly anything

'''Cons:'''

* Turret ring is prone to breaking
* Armour can easily be pierced by other tanks at its rank
* Elevation gear is slow
* Struggles to penetrate many opponents from the front without HEATFS (although, it's automatically unlocked due to the tank being a premium)
* Agility and lack of a stabilizer make shooting on the move difficult

== History ==


===Development===
The '''M46 Patton''' came about around the time of the Korean War. Before that, the US Army armoured units consisted of two tanks, the venerable [[M4A3 (76) W|M4 Shermans]] and the newer [[M26 (Family)|M26 Pershings]]. Of the two, the Pershing was originally classified as a heavy tank as it weighed 41.7 tons compared to Sherman's 30-ton weight, but a reorganization had the M26 Pershing classified a medium tank after World War II. It proved unsuitable for the role as its mobility was unsatisfactory for that role, using the same Sherman engine, plus an unreliable transmission, to propel a vehicle ten tons heavier.

Work began in January 1948 to upgrade the Pershing's mobility with a new engine and transmission. The project was initially designated the M26E2, but as newer upgrades and more modifications are installed onto the tank, it began to feel more like a completely new design rather than a Pershing upgrade, so it was decided to give the model a completely new designation. The end result was the Pershing tank mounting the mentioned upgrades, plus a new power plant and gun with a bore evacuator to expunge propellant fumes. This model was designated the [[M46|M46 Patton]], named after General George S. Patton, the commander of the US Third Army and played a role in the establishment of American tank forces. The rebuilding of the tanks began in November 1949 and had 1,160 Pershings rebuilt into M46s, 800 to the standard variant and 360 to the M46A1, which had better brakes, a cooling and fire protection system, a new engine and transmission, and better electrical equipment.

===Combat usage===
The M46 saw combat only during the Korean War. The first batch arrived on August 8, 1950, to the 6th Tank Battalion and proved superior to the North Korean and Chinese [[T-34-85]]s. About 200 M46 Pattons arrive in Korea by the end of 1950, making up 15% of the American armoured strength, though the majority was still the M4 Shermans. By 1951, all M26 Pershings in Korea were withdrawn and replaced by the M46 Pattons, and eventually, the Shermans were also re-equipped with the newer tanks as well. The '''73rd Tank Battalion''', formed in 1949 as a heavy tank battallion, was equipped with the M46 Pattons and deployed in Korea during the conflict. They painted their tanks with a colourful picture of a tiger cat around February or March of 1951 in an act of psychological warfare. This was due to the superstitious the North Koreans and the Chinese have on the cats, as the Tigers were regarded as the king of mountains and forests, and it was believed that the image may scare off some of their highly superstitious soldiers. When the armistice was finally made, ending the conflict in the Korean Peninsula, the M46 Pattons were withdrawn back to the state.

By the later parts of the 1950s, the M46 Pattons in American service still were being replaced by the newer [[M47|M47 Pattons]] and those still in the inventory were leased for no cost to Belgium, France, and Italy for training purposes, sending American instructors to train the European crews and maintenance personnel.

===Legacy===
The M46 Patton was the solution to the evident problem with the M26 Pershing that kept it out of most of World War II with its low mobility compared to the lighter M4 Shermans. A total redesign had to be made to the tank in order to finally be useful in the battlefield, even in the rough terrain of Korea. The design would continue to stay in service for a few more years as the M47 Patton, which gave the M46 Patton hull a new turret and featured newer tank technology for the evolving battlefield. The M47 Patton would see service with many other countries in and out of NATO in different conflicts around the world.

{{break}}
{{Navigation-Start|{{Annotation|Archive of the in-game description|An archive of the historical description of the vehicle that was presented in-game prior to Update 1.55 'Royal Armour'}}}}
{{Navigation-First-Simple-Line}}
The M26, which appeared close to the end of World War II, was an excellent tank. However, power-to-weight ratio, manoeuvrability, and range were lacking. A special new 12-cylinder, air-cooled engine developed by Continental Motors to take care of the manoeuvrability issue reached 29,361 cm³, and at 2,800 rpm its 704 hp outstripped the M26's 500 hp. The 6.5-fold compression, which was large for the time, required 80 octane fuel, and the air-cooling system often overheated the engine. Giving the tank a new power plant required a replacement roof for the compartment housing the engine and transmission, resulting in the use of a single grating.

The new automatic CD-850 gearbox and steering mechanism were operated using a single lever that served both as a gearshift and steering wheel. The M46's running gear gained another small roller to keep constant tension on the tracks and prevent them from slipping between the leading wheels and rear road wheels. In addition, the front suspension points were given second shock absorbers. The tank was built for low temperatures and had water-crossing special equipment. As a result, it was heavier, though it did not suffer from reduced speed thanks to its upgraded power plant.

In 1948 the modernized tank was accepted as the M46 Patton and mass produced from 1949 through 1951. A total of 1,168 units spread across two modifications were built.

The M46 medium tank was used by US forces during the Korean War from 1950 to 1953 and also served as part of the American forces in Europe.
{{Navigation-End}}

== Media ==


;Skins
* [https://live.warthunder.com/feed/camouflages/?vehicle=us_m46_patton_73_armor_bat Skins and camouflages for the {{PAGENAME}} from live.warthunder.com.]

== See also ==
''Links to the articles on the War Thunder Wiki that you think will be useful for the reader, for example:''
* ''reference to the series of the vehicles;''
* ''links to approximate analogues of other nations and research trees.''

== External links ==
''Paste links to sources and external resources, such as:''
* ''topic on the official game forum;''
* ''other literature.''

{{TankManufacturer Ordnance Department}}
{{USA medium tanks}}
{{USA premium ground vehicles}}

T95E1

2023-10-03T05:13:16Z

U133584478: Engine deck preventing depression was mentioned twice in cons

{{About
| about = American medium tank '''{{PAGENAME}}'''
| usage = the American tank destroyer
| link = T95
}}
{{Specs-Card
|code=us_t95e1
|images={{Specs-Card-Image|GarageImage_{{PAGENAME}}.jpg|ArtImage_{{PAGENAME}}.png}}
}}

== Description ==

The '''{{Specs|name}}''' is a rank {{Specs|rank}} American medium tank {{Battle-rating}}. It was introduced in [[Update 1.69 "Regia Aeronautica"]].

Presenting a 90 mm smoothbore cannon, it is currently the first tank in the American tree line that uses APFSDS ammunition.

== General info ==
=== Survivability and armour ===
{{Specs-Tank-Armour}}

'''Armour type:''''

* Cast homogeneous armour
* Rolled homogeneous armour (Top side hull, Top rear hull, Rear hull roof)

{| class="wikitable"
|-
! Armour !! Front (Slope angle) !! Sides !! Rear !! Roof
|-
| Hull || 95 mm (64-71°), 51 mm (67-86°) ''Front glacis'' 127 mm (43-45°) ''Lower glacis'' || 101.6 mm ''Top - Front'' 50.8-72.6 mm ''Top - Crew compartment'' 32 mm ''Top - Engine compartment'' 19 mm (65°) ''Bottom - Front & Crew compartment'' 13 mm (65°) ''Bottom - Engine compartment'' || 19 mm (18°) ''Top'' 25 mm (4-64°) ''Bottom'' || 95 mm (19°) ''Front glacis'' 51 mm (11°) ''Driver compartment'' 25 mm (3°) ''Engine compartment''
|-
| Turret || 178 mm (6-78°) ''Turret front'' 178 mm (1-71°) ''Gun mantlet'' || 76-178 mm (24-52°) || 51 mm (4-39°) || 51 mm ''Front'' 38 mm ''Rear''
|-
| Cupola || 100 mm ''Cupola front'' 105 mm ''Gun mantlet'' || 70 mm || 50 mm || 38 mm
|-
|}
'''Notes:'''

* Suspension wheels, torsion bars and tracks are 20 mm thick.
* Belly armour is 19 mm thick.

=== Mobility ===
{{Specs-Tank-Mobility}}


{{tankMobility|abMinHp=868|rbMinHp=495}}

=== Modifications and economy ===
{{Specs-Economy}}

== Armaments ==
{{Specs-Tank-Armaments}}
=== Main armament ===
{{Specs-Tank-Weapon|1}}

{{main|T208E9 (90 mm)}}

{| class="wikitable" style="text-align:center" width="100%"
|-
! colspan="5" | [[T208E9 (90 mm)|90 mm T208E9]] || colspan="5" | Turret rotation speed (°/s) || colspan="4" | Reloading rate (seconds)
|-
! Mode !! Capacity !! Vertical !! Horizontal !! Stabilizer
! Stock !! Upgraded !! Full !! Expert !! Aced
! Stock !! Full !! Expert !! Aced
|-
! ''Arcade''
| rowspan="2" | 50 || rowspan="2" | -10°/+20° || rowspan="2" | ±180° || rowspan="2" | N/A || 34.3 || 47.4 || 57.6 || 63.7 || 67.8 || rowspan="2" | 11.05 || rowspan="2" | 9.78 || rowspan="2" | 9.01 || rowspan="2" | 8.50
|-
! ''Realistic''
| 21.4 || 25.2 || 30.6 || 33.8 || 36.0
|-
|}

==== Ammunition ====
{{:T208E9 (90 mm)/Ammunition|T320, T340E14H, T339E14}}

==== [[Ammo racks]] ====
[[File:Ammoracks_{{PAGENAME}}.png|right|thumb|x250px|[[Ammo racks]] of the {{PAGENAME}}]]

{| class="wikitable" style="text-align:center"
|-
! Full ammo
! 1st rack empty
! 2nd rack empty
! 3rd rack empty
! 4th rack empty
! Visual discrepancy
|-
| '''50''' || 37 ''(+13)'' || 23 ''(+27)'' || 9 ''(+41)'' || 1 ''(+49)'' || No
|-
|}
'''Notes''':

* Shells are modeled individually and disappear after having been shot or loaded.
* Racks 3 and 4 are first stage ammo racks. They total 22 shells and get filled first when loading up the tank.
* These racks are also emptied early: the rack depletion order at full capacity is: 3 - 4 - 1 - 2.
* Simply not firing when the gun is loaded will move ammo from racks 1 and 2 into racks 4 then 3. Firing will interrupt the restocking of the ready racks.

=== Machine guns ===
{{Specs-Tank-Weapon|2}}
{{Specs-Tank-Weapon|3}}

{{main|M2HB (12.7 mm)|M73 (7.62 mm)}}

{| class="wikitable" style="text-align:center" width="50%"
|-
! colspan="5" | [[M2HB (12.7 mm)|12.7 mm M2HB]]
|-
! Mount !! Capacity (Belt) !! Fire rate !! Vertical !! Horizontal
|-
| Pintle || 1,800 (200) || 577 || -5°/+40° || ±180°
|-
|}
{| class="wikitable" style="text-align:center" width="50%"
|-
! colspan="5" | [[M73 (7.62 mm)|7.62 mm M73]]
|-
! Mount !! Capacity (Belt) !! Fire rate !! Vertical !! Horizontal
|-
| Coaxial || 4,750 (250) || 500 || N/A || N/A
|-
|}

== Usage in battles ==

The T95E1's playstyle consists of mostly setting up ambushes and/or on the frontlines. The APFSDS shell has more than enough power to destroy most tanks that it will face; however, on a uptier against [[Leopard A1A1]]'s, [[T-62M-1]]'s, and generally any 8.7 to 9.0 MBT, you will need to play more cautiously, thus the ambushing tactics come into play. You must be extremely aware of what is around you and be quicker than your enemy on the gun because the lack of stabilizers will make shooting on the move very difficult.

=== Pros and cons ===


'''Pros:'''

* Stock APFSDS able to penetrate most enemies frontally
* Excellent post-penetration spalling from APFSDS
* Sloped frontal armour can bounce multiple shots with ease, but upper glacis and turret front bounce shots to each other
* Very good stock horizontal turret traverse
* Good gun depression of -10°, allows for some hull-down tactics
* High velocity firing makes long-range fighting easier, especially in the large maps
* Has a Smoothbore gun, with excellent recoil mount that decreases the recoil
* Acceptable top speed of 56 km/h
* The smoke shell (T339E14) has high velocity which helps you save allies at a long distance

'''Cons:'''

* Poor acceleration and low top speed cross-country
* Low reverse speed relative to other American medium tanks
* A prominent weak spot in the form of commander's cupola
* No ammunition choices other than APFSDS or HE
* No stabiliser - unable to accurately fire on the move
* Front armour vulnerable against sabot and HEAT rounds
* Limited accuracy of smoothbore cannon at long range
* Rear hull armour can be penetrated with .50 cals and therefore, engine and transmission are prone to damage
* Large ammo racks to the sides of driver, front hull penetration could lead to easy ammo detonation.
* Like with most Abrams series tanks, the engine deck is slightly raised, meaning that you will not be able to depress the gun over the rear of the tank.
* Lacking night vision device in an uptier

== History ==

In the early 1950s, the US began looking for a replacement for the M48 series. In September 1954, the T95 was selected for development; construction of pilot models began in 1957. The T95E1 differed from the T95 in the inclusion of a recoil system mount and the omission of a two-plane stabilizer, and was completed in early 1958.

The T95 program was shut down in July 1960 when it became clear that both the engine power and smoothbore cannon's accuracy were unsatisfactory and would provide no significant improvements over the M48 already in service. However, further development of the turret design contributed significantly to the turret used later on the M60A1.

== Media ==


;Skins

* [https://live.warthunder.com/feed/camouflages/?vehicle=us_t95e1 Skins and camouflages for the {{PAGENAME}} from live.warthunder.com.]

== See also ==
''Links to the articles on the War Thunder Wiki that you think will be useful for the reader, for example:''

* ''reference to the series of the vehicles;''
* ''links to approximate analogues of other nations and research trees.''

== External links ==


* [[wt:en/news/4752-t95e1-the-contender-en|[Devblog] T95E1: The Contender]]

{{TankManufacturer Ordnance Department}}
{{USA medium tanks}}

Zuni Mk32 Mod 0 ATAP

2023-06-27T07:42:36Z

U133584478: Added A-1H to vehicles

== Description ==
[[File:WeaponImage Zuni Mk32 Mod 0 ATAP.png|thumb|left|420px|The Zuni Mk32 Mod 0 ATAP rocket with fins folded and deployed (scale is approximate)]]
{{Break}}
''Write an introduction to the article in 2-3 small paragraphs. Briefly tell us about the history of the development and combat using the weaponry and also about its features. Compile a list of air, ground, or naval vehicles that feature this weapon system in the game.''

=== Vehicles equipped with this weapon ===


{{Navigation-Start|Vehicles equipped with this weapon}}

{{Navigation-First-Line|'''Jet fighters'''}}
{{Navigation-Line|F-1}}{{Specs-Link|t2_early}}{{-}}{{Specs-Link|f1}}{{-}}{{Specs-Link|t2}}
{{Navigation-Line|F-4}}{{Specs-Link|f-4c}}{{-}}{{Specs-Link|f-4e}}{{-}}{{Specs-Link|f-4ej}}{{-}}{{Specs-Link|f-4ej_adtw}}{{-}}{{Specs-Link|f-4ej_kai}}{{-}}{{Specs-Link|f-4f}}{{-}}{{Specs-Link|f-4f_late}}{{-}}{{Specs-Link|f-4j}}{{-}}{{Specs-Link|f-4s}}{{-}}{{Specs-Link|f-4e_iaf}}{{-}}{{Specs-Link|f-4e_kurnass_2000}}
{{Navigation-Line|F-5}}{{Specs-Link|f-5a}}{{-}}{{Specs-Link|f-5a_china}}{{-}}{{Specs-Link|f-5c}}{{-}}{{Specs-Link|f-5e}}{{-}}{{Specs-Link|f-5e_aidc}}
{{Navigation-Line|F-8}}{{Specs-Link|f8u-2}}{{-}}{{Specs-Link|f-8e}}
{{Navigation-Line|F-14}}{{Specs-Link|f_14a_early}}{{-}}{{Specs-Link|f_14b}}
{{Navigation-Line|F-100}}{{Specs-Link|f-100d_france}}
{{Navigation-Line|F-104}}{{Specs-Link|f-104g_italy}}{{-}}{{Specs-Link|f-104s}}{{-}}{{Specs-Link|f-104s_asa}}{{-}}{{Specs-Link|f-104s_cb}}
{{Navigation-Line|G.91}}{{Specs-Link|fiat_g91_y}}{{-}}{{Specs-Link|fiat_g91_ys}}
{{Navigation-Line|Kfir}}{{Specs-Link|kfir_c2}}{{-}}{{Specs-Link|kfir_c7}}
{{Navigation-Line|Nesher}}{{Specs-Link|nesher}}
{{Navigation-Line|Sa'ar}}{{Specs-Link|md_460_saar}}

{{Navigation-First-Line|'''Strike aircraft'''}}
{{Navigation-Line|A-1}}{{Specs-Link|douglas_a_1h}}
{{Navigation-Line|A-4}}{{Specs-Link|a_4b}}{{-}}{{Specs-Link|a_4e_early}}{{-}}{{Specs-Link|a_4e_early_iaf}}{{-}}{{Specs-Link|a_4e_late_iaf}}{{-}}{{Specs-Link|a_4h}}{{-}}{{Specs-Link|a_4n}}
{{Navigation-Line|A-6}}{{Specs-Link|a_6e_tram}}
{{Navigation-Line|A-7}}{{Specs-Link|a_7e}}
{{Navigation-Line|AV-8}}{{Specs-Link|av_8a}}{{-}}{{Specs-Link|av_8c}}

{{Navigation-End}}

== General info ==

There are 4 rockets per pod.

{| class="wikitable" style="text-align:center"
! colspan="2" | Rocket characteristics
|-
| '''Mass''' || 56 kg
|-
| '''Maximum speed''' || 726 m/s
|-
| '''Explosive mass''' || 8.91 kg TNTeq
|-
| '''Warhead type''' || HEAT
|-
|}

=== Effective damage ===


* 457 mm HEAT penetration
* ~33 m fragmentation radius against aircraft

=== Comparison with analogues ===
''Give a comparative description of rockets that have firepower equal to this weapon.''

== Usage in battles ==

Zuni Mk32s are truly an anti-everything tool, just like the [[S-24]] air-to-ground rocket albeit with a much better reliability penetrating hard targets due to its HEAT warhead. However, Zuni loadouts tend to be rather heavy in War Thunder, so it is not recommended to be used for air-to-air combat.

=== Pros and cons ===


'''Pros:'''

* 457 mm HEAT penetration allows it to penetrate many MBTs from the front
* 8.91 kg equivalent TNT allows for non-direct hits to significantly damage light targets
* Air-burst fuse availability allows for irregular use in air-to-air combat
* Aircraft tend to carry a lot of Zunis to the point you can spam them at range
* Aircraft with this weapon typically have [[CCIP]] allowing for long range launching

'''Cons:'''

* Rockets are rather slow to accelerate
* Pods are rather heavy and have immense drag; carrying too many Zunis cripples aircraft performance

== History ==
''Examine the history of the creation and combat usage of the weapon in more detail than in the introduction. If the historical reference turns out to be too long, take it to a separate article, taking a link to the article about the weapon and adding a block "/History" (example: <nowiki>https://wiki.warthunder.com/(Weapon-name)/History</nowiki>) and add a link to it here using the <code>main</code> template. Be sure to reference text and sources by using <code><nowiki><ref></ref></nowiki></code>, as well as adding them at the end of the article with <code><nowiki><references /></nowiki></code>.''

== Media ==
''Excellent additions to the article would be video guides, screenshots from the game, and photos.''

== See also ==
''Links to the articles on the War Thunder Wiki that you think will be useful for the reader, for example:''
* ''reference to the article about the variant of the weapon;''
* ''references to approximate analogues by other nations and research trees.''

== External links ==
''Paste links to sources and external resources, such as:''
* ''topic on the official game forum;''
* ''other literature.''

{{Rockets}}

[[Category:Suspended armaments]]

F2G-1

2022-12-29T18:53:01Z

U133584478: 6.3 -> 6.0. This plane is not 6.3

{{Specs-Card
|code=f2g-1
|images={{Specs-Card-Image|GarageImage_{{PAGENAME}}.jpg|ArtImage_{{PAGENAME}}.png}}
|market=items_F2G-1 Super Corsair (USA)
}}

== Description ==

The '''{{Specs|name}}''' "Super Corsair" is a premium gift rank {{Specs|rank}} American fighter {{Battle-rating}}. It was introduced during [[Update "New Power"]] as a reward for [[Battle Pass: Season I]]. The Super Corsair was a development made by Goodyear, a licensed manufacturer of the Vought F4U Corsair. The Super Corsair was intended by Goodyear as a low altitude fighter.<ref name=":0">https://www.militaryfactory.com/aircraft/detail.asp?aircraft_id=1394</ref> Powered by the Pratt & Whitney 28 cylinder R-4360 Wasp Major engine, nicknamed the "Corncob," the Super Corsair made 3,000 hp. By the time the Super Corsairs was ready for production the [[F8F-1|Grumman F8F "Bearcat"]] was already being built and had similar performance. Partially due to this, only 10 Super Corsairs were ever completed, 5 of which were the F2G-1 land variant found in game.<ref name=":0" />

== General info ==
=== Flight performance ===
{{Specs-Avia-Flight}}


The F2G-1 has an excellent straight-line speed at all altitudes, together with a fantastic roll rate and a brilliant flap performance.
The engine allows long usage of WEP before heating up and has a stellar engine performance below 3,000 m but the engine performance declines above 3,000 m, and becomes weak above 5,000 m. The acceleration declines strongly above 4,000 m and engine radiators are hard to be kept closed in Automatic Engine Control mode, adding some drag.

The F2G-1 shows great performance in shallow high speed climbs but the plane has an overall lacklustre manoeuvrability.

The great low-altitude engine performance combined with the strong flap performance allows the F2G-1 to stall fight quite well. However, it has a slow stall recovery: it's suggested you flip your plane horizontally with your rudder prior to a stall.
The flaps have relatively low rip speeds for this plane and they will not open at all when above a certain IAS velocity. The Landing gear can be used as an improvised airbrake instead. Elevator & rudder compressions become a handicap upwards of 700 km/h.

{| class="wikitable" style="text-align:center" width="70%"
! rowspan="2" | Characteristics
! colspan="2" | Max Speed (km/h at 5,000 m)
! rowspan="2" | Max altitude (metres)
! colspan="2" | Turn time (seconds)
! colspan="2" | Rate of climb (metres/second)
! rowspan="2" | Take-off run (metres)
|-
! AB !! RB !! AB !! RB !! AB !! RB
|-
! Stock
| 675 || 654 || rowspan="2" | {{Specs|ceiling}} || 22.0 || 22.7 || 14.9 || 14.9 || rowspan="2" | 180
|-
! Upgraded
| 739 || 706 || 20.7 || 21.0 || 27.0 || 20.0
|-
|}

==== Details ====
{| class="wikitable" style="text-align:center" width="50%"
|-
! colspan="5" | Features
|-
! Combat flaps !! Take-off flaps !! Landing flaps !! Air brakes !! Arrestor gear
|-
| ✓ || ✓ || ✓ || X || X 
|-
|}

{| class="wikitable" style="text-align:center" width="50%"
|-
! colspan="7" | Limits
|-
! rowspan="2" | Wings (km/h)
! rowspan="2" | Gear (km/h)
! colspan="3" | Flaps (km/h)
! colspan="2" | Max Static G
|-
! Combat !! Take-off !! Landing !! + !! -
|-
| {{Specs|destruction|body}} || {{Specs|destruction|gear}} || 382 || 293 || 248 || ~10 || ~4
|-
|}

{| class="wikitable" style="text-align:center"
|-
! colspan="4" | Optimal velocities (km/h)
|-
! Ailerons !! Rudder !! Elevators !! Radiator
|-
| < 540 || < 250 || < 450 || > 460
|-
|}

=== Survivability and armour ===
{{Specs-Avia-Armour}}


* 38 mm bulletproof glass - Windscreen
* 12.7 mm steel - Pilot's headrest
* 8 mm steel - Pilot's seat
* 3 mm steel in front of the pilot

=== Modifications and economy ===
{{Specs-Economy}}

== Armaments ==
{{Specs-Avia-Armaments}}
=== Offensive armament ===
{{Specs-Avia-Offensive}}

{{main|M2 Browning (12.7 mm)}}

The '''''{{PAGENAME}}''''' is armed with:

* 6 x 12.7 mm M2 Browning machine guns, wing-mounted (400 rpg = 2,400 total)

=== Suspended armament ===
{{Specs-Avia-Suspended}}

{{main|AN-M57 (250 lb)|AN-M64A1 (500 lb)|AN-M65A1 (1,000 lb)|HVAR|Tiny Tim}}

The '''''{{PAGENAME}}''''' can be outfitted with the following ordnance:

* Without load
* 2 x 250 lb AN-M57 bombs (500 lb total)
* 2 x 500 lb AN-M64A1 bombs (1,000 lb total)
* 2 x 1,000 lb AN-M65A1 bombs (2,000 lb total)
* 8 x HVAR rockets
* 2 x Tiny Tim rockets

== Usage in battles ==

Sitting a 6.0, this aircraft is blessed with being at Ju288 br. This means a guaranteed win almost every game, easy bombers to kill and a comfortable air superiority in which you can ground pound in. (Once all nearby enemies lie dead).

Generally, this aircraft is best suited to the in-game American doctrine of boom-and-zooming. In composition with stellar dive speed, engine performance, and long-range weaponry: you have great capability to dance around other propeller planes with relative impunity. Due to this, this is an amazing plane for dogfights, which you should always engage in. You should be cruising at ~3km, a perfect altitude to dive on any ground huggers or to dive away from any climbers who might swoop down upon you. Any dogfight you wish to initiate should be prioritized energy-wise; you should master the use of your flaps, they will give that needed edge. Keep fights low. In the circumstance you are below another propeller plane, you should extend the other direction and increase your IAS. Climbers like Bf 109 K-4, Ta-152 H, G.56, and so on, will not peruse you. Alternatively, you may try baiting them into a dogfight.

On the other end, a fully up-tiered F2G will be faced with early jets. Any attempts to outperform them in straight lines, be they flat runs or shallow climbs/dives, may often result in failure. Although you do have a chance to catch most jets by surprising them with steep dive. You should take advantage of the F2G's superior low speed acceleration and handling. Be quick and decisive in punishing jet players who attempt to turn with you, as a manoeuvring Super Corsair tends to quickly grab attention from other enemies. However, express caution when attempting to engage Kikka, J21R, F-80, and so on. Many early jets have comparable manoeuvrability to you, while still boasting solid top speed and horizontal energy retention. To your benefit, their acceleration is still lacking, so it is still possible to successfully counter them in a manoeuvring fight. Try to fight under 3,000 m (9,800 ft), as your engine's high altitude performance is inadequate.

If you are being boom-and-zoomed by a jet, there is not much you can do. Your guns are long-range, high-velocity, and cover a large area, so spraying down the engines of your enemy is a valid tactic, just watch your ammo. Ultimately, you must continue dodging their BnZ passes until they become impatient and make a mistake. Do not try and pitch up for too long after they zoom, the superior top speed of all jets will allow them to easily stall you out, despite your impressive engine.

=== Manual Engine Control ===
{| class="wikitable" style="text-align:center"
|-
! colspan="7" | MEC elements
|-
! rowspan="2" | Mixer
! rowspan="2" | Pitch
! colspan="3" | Radiator
! rowspan="2" | Supercharger
! rowspan="2" | Turbocharger
|-
! Oil !! Water !! Type
|-
| Not controllable || Controllable Auto control available || Controllable Auto control available || Controllable Auto control available || Separate || Not controllable 1 gear || Not controllable
|-
|}
The F2G-1 does not have meaningful overheating problems. In the case you do, however, it is recommended to utilize 85% prop-pitch, and to optimize your oil radiators to ~100%, given they have almost no drag.

=== Pros and cons ===


'''Pros:'''

* Fantastic roll rate
* Brilliant flap performance
* Absolutely stellar engine performance below 3,000 m
* Engine allows long usage of WEP before heating up
* Excellent straight-line speed at all altitudes
* Landing gear can be used as an improvised airbrake
* Low-altitude energy and flap performance allows you to stall fight quite well
* Great performance in shallow high speed climbs
* Each .50 cal MG has 400 rounds per gun
* .50 cal MGs have great ballistics and can be deadly even past 1 km

'''Cons:'''

* Lacklustre manoeuvrability at low speeds without flaps
* Low flap rip speeds
* Flaps will not open at all when above a certain IAS velocity
* Elevator & rudder compression upwards of 700 km/h becomes a handicap
* Slow stall recovery
* Engine performance declines above 3,000 m, and becomes weak above 5,000 m
* Engine radiators are hard to be kept closed in Automatic Engine Control mode, adding some drag
* Acceleration declines strongly above 4,000 m
* The 6 x .50 cal MGs are good guns, but they usually require solid sustained bursts, making high speed deflection shots unreliable

== History ==


{{Notice|The F2G Corsair is often referred to as "Super Corsair", though that was never an official designation.}}

=== Genesis ===
Pratt & Whitney fitted an F4U-1 Corsair (Bu.No. 02460) - donated to them by the Navy - with their R-4360-4 Wasp Major engine in March 1943. The P&W R-4360-4 Wasp Major engine put out approximately 50% more power than the original P&W R-2800-1 Double Wasp used in other Corsairs; the 28-cylinder R-4360-4 was able to produce 3,000 horsepower. The F4U-1 fitted with the R-4360-4 was designated as F4U-1WM, and it was proven as a success after testing. As such, development of a production Corsair fitted with the R-4360 was given to Goodyear on 22 March 1944, when the Navy ordered 418 F2G-1 Corsairs and 10 F2G-2 Corsairs (a navalized variant with carrier capability).

=== Development ===
[[File:XF2G-1 Bu.No. 14692 NH 87959.jpeg|thumb|XF2G-1 Bu.No. 14692 at NAS Patuxent River, Maryland, 21 July 1945.]]
Seven prototypes were built and designated as XF2G-1, being modified production FG-1 Corsairs (a Goodyear-produced, fixed wing "de-navalized" version of the Corsair). The first XF2G-1 (Bu.No. 13471) was fitted with the R-4360 engine but retained many characteristics of the standard Corsair, including the canopy and cockpit, though the engine cowling was extended and an air scoop was added on top of the fuselage right behind the engine cowling. It began ground testing on 31 May 1944, and first flew on 26 August of the same year. The second XF2G-1 (Bu.No. 13472) was used to test new aspects including oil coolers and propellers, which would be used on later XF2G-1s.

The remaining five prototypes (Bu.Nos. 14691 through 14695) were modified much more extensively. They featured a new bubble canopy and a reduced spine, in order to provide better visibility to the pilot. Additionally, the cockpit was redesigned; it received a floor and new controls quite similar to those used on the Vought F4U-4 version of the Corsair. The XF2G-1 retained the six .50 cal (12.7 mm) machine guns of the FG-1 as well as the same ordnance carrying capability, but they were modified to allow the carrying of external, jettisonable fuel tanks for extended range.

Bu.No. 14691 used the engine taken from the first prototype, Bu.No. 13471, and it first flew on 15 October 1944. Bu.No. 14692 added wing-mounted fuel tanks and improved vertical control surfaces. Bu.No. 14693 was fitted with the R-4630-4W version of the R-4630 engine, which introduced water-ethanol injection for increased power, but the -4W version of the engine was not fitted to any other version of the F2G. The final XF2G-1, Bu.No. 14695, had its first flight on 4 December 1944. Both 14692 and 14695 were lost in separate accidents on December 12th 1945: 14692 lost hydraulics inflight which led to its undercarriage extending to a position in which a safe landing could not be made, so its pilot bailed out; while 14695 suffered a similar hydraulics failure but in its case the pilot was able to make a safe belly landing. However, on recovering the stricken aircraft, the crane used to salvage it failed and collapsed on top of the aircraft, effectively destroying it.

On 27 November 1944, the XF2G-1 was given to the U.S. Navy for testing. Some issues arose during testing, particularly that the engine torque of the engine would cause the aircraft to turn hard to the left in a carrier wave off (when increasing the throttle in the case that the landing had to be aborted). In the case of a wave off and the throttle being applied, the rudder was not able to prevent the nose swinging to the left. To prevent this effect, the rudder was heightened by twelve inches and an auxiliary rudder was installed beneath it which would automatically turn 12.5 degrees to the right when the landing gear was extended, in order to counteract the torque of the engine.

=== Production ===
The first production F2G-1 (Bu.No. 88454) was delivered to the Navy on 15 July 1945, but the contract for production had been cut down to only five F2G-1 and five F2G-2 two months earlier in May. Production therefore ended in August 1945 after only 5 F2G-1 (Bu.Nos. 88454 through 88458) and and 5 F2G-2 (Bu.Nos. 88459 through 88463) had been produced, for a total of eighteen F2G aircraft built of all variants, including the F4U-1WM. The Navy continued testing of the F2G series after production cancellation but dropped the F2G completely soon after.

Production of the F2G had been cancelled due in part to disappointing test results. The F2G-1 had an impressive climb rate of 4,400 feet per minute, but its top speed of 430 mph (692 km/h) was rather disappointing, and it also had some stability issues. Overall, its performance wasn't a large enough improvement over other aircraft in production, particularly the F4U-4 and F8F-1 Bearcat, which is why the production orders for the F2G were cancelled.

[[File:F2G-1 Bu.No. 88458 Race 57.jpg|thumb|F2G-1 Bu.No. 88458 "Race 57", 2005 AirVenture at Oshkosh, Wisconsin]]

=== Post-War Use - Racing ===
The F2G was much more successful post-war, many of the aircraft having served well as air racing aircraft, the most famous of which being the fifth production F2G-1 (Bu.No. 88458) known as "Race 57", famous for its bright red color scheme. Bu.No. 88463, the last F2G-2 produced, was also a racing aircraft known as "Race 74" and painted dark blue. Race 74 was destroyed in a crash in 2012 that also killed the pilot, Bob Odegaard. Only two F2G aircraft survive as of January 2021, which are the aforementioned Bu.No. 88458 "Race 57" and Bu.No. 88454, both F2G-1s.

=== List of F2G Aircraft ===
'''F4U-1WM'''

* Bu.No. 02460

'''XF2G-1'''

*[[File:NH 87958.jpeg|thumb|XF2G-1 Bu.No. 14692 at NAS Patuxent River, Maryland, 21 July 1945.]]
*Bu.No. 13471- engine test airframe and first flying prototype. Engine donated to 14691 after completion of trials.
* Bu.No. 13472 - scrapped April 30th 1946
* Bu.No. 14691 - scrapped June 30th 1947
* Bu.No. 14692 - destroyed in crash December 12th 1946, pilot bailed out with landing gear stuck in configuration unsafe for landing.
* Bu.No. 14693 - Sold to Cook Cleland in 1947 as NX5590N. "Race 94" at 1947, 1948 and 1949 National Air Races. Flown by Dick Becker at 1947 Thompson Trophy, 2nd place. Flown by Cook Cleland at 1948 Thompson Trophy, retired due to engine failure. Flown by Cook Cleland at 1949 Thompson Trophy, 1st place. Restored by Bob Odegaard in 2007 - destroyed in fatal accident in 2012.
* Bu.No. 14694 - Sold to Ron Puckett in 1947 as NX91092. "Race 18" in 1947 & 1949 National Air Races. Retired at 1947 Thompson Trophy due to engine failure. 2nd place at 1949 Thompson Trophy. Aircraft scrapped some time after 1949 National Air Races.
* Bu.No. 14695 - damaged in crash December 12th 1946, destroyed in subsequent recovery accident

'''F2G-1'''

* Bu.No. 88454 - N/A - Display, Museum of Flight, Seattle, Washington
* Bu.No. 88455 - scrapped August 31st 1946
* Bu.No. 88456 - scrapped May 31st 1947
* Bu.No. 88457 - Sold to Cook Cleland in 1947 as NX5588N. "Race 84" at 1947 National Air Races. Destroyed in fatal accident at 1947 Thompson Trophy while flown by Tony Janazzo.
* Bu.No. 88458 - scrapped in January of 1948, parts sold as spares to Cook Cleland. Rebuilt using the data plate of 88457, taking up the identity of N5588N. "Race 57" at 1949 National Air Races - flown by Ben McKillen at 1949 Thompson Trophy, 3rd place Restored by Bob Odegaard in 1999 - Airworthy, Louise M. Thaden Airfield, Bentonville, Arkansas (owned by Steuart Walton)

'''F2G-2'''

* Bu.No. 88459 - scrapped January 1948
* Bu.No. 88460 - scrapped May 31st 1948
* Bu.No. 88461 - scrapped January 1948
* Bu.No. 88462 - scrapped May 31st 1947
* Bu.No. 88463 - Sold to Cook Cleland in 1947 as NX5577. "Race 74" at the 1947, 1948 and 1949 National Air Races. Flown by Cook Cleland at 1947 Thompson Trophy, 1st place. Flown by Dick Becker at 1948 Thompson Trophy, retired due to engine failure. Flown by Dick Becker at 1949 Thompson Trophy, withdrawn due to engine failure. Aircraft scraped some time after 1949 National Air Races.
* Bu.No. 88464 - aircraft not completed by Goodyear, probably scrapped while still incomplete on the production line.
* Bu.No. 88465 - aircraft not completed by Goodyear, probably scrapped while still incomplete on the production line.
* Bu.No. 88466 - bounced on landing and broke in two, NAS Alameda, February 6th 1949.
* Bu.No. 88467 - aircraft noted marked as C51. Aircraft fate unknown.
* Bu.No.88468 - aircraft not completed by Goodyear, probably scrapped while still incomplete on the production line.

'''Note:''' There was an aircraft named Super Corsair and later "Race #1" , which despite the name was not an F2G. It was an F4U-1D fitted with the R-4360 engine, clipped wings, and a modified cockpit.

== Media ==


;Skins

* [https://live.warthunder.com/feed/camouflages/?vehicle=f2g-1 Skins and camouflages for the {{PAGENAME}} from live.warthunder.com.]

;Images
<gallery mode="packed-hover" heights="150">
Image:F2G-1 Super Corsair Devblog Image 001.jpg|F2G-1 devblog image
</gallery>

;Videos
{{Youtube-gallery|hF4m-Y9ITgg|'''The Shooting Range #251''' - ''Pages of History'' section at 03:45 discusses the {{PAGENAME}}.|3uvrDYtS8n0|'''3000 Horsepower At 6.7! Pure POWER!: F2G-1''' - ''Spit_flyer''|PAUjLLiKLC4|'''Good Potential, but...- F2G-1 Gameplay''' - ''DEFYN''}}

== See also ==
''Links to the articles on the War Thunder Wiki that you think will be useful for the reader, for example:''

* ''reference to the series of the aircraft;''
* ''links to approximate analogues of other nations and research trees.''

== External links ==


* [https://forum.warthunder.com/index.php?/topic/504128-f2g-1/ Official data sheet - more details about the performance]
* [https://www.air-and-space.com/Goodyear%20F2G.htm Air and Space - Corsairs with Four-Bank Radials]

=== References ===

;Citations
<references />

;Bibliography

* Air Racers - The Planes - In Focus - F2G Super Corsairs - Part 3: Corncob Corsair Racing Roots. (n.d.). Retrieved January 09, 2021, from http://www.pylon1.org/articles/publish/article_24.shtml
* F2G Super Corsairs - Part 2: "Kamikaze Killer". (n.d.). Retrieved January 09, 2021, from http://www.pylon1.org/articles/publish/printer_23.shtml
* Goodyear F2G super Corsair. (n.d.). Retrieved January 09, 2021, from https://www.jdsf4u.be/goodyear-f2-g-super-corsair
* Goodyear XF2G-1 Corsair. (n.d.). Retrieved January 09, 2021, from https://www.jdsf4u.be/kopie-van-goodyear-f2-g-super-corsa
* http://www.airrace.com/1947%20NAR%20.html
* http://www.airrace.com/1948%20NAR.htm
* http://www.airrace.com/1949%20NAR%20.htm

{{AirManufacturer Goodyear}}
{{USA fighters}}
{{USA premium aircraft}}

Grant I (USA)

2022-10-27T07:41:29Z

U133584478:

{{About
| about = gift American medium tank '''{{PAGENAME}}'''
|other
|usage-1 = other versions
|link-1 = M3 Medium (Family)
|usage-2 = other uses
|link-2 = M3 (Disambiguation)
}}
{{Specs-Card
|code=us_mk1_grant
|images={{Specs-Card-Image|GarageImage_{{PAGENAME}}.jpg}}
}}

== Description ==

The '''{{Specs|name}}''' is a premium rank {{Specs|rank}} American medium tank {{Battle-rating}}. It was introduced along with the initial American ground tree in [[Update 1.45 "Steel Generals"]] as a bundle vehicle, but was later removed from the store. It was reintroduced for [[wt:en/news/5852-special-news-war-thunder-s-birthday-discounts-and-gifts-en|War Thunder's 6th Anniversary]] as a premium purchasable for Golden Eagles {{ge}} and was made available in the [[Warbonds]] shop during Seasons IV and IX of the [[Battle Pass]].

It is a modified version of the [[M3 Lee|M3 Lee]] in the American medium tree line with a redesigned turret made for the British Army.
The Grant is most well recognized for its tall profile and two cannons. The suspension resembles that of the [[M4|M4 Sherman]], the only notable difference being the return rollers' positions. The hull front is also stepped into two plates, where the upper is closer to vertical. The large sponson on the right side carries the main 75 mm gun; note that with 2 crew, it is the operational gun. The 37 mm gun is in a turret, mounted with a leftward offset. Its main notable difference from the M3 Lee is a redesigned turret.

Due to the presence of two cannons, this tank is an excellent multi-role vehicle. The Grant can be played it as a brawler combining the agile 37 mm gun with the high damage of the 75 mm gun, but don't get too close, in fact, the turreted gun has a bad depression and, combined with the high profile, tends to make close tanks difficult to hit. Note that the different guns can be assigned different keys to be separately used, so it is possible to select the 75 mm as a primary weapon, allowing the optics to accommodate the 75 mm shells (and not from the point of view of the 37 mm gun) and use the bullet drop indicator in [[:Category:Game_modes|arcade battles]].

== General info ==
=== Survivability and armour ===
{{Specs-Tank-Armour}}

'''Armour type:'''

* Rolled homogeneous armour (Hull, Turret roof)
* Cast homogeneous armour (Turret, Transmission area)

{| class="wikitable"
|-
! Armour !! Front (Slope angle) !! Sides !! Rear !! Roof
|-
| Hull || 38.1 mm (54°) ''Front Glacis'' 50.8 mm (15-55°) ''Transmission area'' 50.8 mm (30°) ''Driver port'' 38.1 mm (0-57°) ''Hull gun mount'' || 38.1 mm (0-22°) ''Top'' 38.1 mm ''Bottom'' || 38.1 mm (1-14°) ''Top'' 38.1 mm (15-53°) ''Bottom'' || 12.7 mm
|-
| Turret || 76.2 mm (1-57°) ''Turret front'' 38.1 mm (1-69°) ''Gun mantlet'' || 50.8 mm (7-45°) || 50.8 mm (1-35°) || 38.1 mm
|-
| Cupola || 50.8 mm || 50.8 mm || 50.8 mm || 38.1 mm
|-
|}
'''Notes:'''

* Suspension wheels are 15 mm thick, bogies are 10 mm thick, and tracks are 20 mm thick.
* Hull doors and vision ports are 38.1 mm thick.
* Turret ring is 50.8 mm thick.

=== Mobility ===
{{Specs-Tank-Mobility}}


{{tankMobility|abMinHp=620|rbMinHp=354}}

=== Modifications and economy ===
{{Specs-Economy}}

== Armaments ==
{{Specs-Tank-Armaments}}
=== Main armament ===
{{Specs-Tank-Weapon|2}}

{{main|M5 (37 mm)}}

{| class="wikitable" style="text-align:center" width="100%"
|-
! colspan="5" | [[M5 (37 mm)|37 mm M5]] || colspan="5" | Turret rotation speed (°/s) || colspan="4" | Reloading rate (seconds)
|-
! Mode !! Capacity !! Vertical !! Horizontal !! Stabilizer
! Stock !! Upgraded !! Full !! Expert !! Aced
! Stock !! Full !! Expert !! Aced
|-
! ''Arcade''
| rowspan="2" | 128 || rowspan="2" | -7°/+60° || rowspan="2" | ±180° || rowspan="2" | N/A || 17.1 || 23.7 || 28.8 || 31.8 || 33.9 || rowspan="2" | 3.77 || rowspan="2" | 3.33 || rowspan="2" | 3.07 || rowspan="2" | 2.90
|-
! ''Realistic''
| 10.7 || 12.6 || 15.3 || 16.9 || 18.0
|-
|}

==== Ammunition ====
{| class="wikitable sortable" style="text-align:center" width="100%"
! colspan="8" | Penetration statistics
|-
! rowspan="2" data-sort-type="text" | Ammunition
! rowspan="2" | Type of warhead
! colspan="6" | Penetration @ 0° Angle of Attack (mm)
|-
! 10 m !! 100 m !! 500 m !! 1,000 m !! 1,500 m !! 2,000 m
|-
| M74B1 || AP || 79 || 76 || 65 || 54 || 45 || 37
|-
| M51B1 || APCBC || 87 || 84 || 73 || 60 || 50 || 41
|-
|}
{| class="wikitable sortable" style="text-align:center" width="100%"
! colspan="10" | Shell details
|-
! rowspan="2" data-sort-type="text" | Ammunition
! rowspan="2" | Type of warhead
! rowspan="2" | Velocity (m/s)
! rowspan="2" | Projectile mass (kg)
! rowspan="2" | Fuse delay (m)
! rowspan="2" | Fuse sensitivity (mm)
! rowspan="2" | Explosive mass (TNT equivalent) (g)
! colspan="3" | Ricochet
|-
! 0% !! 50% !! 100%
|-
| M74B1 || AP || 883 || 0.87 || N/A || N/A || N/A || 47° || 60° || 65°
|-
| M51B1 || APCBC || 883 || 0.87 || N/A || N/A || N/A || 48° || 63° || 71°
|-
|}

==== [[Ammo racks]] ====

{| class="wikitable" style="text-align:center"
|-
! Full ammo
! 1st rack empty
! 2nd rack empty
! 3rd rack empty
! 4th rack empty
! 5th rack empty
! 6th rack empty
! 7th rack empty
! 8th rack empty
! 9th rack empty
! Visual discrepancy
|-
| '''128''' || 125 ''(+3)'' || 121 ''(+7)'' || 117 ''(+11)'' || 97 ''(+31)'' || 74 ''(+54)'' || 70 ''(+58)'' || 57 ''(+71)'' || 27 ''(+101)'' || 1 ''(+127)'' || Yes
|-
|}
[[File:Ammoracks_{{PAGENAME}}.png|right|thumb|x200px|[[Ammo racks]] of the {{PAGENAME}}]]

=== Additional armament ===
{{Specs-Tank-Weapon|1}}

{{main|M2 (75 mm)}}

{| class="wikitable" style="text-align:center" width="100%"
|-
! colspan="5" | [[M2 (75 mm)|75 mm M2]] || colspan="5" | Turret rotation speed (°/s) || colspan="4" | Reloading rate (seconds)
|-
! Mode !! Capacity !! Vertical !! Horizontal !! Stabilizer
! Stock !! Upgraded !! Full !! Expert !! Aced
! Stock !! Full !! Expert !! Aced
|-
! ''Arcade''
| rowspan="2" | 65 || rowspan="2" | -9°/+20° || rowspan="2" | ±15° || rowspan="2" | {{Annotation|Vertical|up to 16 km/h}} || 11 || 16 || 19 || 21 || 23 || rowspan="2" | 6.2 || rowspan="2" | 5.5 || rowspan="2" | 5.0 || rowspan="2" | 4.8
|-
! ''Realistic''
| 7.1 || 8.4 || 10 || 11 || 12
|-
|}

==== Ammunition ====
{| class="wikitable sortable" style="text-align:center" width="100%"
! colspan="8" | Penetration statistics
|-
! rowspan="2" data-sort-type="text" | Ammunition
! rowspan="2" | Type of warhead
! colspan="6" | Penetration @ 0° Angle of Attack (mm)
|-
! 10 m !! 100 m !! 500 m !! 1,000 m !! 1,500 m !! 2,000 m
|-
| M48 shell || HE || 10 || 10 || 10 || 10 || 10 || 10
|-
| M72 shot || AP || 84 || 82 || 73 || 62 || 53 || 46
|-
| M61 shot || APCBC || 97 || 94 || 84 || 73 || 63 || 55
|-
|}
{| class="wikitable sortable" style="text-align:center" width="100%"
! colspan="10" | Shell details
|-
! rowspan="2" data-sort-type="text" | Ammunition
! rowspan="2" | Type of warhead
! rowspan="2" | Velocity (m/s)
! rowspan="2" | Projectile mass (kg)
! rowspan="2" | Fuse delay (m)
! rowspan="2" | Fuse sensitivity (mm)
! rowspan="2" | Explosive mass (TNT equivalent) (g)
! colspan="3" | Ricochet
|-
! 0% !! 50% !! 100%
|-
| M48 shell || HE || 448 || 6.3 || 0 || 0.1 || 666 || 79° || 80° || 81°
|-
| M72 shot || AP || 588 || 6.3 || N/A || N/A || N/A || 47° || 60° || 65°
|-
| M61 shot || APCBC || 588 || 6.79 || 1.2 || 14 || 63.7 || 48° || 63° || 71°
|-
|}
{| class="wikitable" style="text-align:center"
! colspan="7" | Smoke shell characteristics
|-
! Ammunition
! Velocity (m/s)
! Projectile mass (kg)
! Screen radius (m)
! Screen deploy time (s)
! Screen hold time (s)
! Explosive mass (TNT equivalent) (g)
|-
| M89 || 259 || 3 || 13 || 5 || 20 || 50
|-
|}

==== [[Ammo racks]] ====
[[File:Ammoracks_{{PAGENAME}}.png|right|thumb|x200px|[[Ammo racks]] of the {{PAGENAME}}]]

{| class="wikitable" style="text-align:center"
|-
! Full ammo
! 1st rack empty
! 2nd rack empty
! Visual discrepancy
|-
| '''65''' || 36 ''(+29)'' || 1 ''(+64)'' || Yes
|-
|}

=== Machine guns ===
{{Specs-Tank-Weapon|3}}


{| class="wikitable" style="text-align:center" width="50%"
|-
! colspan="5" | [[M1919A4 (7.62 mm)|7.62 mm M1919A4]]
|-
! Mount !! Capacity (Belt) !! Fire rate !! Vertical !! Horizontal
|-
| Coaxial || 4,000 (250) || 500 || N/A || N/A
|-
|}

== Usage in battles ==

The multiple cannons allow for different combinations of attack. The 75 mm gun possesses armour penetration on about the level of the 37 mm gun; however, the damage upon penetration is extremely high with the M61 APCBC shell due to the HE filler. On the other hand, the 37 mm gun allows for close quarters and longer-range fighting, where its high-velocity and effective shell make for good long range targeting while it is also the only cannon on the Grant that has a full 360-degree traverse.

Different guns mean different styles of play. The Grant can be played as a tank destroyer, using its sponson gun to take shots at medium range and its 37 mm to cover the flanks and make longer range snipe shots. The Grant can also be used as an assault tank, quickly advancing on points while switching between the powerful 75 mm gun and the faster-firing 37 mm. In all game modes, the two gun profiles should be assigned to different keys, this will allow players to aim using the sights of the three guns separately, allowing the usage of the individual optics to actually hit things at range.

the Grant I has the possibility of facing long-barrelled [[Pz.III J1|Pz.Kpfw. III]], and [[Pz.IV F2|Pz.Kpfw. IV]], as well as [[T-34 (1941)|T-34]]s. The [[ZiS-30]] and [[Na-To]] are also very deadly. The 75 mm gun can reliable penetrate all of these tanks at short range (save the T-34), whereas the 37 mm will require some particular shot placement.

=== Pros and cons ===


'''Pros:'''

* Ability to use two guns: a 37 mm and a 75 mm - which is very powerful at this rank
* Fine frontal armour
* Side mounted 75 mm gives the ability for some unique tactics
* Despite the tall profile, the "wedding cake" design of the turret has thick sloped armour, providing extra protection to make up for its height

'''Cons:'''

* Tall profile, big target
* Fixed 75 mm gun in the sponson makes it harder to use as a primary
* Slow traverse speeds make it easy for a light or a particularly speedy medium tank to sneak around the sides
* The 37 mm gun does not have a stabilizer unlike the regular M3 variant

== History ==


===Development===
After the development of the [[M2|M2 medium tank]], the Battle of France showed that such a tank was not going to be capable to go up against the German [[Pz.III F|Panzer IIIs]] and [[Pz.IV F1|Panzer IVs]]. With the Western Allies now embroiled in the North African campaign against the Germans and Italians, the Allies needed a good tank capable of going against the Panzer tanks, and they needed it quickly.

The [[M3 Lee]] tank started from the basis of the M2 Medium Tank, using the chassis and the VVSS suspension system. It was to mount the 75 mm cannon, however it was discovered that the United States does not have a turret design that could mount the 75 mm gun. So as development on the turret proceeded, the 75 mm on the M3 would be sponson-mounted. This design was tested on the M2 medium tank as the T5E2, which was approved for the M3 design. The M3 featured a medium tank with two guns, the 75 mm on the hull sponson mount, and a 37 mm with a coaxial machine gun on a turret. The turret cupola also had its own machine gun and there were also two fixed bow machine guns. The use of two gun mounts on a tank was similar to the German [[Nb.Fz.|Neubaufahrzeug]] and Soviet [[T-35]] tanks. The M3's 75 mm gun however presented a huge advantage over contemporary tank armaments, as the 75 mm could fire high-explosive rounds for against infantry and anti-tank guns, yet could also fire a shell with a high enough velocity for anti-tank purposes.

The M3's faults were the high profile and the sponson mount for its main armament. The M3 was 10 ft. 3 in. tall, a feet taller than the M2 medium tank. The 75 mm on a sponson mount meant that the main armament of the tank had a limited traverse compared to a rotatable turret and forced the tank to reveal much of its body in order to aim the gun at the enemy. The M3 was also constructed out of rivets (which increased spalling) and had a smooth track design which reduced ground traction. Despite these disadvantages, the British happily accepted them as they were critically low on tanks. German Colonel Hans von Luck said he even considered them superior to the [[Pz.IV E|Panzer IVs]].

The M3 first saw service with the British in the campaign for North Africa beginning in May, 1942. Those that had been made with a British-designed turret were identified as "Grant", whereas an additional quantity that were Lend-Leased to the British later on with the standard U.S turret were named "Lee." The British cast turret on the Grant was considered superior in terms of frontal protection and replaced the American smoke dischargers with a British smoke mortar, but did not have the cupola or cupola MG of the Lee. The Grant also moved the radio into the turret, removing the need for a separate radio operator position in the hull (the Americans would later do this with their M3s as well). Their baptism of fire was the Gazala battles, where 167 Grants were present with 1st and 7th Armoured Divisions. Regiments with Grants were initially organized on a 2:1 Grants-to-Stuarts, or a 2:1 Crusaders-to-Grants basis, but by 2nd Alamein in October, 1942, Shermans had also been added into that mix. Still, over 170 Grants or Lees were in the line for that battle. There were 3 tanks in a Grant/Lee troop. By May, 1943, all British Grants and Lees were replaced with newer tanks, mostly the Sherman.

Production on the Lee had begun in August 1941. A majority of these were completed at Baldwin Locomotive Works in Philadelphia, Pennsylvania. The British would receive more than their original order of 1,250 tanks. Of the total 6,258 M3s built by the US between start up to the end of production in December 1942, 2,855 units (over 1,600 Grants, and over 1,200 Lees) went to the British and 1,386 Lees went to the Soviet Union, were they served until 1943 before being replaced. A mix of Grants ahd Lees were also used by the Australians and Indians in the India-Burma theater, beginning in December, 1943, serving there until the end of the war with Japan. The M3 risked causing confusion in British service as the same "M3" designation was given to the [[M3 Stuart|M3 Light Tank]]. This set off their tradition of naming American-made tanks after generals, where the M3 medium tank earned the name [[M3 Lee]] for the American-turret variant (Grant for the British variant) and the M3 light tank was called the Stuart. Americans did not use these names themselves, only starting to name their tanks after the war.

===Combat usage===
Combat experience with the M3 Lee was complicated but favourable. In Africa, the Lees and Grants in British and American service surprised the German forces when they could withstand the 50 mm KwK 38 L/42 gun and 75 mm KwK 37 L/24 howitzer armament on the Panzer IIIs and Panzer IVs. The M3 Lee proved reliable and adequate in armour protection. The Soviet's experience with the M3 Lee was less favourable, as their [[T-34 (1941)|T-34 tanks]] were much better in combat performance. The Soviets euphemistically called it a "grave for six men" and the Lee tanks were relegated to the secondary fronts or repurposed as armoured personnel carriers. In the Pacific, the M3 Lees were lent to the Australians and Indians, which proved vastly superior to the Japanese tanks in service. The only American use of the M3 Lee at the Pacific Theater was during the Battle of Makin Island.

The M3 Lee served fine as a stop-gap solution for the American tank development. They performed very well on the combat field and proved very reliable. However, once a 75 mm turret was finally designed, the M3 Lee was redesigned to use it, and the resulting tank was the [[M4|M4 Sherman]], which will go on to replace the M3 tanks in the Allies as they are withdrawn from service. Even if it wasn't, the M3 was becoming obsolete due to newer German tanks being deployed, such as the [[Panther D|Panther]], [[Tiger_H1|Tiger I]], or improvement of old chassis like [[Pz.IV G|Panzer IV Ausf. G]] and [[StuG III F|StuG III Ausf. F]]. Its obsolescence was a consequence of its own rather unique development and anachronistic design, limiting this medium tank's service life to a mere two years in Allied hands. However, it lived on until the end of WW2 in some modifications such as tractor and recovery vehicle. The chassis and running gear were adapted by the Canadians to develop their [[M4A5|Ram medium tank]].

===An anecdote===

::"The 75 (mm gun) is firing. The 37 (mm gun) is firing, but it is traversed around the wrong way. The Browning (machine gun) is jammed. I am saying 'Driver advance' on the A set and the driver, who can't hear me, is reversing. And as I look over the top of the turret and see twelve enemy tanks fifty yards away, someone hands me a cheese sandwich." —''British Lieutenant Ken Giles, tank commander of a M3 Grant''<ref name="GrantAnecdote">Bell, Chris. "Fury: All You Need to Know about Life in a Tank." The Telegraph. Telegraph Media Group, 24 Oct. 2014. Web. 12 Jan. 2017. <http://www.telegraph.co.uk/culture/film/film-news/11167575/Fury-all-you-need-to-know-about-life-in-a-tank.html></ref>

=== In-game description ===
The bitter taste left in the mouth of British builders after battles in Greece and France forced them to take a hard look at the future of their armour. They did not have a single powerful artillery system of their own, though the US at the time had just begun producing their new M3 Lee and its sponson-mounted 75 mm cannon.

After evaluating the American-made M3, the British decided that it would primarily be used in North Africa. A major invasion was planned for 1941, and so the Americans were asked to develop a new and elongated cast turret with a bustle at the back for a British Wireless Set No. 19. Periscopes were added on each side closer to the back in addition to slots from which to fire personal weapons. The cupola was unneeded and removed, being replaced by a short addition with a folding hatch in front of an antenna output. In total, the turret became 30 mm shorter, reducing the tank's profile. The M3 modification for the British was designated the Grant Mk I.

The first contracts with Baldwin, Lima, and Pullman were signed at the end of 1940, with deliveries totaling 1,685 units beginning six months later.

The Grant Mk I saw action in North Africa from 1942 to 1943 with varying success. Crew members reported that the German Pz.II and Pz.III tanks shot their armour-piercing shells from a distance of 1,100 meters. The Mk I was not as manoeuvrable as its German counterparts, and its side armour could not sustain hits from 50 mm tank cannons. Further, 88 mm anti-tank guns easily pierced its armour, while the high silhouette made long-range targeting easier.

The British Grant Mk Is saw limited action in the 1943 invasion of Sicily.

== Media ==


;Skins

* [https://live.warthunder.com/feed/camouflages/?vehicle=us_mk1_grant Skins and camouflages for the {{PAGENAME}} from live.warthunder.com.]

;Images
<gallery mode="packed-hover" heights="200">
File:M3Lee + Grant.jpg|The [[M3 Lee]] (right) and M3 Grant in the North Africa Theater.
</gallery>

;Videos
{{Youtube-gallery|P-RnfEaO0ns|'''The Shooting Range #215''' - ''Pages of History'' section at 03:31 discusses the M3 Grant.|5XbdErI74vQ|'''Tank Chats #30 M3 Grant''' - ''The Tank Museum''}}

== See also ==
''Links to the articles on the War Thunder Wiki that you think will be useful for the reader, for example:''

* ''reference to the series of the vehicles;''
* ''links to approximate analogues of other nations and research trees.''

== External links ==


=== References ===
<references />

{{TankManufacturer Ordnance Department}}
{{USA medium tanks}}
{{USA premium ground vehicles}}

T26E1-1

2022-10-11T15:32:18Z

U133584478:

{{About
| about = American heavy tank '''{{PAGENAME}}'''
| usage = the other T26
| link = T26E5
}}
{{Specs-Card
|code=us_t26e4_superpershing
|images={{Specs-Card-Image|GarageImage_{{PAGENAME}}.jpg|ArtImage_{{PAGENAME}}.png}}
}}

== Description ==

The '''{{Specs|name}}''' is a rank {{Specs|rank}} American heavy tank {{Battle-rating}}. It was introduced in [[Update 1.57 "Battle March"]]. The tank takes the basis of a normal [[M26|M26 Pershing]], then increases its armour with welded-on metal slabs and up-guns it with a [[T15E1 (90 mm)|T15E1 cannon]], which is nearly identical to the one in the [[T32]]. This gives the tank a much appreciated armour protection and firepower for the battle rating and is comparable with the premium [[M26E1]].

== General info ==
=== Survivability and armour ===
{{Specs-Tank-Armour}}

'''Armour type:'''

* Cast homogeneous armour (Front, Turret)
* Rolled homogeneous armour (Side, Rear, Roof, Turret appliqué armour)
* Structural steel (Hull appliqué armour, Rear turret counterweight)

{| class="wikitable"
|-
! Armour !! Front (Slope angle) !! Sides !! Rear !! Roof
|-
| Hull || 101.6 (42-46°) + 38.1 (47°) + 38.1 mm (57°) ''Front glacis'' 162.5 (25-60°) + 38.1 (47°) + 38.1 mm (57°) '' Upper front glacis'' 76.2 mm (53°) + 38.1 (41°) + 38.1 mm (48°) ''Lower glacis'' || 76.2 mm ''Front'' 50.8 mm (0-2°) ''Rear''|| 50.8 mm (4°) ''Top'' 22.2 mm (68°) ''Lower'' || 22.2 mm
|-
| Turret || 101.6 mm (1-55°) ''Turret front'' 114.3 (1-84°) + 80 mm (3°) ''Gun mantlet'' || 76.2 mm (2-54°) || 76.2 (0-79°) + 100 mm (3°) || 25.4 mm
|-
| Cupola || 76.2 mm || 76.2 mm || 76.2 mm || 25.4 mm
|-
|}
'''Notes''':

* Suspension wheels and tracks are 20 mm thick.
* The left turret side has a few tracks welded on, providing an additional 30 mm of armour where they are.
* The "ear flaps" on the turret provide 38.1 mm of armour. The steel on the gun mantlet gives an additional 80 mm of armour.
* Front glacis have sheets of 38.1 mm armour added on, sloped at varying angles.

=== Mobility ===
{{Specs-Tank-Mobility}}


{{tankMobility|abMinHp=646|rbMinHp=442}}

=== Modifications and economy ===
{{Specs-Economy}}

As with every ground vehicle, Parts and FPE are an absolute top-priority. Following that both types of shells should be researched. Either Adjustment of Fire or Suspension should be researched as the second module in tier II, depending on playstyle. If undecided - choose Adjustment of Fire. Mandatory modifications in tier III are T44 shot and Crew Replenishment. After that: Filters -> Engine -> Transmission for improved mobility, in that particular order due to the efficiency in {{rp}}RP/hp increase. Further modifications at will.

== Armaments ==
{{Specs-Tank-Armaments}}
=== Main armament ===
{{Specs-Tank-Weapon|1}}

{{main|T15E1 (90 mm)}}

The {{PAGENAME}} utilizes a very powerful 90 mm T15E1 cannon, nearly identical to the gun on the [[T32]]. The gun's greatest weakness is its reload time, allowing more than sufficient time for the enemy to move out of their cover, aim, and take a shot. Therefore, staying in cover between shots and near friendlies might be preferable. A mix of T41 APCBC and T44 APCR shells is recommended as a typical load-out.

{| class="wikitable" style="text-align:center" width="100%"
|-
! colspan="5" | [[T15E1 (90 mm)|90 mm T15E1]] || colspan="5" | Turret rotation speed (°/s) || colspan="4" | Reloading rate (seconds)
|-
! Mode !! Capacity !! Vertical !! Horizontal !! Stabilizer
! Stock !! Upgraded !! Full !! Expert !! Aced
! Stock !! Full !! Expert !! Aced
|-
! ''Arcade''
| rowspan="2" | 42 || rowspan="2" | -10°/+20° || rowspan="2" | ±180° || rowspan="2" | N/A || 19.4 || 26.9 || 32.6 || 36.1 || 38.4 || rowspan="2" | 16.25 || rowspan="2" | 14.38 || rowspan="2" | 13.25 || rowspan="2" | 12.50
|-
! ''Realistic''
| 14.3 || 16.8 || 20.4 || 22.6 || 24.0
|-
|}

==== Ammunition ====
For less mobile tanks usually a mix shells is recommended, with the Super Pershing being no different. For Arcade Battles, 15 shells is typically sufficient, majority APCBC with roughly 3-5 APCR shells dedicated to enemies with better armour. The APCBC shell is a good default for a majority of targets, it typically should be loaded when venturing towards the unknown.

* T43 shot - {{Annotation|APBC|Armour-Piercing Ballistic Capped}} - Acceptable performance against majority of targets
* T42 shell - {{Annotation|HE|High-Explosive fragmentation shell}} - Usable nearly exclusively against soft targets. Due to long reload time it's typically safer to use other shells than committing to the HE
* T41 - {{Annotation|APCBC|Armour-Piercing Capped Ballistic Capped}} - Deadliest round, very wide post-penetration effect.
* T44 shot - {{Annotation|APCR|Armour-Piercing Composite Rigid shell}} - Penetration increased by 1/2, suitable against more armoured targets, however it has the narrowest cone of post-penetration shrapnel.

{| class="wikitable sortable" style="text-align:center" width="100%"
! colspan="8" | Penetration statistics
|-
! rowspan="2" data-sort-type="text" | Ammunition
! rowspan="2" | Type of warhead
! colspan="6" | Penetration @ 0° Angle of Attack (mm)
|-
! 10 m !! 100 m !! 500 m !! 1,000 m !! 1,500 m !! 2,000 m
|-
| T43 shot || APBC || 211 || 208 || 193 || 177 || 162 || 148
|-
| T42 shell || HE || 13 || 13 || 13 || 13 || 13 || 13
|-
| T41 || APCBC || 224 || 221 || 206 || 188 || 172 || 157
|-
| T44 shot || APCR || 336 || 330 || 304 || 274 || 248 || 223
|-
|}
{| class="wikitable sortable" style="text-align:center" width="100%"
! colspan="10" | Shell details
|-
! rowspan="2" data-sort-type="text" | Ammunition
! rowspan="2" | Type of warhead
! rowspan="2" | Velocity (m/s)
! rowspan="2" | Projectile Mass (kg)
! rowspan="2" | Fuse delay (m)
! rowspan="2" | Fuse sensitivity (mm)
! rowspan="2" | Explosive Mass (TNT equivalent) (g)
! colspan="3" | Ricochet
|-
! 0% !! 50% !! 100%
|-
| T43 shot || APBC || 975 || 10.9 || N/A || N/A || N/A || 47° || 60° || 65°
|-
| T42 shell || HE || 975 || 10.6 || 0 || 0.1 || 925 || 79° || 80° || 81°
|-
| T41 || APCBC || 975 || 10.94 || 1.2 || 14 || 137.2 || 48° || 63° || 71°
|-
| T44 shot || APCR || 1,143 || 7.6 || N/A || N/A || N/A || 66° || 70° || 72°
|-
|}

==== [[Ammo racks]] ====

{| class="wikitable" style="text-align:center"
|-
! Full ammo
! 1st rack empty
! 2nd rack empty
! 3rd rack empty
! 4th rack empty
! 5th rack empty
! 6th rack empty
! 7th rack empty
! 8th rack empty
! 9th rack empty
! Visual discrepancy
|-
| '''42''' || 39 ''(+3)'' || 35 ''(+7)'' || 31 ''(+11)'' || 27 ''(+15)'' || 23 ''(+19)'' || 19 ''(+23)'' || 15 ''(+27)'' || 11 ''(+31)'' || 1 ''(+41)'' || No
|-
|}
[[File:Ammoracks_{{PAGENAME}}.png|right|thumb|x250px|[[Ammo racks]] of the {{PAGENAME}}]]
'''Notes:'''

* Ammo rack 9 is a ready rack, and takes priority in being filled at the beginning of the battle.
* Full reload speed will be realized as long as ammo exists in the ready rack. If the ready rack is empty, a penalty to reload speed will occur.
* Simply not firing when the gun is loaded will load ammo from racks 1-8 into rack 9, as long as there is ammo in racks 1-8. Firing will interrupt the loading of the ready racks.

=== Machine guns ===
{{Specs-Tank-Weapon|2}}
{{Specs-Tank-Weapon|3}}

{{main|M2HB (12.7 mm)|M1919A4 (7.62 mm)}}

{| class="wikitable" style="text-align:center" width="50%"
|-
! colspan="5" | [[M2HB (12.7 mm)|12.7 mm M2HB]]
|-
! Mount !! Capacity (Belt) !! Fire rate !! Vertical !! Horizontal
|-
| Pintle || 600 (200) || 577 || -10°/+70° || ±60°
|-
|}
{| class="wikitable" style="text-align:center" width="50%"
|-
! colspan="5" | [[M1919A4 (7.62 mm)|7.62 mm M1919A4]]
|-
! Mount !! Capacity (Belt) !! Fire rate !! Vertical !! Horizontal
|-
| Coaxial || 5,000 (250) || 500 || N/A || N/A
|-
|}

== Usage in battles ==

The {{PAGENAME}} is a mid-range tank destroyer, perfect for pushing the enemy on offense, but far less capable when it comes to defensive action. It features a very strong frontal armour, bouncing nearly all of the shells found in its BR range, unless hit in one of several weak spots or at a wrong angle (e.g. lower frontal plate when going over the hill). The key to staying alive is staying on the move, even if only moving two metres front and back, making sure these small, but numerous weakspots remain difficult to hit. A good reverse speed helps with staying mobile. Unlike with [[T34]] simply staying hull-down is not viable due to weak spots at top of the turret and bottom turret cheeks - it's best to hide an entire body between shots, letting allies lure the attention of the enemy team.

It's also one of the weakest tanks when played solo, owning it to low mobility, very weak side armour and a very long reload time. Situational awareness and map knowledge of the maps is an absolute key to playing this tank. While pushing the enemy team one has to balance between staying in front of the line and applying pressure, while also avoiding enemy flanking maneuvers. In fact: if need be, tactical retreats and relocating to other positions can be the best choice, as a single hit without mobility kill on a hostile unit can mean a near-certain death.

===Specific enemies worth noting===

* {{Specs-Link|ussr_t_44}} - Its armour can bounce surprising amount of shots, unless the sides of the tank are exposed it's a very difficult target no matter the range or shell.
* {{Specs-Link|germ_pzkpfw_VI_ausf_b_tiger_IIp}} - At the range of over 100 m an entire frontal plate of this tank is immune to all of the shells available. The only large, reliably penetrable areas are the turret cheeks, but a large gun mantlet makes it more tricky to hit than it might seem.
* {{Specs-Link|il_m_51}} - Default shell from [[M-51 (105 mm)|its gun]] can reliably penetrate even the up-armoured sections of the Super Pershing from any range, making it one of a few opponents in lower BRs that can pose a lethal threat. A sniping duels with this tank should be avoided at all cost.
* {{Specs-Link|ussr_is_2_1943}} - Its armour can be easily, but not reliably, penetrated. Its main gun as far longer reload time, so once it fires - Super Pershing is free to rush the target and conveniently fire into a weak portions of its armour. However, it should not be dismissed - below 500 m range its shells can reliably penetrate turret cheeks on the Super Pershing, and given the size of the explosive filler, a single penetration is all but a guaranteed kill.
* Soft-body vehicles - Whenever possible they should be destroyed with the [[M2HB (12.7 mm)|.50 cal]] rather than the main gun. Using the main gun with such a long reload time against a fast-moving targets can be risky, while the pintle-mounted heavy machine gun can destroy a number of them without reloading (with a notable exception of [[BMP-1 (Family)|BMPs]])

=== Pros and cons ===


'''Pros:'''

* The added spaced armour makes this tank very resilient to common guns like the Tiger II's 88 mm and even large calibre HE shells. Despite of numerous weak points armour can be relied upon unless enemy is allowed time to carefully aim at a specific locations.
* An excellent choice of shells
** Default shell has a good penetration values and a decent post-penetration effects despite of being a solid shot
** T41 is able to either one-shot or cripple most of the enemies while maintaining more than adequate penetration for the BR
** The T44 APCR shell can penetrate up to 336 mm, rivalling or even beating some rank VI APFSDS ammunition
* -10° gun depression is on pair if not better than most of the medium tanks and other tank destroyers
* Roof mounted .50 cal machine gun can deal with a number of soft-body targets, while also allowing for an occasional potshots against aircraft or destroying tracks on other tanks

'''Cons:'''

* Several weak spots on armour allow enemy to penetrate it, if the tank is stationary
** Weak armour on top of the turret makes it difficult to engage in a long-range sniping, and force the entire tank into hiding behind hard cover while the main gun is reloading
** The vertical aiming drive can be damaged by simply shooting the two springs on the turret roof with mere machine guns
** Penetration of the left side of the turret will detonate ammunition stored there, so extra-care should be taken to protect it
* Even with an ace crew, the gun will take 12.5 seconds to reload, being outmatched by a vast majority of medium, heavy and even tank destroyers. Thus, directly trading shots with enemy tanks is ill-advised

== History ==

===Development===
The [[M26|M26 Pershing]] helped the American armoured forces by bringing in the heavy 90 mm Gun M3 into service on a tank mount. The gun was similar in performance to the German's [[Tiger E|Tiger Is]] [[KwK36 (88 mm)|8.8 cm KwK36]] cannon, but Army Ordnance wanted something to match the more powerful [[KwK43 (88 mm)|8.8 cm KwK43]] cannon on the [[Tiger II (H)|Tiger II]]. The development to match this cannon made the [[T15E1 (90 mm)|T15 90 mm gun]]; the gun was 73 calibres long, compared to the 90 mm Gun M3's 53 calibres length. The first produced guns were called the T15E1 and had large, fixed ammunition. To test the gun's viability in the tank, the gun was mounted onto the very first production T26, T26E1 tank serial #1, registration #0103292, with the conversions being done by the Wellman Engineering Company. This upgraded tank was titled the '''T26E1-1''' by means of a painted-on designation on the turret's left side to distinguish the design, although this title was not official, and few if any sources refer to it as such. The extreme length of the T15E1 gun barrel caused the manufacturers to add a very prominent counter balance on the mantlet, which could be seen on the left side of the turret when facing it. The T26E1-1 tank was sent to Aberdeen Proving Grounds on 12 January 1945 for testing purposes.<ref name="PershingHunnicutt">Hunnicutt, R.P. ''Pershing: A History of the Medium Tank T20 Series'' U.S.A.: Feist Publications, 1971</ref>

In March 1945, following the Aberdeen tests, the T26 tanks mounting the T15 gun was officially classified as the T26E4. As such, the mentioned T26E1-1 would be classified as the first of the T26E4 models, with an initial procurement plan for 1,000 more units. The first T26E4 (henceforth referred to as T26E1-1) would be the only M26 model with the T15 gun to see service in Europe. Among the troops, the T26E1-1 in Europe would be known by its eponymous name '''"Super Pershing"''' when compared alongside to the normal M26 Pershing.<ref name="PershingHunnicutt">Hunnicutt, R.P. ''Pershing: A History of the Medium Tank T20 Series'' U.S.A.: Feist Publications, 1971</ref>

===Combat usage===
The T26E1-1 "Super Pershing" was sent to Europe and arrived in 15 March 1945 and assigned to the 3rd Armored Division. In its introduction, the "Super Pershing" was given additional armour by the maintenance crew in hopes to keep it up to date against the heavier German tanks. The front hull had two large pieces of metal welded onto it, each 38 mm in thickness, with a space in between the metal pieces. These metal pieces were sloped more than the hull armour it was over. An additional armour piece was welded on the turret mantlet, the metal was taken from a Panther turret and was about 80 mm thick when welded onto the turret.<ref name="PershingHunnicutt">Hunnicutt, R.P. ''Pershing: A History of the Medium Tank T20 Series'' U.S.A.: Feist Publications, 1971</ref> The T15E1 gun has much promise to the crew when using the tank as the gun could reliably penetrate the frontal hull of a [[Panther G|Panther]] tank, a feat not many other American tank gun could claim at the time.

The T26E1-1's performance in battle is largely written in the accounts of John P. Irwin, who was the tank gunner of the only active "Super Pershing" in the war. He mentions of three prominent combat actions with the T26E1-1, each one destroying the enemy with little difficulty. Records show that the T26E1-1 destroyed a total of three tanks and captured one after an extended firefight that left the opposing tank out of ammunition. Though it was hoped to have the T26E1-1 fight a Tiger II for a rather explosive comparison, the T26E1-1 never saw a Tiger II during its tour in Europe. After the war, the T26E1-1 was most likely scrapped in the post-war demobilization as the final image of the tank was it lying in a vehicle dump in Kassel, Germany.

===Legacy and similar vehicles===
The T26E1-1 continued as an idea long after the war was over, with the next development arming the long 90 mm cannon in the T26E3 tank models, but the cannons used the new two-piece ammunition gun T15E2 rather than the one-piece one in the T15E1 when it was found that the long 50 inch rounds made loading prohibitive in the M26 turret. 25 of these tanks were built and were designated the T26E4. Another development was to convert normal M26 Pershings to mounting the T54 cannon, another development of the T15E1 which featured shorter ammunition. These tanks were redesignated the [[M26E1|M26E1]], but work was halted due to issues with the guns and a cut in project funds.<ref name="PershingHunnicutt">Hunnicutt, R.P. ''Pershing: A History of the Medium Tank T20 Series'' U.S.A.: Feist Publications, 1971</ref>

== Media ==


;Skins

* [https://live.warthunder.com/feed/camouflages/?vehicle=us_t26e4_superpershing Skins and camouflages for the {{PAGENAME}} from live.warthunder.com.]

;Videos
{{Youtube-gallery|sVCOipttDmg|'''The Shooting Range #265''' - ''Round Study'' section at 08:02 discusses how to penetrate the {{PAGENAME}}.|QoK9_NmswCo|'''The Shooting Range #35''' - ''Metal Beasts'' section at 00:27 discusses the T26E1-1.}}

== See also ==


* [[M26 (Family)]]

== External links ==


* [[wt:en/devblog/current/879/|[Devblog] T26E1-1 Super Pershing: Under a Panther Mask]]

=== References ===
<references />

{{TankManufacturer Ordnance Department}}
{{USA heavy tanks}}

LKk/42 (12.7 mm)

2022-09-12T11:19:22Z

U133584478: Finnish meaning

{{DISPLAYTITLE:12.7 mm LKk/42 machine gun}}
== Description ==

The 12.7 mm LKk/42 was a Finnish copy of the [[Akan m/39 (13.2 mm)|13.2 mm FN Browning aircraft machine gun]] from WWII. LKk/42 is an abbreviation for LentoKoneKivääri (an amalgamation of lentokone = aircraft, konekivääri = machine gun) m/42.

The Finnish managed to get the plans for the gun via Sweden as war aid in the early '40s. The calibre was changed to 12.7 mm Browning and the weapon was used to upgrade old fighter aircraft such as Brewster Buffalos and Curtiss Hawk 75's in Finnish service during the later stages of the war.

The weapon can currently only be found on the Finnish indigenous plane [[Pyörremyrsky]]. The weapon has different belts and bullets compared to other guns firing the 12.7 mm Browning cartridge which are unique to Finland.

=== Vehicles equipped with this weapon ===


* {{Specs-Link|vl_myrsky_2_late}}
* {{Specs-Link|pyorremyrsky}}

== General info ==
''Tell us about the tactical and technical characteristics of the cannon or machine gun.''

=== Available ammunition ===

The 12.7 mm LKk/42 uses the American 12.7x99 Browning cartridge, modernly called .50 BMG. This round was produced in Finland but with indigenous projectile types during WWII.

In game the gun has access to 6 belts: Default, Universal, Ground Targets, Air targets, Tracers and Stealth.

The 12.7 mm LKk/42 was originally added with American belts but uses Finnish ammunition since [[Update 1.97 "Viking Fury"]]. These consists of 3 types: AP, AP-T and Incendiary. Performance values are more or less equal to American ammunition.

=== Comparison with analogues ===
''Give a comparative description of cannons/machine guns that have firepower equal to this weapon.''

== Usage in battles ==
''Describe the cannon/machine gun in the game - its distinctive features, tactics of usage against notable opponents. Please don't write a "guide" - do not impose a single point of view, but give the reader food for thought.''

=== Pros and cons ===


'''Pros:'''

* High accuracy
* High velocity
* Reasonable fire rate (750 rpm when synchronized through a propeller)
* Ease of use (uses 12.7x99 ammo like the common [[M2 Browning (12.7 mm)|M2 Browning]] found on countless other vehicles which simplifies the learning curve a lot)
* Viable penetration against lightly armoured vehicles

'''Cons:'''

* Limited to 3 ammunition types, AP, AP-T and Incendiary, all of Finnish origin.
* Lowered fire rate when synchronized through a propeller

== History ==

=== Origin ===
Like most modern nations prior to WWII, the Finnish wanted to adopt a heavy airborne weapon which could deal with the armoured full metal fighters and bombers entering service at the end of the 1930s. There were several weapons on the market designed for this specific purpose and one of those was the [[Akan m/39 (13.2 mm)|13.2 mm FN Browning aircraft machine gun]] by FN Herstal. The weapon had a high fire rate of ca 1100 rounds per minute and could fire high explosive projectiles. This was the weapon Finland wanted to buy.

Unfortunately, Finland was not alone in wanting to buy the gun and several countries stood in line to buy it. Things only got worse as the Winter War started in September 1939 which meant that a suitable replacement had to be found quickly. In the end, the Finnish had to adopt the [[M2 Browning (12.7 mm)|M2 Browning]] (export name Colt MG 53-2) as they ordered the Brewster Buffalo in December 1939.

=== Predecessor ===
The Finnish were never happy with the 12.7 mm Colt MG 53-2 as it was heavy and had an unimpressive fire rate of ca 750 rounds per minute even when not synchronized through a propeller. They also did not have a license to build the Colt MG 53-2 which meant that they would have to find a successor quickly as their entire air force was becoming outdated quickly. Because of this, when the winter war ended in March 1940, the Finnish were hoping to be able to buy the 13.2 mm FN Browning machine gun yet again. But to their dismay, Belgium was invaded by Nazi Germany just 2 months after the winter war had ended which meant that FN Herstal could not export weapons.

=== Source ===
Fortunately for Finland though, their neighbour and close friend Sweden had been first in line to buy the 13.2 mm FN Browning from FN Herstal and had acquired several guns and a license to produce them just as the invasion of Belgium started. This prompted Finland to ask Sweden in 1941 if they could get access to its plans as war aid. As FN Herstal was under occupation Sweden did not see any reason against giving Finland unauthorized access to the license plans and Sweden agreed to send over the plans they had. But to the horror of the Fins, the plans were incomplete, although this was not the fault of the Swedes as they had the same problem. Because of this, the Finnish asked the Swedish if they could send over an original gun to use as reference to complete the plans. The Swedish agreed and sent over a copy.

=== Design ===
Now came the problem of calibre. The original gun was in calibre 13.2x99 Hotchkiss, a calibre the Finnish did not use nor produce. Fortunately for them, FN Herstal had prior to the war offered the 13.2 mm FN Browning in not only 13.2 mm Hotchkiss but also 12.7 mm Browning, a cartridge the Finnish had in production due to the 12.7 mm Colt MG 53-2. Because of this, the Finnish decided to convert the gun to 12.7 mm Browning. The task of converting the construction to 12.7 mm, and making it capable of being produced in Finland was given to the Finnish state weapon factory VKT. VKT had to make a couple of hundred design changes to the weapon for it to be produced in Finland. One of these changes was to make it fit the same mounts as the MG 53-2.

=== Service ===
==== Initial use ====
The weapon was designated 12.70 mm LKk/42 and production started in 1942 with the first weapons being sent out to FAF wings in 1943. The 12.7 mm LKk/42 was mainly sent to wings using the Brewster Buffalo (designated BW in Finland) as they already had installations for them but the 12.7 mm LKk/42 also ended up in a few [[P-36 (Family)|Curtiss Hawk 75]]'s (designated CU in Finland) and [[M.S.406C1|Morane-Saulnier MS.406]]'s (designated MS in Finland) as they were also in need of better weaponry.

==== Main use ====
Besides upgrading old planes the Finnish also planned to use the 12.7 mm LKk/42 on several future aircraft. One of these was the VL Myrsky, a single-engine monoplane fighter with a mixed construction airframe and 1100 hp Twin Wasp engine. The Finnish had been working on the Myrsky since 1939, but because of the war they had not been able to acquire any engine for the aircraft. By 1943 the Finnish had finally been able to acquire enough engines to start production of the Myrsky. As the Myrsky was severely outdated as a fighter by 1943 it was decided to give it extremely heavy hitting armament so it could at least take down slow attack aircraft such as the [[IL-2 (Family)|IL-2 Sturmovik]]. The Myrsky ended up receiving four 12.7 mm LKk/42 machine guns in the nose, all shooting synchronized through the propeller. While this lowered the rate of fire of the 12.7 mm LKk/42 from ca 1100 rounds per minute to around 750 rounds per minute it was still heavy-hitting as all 4 machine guns sat next to each other and fired within a 1-metre span. This concentrated the fire and turned anything it hit into Swiss cheese within seconds. In the end however, the Myrsky only ever destroyed 2 aircraft (damaged 2 fighters which crashed on landing) and it was almost immediately relegated to reconnaissance and ground attack missions. This only got worse with time as its mixed construction did not fare well in the Finnish climate.

==== Planned use ====
Besides the Myrsky the 12.7 mm LKk/42 was also planned to be used on several future aircraft being developed in Finland. One of these was the VL Humu, a Brewster Buffalo clone using Soviet M-63 radial engines captured from I-16's. The Humu was to mount three synchronized 12.7 mm Lkk/42 guns in the upper cowling. The Humu was however underpowered and never passed its initial trials in 1944.

On the other end, we have the more famous VL [[Pyörremyrsky]] fighter. The Pyörremyrsky was effectively an improved Bf 109G-6 as it used the same engine and cowling as the Bf 109 G-6 yet was able to outperform it in both climb rate and manoeuvrability. The Finnish tried also tried to improve its armament. One of the limitations of the Bf 109 G-6 was its 13 mm MG 131 machine guns. The 13 mm MG 131, while firing fairly effective projectiles, had extremely lousy muzzle velocity. The 12.7 mm LKk/42 did not. The Finnish therefor planned to use 12.7 mm LKk/42 machine guns on the Pyörremyrsky instead of 13 mm MG 131's. This was however never realized as the continuation war ended in 1944 which nailed the coffin for the Pyörremyrsky.

==== Anti air use ====
After the war, most aircraft using the 12.7 mm LKk/42 reached the end of their service life quickly and by 1950 most 12.7 mm LKk/42's were in storage waiting for better days. As a lot of the guns were effectively brand new, not to mention indigenous, the Finnish military tried to figure ways to re-purpose them.

One of these ideas was to turn them into anti-air machine guns. The 12.7 mm LKk/42 was promptly put into service as an anti-air gun during the early 1950s. As an anti-air gun, the 12.7 mm LKk/42 was re-designated to 12.7 mm TorKk/42 VKT, TorKk being an abbreviation for TorjuntaKonekivääri (anti-air machine gun), although it was sometimes called 12.7 mm VKT-42.

The 12.7 mm TorKk/42 was fitted in single, double and quadruple mounts. In the end however, it failed as an anti-air gun. Because of its high rate of fire and thin barrel, it could not be used to full effect on the ground and was thus never successful in the anti-air role. A few seconds of fire could crack the barrels and make the gun unsafe for use. It was withdrawn from anti-air service after a short period in use during the early 1950s.

==== Exercise use ====
So the 12.7 mm LKk/42 was not viable as an anti-air gun. This forced the Finnish military to rethink what to do with the guns. For inspiration, they looked to their neighbour Sweden who originally gave them the design. Since Sweden also produced the base gun during the war they most likely were in a similar boat to Finland, which was true.

Sweden's solution to the problem however was to use the surplus weapons as exercise weaponry on all their 20 mm cannon equipped aircraft. This was done by replacing the 20 mm cannons with the surplus machine guns and therefore save money by using cheaper ammunition. Finland, who had just acquired six de Havilland Vampire fighters, liked the idea and decided to copy it. This proved to be a great idea in the long run and Finland continued to use the 12.7 mm LKk/42 for exercise use into the 1990s.

== Media ==
''Excellent additions to the article would be video guides, screenshots from the game, and photos.''

== See also ==
''Links to the articles on the War Thunder Wiki that you think will be useful for the reader, for example:''

* ''reference to the article about the variant of the cannon/machine gun;''
* ''references to approximate analogues by other nations and research trees.''

== External links ==
''Paste links to sources and external resources, such as:''

* ''topic on the official game forum;''
* ''encyclopedia page on the weapon;''
* ''other literature.''

{{Aircraft machine guns}}

[[Category:Aircraft machine guns]]